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Journal articles on the topic 'Fortress world'

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Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 4 February 2022

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1

Celis Estrada, Diego. "UNESCO World Heritage. Hwaseong Fortress." Devenir - Revista de estudios sobre patrimonio edificado 7, no. 14 (October 31, 2020): 184. http://dx.doi.org/10.21754/devenir.v7i14.1047.

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Por lo general cuando uno piensa en construcciones militares imagina castillos con torres, murallas y portones, o tal vez puede pensar en fortalezas coloniales con baluartes. Es decir, piensa en edificaciones de uso bélico propios de la cultura europea, pero no pensaría en un “Gongsimdon” o en un “Jangdae”. John Keegan en su libro Historia de la guerra sustenta que la forma de conducir la guerra es una manifestación de una sociedad.

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2

Johnson, Maxwell. "Borderlands Fortress." Pacific Historical Review 86, no. 2 (May 1, 2017): 258–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/phr.2017.86.2.258.

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Focusing on the World War I era, this article examines Harry Chandler’s Los Angeles Times and William Randolph Hearst’s Los Angeles Examiner. It argues that these two rival newspapers urged a particular urban identity for Los Angeles during World War I. If Los Angeles was to become the capital of the American West, the papers demanded that real and rhetorical barriers be constructed to protect the city from a dual Japanese-Mexican menace. While federal officials viewed the border as a line to be maintained, Chandler and Hearst feared it. Los Angeles needed to be a borderlands fortress. After the war, the two newspapers ably transitioned into an editorial style that privileged progress over preparedness. This paper reveals that the contested narrative of progress, based in transnational concerns, was crucial to the city’s early and ultimate development.

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Fordyce, Robbie. "Dwarf Fortress." Games and Culture 13, no. 1 (September 6, 2015): 3–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1555412015603192.

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The “fortress simulator” game Dwarf Fortress (Bay 12 Games, 2006-present) allows players the space to conduct experiments in economics. The player is not granted an avatar in the world, but this does not mean the player is granted the role of a transcendent deity either. Instead, the player operates on the relational level—completely managing all economic interactions and assigning social codes to different spaces. Lacking a “win” condition, players are free to engage with the game however they wish, including allowing for the immediate and unsympathetic demise of the community. As play continues, Dwarf Fortress ceases to be a fortress and becomes what the autonomists describe as a “laboratory.” The social relations of the fortress are upturned and become the site for experiments in production. The fortress too becomes the site for thought experiments on alternative economies, containing not one but many social laboratories.

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4

Granqvist, Juha-Matti. "The Businessmen of Sveaborg: Civil–Military Interaction in an Atypical Eighteenth Century Nordic Military Town." 1700-tal: Nordic Journal for Eighteenth-Century Studies 12 (November 5, 2015): 73–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.7557/4.3526.

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Late eighteenth-century Helsinki was, due to the sea fortress Sveaborg, one of the most prominent Nordic military towns. At the same time, Helsinki differed from other Nordic military towns of the era because of its geography. The fortress Sveaborg, with its large military and civilian population, was built on islands unconnected to the mainland and thus was isolated from the outside world every spring and autumn due to the Nordic climate. The burghers of Helsinki, who had shops and taverns on the islands, were vital to the maintenance of the fortress. At the same time, their presence caused tension between the civil society and the military society, as the Army tried to control the burghers’ business and the burghers saw this as a violation of their economic rights. During the sixty-year period of the fortress’s construction (1748–1808), the situation evolved from an open conflict to a mutual agreement and, finally, led to the birth of a new kind of business circle that shook the borders between civil society and the military.

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5

Ozola, Silvija. "LOW-RISE RESIDENTIAL BUILDING AND PLANNING DEVELOPMENT OF LIEPAJA “NEW WORLD” AND THE LAKE TOSMARE SHORE TILL WORLD WAR II." SOCIETY. INTEGRATION. EDUCATION. Proceedings of the International Scientific Conference 4 (May 25, 2018): 484. http://dx.doi.org/10.17770/sie2018vol4.3422.

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Russian Army Headquarters and Maritime Fleet planned to build a sea and land fortress, and Major General Ivan Alfred McDonald developed a project on August 30, 1892. Near Naval Port and the Lake Tosmare Apparent Heir’s Grove and residential buildings with streets were built. Residential buildings were built in “New World” – land between Romny Railway and Grobin Highway. In Liepaja 1922 administrative border plan development was started to include the Lake Liepaja’s northern part into the urban territory. Low-rise residential buildings of Aspazija’s (former Apparent Heir’s) Grove were supplemented. Research issue – building structure and development of residential buildings of Libava Maritime fortress territory has been studied insufficiently. Novelty characteristics – low-rise residential buildings’ construction and street network of Apparent Heir’s Grove has been analysed. Research goal – analyse “New World” and low-rise residential building and planning of the Lake Tosmare surroundings till World War II. Principal research methods – planning and construction observation in nature, archive and cartographic material analysis. Brief description of research outcomes: fortress built on the Baltic Seacoast affected further development of the territory. Nowadays development of qualitative architectonic space without historical development analysis is impossible.

