Relevant bibliographies by topics / Fossil

Academic literature on the topic 'Fossil'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 1 August 2024

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Journal articles on the topic "Fossil"

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Cleal, Christopher J., and Barry A. Thomas. "Naming of parts: the use of fossil-taxa in palaeobotany." Fossil Imprint 77, no. 1 (2021): 166–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.37520/fi.2021.013.

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Fossil plants are extinct plants whose remains (referred to as plant fossils) are found preserved in sedimentary deposits. Plant fossils are classified using fossil-taxa as defined in the International Code of Nomenclature. Fossil-taxa differ conceptually from taxa of living plants in that they often do not refer to whole organisms, but to the remains of one or more parts of the parent organism, in one or more preservational states. There can be complications when two parts of a plant are shown to be connected, or when two preservational states are correlated, and to avoid disrupting the wider palaeobotanical taxonomy it is often best to keep the fossil-taxa separate. Extinct fossil plants reconstructed by piecing together the plant fossils are best not given formal Linnean taxonomic names. There can also be problems using living plant taxa for fossils, even when there is a close morphological similarity of particular plant parts. Fossil-taxa for different plant parts can reflect different taxonomic ranks of the parent plants so care must be taken when using such taxa in floristic or phylogenetic studies. Because of taphonomic factors, a number of “artificial” fossil-taxa have proved useful, despite that they do not fully reflect the systematic positions of the parent plants.
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Heikkilä, Maria, Joël Minet, Andreas Zwick, Anna Hundsdoerfer, Rodolphe Rougerie, and Ian J. Kitching. "Critical re-examination of known purported fossil Bombycoidea (Lepidoptera)." PeerJ 11 (November 10, 2023): e16049. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.16049.

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We critically re-examine 17 records of fossils currently assigned to the lepidopteran superfamily Bombycoidea, which includes the silk moths, emperor moths and hawk moths. These records include subfossils, compression and impression fossils, permineralizations and ichnofossils. We assess whether observable morphological features warrant their confident assignment to the superfamily. None of the examined fossils displays characters that allow unequivocal identification as Sphingidae, but three fossils and a subfossil (Mioclanis shanwangiana Zhang, Sun and Zhang, 1994, two fossil larvae, and a proboscis in asphaltum) have combinations of diagnostic features that support placement in the family. The identification of a fossil pupa as Bunaeini (Saturniidae) is well supported. The other fossils that we evaluate lack definitive bombycoid and, in several cases, even lepidopteran characters. Some of these dubious fossils have been used as calibration points in earlier studies casting doubt on the resulting age estimates. All fossil specimens reliably assigned to Bombycoidea are relatively young, the earliest fossil evidence of the superfamily dating to the middle Miocene.
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HEIKKILÄ, MARIA, THOMAS J. SIMONSEN, and M. ALMA SOLIS. "Reassessment of known fossil Pyraloidea (Lepidoptera) with descriptions of the oldest fossil pyraloid and a crambid larva in Baltic amber." Zootaxa 4483, no. 1 (September 20, 2018): 101. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4483.1.4.

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The identifications of known fossils currently placed in the lepidopteran superfamily Pyraloidea are critically re-examined. Of the eleven fossils examined, only three are confirmed to show morphological characters supporting placement in the superfamily. These fossils include a crambid larva in Baltic Amber, Baltianania yantarnia, Solis gen. n. et sp. n. and the oldest known fossil pyraloid, Eopyralis morsae Simonsen, gen. n. et sp. n. The third fossil, Glendotricha olgae Kusnezov, 1941, displays apomorphic characters for Pyraloidea, but is shown to be an inclusion in copal, not Baltic amber as had been reported. Seven fossil specimens lack reliable characters and cannot be assigned to Pyraloidea with certainty: Pyralites obscurus Heer, 1856; Pyralites preecei Jarzembowski, 1980; Petisca dryellina Martins-Neto, 1998; three fossil larvae tentatively identified as Pyralidae by Zeuner (1931); and Gallerites keleri Kernbach, 1967. A possible fossil pyraloid in Mizunami amber could not be located in museum collections and available literature does not provide details to assess the validity of the identification. We discuss the contribution of the reliably identified fossils towards better understanding the evolutionary history of Pyraloidea.
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SOHN, JAE-CHEON, CONRAD LABANDEIRA, DONALD DAVIS, and CHARLES MITTER. "An annotated catalog of fossil and subfossil Lepidoptera (Insecta: Holometabola) of the world." Zootaxa 3286, no. 1 (April 30, 2012): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3286.1.1.

