Journal articles on the topic 'Fortification'
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Bzhezovska, Nataliya. "FEATURES OF THE INFLUENCE OF FORTIFICATIONS OF CASTLE STRUCTURES ON THE ARCHITECTURAL AND PLANNING STRUCTURE OF SMALL CITIES IF THE PODILLYA OFTHE XVI-XVII CENTURIES." Current problems of architecture and urban planning, no. 60 (April 26, 2021): 177–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.32347/2077-3455.2021.60.177-188.
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The article examines the evolution of the castle fortifications, which for each region and historical period had their own characteristic features and their relationship with the planning structure of small towns in Podillya. The features of the formation of fortification systems, which influenced the architectural and planning structure of the cities of Podillya at the turn of the XVI-XVII centuries, are revealed. The castle`s fortification and fortification system of the cities of Berezhany, Zhovkva, Brody, Stanislav, Zbarazh, Medzhybozh and others are considered. Attention is paid to the peculiarities of changes in the fortification system of cities of the structural-typological level and the use of the modern bastion system, which supplanted the fortifications of the medieval type. The influence of these changes on the intensity of development of small cities in Podillya in the period of the XVI-XVII centuries is analyzed. Attention is focused on the formative influence of the fortifications of castle structures on the architectural and planning structure of cities, which was often decisive at the last stage of the formation of castles and their fortification. The process of uniting the castle and the city is considered, which went through different stages of re-planning: from placing the castle separately, through the interaction of fortification and up to the stage of obtaining a general outline of the city fortifications. The role of castle fortifications in the system of fortifications of the small cities of Podillya is determined. The influence of the development of fortifications of castles and their merger with the defense structure of the city on the urban planning process of the cities of Podillya of XVI-XVII centuries is investigated.
The formation of castle fortifications in the historical, architectural, town-planning aspects and their influence on the architectural and planning structure of the small cities of Podillya and significance of this influence for understanding the future development of small historical cities of Podillya are considered.
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Korshunova, Nadezhda V., and Pavel A. Stromov. "Uyskaya Fortification Line of the 18th – 19th centuries According to the Materials of Field and Archive Research." Journal of Frontier Studies 8, no. 2 (May 15, 2023): 169–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.46539/jfs.v8i2.406.
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This article aims to provide an analysis of the basic fortification constructions that formed the Uyskaya Fortification Line during the 18th and 19th centuries, such as fortresses, redoubts and outposts, based on newly found archive documents. These documents have made it possible to research the construction of these fortifications and compare the standard plans to the fortifications that were actually built, taking their function into consideration. The research aims to characterize Uyskaya Fortification Line as the foundation for the state building of the Russian Empire, the final element of the outer frontier.
This article features the results of field observations aimed at studying the fortification monuments on the Uyskaya Fortification Line of the 18th and 19th centuries along the Rivers Kidysh, Uy, and Tobol. The intensity of exploration in this region was one of the lowest ever in Russian history. One of the major reasons is the lack of proper engineering provision of the Uyskaya Fortification line. In fact, the military authorities delegated all their duties concerning the fortresses and redoubts to the local people without payment or providing them with necessary tools. Mediocre fortifications or somewhere the lack of them didn’t contribute to forming the authority of the Russian Government among the locals which influenced a wide range of integration processes in Orenburg Krai. The results obtained in the research may be of interest to both experts in fortification and those who research the issues of state building.
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Hao, Pham Manh, Nguyen Cong Thang, Nguyen Van Thao, Nguyen Van Tuan, Luong Nhu Hai, Ngo Ngoc Thuy, and Nguyen Xuan Man. "Blast testing of ultra-high performance concrete fortifications using local materials." Journal of Science and Technology in Civil Engineering (JSTCE) - HUCE 16, no. 4 (September 29, 2022): 73–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.31814/stce.nuce2022-16(4)-06.
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This paper presents experimental results on blast testing of fortifications made from ultra high performance concrete (UHPC) and ordinary concrete (NC) by a non-contact explosion test with the TNT explosive. UHPC and NC samples used in the test were of the type of precast fortification of the real-scale and structure. TNT explosive was used in the test with a mass of 600 g per detonation. The explosive charge was centered on the top of fortifications, with the distance from the center of the explosion to the top of the fortification roof being 600 mm, 450 mm, and 300 mm, respectively. The test results, i.e., the strain of fortification roof ele-ments, the explosive load resistance, and the destruction level, were evaluated by comparing the UHPC and NC fortifications.
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Аносова, В. С. "Development of technology of fortification construction on the westery region of Kievan Rus during the tatar-mongol invasion in the XIII-XIV centuries." ВІСНИК СХІДНОУКРАЇНСЬКОГО НАЦІОНАЛЬНОГО УНІВЕРСИТЕТУ імені Володимира Даля, no. 6(254) (September 20, 2019): 5–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.33216/1998-7927-2019-254-6-5-8.
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In the article, the author revealed the main types of fortification fortifications of the region, which took place in the 13th-10th centuries. Traced the main trends that characterized the development of defense structures, fortifications of the cities and castles. The influence of the Tatar-Mongol invasion on defense construction in the western lands of the former Kyiv state is analyzed. The general tendencies of the fortification structures, which took place in construction, are highlighted.
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Denman, Derek S. "On fortification: Military architecture, geometric power, and defensive design." Security Dialogue 51, no. 2-3 (December 13, 2019): 231–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0967010619889470.
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Fortification calls to mind images of high walls establishing clear lines between inside and outside and immobilizing enemies. However, even the most seemingly inert fortifications rely on subtle forms of mobility and more elaborate spatial relations. This article examines fortification as a technique of power in which warfare, the design of the built environment, and the organization of space are intertwined. Where research on fortification tends to emphasize the symbolic, sovereign aspirations of wall-building, the approach advanced here focuses on the spatial technologies and infrastructural projects of military architecture and engineering that remake space through martial means. The article follows the trajectory within military architecture by which linear fortifications became defense in depth and asks how transformations of ‘depth’ in contemporary warfare have come to integrate more complex, non-linear notions of space and time. By tracing the ways in which the curtain wall of Vauban’s bastion fortress transformed into the radar curtain, I argue that fortification constitutes a ‘becoming war’ in which ‘defensive’ war intensifies organized violence. As such, the concept of fortification proves indispensable for understanding the reinforced boundaries and delineated pathways cutting across the global space of contemporary warfare.
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Nossov, Konstantin S., and Svetlana R. Muratova. "Stone-brick fortification of the end of the 17th – first half of the 18th centuries on the territory of Western Siberia." Vestnik Tomskogo gosudarstvennogo universiteta, no. 485 (2022): 104–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.17223/15617793/485/12.
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The authors analyzed the fortification features of the exceptional monuments of Russian stone-brick defensive architecture in Western Siberia of the late 17th – first half of the 18th centuries: the Kremlin in Tobolsk together with the Sophia and Gostiny Dvors, the Kremlin in Verkhoturye, the Monastery in Dalmatovo. We paid attention to the stages of their construction, tried to clarify the time of their construction. The method of analysis of graphic materials (fixation plans and projects) made it possible to identify the degree of implementation of the fortification objects planned for the project. The use of comparative architectural analysis of fortification elements of fortifications with analogues of the European part of Russia and methods of historical and architectural research (measurement and calculation) made it possible to determine their fortification role and the actual dimensions of fortification elements (the Monastery in Dalmatovo, the Kremlin in Tobolsk). The genesis method made it possible to interpret the ways of origin of the forms of fortification of the studied objects. When comparing the architectural monuments with each other, much in common was found: all fortification objects were built under the influence of the Russian architectural style that developed in domestic defense architecture in the late 15th to 17th centuries; when compared with the fortifications of that time in the European part of Russia, their style was equal to the Kremlin of Moscow and was far from the principles of bastion fortification, common not only in Western Europe, but also in the European part of Russia (for example, the fortifications of the 16th century in earthen version – the Earthen fortress of Ladoga, the Small Earthen City of Novgorod – and of the first years of the 18th century – the stone Novodvinsk fortress). The methods of formal, compositional and proportional analysis made it possible to pay special attention to the elements of fortification objects and describe their forms and construction solutions. The walls of the stone fortifications of Siberia followed the terrain, in contrast to the regular shape of the fortresses built according to the requirements of the fortification of that time; the number and frequency of towers did not meet the requirements: in the Verkhoturye Kremlin there were only two of them, and in the Dalmatovsky Monastery and the Tobolsk Kremlin they were unevenly distributed in the spans and some of them remained unfinished; the fortifications were not high – about 4.5 to 6 meters – and the hight was different; spinners on steep slopes included various administrative, residential or utility buildings (Kremlin in Tobolsk, Dalmatovsky Monastery), or they had a lower height compared to those on the floor side (Verkhoturye); the width of the spindles did not meet the requirements and at different sites it was about 1.8 m (the spindles of the fortresses of the European part of the country were 3 m wide or more); on the inside of the fortress, the parapets have arches about 3–4 m wide and high, loopholes of the sole fight (Sophia Dvor in Tobolsk), and sometimes sole and middle battles (Verkhoturye Kremlin, Dalmatovsky Monastery).