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6

Thompson, John A. "Another Look at the Downfall of “Fortress America”." Journal of American Studies 26, no. 3 (December 1992): 393–408. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021875800031133.

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In the reams of commentary that marked the fiftieth anniversary of the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor, no theme was more common than that it ended American isolationism. According toTimemagazine, “this was the moment that changed Americans from a nation of provincial innocents, not only ignorant of the great world but proud of their ignorance, into a nation that would often have to bear the burdens of rescuing the world.” “The United States was shaken to the bottom of its soul, its geopolitical innocence in ruins,”Newsweekrecalled. “No longer could it cultivate the old American illusion of withdrawing safely behind the Atlantic and Pacific while the rest of a corrupt world went about its dirty business.”

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7

Floyd, Dale E., J. E. Kaufmann, and R. M. Jurga. "Fortress Europe: European Fortifications of World War II." Journal of Military History 63, no. 4 (October 1999): 1008. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/120601.

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8

O'Byrne, Anne. "Améry, Arendt, and the Future of the World." Journal of French and Francophone Philosophy 24, no. 3 (February 24, 2017): 128–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.5195/jffp.2016.791.

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Of all the terms Jean Améry might have chosen to explain the deepest effects of torture, the one he selected was world. To be tortured was to lose trust in the world, to become incapable of feeling at home in the world. In July 1943, Améry was arrested by the Gestapo in Belgium and tortured by the SS at the former fortress of Breendonk. With the first blow from the torturers, he famously wrote, one loses trust in the world. With that blow, one can no longer be certain that “by reason of written or unwritten social contracts the other person will spare me—and more precisely stated, that he will respect my physical, and with it also my metaphysical, being.” In a vault inside the fortress, beyond the reach of anyone who might help—a wife, a mother, a brother, a friend—it turned out that all social contracts had been broken and torture was possible. His attackers had no respect for him, and no-one else could or would help.

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Song, Hwasung, and Hyun Kim. "Value-Based Profiles of Visitors to a World Heritage Site: The Case of Suwon Hwaseong Fortress (in South Korea)." Sustainability 11, no. 1 (December 27, 2018): 132. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su11010132.

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The aim of this study is to evaluate the place value of Suwon Hwaseong Fortress in Korea, a mountain fortress located in natural resources with UNESCO World Heritage Site status, in order to classify visitors according to place value and to establish marketing strategies based on the characteristics of each profile. In particular, for sustainable cultural heritage development, visitors were asked to evaluate the place value of the site from various perspectives, through a presentation of government policies and business based on both the world heritage value and the inherent attractiveness of the site. Utilizing a person-centered approach, a latent profile analysis (LPA) was applied to a sample of visitors to Hwaseong Fortress (N = 656), with visitors classified by place value into four profiles: Outing Seekers (OS), Tourism Seekers (TS), Heritage Seekers (HS), and Serious Travel Seekers (SS). These profiles differed in relation to distance from the study setting from travelers’ residence, recognition of the fortress as a World Heritage site, and the degree to which the World Heritage site status influenced the decision to visit. The profiles also showed differences in visit satisfaction and intent to revisit. This study contributes a better understanding of visitors’ evaluated value of heritage sites and corresponding behaviors, in order to provide sustainable management for the heritage tourism market.

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Chekmareva, Elena V., and Tatyana V. Chekmareva. "Open-air museums. Project of museumification of stockade fragments in the Omsk fortress." Stroitel stvo nauka i obrazovanie [Construction Science and Education], no. 4 (December 31, 2019): 5. http://dx.doi.org/10.22227/2305-5502.2019.4.5.

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Introduction. The author’s architectural project of museumification of fragments of the fortress jail of Omsk fortress, where the world-famous Russian writer Fyodor Dostoevsky served hard labor, is proposed. The implemented project will become an open-air Museum in the future. The main idea of the project is to recreate the fragments of the jail on an authentic Foundation in the center of Omsk. On the eve of the 200th anniversary of the birth of F. M. Dostoevsky, in 2021, the project is relevant not only for the region but also for the entire world community. Museumification of fragments of the jail, preserving the historical and cultural heritage and ensuring the continuity of generations, will contribute to the cultural development of Omsk, and attract many tourists to the region. Materials and methods. Scientific publications, normative and archival documents: description, copies, drawings, drawings, literary work of F.M. Dostoevsky “Notes from the Dead house” and his letters to his brother; implemented projects analogues; General scientific research methods (analysis, synthesis, generalization); methods: comparison, classification; design method, including pre-design analysis, development: concept and architectural drawings, 3D-visualization and mock-up visualization of fragments of the fortress of Omsk. Results. The author’s project of museumification of fragments of the fortress of Omsk fortress — historically authentic tourist object. For popularization and speedy implementation of the project, the created layout, as a more visual presentation of the architectural project, is exposed for public discussion by Omsk citizens in the resurrection Cathedral of the Omsk fortress. Conclusions. Museumification of fragments of the fortress of Omsk fortress is classified as a complex open-air Museum. The profile of the exhibited objects of the Museum is fortification (military-historical museums) and literary (literary-memorial museums). To obtain the status of an open-air Museum and tourist attraction, all the principles of museumification of historical and cultural heritage are taken into account: historical significance, preservation, information content, accessibility and modern significance.