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In this catalog, we attempt to assemble all fossil records of Lepidoptera described formally or informally in the worldliterature. A total of 667 records dealing with at least 4,568 specimens have been compiled. They include descriptions of131 fossil genera and 229 fossil species, as well as 72 extant genera and 21 extant species to which some of these fossilssupposedly belong or show superficial similarity. Replacement names of two fossil genera are proposed to avoidhomonymy: Baltopsyche Sohn, gen. nov. for Palaeopsyche Sobczyk and Kobbert, 2009 and Netoxena Sohn, gen. nov. forXena Martins-Neto, 1999. New generic combinations are proposed for: Tortrix? destructus Cockerell, 1916, Tortrixflorissantanus Cockerell, 1907, and Tortrix sp. sensu Gravenhorst (1835), all three to Tortricites Kozlov, 1988;Pterophorus oligocenicus Bigot, Nel and Nel, 1986, to Merrifieldia Tutt, 1905; Aporia sp. sensu Branscheid (1969) toPierites Heer, 1849; Noctua spp. sensu Hope (1836) and Lomnicki (1894), both to Noctuites Heer, 1849. Eleven namesimproperly proposed for lepidopteran fossils are invalidated: Baltonides roeselliformis Skalski in Kosmowska-Ceranowicz and Popiolek, 1981; Baltodines Kupryjanowicz, 2001; Barbarothea Scudder, 1890; Lepidopterites Piton,1936; Palaeozygaena Reiss, 1936; Psamateia calipsa Martins-Neto, 2002; Saxibatinca meyi Skalski in Kristensen andSkalski, 1998; Spatalistiforma submerga Skalski, 1976; Thanatites juvenalis Scudder, 1875; Tortricibaltia diakonoffiSkalski, 1976; and Zygaenites Reiss, 1936. An unnecessary subsequent type designation for Pierites Heer, 1849, isdiscussed. A total of 129 records include lepidopteran fossils which cannot be placed in any taxonomic rank. There alsoexist at least 25 fossil records which lack any evidence of the supposed lepidopteran association. Misidentified specimens,including 18 fossil genera, 29 fossil species and 12 unnamed fossils, are excluded from Lepidoptera. All the knownlepidopteran fossils are annotated by fossil type, specimen deposition, excavation locality, association with plants when present, and geological age. A bibliographic list of lepidopteran fossils is provided.
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Near, Thomas J., and Michael J. Sanderson. "Assessing the quality of molecular divergence time estimates by fossil calibrations and fossil–based model selection." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B: Biological Sciences 359, no. 1450 (October 29, 2004): 1477–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2004.1523.

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Estimates of species divergence times using DNA sequence data are playing an increasingly important role in studies of evolution, ecology and biogeography. Most work has centred on obtaining appropriate kinds of data and developing optimal estimation procedures, whereas somewhat less attention has focused on the calibration of divergences using fossils. Case studies with multiple fossil calibration points provide important opportunities to examine the divergence time estimation problem in new ways. We discuss two cross–validation procedures that address different aspects of inference in divergence time estimation. ‘Fossil cross–validation’ is a procedure used to identify the impact of different individual calibrations on overall estimation. This can identify fossils that have an exceptionally large error effect and may warrant further scrutiny. ‘Fossil–based model cross–validation’ is an entirely different procedure that uses fossils to identify the optimal model of molecular evolution in the context of rate smoothing or other inference methods. Both procedures were applied to two recent studies: an analysis of monocot angiosperms with eight fossil calibrations and an analysis of placental mammals with nine fossil calibrations. In each case, fossil calibrations could be ranked from most to least influential, and in one of the two studies, the fossils provided decisive evidence about the optimal molecular evolutionary model.
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Bush, Andrew M., and Gwen M. Daley. "Comparative Paleoecology of Fossils and Fossil Assemblages." Paleontological Society Papers 14 (October 2008): 289–317. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s108933260000173x.

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Generating and testing hypotheses is an integral part of any science, and some of the most stimulating paleobiological hypotheses of the past few decades relate to the ecological properties of fossils or fossil assemblages. Here, we outline recent methods for framing paleoecological questions that should facilitate the further quantitative evaluation of paleoecological hypotheses. First, we describe theoretical ecospaces, which are frameworks for classifying the ecologic properties of individuals or species based on multiple characters. We discuss the utility of theoretical ecospace in understanding evolutionary constraints and biodiversification, among other topics. Second, we discuss the reconstruction of high-resolution paleoecological gradients using ecological ordination techniques. Ordination can help uncover the paleoenvironmental factors that controlled fossil assemblage composition, track these factors through time, and evaluate the environmental and ecological context of major biotic changes. As an example, we present a new gradient analysis of the Yorktown Formation (Pliocene) of Virginia in which substrate and disturbance controlled molluscan assemblage composition. As a further example, we ordinate samples of mid-Paleozoic and late Cenozoic marine fossil assemblages based on their ecological content (as determined using a theoretical ecospace) to test whether the same environmental and ecological factors controlled the distribution of ecological lifestyles in both time intervals, despite the many differences between them. Although depth-related variation is evident in both data sets, the Cenozoic samples show stronger evidence of environmental control on ecologic content within depth zones. In contrast, Paleozoic gradients are consistent with a more random component in assemblage content. These analyses are quite preliminary, however, and should be verified with more extensive data.
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Buffetaut, Eric. "Minor Title Change: Fossils Becomes Fossil Studies." Fossil Studies 1, no. 1 (December 20, 2023): 76. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/fossils1010008.

