Relevant bibliographies by topics / Fortification

Academic literature on the topic 'Fortification'

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Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 30 July 2024

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Journal articles on the topic "Fortification"

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Bzhezovska, Nataliya. "FEATURES OF THE INFLUENCE OF FORTIFICATIONS OF CASTLE STRUCTURES ON THE ARCHITECTURAL AND PLANNING STRUCTURE OF SMALL CITIES IF THE PODILLYA OFTHE XVI-XVII CENTURIES." Current problems of architecture and urban planning, no. 60 (April 26, 2021): 177–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.32347/2077-3455.2021.60.177-188.

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The article examines the evolution of the castle fortifications, which for each region and historical period had their own characteristic features and their relationship with the planning structure of small towns in Podillya. The features of the formation of fortification systems, which influenced the architectural and planning structure of the cities of Podillya at the turn of the XVI-XVII centuries, are revealed. The castle`s fortification and fortification system of the cities of Berezhany, Zhovkva, Brody, Stanislav, Zbarazh, Medzhybozh and others are considered. Attention is paid to the peculiarities of changes in the fortification system of cities of the structural-typological level and the use of the modern bastion system, which supplanted the fortifications of the medieval type. The influence of these changes on the intensity of development of small cities in Podillya in the period of the XVI-XVII centuries is analyzed. Attention is focused on the formative influence of the fortifications of castle structures on the architectural and planning structure of cities, which was often decisive at the last stage of the formation of castles and their fortification. The process of uniting the castle and the city is considered, which went through different stages of re-planning: from placing the castle separately, through the interaction of fortification and up to the stage of obtaining a general outline of the city fortifications. The role of castle fortifications in the system of fortifications of the small cities of Podillya is determined. The influence of the development of fortifications of castles and their merger with the defense structure of the city on the urban planning process of the cities of Podillya of XVI-XVII centuries is investigated. The formation of castle fortifications in the historical, architectural, town-planning aspects and their influence on the architectural and planning structure of the small cities of Podillya and significance of this influence for understanding the future development of small historical cities of Podillya are considered.
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Korshunova, Nadezhda V., and Pavel A. Stromov. "Uyskaya Fortification Line of the 18th – 19th centuries According to the Materials of Field and Archive Research." Journal of Frontier Studies 8, no. 2 (May 15, 2023): 169–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.46539/jfs.v8i2.406.

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This article aims to provide an analysis of the basic fortification constructions that formed the Uyskaya Fortification Line during the 18th and 19th centuries, such as fortresses, redoubts and outposts, based on newly found archive documents. These documents have made it possible to research the construction of these fortifications and compare the standard plans to the fortifications that were actually built, taking their function into consideration. The research aims to characterize Uyskaya Fortification Line as the foundation for the state building of the Russian Empire, the final element of the outer frontier. This article features the results of field observations aimed at studying the fortification monuments on the Uyskaya Fortification Line of the 18th and 19th centuries along the Rivers Kidysh, Uy, and Tobol. The intensity of exploration in this region was one of the lowest ever in Russian history. One of the major reasons is the lack of proper engineering provision of the Uyskaya Fortification line. In fact, the military authorities delegated all their duties concerning the fortresses and redoubts to the local people without payment or providing them with necessary tools. Mediocre fortifications or somewhere the lack of them didn’t contribute to forming the authority of the Russian Government among the locals which influenced a wide range of integration processes in Orenburg Krai. The results obtained in the research may be of interest to both experts in fortification and those who research the issues of state building.
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Hao, Pham Manh, Nguyen Cong Thang, Nguyen Van Thao, Nguyen Van Tuan, Luong Nhu Hai, Ngo Ngoc Thuy, and Nguyen Xuan Man. "Blast testing of ultra-high performance concrete fortifications using local materials." Journal of Science and Technology in Civil Engineering (JSTCE) - HUCE 16, no. 4 (September 29, 2022): 73–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.31814/stce.nuce2022-16(4)-06.