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Leighton, Robert. "Fortress Ustica? An Island World in the Bronze Age." American Journal of Archaeology 108, no. 1 (January 2004): 103–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.3764/aja.108.1.103.

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12

Pauschinger, Dennis. "The Permeable Olympic Fortress." Conflict and Society 6, no. 1 (June 1, 2020): 108–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.3167/arcs.2020.060107.

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This article reconsiders sport mega-event security in the context of the 2014 FIFA World Cup and the 2016 Summer Olympics in Rio de Janeiro. The article essentially argues that the mega-event organizers used a security spectacle to camouflage Rio’s politics of death in the many favelas and peripheral neighborhoods. Conceptually, this contribution centralizes different notions of spectacle and camouflage and situates both in the history of violent and racial policing of the poor in Brazil. Empirically, the piece explores, across three sections, how (1) the city was transformed into a spectacular fortress by adapting standardized mega-event security measures to the specific public security conditions in Rio; (2) the Olympic fortress was nonetheless selectively porous and permeable; and (3) the spectacle served to camouflage the other wise deadly police deployments of socio-spatial patterns along lines of class and racial inequalities.

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Fast, Piotr. "Władza — etyka — egzystencja (uwagi o powieści Piotra Aleszkowskiego Twierdza)." Miscellanea Posttotalitariana Wratislaviensia 8 (July 22, 2021): 303–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.19195/2353-8546.8.19.

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14

Young, Alasdair R. "The Incidental Fortress: The Single European Market and World Trade." JCMS: Journal of Common Market Studies 42, no. 2 (June 2004): 393–414. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-5965.2004.00493.x.

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15

Lin, Lijuan. "A Winged Word on Marriage." Oriens 48, no. 3-4 (February 28, 2020): 251–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/18778372-04801100.

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Abstract A foreign saying on marriage became widely known in China through Qian Zhongshu’s 1947 novel Fortress Besieged. As the novelist tells us, this saying has its source in both English and French literature, and in its different versions, marriage is either likened to a besieged fortress or a bird cage. This paper examines the origin and transmission of the saying in Greek, Arabic and Syriac sources, and argues that this saying originated in the so-called literature of the Christianized Socratic-Cynic philosophy, which once flourished in Syria. It became popular in the Byzantine and Arabic world after having been included into several famous Greek and Arabic gnomologies. Then it was introduced into modern languages, developed into different versions, finally came to China and became a household word among Chinese people.

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16

Hall, Bert, and Christopher Duffy. "Siege Warfare: The Fortress in the Early Modern World, 1494-1660." Sixteenth Century Journal 29, no. 3 (1998): 900. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2543754.

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Parker, Geoffrey, and Christopher Duffy. "Siege Warfare: The Fortress in the Early Modern World, 1494-1660." Journal of Military History 62, no. 1 (January 1998): 196. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/120406.

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18

Bevan, Alexandra Louise. "Designed for Threat: Surveillance, Mass Shootings, and Pre-emptive Design in School Architecture." Surveillance & Society 17, no. 3/4 (September 7, 2019): 550–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.24908/ss.v17i3/4.7077.

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Contemporary political discourse around security, immigration, and terrorist threat manifests in two trends in educational architectural: the fortress school and surveilled flow. The fortress grows out of the urban-renewal movement of the post-World War II era, particularly on American university campuses. This architecture pre-empts threat by clamping down and fortifying its peripheral walls while controlling, surveilling, and limiting the number of entrances. Lockdown procedures, encouraging surveillance among citizens, metal detectors, increased police presences, and data-mining are all tactics at the fortress’ disposal. The alternative, much newer approach pre-empts threat by surveilling flow; that is, inviting people inside the structure and encouraging traffic while relying on more remote and less obvious tactics for detecting undesirables, such as closed-circuit television (CCTV), data-mining, and, like the fortress model, encouraging peer surveillance. Surveilled flow maintains the gesture of openness; however, this is mainly aesthetic, as other methods of intrusive policing take place at less-visible levels. At the heart of both of these articulations of pre-emptive threat culture is the digital-age anxiety about the alignment and possible misalignment between visual and information-based citizen profiles: Does the student or visitor appear to be a threat? Does his or her online behavior indicate potential threat? The profusion of information in the digital age meets this more primal desire to commensurate the appearance of risk with other forms of information-based evidence of threat. Digital-era concerns about how to interpret a wealth of information at various institutional and cultural levels pervade the riskscape in the developed world, and educational architecture is but one manifestation.

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Martinez-Garza, Mario M. "Examining Epistemic Practices of the Community of Players of Dwarf Fortress." International Journal of Gaming and Computer-Mediated Simulations 7, no. 2 (April 2015): 46–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/ijgcms.2015040103.