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Sappenfield, Aaron, Mary L. Droser, and James G. Gehling. "Problematica, trace fossils, and tubes within the Ediacara Member (South Australia): redefining the ediacaran trace fossil record one tube at a time." Journal of Paleontology 85, no. 2 (March 2011): 256–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1666/10-068.1.

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Ediacaran trace fossils are becoming an increasingly less common component of the total Precambrian fossil record as structures previously interpreted as trace fossils are reinterpreted as body fossils by utilizing qualitative criteria. Two morphotypes, Form E and Form F of Glaessner (1969), interpreted as trace fossils from the Ediacara Member of the Rawnsley Quartzite in South Australia are shown here to be body fossils of a single, previously unidentified tubular constructional morphology formally described herein as Somatohelix sinuosus n. gen. n. sp. S. sinuosus is 2-7 mm wide and 3-14 cm long and is preserved as sinusoidal casts and molds on the base of beds. Well-preserved examples of this fossil preserve distinct body fossil traits such as folding, current alignment, and potential attachment to holdfasts. Nearly 200 specimens of this fossil have been documented from reconstructed bedding surfaces within the Ediacara Member. When viewed in isolated hand sample, many of these specimens resemble ichnofossils. However, the ability to view large quantities of reassembled and successive bedding surfaces within specific outcrops of the Ediacara Member provides a new perspective, revealing that isolated specimens of rectilinear grooves on bed bases are not trace fossils but are poorly preserved specimens of S. sinuosus. Variation in the quality and style of preservation of S. sinuosus on a single surface and the few distinct characteristics preserved within this relatively indistinct fossil also provides the necessary data required to define a taphonomic gradient for this fossil. Armed with this information, structures which have been problematic in the past can now be confidently identified as S. sinuosus based on morphological criteria. This suggests that the original organism that produced this fossil was a widespread and abundant component of the Ediacaran ecosystem.
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Walker, S. E. "Criteria for recognizing marine hermit crabs in the fossil record using gastropod shells." Journal of Paleontology 66, no. 4 (July 1992): 535–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022336000024410.

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Hermit crabs have left a rich fossil legacy of epi- and endobionts that bored or encrusted hermit crab-inhabited shells in specific ways. Much of this rich taphonomic record, dating from the middle Jurassic, has been overlooked. Biological criteria to recognize hermitted shells in the fossil record fall within two major categories: 1) massive encrustations, such as encrusting bryozoans; and 2) subtle, thin encrustations, borings, or etchings that surround or penetrate the aperture of the shell. Massive encrustations are localized in occurrence, whereas subtle trace fossils and body fossils are common, cosmopolitan, and stratigraphically long-ranging. Important trace fossils and body fossils associated with hermit crabs are summarized here, with additional new fossil examples from the eastern Gulf Coast.Helicotaphrichnus, a unique hermit crab-associated trace fossil, is reported from the Eocene of Mississippi, extending its stratigraphic range from the Pleistocene of North America and the Miocene of Europe.
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Husien, N., A. Aryanto, Erwin, and AS Budi. "Characteristics of Wood Fossils From Bengkinang Village Kutai Kartanegara Regency." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 1282, no. 1 (December 1, 2023): 012031. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/1282/1/012031.

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Abstract Fossil wood is petrified wood in which all the organic material has been replaced by minerals (silica and a type of quartz), while preserving the structure of the wood. The purpose of this study was to determine the macroscopic characteristics of wood fossils in general, including their specific gravity, hardness, color, and anatomical features. This research encompassed a survey of fossil discovery locations, the creation of macroscopic wood fossil samples, observation of their macroscopic characteristics, and the measurement of wood hardness as well as the calculation of wood fossil density. The results revealed that the characteristics of the surface cross-section of the fossil samples were dominated by light brown, dark brown, and whitish gray colors. The macro characteristics of the samples exhibited a typical hardwood plant cell structure, characterized by vessels (pores). Unlike previously discovered wood fossils in this area, the wood fossil has axial intercellular canals. The recorded hardness value on the Mohs scale was 5, and the density was measured at 2.7.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Fossil"

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Voronin, O. A. "Fossil fuels." Thesis, Sumy State University, 2014. http://essuir.sumdu.edu.ua/handle/123456789/45212.

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One of the most discussed global problems nowadays is using fossil fuels. For the past hundred years we have come to relying more on that power source. It facilitates the industrial revolution and helps to turn the Western world into what it is today. On the contrary, unwise consumption of resources will cause a lot of problems in future. The fact is that we are running out of this resource considerably quickly. However, it will not happen tomorrow we are not able to rely on that source of energy to power our economy any more.
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Van, Dijk D. E. "Contributions to knowledge of some Southern African fossil sites and their fossils." Thesis, Stellenbosch : University of Stellenbosch, 2001. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/2988.