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This paper presents experimental results on blast testing of fortifications made from ultra high performance concrete (UHPC) and ordinary concrete (NC) by a non-contact explosion test with the TNT explosive. UHPC and NC samples used in the test were of the type of precast fortification of the real-scale and structure. TNT explosive was used in the test with a mass of 600 g per detonation. The explosive charge was centered on the top of fortifications, with the distance from the center of the explosion to the top of the fortification roof being 600 mm, 450 mm, and 300 mm, respectively. The test results, i.e., the strain of fortification roof ele-ments, the explosive load resistance, and the destruction level, were evaluated by comparing the UHPC and NC fortifications.
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Аносова, В. С. "Development of technology of fortification construction on the westery region of Kievan Rus during the tatar-mongol invasion in the XIII-XIV centuries." ВІСНИК СХІДНОУКРАЇНСЬКОГО НАЦІОНАЛЬНОГО УНІВЕРСИТЕТУ імені Володимира Даля, no. 6(254) (September 20, 2019): 5–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.33216/1998-7927-2019-254-6-5-8.

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In the article, the author revealed the main types of fortification fortifications of the region, which took place in the 13th-10th centuries. Traced the main trends that characterized the development of defense structures, fortifications of the cities and castles. The influence of the Tatar-Mongol invasion on defense construction in the western lands of the former Kyiv state is analyzed. The general tendencies of the fortification structures, which took place in construction, are highlighted.
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Denman, Derek S. "On fortification: Military architecture, geometric power, and defensive design." Security Dialogue 51, no. 2-3 (December 13, 2019): 231–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0967010619889470.

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Fortification calls to mind images of high walls establishing clear lines between inside and outside and immobilizing enemies. However, even the most seemingly inert fortifications rely on subtle forms of mobility and more elaborate spatial relations. This article examines fortification as a technique of power in which warfare, the design of the built environment, and the organization of space are intertwined. Where research on fortification tends to emphasize the symbolic, sovereign aspirations of wall-building, the approach advanced here focuses on the spatial technologies and infrastructural projects of military architecture and engineering that remake space through martial means. The article follows the trajectory within military architecture by which linear fortifications became defense in depth and asks how transformations of ‘depth’ in contemporary warfare have come to integrate more complex, non-linear notions of space and time. By tracing the ways in which the curtain wall of Vauban’s bastion fortress transformed into the radar curtain, I argue that fortification constitutes a ‘becoming war’ in which ‘defensive’ war intensifies organized violence. As such, the concept of fortification proves indispensable for understanding the reinforced boundaries and delineated pathways cutting across the global space of contemporary warfare.
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Nossov, Konstantin S., and Svetlana R. Muratova. "Stone-brick fortification of the end of the 17th – first half of the 18th centuries on the territory of Western Siberia." Vestnik Tomskogo gosudarstvennogo universiteta, no. 485 (2022): 104–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.17223/15617793/485/12.