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Dwarf Fortress is a digital game with an unusually detailed and complex underlying simulation based on real world systems. Gameplay is unforgiving and condensed knowledge resources that support effective play are scarce. To learn more about the inner workings of the game and make its challenges more tractable, the community of Dwarf Fortress players engages in systematic, evidence-based, experimental inquiry of the game. The community calls this pursuit “dwarf science”. In this paper, the author investigates the origins, evolution, and practice of “dwarf science”, and frames it as a model of how digital games for science learning might support the epistemic frame of science among learners.

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Huebner, Todd. "The Internment Camp at Terezín, 1919." Austrian History Yearbook 27 (January 1996): 199–211. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0067237800005889.

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Although the fortress at Terezín attained a dubious international distinction during World War II as the Nazi concentration camp. Theresienstadt, it already possessed a gloomy history as a place of imprisonment, having held Austrian political offenders since the first half of the nineteenth century. Gavrilo Princip had been confined there along with his fellow conspirators after assassinating Archduke Francis Ferdinand at Sarajevo; the young man ultimately died in the garrison hospital. During World War I, Terezín became the largest prisoner-of-war camp in Bohemia, housing its mostly Russian prisoners in makeshift subcamps scattered outside the fortress. In 1919 the new Czechoslovak state employed some of these same facilities to intern various “suspicious elements” from Slovakia. Unfortunately the zeal with which the authorities took people into custody produced a flood of internees for which Terezín was ill prepared, and conditions in the debilitated Austrian camp soon threatened to provoke a public scandal. The circumstances of this rather unpleasant episode provide a revealing—though ambiguous—glimpse of the sterner side of the Czechoslovak First Republic, and by extension, post-Habsburg Central Europe.

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Martin, Michael T. "'Fortress Europe' and Third World immigration in the post-Cold War global context." Third World Quarterly 20, no. 4 (August 1999): 821–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01436599913578.

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Floyd, Dale E. "Fortress Third Reich: German Fortifications and Defense Systems in World War II (review)." Journal of Military History 68, no. 1 (2004): 286–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/jmh.2003.0371.

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Ogórek, Bartosz. "Feeding the City, Feeding the Fortress: Cracow’s Food Supply in World War I." Journal of Urban History 45, no. 4 (March 30, 2018): 747–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0096144218766015.

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KOPYLOV, SERGEY N. "CONFISCATION OF FOREIGN NATIONALS ' VESSELS FROM RUSSIAN YACHT CLUBS DURING THE FIRST WORLD WAR." CASPIAN REGION: Politics, Economics, Culture 66, no. 1 (2021): 60–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.21672/1818-510x-2021-66-1-060-069.

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The article is devoted to the confiscation of private vessels of foreign nationals during the First World War. Cases of confiscation of small vessels by the metropolitan river Police and the Baltic Fleet are considered. Special attention is paid to the distribution of confiscated vessels. Information is given that yachts and boats were sent to the Naval School and other naval units in need. Among the requests for the transfer of confiscated vessels, it is necessary to highlight the requests received from the Baltic fleet submarine connection, the naval artillery unit of the Kroonstad fortress, the commandant of the premise fortress and the transport flotilla of the black sea fleet. The article examines the prerequisites and reasons for the confiscation of small-sized floating vehicles and German and Austrian subjects. The article analyzes the cases of return of the vessel to a russian citizen of finnish origin after confiscation. The relationship between the events of the First World War and changes in the activities of Russian aristocratic yacht clubs is traced. The author studies the history of domestic sports organizations and Russian history in the early twentieth century. In addition, the organization of Russian sports organizations in the early twentieth century is considered. Russian imperial yacht clubs were rather reluctant to give small vessels belonging to foreign subjects to the official authorities. As a result, the Metropolitan River Police and the Baltic Fleet confiscated sailing and motor vessels owned by German and Austro-Hungarian citizens from aristocratic yacht clubs.

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Kandasamy, Gayathri, Vadim Annenkov, and Uma Maheswari Krishnan. "Nanoimmunotherapy – cloaked defenders to breach the cancer fortress." Nanotechnology Reviews 7, no. 4 (August 28, 2018): 317–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/ntrev-2018-0013.

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AbstractCancer continues to be ranked among the top causes of mortality in the world despite the advances made in science and technology. The sub-par performance of cancer therapeutic strategies is due to the transformation of the cancer from a proliferating mass of cells into an impregnable fortress that manipulates and controls the microenvironment to prevent access to any potential cytotoxic factor as well as circumvent the innate immune surveillance processes. Recruitment of the native immune cells to selectively recognize and kill cancer cells can serve to augment the cytotoxic effects of conventional cancer therapeutic approaches. In addition to annihilation of the cancer cells, the induction of memory in the immune cells prevents the possibility of cancer recurrence. However, despite the apparent benefits of cancer immunotherapy, there are several pitfalls that need to be addressed in order to extend these benefits to the clinic. In this context, engineered nanostructured carrier systems can be effectively employed for an activation and priming of the host immune system selectively against the target cancer cells. This has led to the emergence of “nanoimmunotherapy” as an important therapeutic approach against cancer. The use of multi-functional nanomaterials in combination with immunotherapy offers possible solutions to overcome the current limitations in cancer therapy and represents the next generation of “smart therapeutics,” which forms the prime focus of discussion in this review.