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Kupka, Jiří, Adéla Brázdová, and Jana Vodová. "Units of Military Fortification Complex as Phenomenon Elements of the Czech Borderlands Landscape." Land 11, no. 1 (January 5, 2022): 79. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/land11010079.
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This paper is focused on selected units of casemates with enhanced fortification in the military fortification complex of the Czech borderlands landscape as specific forms of brownfields. They represent a functional system that interacts with surrounding nature, landscape character, and human society. Four approaches were chosen to study the function and potential of selected individual abandoned casemates with enhanced fortification, where each of them corresponds to one of the four landscape layers: genius loci, socio-economic sphere, functional relationship (between human and the landscape), and natural conditions. There is a corresponding research method for each of the landscape layers (guided interview with respondents, data analysis on abandoned casemates with enhanced fortifications as brownfields, analysis of their landscape functions, and zoological survey of interior). The main results could show that abandoned casemates with enhanced fortifications can play important roles in all landscape layers: stories and genius loci, abandoned casemates with enhanced fortification as a special type of military brownfield but also as a semi-natural ecosystem, and the same time as a habitat for invertebrates. The analyses and surveys conducted clearly demonstrate that abandoned casemates with enhanced fortification as units of military fortification complex of the Czech borderlands landscape perform several hidden important functions in the landscape for which they cannot be viewed as brownfields. This hidden functional potential is most likely best described by the concept of hidden singularity, which offers itself for integration into basic approaches to brownfields.
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Okonchenko, Olha, and Ihor Okonchenko. "PARAMETERS OF CASTLE FORTIFICATIONS ON THE TERRITORY OF THE WESTERN REGIONS OF UKRAINE OF THE MIDDLE OF THE 16TH - BEGINNING OF THE 18TH CENTURIES." Space&FORM 2021, no. 47 (September 9, 2021): 213–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.21005/pif.2021.47.e-02.
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A comparative typological and metrological analysis of defensive structures of 53 castles in the western regions of Ukraine is carried out. Fortification lines of castles are classified, based on the division of fortresses by their dimensions, proposed in the treatise on fortification in 1659 by J. Naronovich-Naronsky. The reasons for the functioning of castle fortifications with different levels of defense in one period are explained.
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Fedunkiv, Zenoviy. "STRATIN CITY FORTIFICATIONS: CONSTRUCTION DATE, EFFICIENCY, PLANNING AND VOLUME-SPACE CHARACTERISTICS." Current Issues in Research, Conservation and Restoration of Historic Fortifications 18, no. 2023 (2023): 108–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.23939/fortifications2023.18.108.
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Based on the results of scientific expeditions and field surveys, the article examines the problems of construction dating, functioning efficiency, localization and identification of structures and fortifications, the planning and spatial structure of the Stratyn city fortifications. The relevance of the research is determined by the fact that, apart from the reports of four scientific expeditions, no full-fledged scientific article was devoted to Stratyn's city fortifications. The study, based on the analysis of historical sources and the military-political situation, puts forward an assumption about the period of construction of city fortifications and their role in the Polish-Turkish wars of the 1670s. Based on the analysis of cartographic sources and field surveys, an analysis of the planning structure was carried out, the location was determined and fortification structures and fortifications were identified. On the basis of the analysis of the fortification and technological features of the preserved fragments of ramparts, ditches and sites of buildings, it was concluded that the Stratyn city fortifications belong to the bastion defense system common in the western Ukrainian lands.
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Dyakova, O. V. "Medieval Fortresses of the Margaritovka Basin in Eastern Primorye." Vestnik NSU. Series: History and Philology 21, no. 5 (May 16, 2022): 60–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.25205/1818-7919-2022-21-5-60-70.
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Introduction. Studies of ancient fortifications in the Eastern Primorye of Russia in the Margaritovka River basin are conducted for the first time by complex methods: mapping, geophysical characteristics, classification by shape, size, functional purpose.Results. Four fortification sites have been identified: Shcherbakovskoye settlement, Senokosnoe-1 fortification, Margaritovo fortress, Margaritovskaya stone defensive wall. Shcherbakovskoye settlement belongs to the mountain type. It is characterized by a closed configuration of shafts, corner and wall towers, stone-throwing platforms, an inner city, residential estates. Shcherbakovskoye settlement is a gift of the 13 th century period of the state of Eastern Xia. The Senokosnoe-1 fortification belongs to the cape type. It is protected by earthen ramparts and a moat. The fortification is comparable in archaeological material with the Polzevskaya culture of the early Middle Ages. The Margaritovo fortress belongs to the cape type and dates from the post-Bohai period. The Margaritovskaya stone wall is located on the Sikhote-Alin mountain spur. It is equipped with a watchtower. It was built in the Middle Ages. Conclusion. The location of the fortifications and the stone rampart indicate the functioning of a land and river route in the Margaritovka River basin. The road began on the mountain Perevalnaya. The final point of the road was the bay of the Morayak-Ribolov of the Sea of Japan. The entrance to the bay and the mouth of the Margaritovka River was protected by a stone wall with signal towers.
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Yu, Frolova. "PROGRAMS FOR FORTIFICATION AREA CONSERVATION IN THE NETHERLANDS." Architectural Studies 7, no. 2 (November 20, 2021): 154–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.23939/as2021.02.154.
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The article is aimed at familiarizing readers and specialists with programs for the preservation of fortification territories and methods of using historical landscapes in the Netherlands, the legal aspect of preserving the remains of fortifications and terrain. The project method of integrating the territory into the tourist observation network is considered. Over the past 30 years, the Netherlands has been developing a legal framework in the intersectoral branch for the protection of a significant historical landscape, including existing or lost objects of fortification art of the XVIII and XX centuries. Reasonable protection criteria, a well-formed strategy for systematic use and subordination of the territory prevents violation of the legal framework of the monument and its physical integrity accelerates the process of developing architectural and design proposals for restoring the spatial appearance of the fortification object
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Ivanyuk, Sergey. "Features of Fortifications of the Tsaritsyn Defense Line in the 20s of the 18th Century." Vestnik Volgogradskogo gosudarstvennogo universiteta. Serija 4. Istorija. Regionovedenie. Mezhdunarodnye otnoshenija 26, no. 1 (March 2021): 41–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.15688/jvolsu4.2021.1.5.
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Introduction. Extending from the walls of the fortress of Tsaritsyn to the Don river, the Tsaritsyn defense line reliably protected this area from the systematic raids of nomads, gave an impetus to the active settlement of the region and its economic development. A number of research papers are devoted to the history of the Tsaritsyn line, but some aspects are still insufficiently studied. This article reveals the features of fortification and military engineering characteristics of the Tsaritsyn defense line defensive structures, its technical condition during the reign of Peter I. Methods and materials. The research is based on both published documents and ones stored in archives, which allow us to understand the principles that formed the fortified Tsaritsyn defense line, which fortifications were part of its complex in the 20s of the 18th century. Methods of the study: the principles of historicism and objectivity, analysis, synthesis, systematic approach. Analysis. The comparison of the evidence of participants in the construction of the Tsaritsyn defense line (1719–1720) and cartographic plans of its fortifications made it possible to determine the main characteristics of military engineering facilities located at it. Additionally, the analysis of cartographic sources, the manuscript division of the Library of the Academy of Sciences and the documents of the Main Office of Artillery and Fortification helped to determine the time frame and the author of the map “of the defensive line between the Volga and the Don” of 1723, which has not previously been used by researchers when working on the issue of fortification of the Tsaritsyn defense line in the first years of its operation. Results. As a result of the conducted research, it was found that since the beginning of commissioning in 1720, the main fortification objects were formed at the Tsaritsyn defense line, which were part of the complex of its defensive structures, which remained the main fortifications during the entire time of its operation until the abolition of service on it.