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Thesis (MSc (Botany and Zoology. Palaeontology))--University of Stellenbosch, 2001.
The fossil sites and fossils reported here range from the Archaean to the Recent. Information is presented on the circumstances of the discovery of some fossil sites in Southern Africa. A number of fossil sites, some of which can no longer be studied, are photographically recorded. Some recorded sites were relocated, while failure to locate others is noted. The assemblages at selected fossil sites are compiled, including some additions to their floras and faunas. Certain individual fossils are illustrated and discussed. Techniques which are not standard are outlined.
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Van, Dijk D. E. "Contributions to knowledge of some Southern African fossil sites and their fossils /." Link to the online version, 2000. http://hdl.handle.net/10019/3561.

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Helton, Cory. "The Re-Introduction of Fossil Springs' Flow to Fossil Creek in Three Possible Scenarios." Arizona-Nevada Academy of Science, 2003. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/296620.

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Mounce, Ross. "Comparative cladistics : fossils, morphological data partitions and lost branches in the fossil tree of life." Thesis, University of Bath, 2013. https://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.642021.

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In this thesis I attempt to gather together a wide range of cladistic analysis of fossil and extant taxa representing a diverse array of phylogenetic groups. I use this data to quantitatively compare the effect of fossil taxa relative to extant taxa in terms of support for relationships, number of most parsimonious trees (MPTs) and leaf stability. In line with previous studies I find that the effects of fossil taxa are seldom different to extant taxa – although I highlight some interesting exceptions. I also use this data to compare the phylogenetic signal within vertebrate morphological data sets, by choosing to compare cranial data to postcranial data. Comparisons between molecular data and morphological data have been previously well explored, as have signals between different molecular loci. But comparative signal within morphological data sets is much less commonly characterized and certainly not across a wide array of clades. With this analysis I show that there are many studies in which the evidence provided by cranial data appears to be be significantly incongruent with the postcranial data – more than one would expect to see just by the effect of chance and noise alone. I devise and implement a modification to a rarely used measure of homoplasy that will hopefully encourage its wider usage. Previously it had some undesirable bias associated with the distribution of missing data in a dataset, but my modification controls for this. I also take an in-depth and extensive review of the ILD test, noting it is often misused or reported poorly, even in recent studies. Finally, in attempting to collect data and metadata on a large scale, I uncovered inefficiencies in the research publication system that obstruct re-use of data and scientific progress. I highlight the importance of replication and reproducibility – even simple re-analysis of high profile papers can turn up some very different results. Data is highly valuable and thus it must be retained and made available for further re-use to maximize the overall return on research investment.
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Kandiel, Hussein. "En jämförelse av förnybara och fossila drivmedel. : A comparison of renewable fuels against fossil fuels." Thesis, Umeå universitet, Institutionen för tillämpad fysik och elektronik, 2015. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-119909.

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Rapporten har skrivits för BioFuel Regions räkning i syfte att beskriva och sammanfatta kunskapsläget för ett antal förnybara drivmedel jämfört med dess fossila motsvarighet. De biodrivmedel som har analyserats är fordonsgas, DME och el. Först gjordes en analys av bensin och diesel vilket fungerade som en referens mot respektive biodrivmedel. Värdekedjan (råvara, produktion, distribution, fordon, regelverk och marknadskraft) har analyserats. Lika så har den miljömässiga påverkan, de ekonomiska förutsättningarna, den framtida utvecklingspotential och förutsättningar i norra Sverige gåtts igenom för de olika bränslena. I dagsläget dominerar fossila drivmedel för marknaden i både världen och Sverige. I Sverige stod andelen biodrivmedel i transportsektorn för ca 12 % år 2014. Det har satts upp mål om att denna siffra ska öka till mer än 80 % för att Sverige ska vara fossiloberoende till år 2030. Förutsättningarna för att ett drivmedel ska etableras på marknaden och vara konkurrenskraftigt är att alla länkarna i värdekedjan (råvara, produktion, distribution, fordon, regelverk och marknadskraft) är uppfyllda och kan visa potential. Regelverket kring biodrivmedel är en av flera avgörande faktorer då det kan begränsa, eller främja utvecklingen. Regelverket är viktigt för att säkerställa en hållbar produktion av drivmedlen genom hela kedjan. Exempelvis kan utsläppsminskningen av ett visst drivmedel vara stort vid själva användningen av det men utsläppen vid framtagningen av råvaran så stora att det inte kan klassas som hållbart. I Sverige styrs biodrivmedel i dagsläget av lagar under drivmedelsdirektivet Elbilar har inget eget regelverk, men påverkas av en mängd lagar och förordningar som rör el och fordon i allmänhet. DME används idag i så liten skala att det i dagsläget inte finns några specifika regelverk för dessa drivmedel. Livscykelanalysen visar att BioDME från biomassa släpper ut mindre växthusgaser (9 g CO2/km) än bensin och diesel som släpper ut 165 respektive 158 g CO2/km. För biogas som producerats med restprodukter jämförs med fossila drivmedel är reduktionen ca 80-90 % (Börjesson et al., 2013). Enligt Elforsks beräkningar släpper en elbil 112 g/km CO2 även om den endast drivs med marginalel, vilket fortfarande innebär lägre utsläpp än genomsnittutsläppet från bensinbilar. Tittar man på genomsnittet i Europa ser man att utsläppen från elbilar ligger på 63 g/km vilket är mindre än hälften jämfört med den genomsnittliga bensinbilen. Räknar man på den genomsnittliga elen i Sverige blir utsläppen 1,5 g/km. Möjligheterna för att Sverige ska nå målet om en fossiloberoende fordonsflotta finns. Denna studie visar att det finns tillgänglig teknik för produktion och fordon samt en bred råvarubas, men att det för vissa drivmedel saknas ett utbyggt distributionssystem. Dessutom krävs en tydlighet i regelverk och politiska incitament för att övertyga marknaden. Ingen av de drivmedel som studerats kan fasa ut hela den fossila fordonsflottan ensamt. Därför är varje drivmedel viktigt för att fylla i övergången till en fossilfri fordonsflotta.
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Hatamian, Abdol Hamid. "Fossil energy and the environment." Thesis, Imperial College London, 1996. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.243723.