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Schmidt, Steffen, Matthias Limbach, Sascha Langner, Klaus-Peter Wiedmann, Levke Albertsen, and Philipp Reiter. "Official sports sponsorship fortress vs ambush marketing attack." International Journal of Sports Marketing and Sponsorship 19, no. 1 (February 5, 2018): 91–108. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijsms-10-2016-0071.

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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to assess the effectiveness of event-related sports sponsorship and ambushing activity using social media video advertising that aim to affect spectators’ implicit and explicit brand information processing. Design/methodology/approach A dual model of brand knowledge is used that considers the implicit and explicit information processing of marketing-induced brand messages. A web study was conducted prior to the 2014 FIFA World Cup. Each participant implicitly and explicitly evaluated either one sponsor brand or one ambush brand before and after watching the video advertisement (within-subject design). A Wilcoxon signed-rank test was used to evaluate each change of the pre-post testing scores. Findings Implicit and explicit brand associations as well as brand behavior were partially affected by the short contact with the advertisements of sponsor brands and ambush brands. In this regard, the implicit association measurements were more sensitive to reveal changes in the brand knowledge structure than their explicit counterparts. Furthermore, sponsorship advertising was slightly more effective than ambush advertising. Originality/value The current exploratory study evaluated for the first time the performance of event-related video advertisements that were originally released on social media of sponsor brands and ambush brands. The findings emphasize the necessary requirement of evaluating the implicit processing in addition to the explicit processing of sponsorship information to ensure a holistic evaluation of consumers’ memory with regard to the effectiveness of a sponsorship activity.

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Nieman, James. "The Word That Redescribes the World: The Bible and Discipleship: Walter Brueggemann: Minneapolis: Augsburg Fortress, 2006. 256 pp. $35.00." Theology Today 65, no. 4 (January 2009): 541–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/004057360906500423.

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Seok, Jeong. "An Analysis on OUV(Outstanding Universal Value) Criteria of World Heritage Fortress and City Walls." Journal of Seoul studies 58 (February 28, 2015): 119. http://dx.doi.org/10.17647/jss.2015.02.58.119.

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Shin, Young-Mi, and Seung-Kon Lee. "Estimating the preservation value of Namhansanseong Fortress world heritage site using the contingent valuation method." International Journal of Tourism and Hospitality Research 32, no. 5 (May 31, 2018): 5–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.21298/ijthr.2018.05.32.5.5.

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Mirabella Roberti, G., V. M. Nannei, P. Azzola, and A. Cardaci. "PRESERVING THE VENETIAN FORTRESS OF BERGAMO: QUICK PHOTOGRAMMETRIC SURVEY FOR CONSERVATION PLANNING." ISPRS - International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences XLII-2/W11 (May 5, 2019): 873–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/isprs-archives-xlii-2-w11-873-2019.

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<p><strong>Abstract.</strong> The historical and cultural relevance of the City Walls built by the ‘Serenissima’ Republic of Venice in the second half of 16th century was recognized in 2017 by the insertion of Bergamo, together with other Venetian Fortresses in Italy, Croatia and Montenegro, in the World Heritage List of UNESCO as transnational site. In the framework of the nomination to the WHL, the City Council together with the University of Bergamo started a campaign of studies and surveys aimed to prepare a conservation planning. The goal of this plan is to assure a constant monitoring of this artwork, so that a strict routine of controls, cleaning and small strengthening works would prevent more relevant interventions, which could corrupt the material integrity of the building.</p><p>This paper delineates the methodological and operational workflow applied to the preparation of the maintenance plan, now in progress, for the Venetian City Walls of Bergamo, where the photogrammetric survey by means of UAV plays an important role. The different working phases, the adopted instrumentation, the difficulties encountered and the choices made are described, and some case studies are also illustrated that represent well the typical problems encountered for the conservation of the Walls.</p>

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Tofik qızı Abbasova, Aytən. "Ethnotoponyms of turkish origin in the language of the ancient Iver chronicle." SCIENTIFIC WORK 15, no. 3 (March 24, 2021): 79–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.36719/2663-4619/64/79-82.

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The ancient Iberian chronicle was found in the valley of Lake Van. The author of the chronicle isn't known. The first copy of the chronicle was obtained during World War I. When Tsarist Russian troops occupied Eastern Anatolia, Caucasian scholars brought many church chronicles from Turkey to Tbilissi including the Ancient Iberian Chronicle. At that period, research on the chronicle began. It was defined that the language of the chronicle was a completely different language from Georgian. Key words: Van inscriptions, Aragez, Barda, Day, Tibet, Kachi fortress

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Degaspari, John. "Look, Ma, No Pilot!" Mechanical Engineering 125, no. 11 (November 1, 2003): 42–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2003-nov-3.