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Booty, Frank. "Fortification." Computer Fraud & Security Bulletin 11, no. 8 (June 1989): 11–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0142-0496(86)90068-8.
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Gardel, Marie-Élise. "Contextualiser la fortification." Heresis 5, no. 1 (2024): 5–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.3406/heres.2024.2236.
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En introduction à l’article de Michèle et Jean-Bernard Gau, qui constitue une réelle avancée sur la connaissance de Quéribus et des fortifications de la région, nous avons pensé utile d’introduire cette contribution par une mise au point historiographique sur la vision que les historiens ont eu de la fortification à travers les siècles, aboutissant à l’archéologie médiévale et à la castellologie, auxquelles l’article sur Quéribus est une solide contribution. Nous livrons ensuite quelques réflexions sur le château de Quéribus et ses différentes fonctions, permettant de souligner tout l’intérêt des recherches effectuées par ces deux archéologues de 1985 à 1989 et la pertinence de leurs hypothèses.
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Wadyl, Sławomir. "Report on archaeological excavations on the so-called “Round Mountain” in Pasym, Szczytno district, site 1, in 2017." Masuro-Warmian Bulletin 298, no. 4 (January 4, 2018): 717–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.51974/kmw-134933.
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In 2017, the excavation of the fortifications in Pasym, Szczytno district, was continued. During this time three trenches were excavated (Figure 2). Trench 1/2017 (measuring 15 x 5 m) was laid out in the western part of the fortification, partly on the edge, partly on the slope descending from the west towards the lake. Trench 2/2017 (measuring 15 x 5 m) was located on the eastern slope of the fortification. Trench 3/2017 (measuring 5 x 5 m) was located in a dip situated to the south-east of the fort. The study encompassed an area of 1.75 acres. During the excavations, unusually interesting remains within the courtyard of the stronghold were discovered. Earlier obser�vations concerning the fortification of the site were also confirmed. The powerful defence system has no analogies in contemporary Prussian territories. Particularly valuable were the layers of accumulated deposits dating from the Early Iron Age and the Early Middle Ages.
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Dubman, E. L. "Features of construction of fortification in the forest-steppe Zavolzhie region of the first third of the XVIII century." Vestnik of Samara University. History, pedagogics, philology 27, no. 2 (August 6, 2021): 17–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.18287/2542-0445-2021-27-2-17-26.
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The article examines the significant changes observed in the early decades of the 18th century. during the construction and use of defensive systems on the southern and southeastern borders of European Russia. The question of how the new fortification theories and technologies, adopted from Western Europe, turned out to be suitable for the natural and geographical conditions of our country and for successfully resisting the attacks of nomads, was studied. An analysis of historiography of Russian defensive architecture that has developed to date, has made it possible to obtain fairly complete answers on the issues under consideration. For a special study of individual aspects of the topic, published and archival documents from the central archives were used. The revealed materials on the design and construction of the New Zakamskaya line allow us to conclude that the leadership of the Military Collegium and the Office of the main artillery and fortification tightly controlled the projects prepared in the borderlands, the proposed routes of the defensive lines. It paid particular attention to checking the provision of fortifications to them, as well as to the use of standard samples of such fortifications prepared in the Office. At the same time, the commanders and engineers of the expeditions involved in the construction of lines and the deployment of the Landmilitia regiments on them showed a certain independence in all these matters. A study of the activities of the leadership of the Zakamsk expedition shows that they often entered into disputes with their higher authorities and often emerged victorious from them. During the period under review, Western European concepts of fortification were fundamental. It was they who were guided in the Military Collegium and the Chancellery of the main artillery and fortification. However, officers and engineers working in the borderlands were well acquainted with the peculiarities of military threats from the nomads, the strategy and tactics of their attacks. During the design and construction work, they showed common sense and knowledge of the basics of military engineering. This was most evident during construction in the first half of the 1730-ies of New Zakamskaya Line, which was later replaced by Samaraskaya line. The transitional period in the defensive architecture of the forest-steppe borderland ends in the 1730-ies. At this time, there was a gradual adaptation of Western fortification approaches to Russian realities. The transition from continuous systems of fortifications to live lines becomes obvious. Their builders are increasingly using various, applied to the peculiarities of the terrain and natural conditions, methods of erecting defensive structures. However, even in the middle second half of the century, when creating defensive lines, the "rational-geometric principle" prevailed, which corresponded to the Western European principles of fortification.
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Fitria, Ana, L. Abdullah, and P. D. M. H. Karti. "Pertumbuhan dan Produksi Sorgum bicolor pada Kultur Fungi Mikoriza Arbuskula (FMA) dengan Sistem Fertigasi dan Fortifikasi Nutrisi Berbeda." Jurnal Ilmu Nutrisi dan Teknologi Pakan 20, no. 2 (August 31, 2022): 51–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.29244/jintp.20.2.51-57.
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Arbuscular mycorrhizal Fungi (AMF) is a microorganism that biologically affects plant enzymes and plant nutrients. AMF production development techniques need to be improved with the addition of nutritional fortification to produce quality AMF products. The research aimed was to cultivate AMF with complete fertilizer nutrition and different fertigation systems on Sorghum bicolor. The study used a 2 x 3 factorial randomized design with A factor: fertigation system (flat and terraced) and B factor: fertilizer nutrient levels (1000ppm, 2000ppm, 3000ppm). The results showed that the flat fertigation system had a significant different (p<0.05) on plant height, the number of leaves, stem diameter, and fresh biomass. However, in the high-level fertigation system, numbers of leaf, stem diameter, and fresh biomass did not have significant difference. There was no interaction between the fertigation and nutrient fortification systems. Sorghum panicle age started at 75 yields after planting (DAT). The relationship between percent infection and the number of spores showed a low level of correlation with R2 = 0.032. It can be concluded that the best fertigation system was a flat fertigation system for all nutrient fortifications, with the best average yield on 2000ppm nutrient fortification.
Key words: AMF, fertigation system, nutrition fortification
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Ali, Hatem Salama, Ahmed Noah Badr, Tawfiq Alsulami, Mohamed Gamal Shehata, and Mohamed Mahmoud Youssef. "Quality Attributes of Sesame Butter (Tahini) Fortified with Lyophilized Powder of Edible Mushroom (Agaricus blazei)." Foods 11, no. 22 (November 17, 2022): 3691. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/foods11223691.
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Sesame butter (tahini) is a common appetizer and food additive in the Mediterranean basin. Pathogenic strains and mycotoxin content are the most hazardous issues in the final product. This investigation aimed to enhance the quality and safety properties of tahini products against microbial hazards and mycotoxins. Local samples of tahini were evaluated for natural contamination, including mycotoxin level determinations. Agaricus blazei was utilized as a bioactive source and evaluated for the bioactive content of laccase, B-glucan, antioxidant activity, and phenolic content, as well as antimicrobial and antioxidant potency. Two fortification ratios (0.5% and 1.0%) were chosen to apply Agaricus in tahini sesame as a model. Chemical composition, color attributes, sensory properties, emulsion, and oxidative stability were evaluated for the fortified samples versus the control. The results reflected increments of protein (22.91 ± 0.64% to 29.34 ± 0.96%), fiber content (3.09 ± 0.05% to 6.27 ± 0.06%), emulsion stability (84.9 ± 1.24% to 95.41 ± 0.56%), oxidative stability, and bioactive group content. The fortification process is reflected by the absence of Salmonella, Listeria, and E. coli bacteria from contaminated samples after 30 days of storage. The water activity for 1.0% fortification (0.154 ± 0.001) was recorded as lower than the control sample (0.192 ± 0.002). Moreover, the degradation of aflatoxins and zearalenone content was recorded during storage. The degradation ratio reached 68% and 97.2% for 0.5% and 1.0% fortifications, respectively, while zearalenone degradation recorded a decline of 26.7% and 33.7%, respectively, for the same fortification ratios. These results recommended 1.0% lyophilized mushroom fortification as a quality and ameliorative safety treatment for tahini products.
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Kosenko, Vitalii, and Oleksandr Voloshchenko. "Мethodical approach to the calculation of field fortification structure for the action of penetrating radiation." Strength of Materials and Theory of Structures, no. 112 (April 17, 2024): 285–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.32347/2410-2547.2024.112.285-293.