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Turner-Walker, Gordon Howard. "The characterisation of fossil bone." Thesis, Durham University, 1993. http://etheses.dur.ac.uk/5700/.

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This research presents a multi-disciplinary approach to the analysis of ancient bones, in which many different chemical and physical analytical techniques were applied to a relatively small sample of human and animal bones from different depositional environments. The results of these analyses indicate that the principle mechanisms responsible for diagenetic alteration of buried bones are chemical hydrolysis of bone collagen and microscopic tunnelling by saprophytic micro-organisms. These mechanisms, either independently or together, result in an increase in the porosity of the bone at a microscopic scale from a value of approximately 20 percent in fresh bone up to as much as 65 percent in some archaeological bones. There is no evidence that the hydrolysis of collagen in buried bones directly affects the mineral component of bone, although the breaking of the intimate association between the collagen molecules and the bone apatite crystallites exposes the crystallites to potential dissolution and recrystallization by percolating ground water. Disruption of the collagen-apatite bond has been recognised in optical microscopy of thin sections by loss of the characteristic birefringence seen in unaltered bone when viewed in polarised light. The birefringence in histologically normal bone results from the strongly anisotropic orientation of the bone mineral crystallites imposed by their association with the highly organised collagen fibrils. Loss of birefringence as a result of diagenetic activity is attributed to a randomising of the orientation of crystallites after hydrolytic degradation of the collagen molecule. With progressive loss of collagen the relative calcium and phosphorus contents of fossil bones have been found to increase in proportions close to those of stoichiometrically correct hydroxyapatite. Microscopic and mineralogical studies have suggested that changes in the crystallinity of buried bones may be attributed to the presence of well-ordered crystals of hydroxyapatite in the pore structures of the bones and that these derive from dissolution and re-precipitation of the original bone apatite. However the elemental and isotopic composition of these re-precipitated apatites may not reflect that of the original bio mineral due to the incorporation of strontium, uranium fluoride etc. from the environment. Dissolution of bone mineral can, in most cases, be associated with the action of micro-organisms, many of which are known to favour low pHs and secrete organic acids as a by-product of their metabolism. Although micro-organisms isolated from buried bones produce collagen degrading enzymes (collagenases) these enzymes are too large to enter the spaces between the bone apatite crystallites and are therefore unable to attack the collagenous matrix of undegraded bone. Before micro-organisms can utilise bone collagen, the bone matrix must first be demineralized to expose the collagen fibrils or the collagen must be degraded by hydrolysis into shorter lengths that then escape via disrupted regions of the surrounding crystallites. Analysis of the strengths of modem and fossil bones has demonstrated a near logarithmic relationship between tensile strength and porosity. In addition, plots of strength vs porosity and strength vs nitrogen content are bimodal, indicating that two mechanisms are involved in the degradation of fossil bones. The microscopic and chemical analyses suggest that these mechanisms are chain scissioning of collagen and tunnelling by micro-organisms. Microscopic studies show that surface adsorption of 'humic acids' and metal ions are responsible for the colouration of fossil bones. Analysis of the total lipid extract of fossil bones contain cholesterol and cholesterol degradation products. Fossil cholesterol represents a potentially important and unique resource for palaeodietary studies. Conversely, this research has demonstrated that studies of ancient DNA are compounded by inhibition by compounds from the soil and contamination by modem DNA. Fossil bones in anoxic or wateriogged soils are readily colonised by sulphate-reducing bacteria and these bacteria are responsible for the deposition of iron sulphide in the form of pyrite framboids in pore spaces in the bone. On exposure to atmospheric oxygen, these pyrite framboids oxidise to sulphuric acid which in turn attacks bone apatite, resulting in the formation of vivianite (Fe(_3)(PO(_4))(_2).8H(_2)O) and gypsum (CaSO(_4).2H(_2)O). Crystallization and hydration of these minerals frequently disrupt the physical integrity of the bone specimens. Finally this research indicates potential regimes for the conservation of fossil bone specimens together with the archaeological or environmental evidence preserved within them.
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Muscente, Anthony Drew. "Contributions to Exceptional Fossil Preservation." Diss., Virginia Tech, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/79659.