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This paper reviews history of unmanned aircraft that are making news today. A team led by the inventor Charles Kettering had developed the airborne contraption, conceived as a top-secret weapon to deliver explosives against enemy troops. The craft was the first practical unmanned airplane. Unmanned aerial vehicles such as this circa 1946 target drone were built by the Radioplane Co. to train antiaircraft gunners during World War II. Weary bombers, such as the radio-controlled B-17G Flying Fortress, were used with small success as flying bombs during the World War II. World War II era target drones preceding unmanned aerial vehicles for surveillance in the coming decades. In 1999, Northrop Grumman boosted its presence in target aircraft further by acquiring Ryan Aeronautical, the company that built the Spirit of St. Louis for Charles Lindbergh in 1927.

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LABBAF-KHANIKI, Meysam. "Castles, Walls, Fortresses.The Sasanian Effort to Defend the Territory." Historia i Świat, no. 9 (September 23, 2020): 37–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.34739/his.2020.09.03.

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Defensive structures have been applied as the permanent elements of the Iranian urbanism, from the first phases of sedentism in the Neolithic period onwards. Following the Iranian tradition in architecture, Sasanian fortifications having local features were constructed in adaptation with the regional circumstances. Nevertheless, we can find some similarities in the components of the defensive installations. The defensive structures located within the Sasanian territory turned Iran into the unconquerable fortress providing Sasanians with military, political, cultural, and economic dominance over a vast area of the ancient world for more than four centuries.

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Беляева, Светлана, Ольга Коцюбанская, and Сергей Куценко. "Formation of new approaches to the research practice and preservation of architectural and archaeological monuments of the North Black sea area (Comparative castellology and digital technologies)." Arta 30, no. 1 (August 2021): 130–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.52603/arta.2021.30-1.19.

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The article is dedicated to the investigation of the current tasks of the modern study and preservation of the architectural and archaeological heritage of the peoples of Eastern Europe in the North Black Sea area based on comparative castellology and digital technologies. The comparative analysis of two outstanding monuments - the Belgorod fortress in the western part of the region and the Tyagin fortress in the eastern part, which historically go back to the history of the Moldavian and Grand Lithuanian principality of the XIV-XV centuries, is made and general trends and features in the planning structure and the architecture of the monuments are considered. The positive results of the work of scientific teams, representing scientists from different countries of the world united by special projects to study outstanding monuments, the use of modern methods of studying architectural complexes, including modeling individual objects and creating computer models of monuments in general, are presented. Questions were raised about the need for joint efforts for the preservation and tourist use of the cultural heritage, the development of good neighborly relations between the countries of the Black Sea region and Europe as a whole.

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Ernst, Eldon G. "The Emergence of California in American Religious Historiography." Religion and American Culture: A Journal of Interpretation 11, no. 1 (2001): 31–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/rac.2001.11.1.31.

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On Sunday, October 23, 1983, a notable event occurred in San Francisco. A celebration of music, word, and prayer commemorated the five-hundredth birthday of the great Protestant reformer, Martin Luther. Leaders of the Episcopal, Baptist, Methodist, Presbyterian, Congregational, and Lutheran traditions took part in the service. Representatives of many other denominations marched in the processional singing “A Mighty Fortress Is Our God.” Choral settings from the Greek Orthodox service framed the liturgy. Most remarkable, the Roman Catholic archbishop of San Francisco opened the ceremony, and the event took place in St. Mary's Cathedral. Reformation-rooted Protestant Christianity thus was recognized by a broad panorama of world Christian traditions that had lived side by side for well over a century in the strongly Catholic City of Saint Francis by the Golden Gate.

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Mentzer, Raymond A., and Neil Kamil. "Fortress of the Soul: Violence, Metaphysics, and Material Life in the Huguenots' New World, 1517-1751." Sixteenth Century Journal 38, no. 2 (July 1, 2007): 548. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/20478432.

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Shults, F. LeRon. "Adventures in the Spirit: God, World, Divine Action: Philip Clayton: Minneapolis: Fortress, 2008. 310 pp. $25.00." Theology Today 66, no. 4 (January 2010): 503–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/004057361006600410.

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Pestana, C. G. "Fortress of the Soul: Violence, Metaphysics, and Material Life in the Huguenots' New World, 1517-1751." Journal of American History 92, no. 4 (March 1, 2006): 1410–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/4485906.

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Brubaker, Pamela K. "Rebecca Todd Peters. Solidarity Ethics: Transformation in a Globalized World. Minneapolis: Fortress Press, 2014. 160 pages." Dialog 56, no. 1 (March 2017): 98–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/dial.12304.

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Wiley, Tatha. "Rebecca Todd Peters, Solidarity Ethics: Transformation in a Globalized World. Minneapolis, Minn.: Fortress Press, 2014. 141pp." Ecumenical Review 66, no. 4 (December 2014): 510–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/erev.12123_4.