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The purpose of the article is to publicize a methodical approach to the calculation of field fortification structures for the action of penetrating radiation. The experience of the Russian-Ukrainian war testifies to the aggravation of potential nuclear threats from the Russian Federation, in the case of which, in the event of their implementation, ensuring the survivability of our troops due to the radiation factor during hostilities will be significantly complicated. This development of events requires the Defense Forces of Ukraine to be constantly ready for action in the event of the enemy's use of nuclear weapons, and to strengthen the capabilities of the troops to protect against the impact factors of a nuclear explosion.The most effective way to protect troops in the conditions of the use of nuclear weapons is their shelter in field fortifications, the construction and covering of which will prevent or maximally reduce the impact of the impact factors of a nuclear explosion, in particular, penetrating radiation.The essence of the proposed methodological approach consists in the consistent determination of the dose of gamma radiation and neutrons inside the field fortification structure, taking into account a number of indicators, which will allow us to draw a conclusion about the compliance of the coating and construction of this fortification structure with the existing requirements for the protection of troops.The scientific novelty of the given methodical approach to the calculation of field fortification structures for the action of penetrating radiation consists in the comprehensive consideration of indicators that quantitatively characterize the main characteristics of a nuclear explosion, the conditions of the environment and the properties of various covering materials and the construction of field fortification structures.
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Sokyrko, Oleksii. "CITIES, FORTRESSES, GARRISONS. FORTIFICATION AND DEFENSE STRATEGIES IN THE COSSACK HETMANATE IN THE «MILITARIY REVOLUTION» PERIOD." City History, Culture, Society, no. 4 (November 7, 2018): 89–113. http://dx.doi.org/10.15407/mics2019.04.089.
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Changes in the Early Modern military technologies have fundamentally affected the transformation in urban space: fortifications, planning, lifestyle of the inhabitants. At the same time, the development of new defence fortresses and the modernization of the old ones, the providing it by garrisons and artillery have become important elements of state policy. All these innovations were part of the «military revolution» in Europe. Its features in this had the important place in Eastern European states among them and the Cossack Hetmanate.The theatre of military operations on which the main enemy for a long time were the Tatars had led to the fact that most fortifications were wood-earthen.However, the development of firearms gradually forced to abandon brick and wooden fortifications of the frontal type. They were supplemented with elements of Western European fortification (bastions and ravelins), which increased the firepower of the fortress and its defensive capacity.At the same time, the Hetmanate did not have sufficient resources for largescale reconstructions of fortresses and the maintenance of permanent garrisons in them. The combination of these factors led to the fact that in the XVIII century fortification building in the Cossack Hetmanate passed into the hands of Russia and began to be used in the interests of the Empire.
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Polyakov, Е. N., and M. I. Korzh. "FORMATION OF FORTIFICATION ART IN ANCIENT EAST COUNTRIES." Vestnik Tomskogo gosudarstvennogo arkhitekturno-stroitel'nogo universiteta. JOURNAL of Construction and Architecture 21, no. 4 (August 28, 2019): 94–124. http://dx.doi.org/10.31675/1607-1859-2019-21-4-94-124.
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The article presents a comparative analysis of fortification art monuments in such East countries from Ancient Egypt to medieval China. An attempt is made to identify the main stages of the fortification development from a stand-alone fortress (citadel, fort) to the most complex systems of urban and border fortifications, including moats, walls and gates, battle towers. It is shown that the nature of these architectural structures is determined by the status of the city or settlement, its natural landscape, building structures and materials, the development of military and engineering art. The materials from poliorceticon (Greek: poliorketikon, poliorketika), illustrate the main types of siege machines and mechanisms. The advantages and disadvantages of boundary shafts and long walls (limes). The most striking examples are the defensive systems of Assyria, New Babylon, Judea and Ancient China.
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Shulyk, Vasyl. "INDIVIDUAL ISSUES OF DEVELOPMENT OF DEFENSIVE URBANISM IN THE POST-CONFLICT PERIOD." Urban development and spatial planning, no. 80 (May 30, 2022): 511–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.32347/2076-815x.2022.80.511-523.
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The history of the development of military science shows that defense objects of long-term fortification need not only skill from the creators, but also a long time and significant financial costs for construction. Economic efficiency is usually not considered here, the expediency of such construction is strictly determined by an increase in the level of the country's defense capability.
With the change or improvement of the types of offensive weapons, it became necessary to reconstruct the defensive objects of long-term fortification or even dismantle them and build modern fortifications in their place.
With the beginning of the Russian-Ukrainian war of 2022, the occupants invaded the territory of Ukraine in certain directions. That is, it can be clearly indicated that the seizure of Ukrainian territory by the aggressor took place using the existing anthropogenic framework, which includes international and national main and local roads, railway lines of communication.
Experience shows that the country must have a system of fortified areas, defense positions, centers of resistance and strongholds, equipped with long-term fortifications and barriers, which must be built along the state border. At the same time, it is advisable to supplement the existing system of long-term fortification with the construction of dual-use engineering facilities (civilian and military) and the use of objects of natural or natural-anthropogenic origin, which improve the efficiency and environmental performance of such expensive structures.
Dual-use facilities should be able to quickly turn them into a defense facility. Land areas of natural origin (forest and wetlands) should also serve as defensive barriers. In the southern and eastern regions of Ukraine, it is advisable to use agro-recreational and agricultural production areas (rice plantations, plantations with fast-growing trees, etc.), which will be a significant addition to the main system of long-term fortification. This approach will increase the indicators of efficiency and environmental friendliness in the overall structure of defense facilities in Ukraine.
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Kosenko, Vitalii, Oleksandr Voloshchenko, and Mykola Kushnirenko. "Determination of the enclosed-type field fortifications structures resistance against the nuclear explosion shock wave." Strength of Materials and Theory of Structures, no. 109 (November 11, 2022): 387–402. http://dx.doi.org/10.32347/2410-2547.2022.109.387-402.
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The purpose of the article is to publish the results of research on determining the stability of the structures of enclosed-type field fortification structures against the nuclear explosion shock wave.
Having received a worthy repulse of aggression, assessing its losses and the capabilities of the Armed Forces of Ukraine, Russia moved to direct threats to use nuclear weapons.
With this development of the war, the protection of our troops must be carried out by sheltering personnel, weapons and equipment in the enclosed type field fortifications; the stability of these structures must be sufficient, in particular, to counteract the nuclear explosion shock wave.
Calculation of the stability of such structures against the nuclear explosion shock wave is proposed to be carried out in two stages.
At the first stage, the estimated loads of the nuclear explosion shock wave on the main protective elements of the fortification are calculated. The calculation is based on the law of similarity during explosions, which allows determining the parameters of the shock wave at different distances from the epicenter of a nuclear explosion.
At the second stage, the actual stress during dynamic loads, which occurs as a result of the impact of a shock wave on the structure of a certain fortification structure, is determined.
The basis of the calculations at this stage is the determination of the moment of resistance of the fortification structure elements, the load intensity, the bending moment for an evenly distributed load on the main structural elements, and the compressive force transmitted through these elements.
Each stage of calculations is illustrated by examples. The proposed procedure for determining the stability of structures of the enclosed-type field fortifications against the nuclear explosion shock wave allows you to choose the material of the right size for these structures, which will ensure the stability of their functioning and the necessary survivability of personnel during a nuclear explosion.
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O., Rybchynsky. "NATURE AND FORTIFICATION STRUCTURES OF DOWNTOWNS IN THE CITIES OF KYIV REGION IN THE 17th – END OF THE 18th CENTURIES." Architectural Studies 2020, no. 2 (November 2020): 249–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.23939/as2020.02.249.
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This article describes the nature and fortification structure of downtowns in the cities of Kyiv region in the 17th - late 18th centuries. Geometric and proportional properties of strengthening downtowns are determined. Stages of formation and features of changes in the fortifications of the downtown and castles during the 17th-18th centuries in the cities of Kyiv region are revealed.
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Spodenets, Iryna, and Olena Zhukova. "BLOCKCHAIN TECHNOLOGY FOR CREATING NFT-TOKENS – AS A SPHERE OF ACTUALIZATION OF MONUMENTS OF FORTIFICATION ARCHITECTURE." Current Issues in Research, Conservation and Restoration of Historic Fortifications 17, no. 2022 (2022): 22–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.23939/fortifications2022.17.022.