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The authors analyzed the fortification features of the exceptional monuments of Russian stone-brick defensive architecture in Western Siberia of the late 17th – first half of the 18th centuries: the Kremlin in Tobolsk together with the Sophia and Gostiny Dvors, the Kremlin in Verkhoturye, the Monastery in Dalmatovo. We paid attention to the stages of their construction, tried to clarify the time of their construction. The method of analysis of graphic materials (fixation plans and projects) made it possible to identify the degree of implementation of the fortification objects planned for the project. The use of comparative architectural analysis of fortification elements of fortifications with analogues of the European part of Russia and methods of historical and architectural research (measurement and calculation) made it possible to determine their fortification role and the actual dimensions of fortification elements (the Monastery in Dalmatovo, the Kremlin in Tobolsk). The genesis method made it possible to interpret the ways of origin of the forms of fortification of the studied objects. When comparing the architectural monuments with each other, much in common was found: all fortification objects were built under the influence of the Russian architectural style that developed in domestic defense architecture in the late 15th to 17th centuries; when compared with the fortifications of that time in the European part of Russia, their style was equal to the Kremlin of Moscow and was far from the principles of bastion fortification, common not only in Western Europe, but also in the European part of Russia (for example, the fortifications of the 16th century in earthen version – the Earthen fortress of Ladoga, the Small Earthen City of Novgorod – and of the first years of the 18th century – the stone Novodvinsk fortress). The methods of formal, compositional and proportional analysis made it possible to pay special attention to the elements of fortification objects and describe their forms and construction solutions. The walls of the stone fortifications of Siberia followed the terrain, in contrast to the regular shape of the fortresses built according to the requirements of the fortification of that time; the number and frequency of towers did not meet the requirements: in the Verkhoturye Kremlin there were only two of them, and in the Dalmatovsky Monastery and the Tobolsk Kremlin they were unevenly distributed in the spans and some of them remained unfinished; the fortifications were not high – about 4.5 to 6 meters – and the hight was different; spinners on steep slopes included various administrative, residential or utility buildings (Kremlin in Tobolsk, Dalmatovsky Monastery), or they had a lower height compared to those on the floor side (Verkhoturye); the width of the spindles did not meet the requirements and at different sites it was about 1.8 m (the spindles of the fortresses of the European part of the country were 3 m wide or more); on the inside of the fortress, the parapets have arches about 3–4 m wide and high, loopholes of the sole fight (Sophia Dvor in Tobolsk), and sometimes sole and middle battles (Verkhoturye Kremlin, Dalmatovsky Monastery).
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Kupka, Jiří, Adéla Brázdová, and Jana Vodová. "Units of Military Fortification Complex as Phenomenon Elements of the Czech Borderlands Landscape." Land 11, no. 1 (January 5, 2022): 79. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/land11010079.

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This paper is focused on selected units of casemates with enhanced fortification in the military fortification complex of the Czech borderlands landscape as specific forms of brownfields. They represent a functional system that interacts with surrounding nature, landscape character, and human society. Four approaches were chosen to study the function and potential of selected individual abandoned casemates with enhanced fortification, where each of them corresponds to one of the four landscape layers: genius loci, socio-economic sphere, functional relationship (between human and the landscape), and natural conditions. There is a corresponding research method for each of the landscape layers (guided interview with respondents, data analysis on abandoned casemates with enhanced fortifications as brownfields, analysis of their landscape functions, and zoological survey of interior). The main results could show that abandoned casemates with enhanced fortifications can play important roles in all landscape layers: stories and genius loci, abandoned casemates with enhanced fortification as a special type of military brownfield but also as a semi-natural ecosystem, and the same time as a habitat for invertebrates. The analyses and surveys conducted clearly demonstrate that abandoned casemates with enhanced fortification as units of military fortification complex of the Czech borderlands landscape perform several hidden important functions in the landscape for which they cannot be viewed as brownfields. This hidden functional potential is most likely best described by the concept of hidden singularity, which offers itself for integration into basic approaches to brownfields.
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Okonchenko, Olha, and Ihor Okonchenko. "PARAMETERS OF CASTLE FORTIFICATIONS ON THE TERRITORY OF THE WESTERN REGIONS OF UKRAINE OF THE MIDDLE OF THE 16TH - BEGINNING OF THE 18TH CENTURIES." Space&FORM 2021, no. 47 (September 9, 2021): 213–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.21005/pif.2021.47.e-02.

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A comparative typological and metrological analysis of defensive structures of 53 castles in the western regions of Ukraine is carried out. Fortification lines of castles are classified, based on the division of fortresses by their dimensions, proposed in the treatise on fortification in 1659 by J. Naronovich-Naronsky. The reasons for the functioning of castle fortifications with different levels of defense in one period are explained.
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Fedunkiv, Zenoviy. "STRATIN CITY FORTIFICATIONS: CONSTRUCTION DATE, EFFICIENCY, PLANNING AND VOLUME-SPACE CHARACTERISTICS." Current Issues in Research, Conservation and Restoration of Historic Fortifications 18, no. 2023 (2023): 108–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.23939/fortifications2023.18.108.