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Exceptionally preserved fossils—or fossils preserved with remains of originally non-biomineralized (i.e. soft) tissues—constitute a key resource for investigating the history of the biosphere. In comparison to fossils of biomineralized skeletal elements, which represent the majority of the fossil record but only a fraction of the total diversity that existed in the past, exceptionally preserved fossils are comparatively rare because soft tissues are rapidly destroyed in typical depositional environments. Assemblages of such fossils, nonetheless, have received special attention among scientists in multiple fields of Earth and life sciences because they represent relatively 'complete' windows to past life. Through such windows, researchers are able to reconstruct original biological features (e.g. soft tissue anatomies) of extinct organisms and to describe the structures and compositions of ancient soft-bodied paleocommunities. To accomplish these goals, however, researchers must incorporate background information regarding the pre- and post-burial histories of exceptionally preserved fossils. In this context, my dissertation focuses on the environmental settings, diagenetic conditions, geomicrobiological activities, and weathering processes, which influence the conservation of original biological features within exceptionally preserved fossils and control their occurrences in time and space. An improved understanding of these critical factors involved in exceptional fossil preservation will ultimately our advance our knowledge regarding the history of the biosphere and the Earth system as a whole. Each chapter of original research in this dissertation includes an innovative and distinct approach for studying exceptional fossil preservation. The second chapter describes environmental and geologic overprints in the exceptional fossil record, as revealed by a comprehensive statistical meta-analysis of a global dataset of exceptionally preserved fossil assemblages. Moving from global to specimen-based perspectives, the second and third chapters focus on minerals (products of geomicrobioloigcal, diagenetic, and weathering processes) and carbonaceous materials replicating exceptionally preserved fossils. The third chapter examines the causes of preservational variations observed among organophosphatic tubular shelly Sphenothallus fossils in the lower Cambrian of South China using an experimental approach. (Although Sphenothallus is not an exceptionally preserved fossil sensu stricto, its conservation of original organic matrix tissues in South China provides key insights into the preservation of carbonaceous material within fossils.) Lastly, the fourth chapter presents data acquired using various in situ nanoscale analytical techniques to test the hypothesis that microstructures within exceptionally preserved microfossils of the Ediacaran Doushantuo Formation of South China are some of the oldest putative cylindrical siliceous demosponge spicules in the fossil record. Collectively, these chapters describe environmental, authigenic, diagenetic, and weathering processes that affect exceptional fossil preservation, and highlight innovative methods and approaches for testing major paleobiologic and geobiologic hypotheses regarding exceptionally preserved fossils.
Ph. D.
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Overby, Steven T., and Daniel G. Neary. "Travertine Geomorphology of Fossil Creek." Arizona-Nevada Academy of Science, 1996. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/296999.

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Books on the topic "Fossil"

1

Spilsbury, Louise. Journal of a fossil hunter: Fossils. Chicago, Ill: Raintree, 2004.

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Belozerskiĭ, Aleksandr. Fossil. Boston: Aspekt Pub., 2011.

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Natural History Museum (London, England), ed. Fossil. London: Dorling Kindersley, 2003.

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Sarjeant, William Antony S. Vertebrate footprints and invertebrate traces from the Chadronian (late Eocene) of Trans-Pecos Texas. Austin, Tex: Texas Memorial Museum, University of Texas at Austin, 1994.

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Milner, Andrew R., and Barrett Paul M. Studies on fossil tetrapods. London: Palaeontological Association, 2011.

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J, Whybrow P., Hill Andrew P, Sharikat Abū Ẓaby lil-ʻAmalīyāt al-Batrūlīyah al-Barrīyah., and United Arab Emirates. Ministry for Higher Education and Scientific Research., eds. Fossil vertebrates of Arabia: With emphasis on the late Miocene faunas, geology, and palaeoenvironments of the Emirate of Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1999.

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Chiang, Pʻan. New Galeaspids (Agnatha) from the Silurian and Devonian of China. Beijing, China: Geological Publishing House, 1992.

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L, Brown Sarah, and Geological Survey (U.S.), eds. Planktic foraminifer census data from site RC-15-62 and Ocean Drilling Program Holes 747A and 751A. Reston, Va: U.S. Dept. of the Interior, U.S. Geological Survey, 1994.

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Hartman, Eve. Fossil fuels. Chicago, Ill: Raintree, 2008.

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Curley, Robert. Fossil fuels. New York: Britannica Educational Pub., 2012.