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The contradiction between the need of using of perspective blockchain technology to create NFT-tokens in the field of Ukraine fortification heritage and the lack of scientific information on this issue determined the topic of the proposed article. The topic of blockchain technology using for the actualization of immovable cultural heritage in general is new and scantily explored, obviously, single publications are presented mainly in the form of narrow specialists’ review. The aim of the article is to highlight the experience of using innovative blockchain technology in the creative industry to form an understanding of the possibilities of its use in the field of actualization of Ukraine fortification architecture monuments. The article reveals the meaning of NFT-token, blockchain technology, marketplace. The main NFT tokens sites of storage, purchase, exchange or sale are described. The experience of NFT-tokens successful use in the domestic museum-cultural sphere and the experience of forming the crypto-heritage market have been recorded as a motivating occasion for specialists working with monuments of fortification architecture. It is noted that in comparison with the existing crypto-art market, the crypto-heritage market is only at the stage of formation. The uniqueness of Ukraine's fortification heritage in terms of crypto artists needs is noted. The classification of fortifications is given. Emphasis is placed on the main technical and construction characteristics, which with the help of blockchain technology will allow to store information about authentic shapes, scales, textures, masonry, colors, materials, technical condition, etc. on the relevant marketplaces. It is concluded that the introduction of digital blockchain technology is a promising area of creative cooperation of cultural and creative industries with individual local communities to preserve, promote, capitalize the fortification heritage of Ukraine through the creation of NFT-tokens.
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Liyanage, C., and M. Hettiarachchi. "Food fortification." Ceylon Medical Journal 56, no. 3 (October 1, 2011): 124. http://dx.doi.org/10.4038/cmj.v56i3.3607.
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Roy, Anindita. "Food fortification." International Journal of Chemical Studies 9, no. 1 (January 1, 2021): 157–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.22271/chemi.2021.v9.i1c.11557.
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Charlton, Karen, and Sheila Skeaff. "Iodine fortification." Current Opinion in Clinical Nutrition and Metabolic Care 14, no. 6 (November 2011): 618–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/mco.0b013e32834b2b30.
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Richardson, D. P. "Food Fortification." Proceedings of the Nutrition Society 49, no. 1 (February 1990): 39–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/pns19900007.
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Lomangino, Kevin. "B12 Fortification." Clinical Nutrition INSIGHT 35, no. 5 (May 2009): 7–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/01.nmd.0000350731.77744.53.
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Seghi, Robert R., Sadia Nasrin, Jonathan Draney, and Noriko Katsube. "Root Fortification." Journal of Endodontics 39, no. 3 (March 2013): S57—S62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.joen.2012.10.029.
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Slanov, Alan A. "Cimmerian Fortification." Vestnik of North Ossetian State University, no. 2 (June 25, 2024): 20–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.29025/1994-7720-2024-2-20-26.
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Early examples of northern Iranian fortification date back to the Cimmerian era. Thus, the fortifications on the modern Kerch and Taman peninsulas, made up of a system of ramparts and ditches that fenced off the Bosporus from the steppe barbarians, were called “Cimmerian” by ancient authors. The Cimmerians are the most ancient people of southeastern Europe known to us. Their country Cimmeria covered the modern Crimean and Taman peninsulas, the Northern Black Sea region, the Azov region and the Northern Caucasus. During the Central Asian campaigns, the Cimmerians had to confront the advanced armies of that time - Assyrian and Urartian, with their perfect fortresses (in particular, the so-called “Cyclopean”, in the shape of a circle or square), which required the development of siege and assault techniques (polyorcetics), which were successfully used during hostilities. The Cimmerian Wall crosses the middle of the Kerch Peninsula (between the Kerch Peninsula and the rest of Crimea) at its narrowest point and has a length of 40-42 km. The shaft or its individual fragments are also called Asandrov, Uzunlarsky, Turkish, Akkozsky, etc. The rampart (circa 400 BC), reinforced with stonework running along its crest, reached a width of 20 m at the base, a height of up to 7-8 m, and its ditch, 5 m deep, had a width of 10-15 m. Along the entire length of the rampart, the same type of square tower-forts measuring approximately 10x12 m were erected, at a distance of about 2.5 km from each other. Roads run along the rampart, and in the rampart itself there are about a dozen passages, fortified with stone and flanking towers. The Cimmerian Wall on the Taman Peninsula began at the northeastern protrusion of the Taman Gulf and stretched for about 7 km to the shore of the Sea of Azov. According to other materials, it had a length of about 40 km and ran along the bottom from the center of the Taman Bay about 20 km to the northeast, and continued the same amount along the land part, ending before reaching the shore of the Temryuk Bay. The remains of this fortification were noted on topographic maps of the second half of the 20th century as the Cimmerian Val. The аrticle, based on dаta from аrchaeologicаl and written sources, аnаlyzes Cimmerian fortificаtion and polyorcetics. The most significant defensive structures of the Cimmeriаns are exаmined; the most charаcteristic аrchitectural forms аnd construction techniques are noted.
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Tesema, Sisay. "SPRINKLES for Ethiopian Staple Food Fortification/ Home Fortification." European Journal of Nutrition & Food Safety 5, no. 5 (January 10, 2015): 412. http://dx.doi.org/10.9734/ejnfs/2015/20885.
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Shelekhan, Oleksandr, Oksana Lifantii, Yuriy Boltryk, and Marcin Ignaczak. "Defensive Structures of Severynivka Hillfort (Excavations of 2009 and 2012-2013)." Baltic-Pontic Studies 21, no. 1 (October 1, 2016): 69–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/bps-2017-0013.
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Abstract The article focuses on the research results of Severynivka hillfort fortifications. In 2009 a rampart and a moat on a cliff on the south floor-level side. In 2012-2013 there was made a rampart and escarp sections in the north-eastern part of the fortification. Separate stages of its construction are distinguished; the possible reconstruction of the defensive structures is suggested.
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Filimonov, Dmytro. "Fortification of the period of the Russo-Turkish war of 1735–1739 near the Vorona river in the Dnipro Nadporizhzhya." Universum Historiae et Archeologiae 4, no. 2 (July 18, 2022): 37. http://dx.doi.org/10.15421/26210418.
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During the Russo-Turkish War of 1735–1739, dozens of temporary ground fortifications were built on the territory of the lower Prydniprovya region to provide communication with the Ukrainian line of Russian troops operating in the lower reaches of the Dnipro and the Crimea. The same is true for the left bank of the cataracted part of the Dnipro river flow, along which the Dnipro army passed to the Crimea during the campaign of 1736, which resulted in the formation of Russian military outposts on this territory. These fortifications are still poorly explored both in terms of historiography and archaeology. Many of them are still not localized on the modern geographical map. Furthermore, the conditions of their topographic placement and features of the engineering configuration are not clarified. The current situation concerning this issue makes a comprehensive study on the events of the Russo-Turkish War of 1735–1739, and especially its initial stage impossible. In particular, it is impossible to reconstruct the path used by the Dnipro Army during the Crimean campaign of 1736 without localization of field fortifications, as well as to study such important aspects as the organization of its supply and the establishment of courier communication with the Ukrainian line. The purpose of the article is to analyze the published written sources concerning the processes related to the construction and operation of the fortification of the Russo-Turkish War of 1735–1739, located on the territory of the Dnipro Nadporozhzhya, near the Vorona river, as well as to determine the location of this fortification using the cartographic material and historiographical descriptions and to clarify the peculiarities of its engineering configuration. Research methods: systemic structural, chronological, geographical, comparative, descriptive. Core results: the article shows the reasons for the construction and functioning of the sconce built on the right bank of the Vorona River, the left tributary of the Dnipro river. The chronological framework for the existence of this fortification is specified; its role in the events of the Crimean campaign of 1736 is determined, and the composition and number of the garrison located in it are clarified. Through the use of cartographic material of the first half of the 18th century and the end of the 19th – first half of the 20th century, the location is determined and the conditions of topographic placement of the remains of the studied fortification before the construction of the Dnipro Hydroelectric Station Dam in the early 1930s are clarified. The features of fortification of this temporary field entrenchment are defined. The practical significance of the materials obtained in this research lies in the possibility of their further use in writing scientific articles and generalizing works on the history of Ukraine and Eastern Europe in the first half of the 18th century. Scientific novelty: issues related to the emergence and functioning of the fortification near the Vorona river at the initial stage of the Russo-Turkish War of 1735–1739 are considered for the first time in historiography. The location is determined and the features of the engineering configuration of this defensive structure are clarified. Furthermore, three manuscript plans of the late 19th – first half of the 20th century, revealed in the funds of Dmytro Yavornytsky National Historical Museum of Dnipro, are introduced into scientific circulation. Type of article: research.