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Based on the results of scientific expeditions and field surveys, the article examines the problems of construction dating, functioning efficiency, localization and identification of structures and fortifications, the planning and spatial structure of the Stratyn city fortifications. The relevance of the research is determined by the fact that, apart from the reports of four scientific expeditions, no full-fledged scientific article was devoted to Stratyn's city fortifications. The study, based on the analysis of historical sources and the military-political situation, puts forward an assumption about the period of construction of city fortifications and their role in the Polish-Turkish wars of the 1670s. Based on the analysis of cartographic sources and field surveys, an analysis of the planning structure was carried out, the location was determined and fortification structures and fortifications were identified. On the basis of the analysis of the fortification and technological features of the preserved fragments of ramparts, ditches and sites of buildings, it was concluded that the Stratyn city fortifications belong to the bastion defense system common in the western Ukrainian lands.
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Dyakova, O. V. "Medieval Fortresses of the Margaritovka Basin in Eastern Primorye." Vestnik NSU. Series: History and Philology 21, no. 5 (May 16, 2022): 60–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.25205/1818-7919-2022-21-5-60-70.

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Introduction. Studies of ancient fortifications in the Eastern Primorye of Russia in the Margaritovka River basin are conducted for the first time by complex methods: mapping, geophysical characteristics, classification by shape, size, functional purpose.Results. Four fortification sites have been identified: Shcherbakovskoye settlement, Senokosnoe-1 fortification, Margaritovo fortress, Margaritovskaya stone defensive wall. Shcherbakovskoye settlement belongs to the mountain type. It is characterized by a closed configuration of shafts, corner and wall towers, stone-throwing platforms, an inner city, residential estates. Shcherbakovskoye settlement is a gift of the 13 th century period of the state of Eastern Xia. The Senokosnoe-1 fortification belongs to the cape type. It is protected by earthen ramparts and a moat. The fortification is comparable in archaeological material with the Polzevskaya culture of the early Middle Ages. The Margaritovo fortress belongs to the cape type and dates from the post-Bohai period. The Margaritovskaya stone wall is located on the Sikhote-Alin mountain spur. It is equipped with a watchtower. It was built in the Middle Ages. Conclusion. The location of the fortifications and the stone rampart indicate the functioning of a land and river route in the Margaritovka River basin. The road began on the mountain Perevalnaya. The final point of the road was the bay of the Morayak-Ribolov of the Sea of Japan. The entrance to the bay and the mouth of the Margaritovka River was protected by a stone wall with signal towers.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Fortification"

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Métin, Frédéric. "La fortification géométrique de Jean Errard et l’école française de fortification (1550-1650)." Thesis, Nantes, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016NANT4055.

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Au début du XVI e siècle, une nouvelle manière de fortifier est inventée en Italie, afin de protéger les villes de la puissance des canons. Le protestant lorrain Jean Errard (1554-1610), formé à cette manière italienne, devient le principal ingénieur militaire d’Henri IV, qui le charge de rédiger un ouvrage de synthèse sur ce sujet. Errard a déjà publié une Géométrie pratique, ainsi qu’une édition des Éléments d’Euclide, et son intervention en 1594 dans la controverse sur la quadrature du cercle proposée Scaliger met en lumière sa qualité de mathématicien reconnu par ses pairs. Sa Fortification reduicte en art et demonstrée, qui paraît en 1600, est le premier ouvrage français qui présente l’architecture militaire bastionnée en établissant ses principes sur une analyse des forces en présence et en s’appuyant sur la géométrie euclidienne pour justifier l’adéquation des tracés aux contraintes. Nous présentons le contexte de la formation d’Errard dans la seconde moitié du XVI e siècle, et nous décrivons son parcours d’ingénieur militaire et d’auteur d’ouvrages, en nous efforçant de préciser sa biographie. Notre analyse de sa Fortification met en évidence une méthode que nous qualifions de fortification géométrique. Nous cherchons ensuite à estimer la réception de l’ouvrage dans le milieu des ingénieurs et dans l’enseignement en France, d’une part par les maîtres privés, et d’autre part, par les professeurs des collèges jésuites. Nous dressons un état des écrits de la première moitié du XVII e siècle, pour montrer comment s'édifie, à partir de l’œuvre d'Errard, ce que nous pouvons nommer une école française de fortification
In the beginning of the 17th century, Italians engineers created a new manner of fortifying cities in order to make them able to resist the power of guns. Jean Errard (1554-1610), a protestant from Lorraine, was trained in this new manner, and he became the principal engineer of French King Henri IV, who commissioned him to write a book on that subject. Errard had already published a Practical Geometry and an edition of Euclid’s Elements. His involvement in the controversy about Scaliger’s quadrature of the circle sheds light on his high abilities in mathematics, as recognized by his peers. His Fortification reduicte en art et demonstrée ("Fortification reduced into art and demonstrated") published in 1600, is the first French book which explains the principles of military architecture by analyzing the forces involved and using Euclidean geometry to justify the reliability of the fortresses, according to the constraints. We study the context of the second half of the 16th century, when Errard was trained. We describe his career as a military engineer and as a writer, trying to clarify several points of his biography. Our analysis of his book on fortification reveals a special method that we call geometric fortification. We trace the reception of this geometric fortification amongst the engineers as well as the teachers in France. We consider both cases of private teachers and Jesuit colleges professors. We finally paint a picture of the writings in the first half of the 17th century, in order to show how what we call a French School of Fortification was edified upon Errard’s works
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Rocolle, Pierre. "2000 ans de fortification française." [Panazol] : Lavauzelle, 1989. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb35059960m.