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Chaudhuri, Tapoja. "From policing to 'social fencing': shifting moral economies of biodiversity conservation in a South Indian Tiger Reserve." Journal of Political Ecology 20, no. 1 (December 1, 2013): 376. http://dx.doi.org/10.2458/v20i1.21752.

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In recent years, scholarly and civil society debates regarding tiger conservation in India have been sharply divided both in favor and against the efficacy of 'fortress' models of conservation that discourage subsistence-level access to resources by the local poor. Such debates have been further intensified since 2005 due to a drastic drop in the wild tiger population – presumably due to illegal poaching – and the passing of a Forest Rights Act that grants forest lands ownership rights to traditional forest-dependent communities. This article analyzes local community-forest collaboration in the Periyar Tiger Reserve in Kerala in Southern India. Periyar Tiger Reserve has been the only 'success story' out of the seven national parks where the India Eco-Development Project was implemented in 1997. The IEDP was funded by the World Bank, the Global Environmental Facility, and the Government of India to solicit the support of forest-adjacent communities in protecting wildlife habitats by offering them market-based livelihood opportunities. Information comes from ethnographic research conducted ten years after the Eco-Development Project was first implemented, and studies of the evolving nature of state-community relationships under the umbrella of a newly formed 'Government Organized Non-Governmental Organization' or GONGO. Theoretically, the article focuses the role of emotions and identity politics in shaping the worldviews of the participating community members, and not on the economic incentives of stakeholders. In doing so, I propose a more nuanced analysis of community-state relationships than is offered by polarized debates amongst conservationists and people's rights advocates in India and elsewhere. I illustrate the sense of ownership and regional pride shared by different social actors, in the context of the continuation of the fortress model of conservation.Keywords: Biodiversity conservation, fortress conservation, eco-development, social fencing, identity politics, indigenous communities, tiger reserve, Kerala, India.

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Forster, Elisabeth. "Bellicose Peace: China’s Peace Signature Campaign and Discourses about “Peace” in the Early 1950s." Modern China 46, no. 3 (June 2, 2019): 250–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0097700419851460.

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In the early 1950s, China engaged in several military actions, most notably in the Korean War. Nevertheless, the World Peace Council, an international organization sponsored by the Soviet Union, praised the country as a “fortress for the protection of world peace” in 1954. This hinged upon a very specific, bellicose understanding of “peacefulness,” which did not mean the rejection of war, but war against the “right” enemy. I discuss this understanding, its function within the international community, its embeddedness in international political thinking, and its promulgation among the Chinese population, using the example of a campaign in 1950 to collect signatures on a World Peace Council–authored appeal against the atomic bomb. Self-promotion as a peaceful nation in the bellicose sense served a variety of purposes for the young People’s Republic of China (PRC), most importantly the goal to instill bloc thinking in the PRC’s population and to gain prestige within the new international order of the Cold War.

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Kim, Ki-Hyun, Hae-mi Lee, and Seung-min Nam. "A Study of market segmentation on UNESCO World Heritage tourist Motivation Level - focused on Namhansanseong Fortress tourists -." Journal of Tourism and Leisure Research 30, no. 6 (June 30, 2018): 99–116. http://dx.doi.org/10.31336/jtlr.2018.06.30.6.99.

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Friel, Christopher. "Creator God, Evolving World. By Cynthia Crysdale and Neil Ormerod. Pp. xiv, 168, Minneapolis, Fortress, 2013, £11.85." Heythrop Journal 60, no. 1 (December 26, 2018): 136–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/heyj.13096.

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Friel, Christopher. "Creator God, Evolvin World. By Cynthia Crysdale and Neil Ormerod. Pp. xiv, 168, Minneapolis, Fortress, 2013, £11.85." Heythrop Journal 57, no. 3 (April 1, 2016): 613. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/heyj.4_12320.

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Myambo, Melissa Tandiwe, and Pier Paolo Frassinelli. "Introduction: Thirty Years of Borders Since Berlin." New Global Studies 13, no. 3 (November 18, 2019): 277–300. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/ngs-2019-0038.

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AbstractNovember 9, 2019 marked the 30th anniversary of the fall of the Berlin Wall, the physical and geopolitical barrier that divided Berlin and the East from the West. This event symbolically inaugurated the period of post-Cold War globalization. The birth of the World Wide Web that same year spurred on globalization and led many observers to believe that (national) borders had become passé. The zeitgeist seemed to promise a borderless world in which capitalism and democracy would flourish. However, instead, the last three decades have paradoxically borne witness to the proliferation, rescaling, and reinforcement of territorial and other types of borders – linguistic, religious, ethnic, class, racial, urban, cultural, digital, temporal etc. The contemporary preoccupation with borders and walls is the result of the “deglobalization” that is also, ironically, a global phenomenon – Brexit, Trump’s border wall, Israel’s concrete wall in the West Bank, xenophobia from South Africa to India to “Fortress Europe,” and the growing power of right wing authoritarian leaders in several nations. The resurgence of (ethno)nationalism, racism, white supremacy, isolationism, populism, protectionism, Islamophobia, anti-Semitism and religious fundamentalism are all dialectical consequences of this global backlash. This is the subject of this special issue.