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Korolko, Sergyy, Myroslav Sanytskyy, Tetiana Kropyvnytska, Artem Dziuba, and Yuriy Shabatura. "Prospects of the use of high-tension fiber concrete as the basis for the formation of protective shelters and fortification structures during the russian-ukrainian war." Military Technical Collection, no. 28 (May 25, 2023): 25–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.33577/2312-4458.28.2023.25-33.
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This article analyzes the current state of protective shelters and fortification structures, foresees the modern possibilities of using fastening and basalt-type structures to increase the stability of concrete fortifications both during the construction of buildings for the protection of the civilian population, and for the creation of dugouts, fortifications and fire structures for the protection of personnel in accordance.
Studies of the physical and mechanical properties of fiber concrete modified with plasticizers and active mineral additives using basalt and polypropylene fibers have shown that their introduction has a positive effect on the strength characteristics of concrete. The compressive strength of fiber concrete at day 28 increases from 61.4 to 77.0 and 96.2 MPa, respectively, and the flexural strength from 7.4 to 12.7 and 13.8 MPa, respectively.
For the production of reinforced concrete protective materials, it is more effective to create hybrid high-strength concrete using fibers of different nature, followed by the formation of a reinforced concrete slab of the appropriate size. At the same time, the standard provides for the manufacture of prefabricated reinforced concrete elements of fortification structures and platoon support points of wall panels of the SP-1, SP-2 type and floor slabs PP-1 with a thickness of at least 300 mm from heavy concrete of strength class C32/40 with the use of plasticizers and active chemical additives.
However, when using the obtained hybrid fiber concrete with strength class C50/60 and using a reinforcing mesh according to the calculated data, it is possible to reduce the effective thickness of the fiber concrete slab to 27.5 cm installation of fortification.
The use of a reinforcing mesh in a complex with basalt fiber provides increased resistance of fiber concrete to the action of a high-speed impact due to an increase in the density of the cementing matrix as a result of a decrease in water consumption, as well as due to spatial three-dimensional reinforcement with dispersed basalt fiber. As a result of the mutual combination of the strength characteristics of the concrete matrix at the micro- and macro-levels in hybrid fiber concrete, it is possible to reduce the thickness of reinforced concrete elements and reduce the weight of the protective structure while meeting the requirements of the standards for such fortifications. An increase in the strength of cement stone occurs due to a decrease in the concentration of stresses in places of local stresses and a redistribution of energy throughout the volume of the material.
The conducted studies of modern hybrid high-strength concrete with basalt fiber create new opportunities for the creation of protective concrete fortifications and fortification structures.
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Mykhalchenko, Serhii, and Valerii Tovbych. "PROSPECTS OF MODERN FORTIFICATION." Current problems of architecture and urban planning, no. 60 (April 26, 2021): 268–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.32347/2077-3455.2021.60.268-276.
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The relevance of modern means of fortification and creation of new principles of spatial and urban planning solutions for special structures of defense, law enforcement and penitentiary systems, and border protection are investigated. It was researched that the presence of artificial intelligence, modern means of computer equipment and communications enables withdrawing human resources from the area of direct military clashes, and thus, the fortification will not have to protect a person on the battlefield anymore. Scientific and technological progress offers the latest firing systems with automatic target recognition and destruction. Thus, field fortification would enter the fundamentally new features that are not related to a person's protection from the means of destruction. Techniques for camouflage practicing, ensuring suddenness and the effectiveness of the use of defensive structures and devices would also become fundamentally new.
The techniques for disguising, ensuring suddenness and the effectiveness of the use of defensive structures and devices will also become fundamentally new. As it was mentioned in the article, nowadays, terrible future that was described by numerous futurists and anti-utopians is here already. The global information networks, hybrid warfare, encroachments not on the burnt desert but on the thinking of the population of countries being subjected to aggression. It is precisely clear that the peace agreements reached as a result of the Second World War have been grossly trampled over by the imperial claims of the Russian Federation. Thus, there is an urgent need for scientific research that will provide the further development of the fortification as a complete field of the military engineering.
The article points put that such investigations are likely to be carried out, but they are not advertised, as it should be in military affairs. The current state of affairs in Ukraine is really alarming. We are in a state of permanent armed conflict with an enemy who is stronger than us, practically protecting the world from the aggressive imperial encroachments of the Putin regime. It is a challenge for us: how to build defense, including fortifications. Meanwhile, there is only a loud embarrassment with so-called "Yatseniuk's wall".
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Čižmář, Ivan, Roman Křivánek, and Miroslav Popelka. "K poznání charakteru a rozsahu oppida Staré Hradisko (okr. Prostějov) na základě nedestruktivních prospekčních metod a dálkového průzkumu / Determining the character and scope of Staré Hradisko (central Moravia) oppidum using non-destructive survey methods and remote sensing." Archeologické rozhledy 74, no. 2 (September 30, 2022): 180–202. http://dx.doi.org/10.35686/ar.2022.8.
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For several decades, the use of non-destructive methods (geophysical survey, aerial archaeology and LiDAR) has been a key part of archaeological research, as their application produces interesting and important findings without disturbing investigated situations. Thanks to the use of these methods, existing knowledge was refined and expanded at the La Tène Staré Hradisko oppidum in central Moravia concerning settlement in the area to the west of the fortifications. An important discovery was made of a previously unknown pincer gate in the eastern part of the fortifications with a connected fortification system enclosing the northern part of the oppidum.
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Tiegs, Robert. "Adapting to Change." Vulcan 3, no. 1 (May 29, 2015): 66–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/22134603-00301004.
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This paper examines an invention by Simon Stevin (1548–1620) which was intended for use in fortifications and economic activities in the Dutch Republic. Stevin was a prominent innovator and engineer who served as an important link between the military and public spheres. He published his ideas for his new invention in New Manner of Fortification through Pivoted Sluices (1617) detailing how his device could help maintain the wet ditches surrounding the Republic’s towns and defenses. These ditches were an important component of the Netherlandish style of fortification developed by Stevin and others. Simultaneously, Stevin also believed that his device could be employed beyond military purposes. In particular he argued that his pivoted sluice lock could benefit the Dutch economy through its use in navigation, land reclamation, and peat harvesting. In short, Stevin envisioned a system in which the military and economic needs of the Republic could be harmoniously combined.
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Jevtic, Milos, and Momir Cerovic. "Circular enclosure from the early copper age in north-western Serbia site of Sancina in Desic, near Sabac (excavations 2017-2019)." Starinar, no. 72 (2022): 9–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/sta2272009j.
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In the wooded landscapes on the last northern slopes of the mountain Cer, a very well-preserved palisade ditch enclosure of small dimensions and a regular circular shape was discovered (site of Sancina, Desic village). Over the last few years, archaeological excavations at this site have focused on the inner space, bordered by a massive ring-shaped earthen rampart. An unusually wide and deep ditch surrounds a high earthen embankment of flattened conical shape, bordered on the inside by a palisade ditch, with traces of densely packed and deeply buried wooden posts. The excavations so far have not revealed any interruption in the circular palisade ditch, which could confirm the existence of an entrance, i.e., a passage, clearly bordered by an earthen rampart. In the central part of the circular fortification a deep shaft/well was discovered, which has been explored to the level of underground water. Apart from traces of smaller hearths on the inside of the palisade ditch and several deeply buried conical pits, with traces of charred, vertically placed posts, there are no other architectural remains inside the circular fortification. Traces of a catastrophic fire have been discovered inside the entire fortification and are especially visible above the palisade ditch. According to numerous sherds of secondarily burned ceramic vessels, the circular enclosure in Desic belongs to the post-Vinca culture of the Early Copper Age. According to the shape and basic elements of architecture, we assume that the earthen fortification in Desic belongs to a special form of smaller prehistoric enclosures, characteristic of circular palisade fortifications in the area of the Upper Tisza region, in the north-eastern parts of the Great Hungarian Plain.
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Agrawal, Gopal, Sanjay Wazir, Surender Kumar, Bir Singh Yadav, and Manish Balde. "Routine versus Selective Fortification of Human Milk with Powdered Human Milk Fortifiers in Very Low Birth Weight (VLBW) Preterm Infants: A Retrospective Pre–Post Cohort Study." Journal of Tropical Pediatrics 65, no. 5 (December 12, 2018): 439–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/tropej/fmy074.