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Collie, Hannah, Mary C. Mrs Andreae, and William A. Clark. "Omega-3 Fortification of Marinara Sauce." Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University, 2021. https://dc.etsu.edu/asrf/2021/presentations/59.

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Omega-3 Fortification of Marinara Sauce Hannah Collie, Mary Andreae, MS, RD, LDN, W. Andrew Clark, PhD, RD, LDN, Department of Rehabilitative Science, College of Clinical and Rehabilitative Health East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, Tennessee In westernized culture, there is a deficit of healthy fats in the average person’s diet. This is evidenced by many different conditions such as cardiovascular disease, cancer, and chronic inflammatory issues. The “Mediterranean Diet” has been shown as an ideal way to combat these health issues.The diet promotes fish as a protein source and a way to consume essential polyunsaturated fatty acids. Due to location and trends, fish is less often a main component of the western diet.This study investigated ways to fortify a more commonly consumed food in western culture, marinara sauce, with flaxseed oil, walnut oil, and anchovies. These fortified marinara sauces were compared to a commercial sauce, Paul Newman’s Marinara for nutritional content. We hypothesize that adding omega-3 rich ingredients to a base marinara sauce recipe will significantly vary the fatty acid profile and increase the amount of omega-3 fatty acids as well as decrease the omega-6 to omega-3 fatty acid ratio. Sauces were prepared and analyzed for nutrient content using proximate analysis methods. Preparation included cooking and freeze drying the variants. Nutrient content tests performed included: bomb calorimetry, Kjeldahl protein analysis, Soxhlet fat analysis, ash inorganic analysis, FRAP Assay for antioxidant content, and gas chromatography to characterize fatty acid composition. Each variant sauce had a fatty acid profile that was unique. Two of the three variants showed a better omega-6 to omega-3 fatty acid ratio than the (control) Paul Newman’s sauce. Samples with the highest to lowest omega-6 to omega-3 ratio were respectively, flaxseed oil, Paul Newman’s commercial sauce, walnut oil, and anchovy. From gas chromatography, omega three fatty acid composition as a percentage of total fatty acids were approximately in the flaxseed oil variant, 21% in the Paul Newman’s sauce, 30% in the walnut oil variant, and 81% in the anchovy variant. Two of three variant sauces, walnut and anchovy, when compared to the commercial Paul Newman's sauce, showed more favorable omega-3 fatty acid content and lower omega-6 to omega-3 fatty acid ratios. Unexpectedly, the flaxseed oil variant had less omega three fatty acids and a higher omega-6 to omega-3 fatty acid ratio than the commercial sauce. In conclusion, simple additions of omega-3 ingredients to marinara sauce can decrease the omega-6 to omega-3 fatty acid ratio in the diet.
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Yusufali, Riswan. "Appropriate technologies for double fortification of salt." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 2001. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk3/ftp04/MQ58752.pdf.