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Koehl, M., Y. Courtois, and S. Guillemin. "3D RECORDING AND MODELLING OF MIDDLE-AGE FORTRESS IN DENSE VEGETATION ENVIRONMENT." ISPRS - International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences XLII-2/W5 (August 18, 2017): 415–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/isprs-archives-xlii-2-w5-415-2017.

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The Schwartzenbourg castle is a Middle-Ages fortress which was built in 1261. It is situated above the valley of Munster in Alsace, France. It was mainly used as a fortified place and a jail. In the early 15th century, the structure has deteriorated. Even after some repairs, it fell into ruins during the Thirty Years’ war (1618-1648) and stayed uninhabited. During World War I, the German army used the place as a vantage point and also built a blockhouse inside the ruins. Nowadays, the ruins are gradually collapsing and the remains of the old walls are completely covered by thick plants.<br><br> The goal of this project was to create a 3D-model of the site before closing its access, which became too dangerous for people. This modelling is divided into two elements: on one hand, a digital terrain model (DTM) of the site in order to replace the castle and to analyze the background of its original environment; on the other hand, a 3D modelling of the ruins of the castle invaded by the vegetation. Indeed, the main difficulty of the measurement is obviously the dense vegetation which hides the castle. Held back for years outside the castle, it has now become an integral part of the ruins. This vegetation is finally today usually the first threat of heritage buildings. After a preliminary inspection of the site as well as difficulties of the project, the first step consisted of the survey of the whole environment of the site. We will therefore describe the different phases of the survey with the initial implementation of a georeferenced network on site. We will present the terrestrial laser scanning (TLS) surveys, then complementary surveys carried out by aerial photogrammetry. To be implemented, we had to wait for an advanced autumn in order to have as few leaves on trees as possible. The major step of processing of point clouds described in this paper is then the extraction of a DTM by using techniques to pass through the vegetation, or better to segment the points into different classes, one of these that would be the soil i.e. DTM, another consists into wall parts of the ruins.

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Sardzoska, Natasha. "confined body." Borders in Globalization Review 2, no. 1 (December 15, 2020): 127–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.18357/bigr21202019965.

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I wrote CONFINED BODY during the confinement. I was a prohibited citizen, banned citizen. I had no right to move or to travel. My body has become a frontier. Mobile frontier. The thin and thick membrane barrier between me and the world of contagion. My body was confined. I was observing and watching my body as a fortress and at the same time as an imprisoned organism. Recluded, cut off, isolated, limited, forbidden, confined, in quarantine, in silence, in immobility. I wrote this poem observing my confined body and everything that came out and that I let in inside my body. It was a traumatic experience.

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Popelka, Stanislav, and Alžběta Brychtová. "Olomouc - Possibilities of Geovisualization of the Historical City." Geoinformatics FCE CTU 6 (December 21, 2011): 267–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.14311/gi.6.33.

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Olomouc, nowadays a city with 100,000 inhabitants, has always been considered as one of the most prominent Czech cities. It is a social and economical centre, which history started just about the 11th century. The present appearance of the city has its roots in the 18th century, when the city was almost razed to the ground after the Thirty years’ war and a great fire in 1709. After that, the city was rebuilt to a baroque military fortress against Prussia army. At the beginning of the 20th century the majority of the fortress was demolished. Character of the town is dominated by the large number of churches, burgher’s houses and other architecturally significant buildings, like a Holy Trinity Column, a UNESCO World Heritage Site. Aim of this project was to state the most suitable methods of visualization of spatial-temporal change in historical build-up area from the tourist’s point of view, and to design and evaluate possibilities of spatial data acquisition. There are many methods of 2D and 3D visualization which are suitable for depiction of historical and contemporary situation. In the article four approaches are discussed comparison of historical and recent pictures or photos, overlaying historical maps over the orthophoto, enhanced visualization of historical map in large scale using the third dimension and photorealistic 3D models of the same area in different ages. All mentioned methods were geolocalizated using the Google Earth environment and multimedia features were added to enhance the impression of perception. Possibilities of visualization, which were outlined above, were realized on a case study of the Olomouc city. As a source of historical data were used rapport plans of the bastion fortress from the 17th century. The accuracy of historical maps was confirmed by cartometric methods with use of the MapAnalyst software. Registration of the spatial-temporal changes information has a great potential in urban planning or realization of reconstruction and particularly in the propagation of the region and increasing the knowledge of citizens about the history of Olomouc.

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Sitkevich, S. A., and V. N. Cherepitsa. "MEDICINE AND HEALTHCARE OF THE FORTRESS TOWN OF GRODNO DURING THE YEARS OF WORLD WAR I (1914-1918)." Journal of the Grodno State Medical University 18, no. 3 (2020): 335–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.25298/2221-8785-2020-18-3-335-342.

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