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Abstract Objectives The objective of this study was to show the effects of routine vs. selective fortification of human milk (HM) on short-term growth and metabolic parameters. Methods Single-centre retrospective pre–post cohort study in India. Preterm infants ≤32 weeks’ gestation and weighing ≤1500 g were included. Routine fortification: pre-fixed feed volume (100 ml/kg/day in our unit) at which fortification was done. Selective fortification: feed volume was gradually optimized till 180–200 ml/kg/day. If weight gain was below the expected threshold (<10 g/kg/day), then fortification was considered. Primary outcome measure was rate of growth till discharge. Results The median rate of weight gain (g/kg/day) in the routine fortification group [10.8 (3.3, 17.1)] was comparable with that in the selective fortification group [8.4 (0, 14.2), p = 0.6]. Serum phosphorus showed a significantly higher value (5.9 vs. 4.8, p = 0.03), while rest of the metabolic parameters showed a trend towards a favourable outcome in the selective fortification group. Adverse outcomes showed a trend towards decreased feed intolerance, necrotizing enterocolitis, and sepsis in the selective fortification group. Conclusions Selective fortification had a comparable growth rate and showed a trend towards better metabolic parameters and lesser adverse outcomes compared with routine fortification of HM.
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Kravchenko, Evelina. "The Rests of Fortification of Uch-Bash Hillfort in the South-Western Crimea." Eminak, no. 2(42) (August 15, 2023): 87–108. http://dx.doi.org/10.33782/eminak2023.2(42).643.
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The purpose of the research paper. The article deals with one of the few hillforts of the Final Bronze - Early Iron Age on the northern coast of the Black Sea - the Uch-Bash settlement.
Scientific novelty. Discovered remains of fortification, the system and stages of their construction, the reason and time of fortification of the settlement, the place of the site in the system of synchronous fortified settlements of the region are discussed in the article.
Conclusions. The settlement of Uch-Bash is one of the points that arose on the shores of the Black Sea during the final Bronze Age – around the end of the 12 century B.C. The site was badly damaged by the detonation of the Black Sea Fleet’s ammunition depots during the retreat of the Primors’ka Army in 1942.
The settlement was founded on a place with landscape protection. From the side of the Inkerman valley and the sea, Uch-Bash was impregnable, its protected steep rock was about 15 meters high. From the land, the plateau of the Uch-Bash smoothly descended towards the hill of Malakhovy Kurgan on the Heraklion Peninsula.
The first remains of an ancient fortification were excavated in the 1950s by the expedition of S.F. Strzelecki. 2006-2012 research revealed the remains of walls, an ancient entrance and a ditch on the west side of the settlement. The direction of the walls corresponded to the direction of the fortifications excavated in the 1950s. The context of the remains of the fortification allows them to date from the end of the 12th to the mid of 8th century BC.
Archaeological excavations have shown that the fortifications at the Uch-Bash settlement were built in several stages. The second stage dated on the middle of the 8th century BC. It is likely that the construction of the fortress was not finished. The remains of these buildings are covered by a layer of destruction and fire associated with an attack by nomads, which left a number of finds of the Novocherkassk type in the fire layers.
The fortifications of Uch-Bash are not the only one site in the north of Pontus. Various types of fortifications have sites in the mouth and lower reaches of the Danube, the Southern Bug, and the Don. Landmarks with similar geographical characteristics are known in the headwaters of the estuaries of other large rivers in the north of the Black Sea. Fortified settlements of this time also appear further north on the border of the steppe and forest-steppe, in the forest-steppe region, further east near the steppe zone of Eurasia.
There are grounds for asserting that the northern coast of the Black Sea had an economically and socially determined system of fortified settlements and hillforts, which was located on the border of coastal settlements and the steppe zone of the region.
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Darmanto, Y. S., H. R. Putut, S. Susanti, and A. S. Fahmi. "Chemical, physical, and sensory properties of various fish skin gelatin fortified taro flour - seaweed based analogue rice." Food Research 8, no. 4 (July 12, 2024): 68–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.26656/fr.2017.8(4).087.
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Analogue rice is an artificial rice that can be made from non-rice materials such as sorghum, mocaf, and other additional materials. The advantage of analogue rice is not only because it is shaped like rice grains, but also because its nutritional composition can be designed using various raw materials to to enhance the desired functional properties. This study aimed to get more insight into the influence of various fish skin gelatin (FSG) fortification on the chemical and sensory properties of Taro (Colocasia esculenta)- Seaweed (Eucheuma cottoni) flour-based analogue rice (TSAR). TSAR was fortified with four species of fish’s skin-derived gelatin (catfish, milkfish, snapper and stingray) and Glyceryl monostearate (GMS) as a control. The treatments in this study were five treatments of TSAR (each repeated four times). The results showed the addition of various FSG had significant effects towards the chemical properties of TSAR such as amino acid composition, proximate (moisture, protein, ash, fat and carbohydrate content), water isotherm sorption (mono and multi-layer water), time spent cooking and water absorption. In the sensory properties, although various FSG fortifications had no effect on colour and aroma, they had a significant effect on the appearance and taste of TSAR. Fortification of Snapper skin gelatin showed the best result both on the chemical and sensory properties of TSAR. Thus, the fortification of FSG ameliorated the quality of TSAR.
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Dzneladze, E. S., and D. N. Sikoza. "FORTIFICATION OF THE LATE SCYTHIANS OF LOWER DNIEPER REGION." Archaeology and Early History of Ukraine 36, no. 3 (May 25, 2020): 191–213. http://dx.doi.org/10.37445/adiu.2020.03.10.
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The Late Scythian hill-forts are placed on the floodplain terraces and high banks of the Dnieper and its creeks. Usually the Late Scythians chose the part of steep bank above the river surrounded by gullies for the erecting of fortress.
According the topography and layout of fortification two types of them can be classified: the cape hill-forts and riverside ones. The same types are correct for the Late Scythians of Crimea.
The cape type hill-forts are Chervony Mayak, Mykolayivka-Kozatske, Lvove, Poniativka, Velyka Lepetykha and Kairy.
The riverside type hill-forts are Havrylivka, Hannivka, Sablukivka, Konsulivka, Staroshvedske (Zmiivka), Znamyanka, Zolota Balka, Tiahynka and Liubymivka.
The first descriptions and topographic plans were made in the late 18th—19th centuries. The some parts of ramparts and moats were excavated during the first half of the 20th century. The period of massive archaeological excavations during fifties — sixties of the 20th century were associated with Kakhovka Hydroelectric Power Plant building.
The defensive structures of the Late Scythians consisted of the system of ramparts and moats. The fortified walls sometimes with towers erected on the ridge of rampart. Behind them the settlements were located. On the several Late Scythian hill-forts these parts have got additional line of fortifications. The most complex fortification system had three lines of defense.
The defensive structures on the twelve Late Scythian hill-forts such as Zolota Balka, Havrylivka, Hannivka, Konsulivka, Chervony Mayak, Mykolayivka-Kozatske, Lvove, Tiahynka, Poniativka, Znamyanka, Kairy and Liubymivka were studied.
Velyka Lepetykha, Hornostayivka and Berislav hill-forts were destroyed or covered by modern buildings.
The defensive structures of Late Scythians, according to the artifacts, have appeared not early than second half of the 1st century BC, or at the turn of era.
The analysis of excavations of the Olbio chora shows same elements of fortification at the first centuries AD: moats, ramparts, walls and towers. But the architecture and building features of the Late Scythian fortification are peculiar, and specific only for this culture. The creation of two parallel defensive lines, stone filling in the internal space of towers, multiple thickening of walls indicate not a Hellenistic origin of builders.
Only general ideas and typical elements of fortification are the same in Olbio and in the Late Scythians hill-forts. The technical realization of these ideals shows the local origin of the Late Scythian fortification.
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Mikheev, Alexey Viktorovich. "DEFENSIVE STRUCTURES OF THE MARI FORTIFIED SETTLEMENTS." Historical and cultural heritage 14, no. 1 (2024): 5–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.62669/30342139.2024.1.1.
Full textAbstract:
The article examines materials from studies of the fortification of Mari settlements of the second half of the I millennium AD. The author gives a general description of the visually recorded parameters of ramparts and ditches. Based on the results of field research, options for reconstructing the ramparts structures and structures along the ramparts crest are proposed. Special attention is paid to the artificial fortifications of the settlement site along the side slopes and the cape. The analysis shows that defensive structures on the rampart and along the perimeter of the settlement could not be erected at once, but as needed or when there were conditionally free hands for this type of work. There is also a strong possibility that the fortification was updated/repaired over time. In general, the nature and quality of the defensive structures around the perimeter of the site of the settlement fully take into account the terrain.