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Speight, Sarah. "Family, faith and fortification, Yorkshire 1066-1250." Thesis, University of Nottingham, 1993. http://eprints.nottingham.ac.uk/11870/.

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This thesis is an examination of the tenure and charitable donations of a number of interconnected noble families in post-Conquest Yorkshire. It begins with an introduction to the region; a social and political area of midland and northern England as opposed to a 'county' limited by set boundaries. The types of evidence are explained, charters, chartularies and surviving buildings, before moving on to the historical background. The first chapter examines the feudal divisions of Yorkshire, the evolution of honours and the extent to which Saxon divisions affected later boundaries. The chief places or 'capita' are discussed and presented as a fusion of urban, religious and seigneurial elements. Attention is paid to features of earlier landscapes, such as iron-age hillforts, that were re-used in this period. A major part of the thesis is the role of the castle both as one element of local government and as an expression of artistic patronage, social connections and status. The functions of both fortified and non-fortified seigneurial residences are explored. The links between castle and church encompass three chapters concentrating upon a shared artistic and architectural heritage, the role of the chapel within the castle household, the relationship of castle and church at village level and the importance of noble patronage to the development and power of monasticism. The study concludes with an outline of the various mechanisms that bound the nobility of Yorkshire together and suggests that they controlled their estates through a system of mutual co-operation and strategic patronage. The castle was a major part of this system, but, it is argued, it could not function in isolation and therefore the modern definition of a 'castle' as a fortified residence is misleading. A reinterpretation of the term 'castle' is offered as a final thought.
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Dayal, Bhawana [Verfasser]. "Practical Application in Cheese Fortification / bhawana dayal." Hamburg : Anchor Academic Publishing, 2015. http://d-nb.info/1110124201/34.

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Johnson, Michelle E., Eileen M. Cress, Kailey Riddle, Kaitlyn Webb, and W. Andrew Clark. "Protein Fortification of a Typical Biscuit Recipe." Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University, 2017. https://dc.etsu.edu/etsu-works/2505.

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Asutay-Effenberger, Neslihan. "Die Landmauer von Konstantinopel - İstanbul : historisch-topographische und baugeschichtliche Untersuchungen /." New York ; Berlin : W. de Gruyter, 2007. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb41141661q.

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Hossain, Mohammad Enayet. "Iron Nanoparticles and Biopolymers for Plant Nutrient Fortification." Diss., North Dakota State University, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10365/25910.

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Novel iron (Fe) cross-linked alginate (FCA) beads were used for aqueous phosphate removal. Batch experiments were conducted with the beads using three different concentrations of phosphate (5, 50 and 100 mg PO43--P/L) as well as environmentally relevant (eutrophic lakes) concentration of 100 ?g PO43--P/L. About 80-97% phosphate was removed within 3 h. for lower concentrations of phosphate. The maximum phosphate sorption capacity was found to be 78.7 mg PO43--P/g of beads. Phosphate removal was not affected because of the presence of Cl-, HCO3-, SO42-, NO3- and natural organic matter (NOM). FCA beads were also used with actual lake waters (11-69 ?g PO43--P/L) and 81-100% phosphate removal was observed in 24 h. The FCA beads having a point of zero charge (PZC) of 9.2 make it an ideal candidate for phosphate removal in eutrophic lakes. Phosphate-laden spent iron cross-linked alginate (FCA) beads were used in hydroponics to evaluate the bioavailability of P and Fe using lettuce (Lactuca sativa) as a test plant. Phosphate-laden spent FCA beads were found to support the plants throughout the growth period. The bioavailability of P and Fe in the spent beads is promising considering the importance of phosphorus and iron in global nutrient security. Experiments were also conducted with lettuce and spinach (Spinacia oleracea) to evaluate the availability of iron from nanoscale zero-valent iron (NZVI). In both plants, bare NZVI enhanced the uptake of Fe as well as other essential elements. The results indicate that biofortification of spinach and lettuce with Fe is possible. The enhanced uptake of iron and other elements by lettuce and spinach is likely to have implications on global nutrient security. In another experiment, an iron-regulating gene (LsHA2) in lettuce was investigated to gain insights into the strategy taken by plants for acquisition of Fe from a readily unavailable source, e.g., NZVI. The gene of interest was found to be regulated by the presence or absence of available iron in the solution. This research is likely to give us insights into the mechanism of plant nutrient fortification with nanoparticles.
National Science Foundation (NSF)
USDA-NIFA
North Dakota Water Resources Research Institute
North Dakota Department of Commerce
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Jones, Richard L. C. "The state of fortification in Lancastrian Normandy, 1417-50." Thesis, University of Oxford, 1994. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.241297.