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Book chapters on the topic "Fossil"

1

Javaux, Emmanuelle J. "Fossil." In Encyclopedia of Astrobiology, 1. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-27833-4_590-4.

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Javaux, Emmanuelle J. "Fossil." In Encyclopedia of Astrobiology, 885–86. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-44185-5_590.

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Javaux, Emmanuelle J. "Fossil." In Encyclopedia of Astrobiology, 606. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-11274-4_590.

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Wiersam, Dirk J. "Fossil." In Magic of Minerals and Rocks, 144–59. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-18695-0_10.

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Toepfer, Georg. "Fossil." In Historisches Wörterbuch der Biologie, 627–43. Stuttgart: J.B. Metzler, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-476-00439-0_31.

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Javaux, Emmanuelle J. "Fossil." In Encyclopedia of Astrobiology, 1073. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-65093-6_590.

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Malhotra, Ripudaman. "Fossil Energy fossil energy , Introduction." In Encyclopedia of Sustainability Science and Technology, 3844–47. New York, NY: Springer New York, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4419-0851-3_920.

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Harries, Peter. "Index Fossil." In Encyclopedia of Scientific Dating Methods, 1–2. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-6326-5_77-3.

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Carlson, Kenneth E. "Fossil Fuels." In Power Plant Engineering, 71–123. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4613-0427-2_4.

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Harries, Peter. "Index Fossil." In Encyclopedia of Scientific Dating Methods, 353–54. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-6304-3_77.

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Conference papers on the topic "Fossil"

1

Abate, Alessandro, Daniele Ahmed, Alec Edwards, Mirco Giacobbe, and Andrea Peruffo. "FOSSIL." In HSCC '21: 24th ACM International Conference on Hybrid Systems: Computation and Control. New York, NY, USA: ACM, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/3447928.3456646.

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Hunt, Adrian, and Spencer Lucas. "The Four Principal Megabiases in the Known Fossil Record: Taphonomy, Rock Preservation, Fossil Discovery and Fossil Study." In The 4th International Electronic Conference on Geosciences. Basel, Switzerland: MDPI, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/iecg2022-13956.

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Heyer, Lance, John Beckos, and Robin Dornfest. "Fossil Creek Pedestrian Tunnel." In Rocky Mountain Geo-Conference 2018. Reston, VA: American Society of Civil Engineers, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/9780784481936.016.

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Ellett, A., and M. Despang. "Generation p(ost-fossil)." In ECO-ARCHITECTURE 2008. Southampton, UK: WIT Press, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.2495/arc080281.

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Hertfelder, Susan, and Erin Eichenberg. "DEVELOPING A FOSSIL MANAGEMENT PROGRAM AT TULE SPRINGS FOSSIL BEDS NATIONAL MONUMENT." In GSA Annual Meeting in Phoenix, Arizona, USA - 2019. Geological Society of America, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1130/abs/2019am-341333.

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Mayer, Paul, and Jessica Utrup. "FOSSIL ASSEMBLAGE SLABS AND MULTISPECIES SPECIMENS: HIDDEN DATA IN FOSSIL INVERTEBRATE COLLECTIONS." In GSA Connects 2022 meeting in Denver, Colorado. Geological Society of America, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1130/abs/2022am-382945.

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Weil, B. "Achieving Greener Fossil Fuels Faster." In 68th EAGE Conference and Exhibition incorporating SPE EUROPEC 2006. European Association of Geoscientists & Engineers, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.3997/2214-4609.201402255.

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Astafieva, Marina M., Richard B. Hoover, Alexei Yu Rozanov, and Alexander B. Vrevskiy. "Fossil microorganisms in the Archaean." In SPIE Optics + Photonics, edited by Richard B. Hoover, Gilbert V. Levin, and Alexei Y. Rozanov. SPIE, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.681660.

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Daniel, Joseph. "FOSSIL VERTEBRATE DIVERSITY IN ARKANSAS." In 52nd Annual GSA South-Central Section Meeting - 2018. Geological Society of America, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1130/abs/2018sc-310162.

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Ifrim, Christina. "GRINDING TOMOGRAPHY: INSIGHTS INTO FOSSIL." In GSA Annual Meeting in Denver, Colorado, USA - 2016. Geological Society of America, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1130/abs/2016am-282619.

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Reports on the topic "Fossil"

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Lanik, Amanda, Mikaela Ruga, Chad Hults, and Claire Schmid. Paleontological resources monitoring at Fossil Point, Lake Clark National Park and Preserve: 2019 field report. National Park Service, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.36967/2300633.