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Naumenko, Valerii Evgen’evich. "Two Examples of the Reconstruction of the Main Defense Line of Mangup Fortress in the Theme Period of Its History." Античная древность и средние века 50 (2022): 165–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.15826/adsv.2022.50.011.
Full textAbstract:
The Theme Period in the history of Mangup dates from 841 to the mid-eleventh century. For the first time in many years of archaeological researches at the site, recent excavations revealed two major repairs of the defensive structures of the fortress. These works date from the periods far from each other, and namely the mid-ninth century and the late tenth century; therefore, one may assume that the local Byzantine administration permanently paid attention to the defence capacity of the fortress. The mid-ninth century repair, which traces have been documented by the studies of the fortification A.XI in Tabana-dere ravine, occurred as a consequence of the inclusion of Mangup fortress into the Byzantine theme, established in Taurica in no later than 841. There was a significant reconstruction of the original defensive line, which was erected in the final years of Emperor Justinian I (527–565). The late tenth-century repair was of a larger scale and had an exact date, no later than 994–995. It is mentioned in the building inscription showing the name of Topoteretes Tzoulas, which survived in situ in the masonry of a fortification tower in Tabana-dere ravine. These works resulted in the radical reconstruction of at least two key fortifications at the northern front of the fortress defence, fortifications A.XI and A.XIV located on the slope of Chufut-Cheargan-burun promontory. The reconstruction of two important fortifications of Mangup in the late tenth century was not an accident: it fit well into the general context of the military and political history of the Crimea in the period under study. Most likely, it was the case of the purposeful strengthening of Mangup fortress after the establishment of the tourmarchia of Gothia in the mountainous Crimea and as the centre of the military-administrative unit. In this connection, Topoteretes Tzoulas, mentioned in the 994–995 inscription, who supervised the fortification works, should be considered both the commandant of a remote Byzantine fortress and also an officer of importance, who was directly subordinated to the tourmarches of Gothia, thus following the widespread administrative practice of tenth-century Byzantium.
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Terebilov, Maksim. "The role of non-governmental institutions in protection of medieval fortification architecture of Germany." Человек и культура, no. 5 (May 2021): 22–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.25136/2409-8744.2021.5.34089.
Full textAbstract:
The subject of this research is the activity of non-profit organizations in aimed at preservation and promotion of the monuments of medieval fortification as an integral part of the cultural heritage of the country of their location. The author carries out the classification of non-profit organizations in Germany dealing with the preservation of monuments of fortification architecture of the Middle Ages. Methodological framework is comprised of typological and systemic analysis used for selecting organizations as the key objects of research, as well analyzing the main vectors of their activity. The author explores most significant projects of the selected organizations, their contribution to preservation of the monuments of fortification architecture on the national and international levels. Special attention is given to the analysis of official Internet resources of such organizations in the German and English languages, as well as to the work with digital databases of the objects under review. The novelty lies in conducting classification of non-governmental communities engaged in preservation of the monuments of medieval fortifications in Germany, which allows systematizing them for considering the experience of foreign colleagues within the framework of the approach towards organizing public projects aimed at preservation of the sites of historical and cultural heritage. The author outlines several priority vectors for providing support to the objects of fortification architecture: informational, scientific, financial and tourist. As a result, the author compiles a chart of classification of non-profit organizations, demonstrates interdependence of public initiatives related to preservation of cultural heritage sites on the ongoing globalization processes that take place in the society. Attention is also turned to the differentiated approach towards preservation of cultural heritage on the national and international levels.
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Terebilov, Maksim. "The role of non-governmental institutions in protection of medieval fortification architecture of Germany." Человек и культура, no. 5 (May 2021): 22–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.25136/2409-8744.2021.5.34089.
Full textAbstract:
The subject of this research is the activity of non-profit organizations in aimed at preservation and promotion of the monuments of medieval fortification as an integral part of the cultural heritage of the country of their location. The author carries out the classification of non-profit organizations in Germany dealing with the preservation of monuments of fortification architecture of the Middle Ages. Methodological framework is comprised of typological and systemic analysis used for selecting organizations as the key objects of research, as well analyzing the main vectors of their activity. The author explores most significant projects of the selected organizations, their contribution to preservation of the monuments of fortification architecture on the national and international levels. Special attention is given to the analysis of official Internet resources of such organizations in the German and English languages, as well as to the work with digital databases of the objects under review. The novelty lies in conducting classification of non-governmental communities engaged in preservation of the monuments of medieval fortifications in Germany, which allows systematizing them for considering the experience of foreign colleagues within the framework of the approach towards organizing public projects aimed at preservation of the sites of historical and cultural heritage. The author outlines several priority vectors for providing support to the objects of fortification architecture: informational, scientific, financial and tourist. As a result, the author compiles a chart of classification of non-profit organizations, demonstrates interdependence of public initiatives related to preservation of cultural heritage sites on the ongoing globalization processes that take place in the society. Attention is also turned to the differentiated approach towards preservation of cultural heritage on the national and international levels.
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Bevz, Volodymyr, and Natalia Bevz. "ANALYSIS OF THE SOURCES AND WORKS DEDICATED THE HISTORY OF THE DEFENSE STRUCTURES OF LVIV MIDTOWN." Current Issues in Research, Conservation and Restoration of Historic Fortifications 18, no. 2023 (2023): 16–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.23939/fortifications2023.18.016.
Full textAbstract:
The problem of studies of the fortification development of the Lviv midtown has a long history. As early, Bartlomej Zimorowicz was the first author who covers the history of Lviv at the 17th century. In his work "Leopolis Triplex" he pays a lot of attention to fortifications and presents materials and facts about their construction. Other researchers later relied on his work, in particular, Yaroslaw Widawski, Janusz Witwicki, Wladyslav Tomkewicz and others. Denys Zubrytskyi also made a great contribution to uncovering unknown pages of the construction of Lviv fortifications. He was engaged in organizing the Lviv archives, and discovered and published a lot of information about the dates and features of the construction and modernization of fortification objects. The most complete works devoted to the defensive fortifications of the Lviv midtown are the publications of W. Tomkewicz and Ja. Witwicki. These authors conducted research in the interwar period, but their materials were published in the 1970s. It should be pointed out the important publications of various authors in the magazine "Halytska brama", several issues of which were devoted to the history of the fortifications of Lviv. In a synthesized form, the question of the construction of Lviv's defense structures and their reconstruction in different historical periods is revealed in a new work on the history of Lviv's architecture, published under the general editorship of Yuriy Biryulyov. In a somewhat shorter version, the stages of development of Lviv fortifications are revealed in the "Atlas of historical cities. Lviv". In our work, we aim to analyze the sources and literature that highlight the history of architecture only so-called High defensive wall of Lviv midtown. This was the first brick line of fortifications in the center of the city. It began to be built in the first years of the 14th century, and it was used for defensive purposes until the end of the 18th century. Based on the results of the analysis, we have identified 4 main stages of the architectural transformation of this defensive structure.
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Estiasih, Teti, Endang Trowulan, and Widya Dwi Rukmi. "Fortification of Sardine Fish Oil from By-product of Canning Processing into Beef Meatball and Chicken Nugget." Jurnal Pengolahan Hasil Perikanan Indonesia 20, no. 1 (April 28, 2017): 164. http://dx.doi.org/10.17844/jphpi.v20i1.16504.
Full textAbstract:
One source of ω-3 fatty acids is a by-product of lemuru canning processing that can be used for fortification. Generally, fortification uses fish oil microcapsule but it is more expensive than direct fortification. In this study, fish oil from a by-product of lemuru canning processing was directly fortified into beef meatball and chicken nugget at concentration of 0, 2, 4, and 6% (w/w). Oxidation level, free fatty acid content, colour, lightness, texture, and sensory acceptance by triangle difference test were analyzed. The results showed that oxidation level of nugget was higher than meatball. Free fatty acid content increased in nugget by increasing fortification level, but it was decrease in meatball. Texture of both was relatively unchanged, with a tendency to increase in nugget and decrease in meatball. Lightness (L) of meatball surface was higher than nugget surface. Lightness did not significantly change by increasing fortification level. Redness (+a) and yellowness (+b) of meatball and nugget changed significantly by fortification. Difference test showed that fortification level of 2% was the highest level of fortification that taste and odor could not be distinguished with control by panelists. Best level of fish oil fortification was 2%. At 2% fortification, EPA was 2.85% for meatball, and 2.22% for nugget. Sharp decline was occured in EPA and the decrease was<br />higher in nugget than meatball.