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Books on the topic "Fortification"

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Arens, Ursula. Food fortification. London: British Nutrition Foundation, 1994.

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Bashir, Khalid, Kulsum Jan, Vaibhav Kumar Maurya, and Amita Shakya. Food Fortification. Boca Raton: CRC Press, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781003160663.

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S, Murphy P., ed. Le Fort des messieurs: Ce fort a été appelé ainsi pour le distinguer de l'enceinte ... [S.l: s.n., 1986.

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Viollet-le-Duc, Eugène-Emmanuel. La cité de Carcassonne (Aude). Portet-sur-Garonne: Loubatières, 1995.

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Ödman, Anders. Borgar i Skåne. Stockholm: Historiska Media, 2002.

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Council, Canada Privy, and Canada Privy Council. Fortifications and defence, arms, &c.: Laid before Parliament by command of His Excellency the Governor General. [Ottawa?: s.n., 1993.

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Eckert, Wojciech. Fortyfikacje Zielonej Góry. Zielona Góra: Oficyna Wydawnicza Uniwersytetu Zielonogórskiego, 2003.

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Ecole d'application de l'artillerie et du génie (Brussels, Belgium), ed. Cours de fortification permanente. Thionville [France]: G. Klopp, 2002.

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Zakarai͡a, P. P. Kʻartʻuli cʻixesimagretʻa istoria użvelesi droidan XVIII s. bolomde. Tʻbilisi: "Arkʻitekʻtura da dizainis" gamomcʻemloba, 2002.

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Chʻoe, In-sŏn. Yŏsu Korak sansŏng. Chŏnnam Sunch'ŏn-si: Sunch'ŏn Taehakkyo Pangmulgwan, 2003.

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Book chapters on the topic "Fortification"

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Turner, R. Elaine. "Food Fortification." In Food Safety Handbook, 607–26. Hoboken, NJ, USA: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/047172159x.ch30.

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Richardson, D. P. "Food fortification." In The Technology of Vitamins in Food, 233–45. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-2131-0_9.

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Lacroix, Monique, Jaejoon Han, Michel Britten, Claude P. Champagne, and Patrick Fustier. "Cheese Fortification." In Handbook of Food Fortification and Health, 71–86. New York, NY: Springer New York, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-7110-3_6.

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Northrop-Clewes, Christine A. "Food Fortification." In Nutrition in Infancy, 359–81. Totowa, NJ: Humana Press, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-62703-224-7_25.

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Riaz, Muhammad, Muhammad Zia-Ul-Haq, and Najm-ur-Rahman. "Carotenoids Fortification." In Carotenoids: Structure and Function in the Human Body, 393–419. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-46459-2_10.

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Morya, Sonia, Arno Neumann, and Deepika Sandhu. "Iodine Fortification." In Food Fortification, 208–28. Boca Raton: CRC Press, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781003160663-12.

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Khurana, Harshdeep K., Mehvish Habib, Sakshi Singh, Amita Shakya, and Khalid Bashir. "Iron Fortification." In Food Fortification, 177–207. Boca Raton: CRC Press, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781003160663-11.

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Habib, Mehvish, Iqra Qureshi, Sakshi Singh, Shumaila Jan, and Khalid Bashir. "Phytochemical Fortification." In Food Fortification, 253–83. Boca Raton: CRC Press, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781003160663-15.

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Singh, Sakshi, Syed M. Rahman, Kulsum Jan, Khalid Bashir, and P. Karthik. "Zinc, Calcium, Fluoride, and Selenium Fortification." In Food Fortification, 229–50. Boca Raton: CRC Press, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781003160663-13.