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Fossil Point is an exceptionally rich and scientifically important fossil locality found in Lake Clark National Park and Preserve. The rocks at Fossil Point are known for their abundant and well-preserved Middle Jurassic invertebrate fossils, including bivalves, ammonites, and belemnites. The abundance and quality, as well as the relatively easy coastal access, makes the fossils at Fossil Point vulnerable to unauthorized collection. Anecdotal evidence suggests that collection without a permit is occurring at Fossil Point and has been for decades. Monitoring of the prevalence and scale of unauthorized collecting was initiated at Fossil Point in 2018 (Lanik et al. 2019). The findings of the 2018 fieldwork indicated that visitors to Fossil Point were exhibiting behaviors related to fossil collection. However, flaws in the study design made it impossible to differentiate if the loss of fossils over the summer season was related to natural erosional processes or anthropogenic activity. This report summarizes monitoring of fossils and visitors at Fossil Point in the summer (May-August) of 2019. This study built upon the monitoring of the previous summer and the purpose was twofold: (1) assess visitation to Fossil Point, and (2) document the loss of paleontological resources via unauthorized collection.
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Author, Not Given. Fossil energy review. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), January 1989. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/6296972.

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Harrington, Matthew, Amanda Lanik, and Chad Hults. Paleontological resource monitoring at Kaguyak Point, Katmai National Park and Preserve. National Park Service, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.36967/2298794.

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Fieldwork was conducted during the summers of 2017 and 2021 to assess the risk of unauthorized collection and erosion to ammonite fossils located at Kaguyak Point in Katmai National Park and Preserve. Past reports indicated that unauthorized fossil collecting may have occurred at Kaguyak Point. Our monitoring found no signs of unauthorized collecting during the summer of 2021 and our findings also indicate that it is unlikely that collecting occurred between 2017 and 2021. If unauthorized fossil collecting occurred in the past at Kaguyak Point, it appears to have now stopped. The best way to protect the fossils at Kaguyak Point at this time is to keep knowledge of this fossil site as limited as possible. Future monitoring of Kaguyak Point would allow park managers to gauge if there is a change in conditions that may warrant different management actions.
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Hodnett, John, Ralph Eshelman, Nicholas Gardner, and Vincent Santucci. Geology, Pleistocene paleontology, and research history of the Cumberland Bone Cave: Potomac Heritage National Scenic Trail. National Park Service, January 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.36967/2296839.

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The Cumberland Bone Cave is a public visitation stop along the Potomac Heritage National Scenic Trail renowned for its unique fossil resources that help reconstruct Appalachian middle Pleistocene life in the mid-Atlantic region of North America. This site is gated for safety and to prevent unwanted exploration and damage. Approximately 163 taxa of fossil plant and animals have been collected from Cumberland Bone Cave since 1912. Most of the fossils that have been published pertain to mammals, including many extinct or locally extirpated genera and species. Though the early excavations made by the Smithsonian Institution between 1912 and 1915 are the best known of the work at Cumberland Bone Cave, over many decades multiple institutions and paleontologists have collected and studied the fossil resources from this site up until 2012. Today, fossils from Cumberland Bone Cave are housed at various museum collections, including public displays at the National Museum of Natural History in Washington D.C. and the Allegany Museum in Cumberland, Maryland. This report summarizes the geology, fossil resources, and the history of excavation and research for Potomac Heritage Trail’s Cumberland Bone Cave.
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Pouton, T., M. J. Orchard, S. P. Gordey, and P. Davenport. Selected Yukon fossil determinations. Natural Resources Canada/ESS/Scientific and Technical Publishing Services, 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.4095/211080.

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Scott, C. (Fossil energy environmental research). Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), September 1987. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/6932793.

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Achakulwisut, Ploy, and Peter Erickson. Trends in fossil fuel extraction. Stockholm Environment Institute, April 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.51414/sei2021.001.

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At present, most global GHG emissions – over 75% – are from fossil fuels. By necessity, reaching net zero emissions therefore requires dramatic reductions in fossil fuel demand and supply. Though fossil fuels have not been explicitly addressed by the UN Framework on Climate Change, a conversation has emerged about possible “supply-side” agreements on fossil fuels and climate change. For example, a number of countries, including Denmark, France, and New Zealand, have started taking measures to phase out their oil and gas production. In the United States, President Joe Biden has put a pause on new oil and gas leasing on federal lands and waters, while Vice President Kamala Harris has previously proposed a “first-ever global negotiation of the cooperative managed decline of fossil fuel production”. This paper aims to contribute to this emerging discussion. The authors present a simple analysis on where fossil fuel extraction has happened historically, and where it will continue to occur and expand if current economic trends continue without new policy interventions. By employing some simple scenario analysis, the authors also demonstrate how the phase-out of fossil fuel production is likely to be inequitable among countries, if not actively and internationally managed.
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NMR Publicering. Reform of Fossil-fuel Subsidies. Nordisk Ministerråd, February 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.6027/na2014-903.

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Dimotakis, Paul, Robert Grober, and Nate Lewis. Reducing DoD Fossil-Fuel Dependence. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, September 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada457233.

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Currie, C., H. R. Jackson, D. P. Potter, L. Campbell, P. Champagne, and E. Inglis. Bernard Pelletier Arctic Fossil Forest. Natural Resources Canada/ESS/Scientific and Technical Publishing Services, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.4095/313120.

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