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Vijaykrishnaraj, M., P. Kiran Kumar, and P. Karthik. "Polyunsaturated Fatty Acid Fortification." In Food Fortification, 329–54. Boca Raton: CRC Press, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781003160663-18.

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Conference papers on the topic "Fortification"

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Calisi, Daniele, Maria Grazia Cianci, and Matteo Molinari. "Il sistema dei Casali Fortezza. Il caso studio di Castellaccio di Monteroni." In FORTMED2020 - Defensive Architecture of the Mediterranean. Valencia: Universitat Politàcnica de València, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.4995/fortmed2020.2020.11395.

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The Casali Fortezza system. The case study of Castellaccio di MonteroniThe landscape of Lazio’s Tyrrhenian coasts is strongly characterized by the presence of fortifications. Parallel to them, in the interland, the baronial expansion, between the tenth and eleventh centuries, paved the way to a large-scale fortification of the Roman countryside. Along the main routes were built lookout towers, farmhouses were consolidated with defense mechanism and the first castles were constructed. The research focuses on the study of Castellaccio di Monteroni in Ladispoli, built in the fifteenth century on Roman structures and on previous constructions dating back to the period of the Baronial expansion. The Castellaccio di Monteroni is one of the few remaining examples of Casale Fortificato (Fortified Manor). It is placed on the 35th kilometer of the Via Aurelia and takes its name Castellaccio from the abandonment over the centuries and Monteroni due to the heaps of the nearby Etruscan necropolis. The main function carried out over the centuries was a resting place, a sure point of reference for couriers, travelers and pilgrims traveling along the Via Aurelia. When in the nineteenth the route of the Via Aurelia was moved to the present one the fortification fell into abandonment. The analysis of this architecture is of great interest, not only for the knowledge of the geometry of the fortifications of the Roman countryside, but also because it is one of the few remaining examples of Casale Fortificato, representing a rare medieval architectural heritage.
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Forte, Andrea, Nazanin Andalibi, Tim Gorichanaz, Meen Chul Kim, Thomas Park, and Aaron Halfaker. "Information Fortification." In GROUP '18: 2018 ACM Conference on Supporting Groupwork. New York, NY, USA: ACM, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/3148330.3148347.

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Simou, Xeni. "The Old Navarino fortification (Palaiokastro) at Pylos (Greece). Adaptation to early artillery." In FORTMED2020 - Defensive Architecture of the Mediterranean. Valencia: Universitat Politàcnica de València, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.4995/fortmed2020.2020.11389.

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Old Navarino fortification (Palaiokastro) is located on the promontory supervising the naturally endowed Navarino-bay at the south-western foot of Peloponnese peninsula, near the contemporary city of Pylos. The cliff where it is built and where ancient relics lie, was fortified by Frankish in the thirteenth century. The fortification though knows significant alterations firstly by Serenissima Republic of Venice from the fifteenth century that aims to dominate the naval routes of Eastern Mediterranean by establishing a system of coastal fortifications and later by the Ottomans after the conquest of Venice’s possessions at Messenia in 1500. Between fifteenth and seventeenth century, apart from important modifications at the initial enceinte of the northern Upper City, the most notable transformation of Old Navarino is the construction of the new Lower fortification area at the south and the southern outwork ending up to the coastline. Especially the Lower fortification is a sample of multiple and large-scale successive alterations for the adjustment to technological advances of artillery (fortification walls reinforcement, modification of tower-bastions, early casemates, gate complex enforcements). The current essay focuses on the study of these specific elements of the early artillery period and the examination of Old Navarino’s strategic role at the time of transition before the adaptation of “bastion-front” fortification patterns, such as those experimented in the design of the fortified city of New Navarino, constructed at the opposite side of the Navarino gulf by the Ottomans (1573).
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Trisnawan, Dita, and Triatno Yudo Harjoko. "Interpreting fortification - Being fortified society’s action and behavior towards fortification." In INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON TRENDS IN MATERIAL SCIENCE AND INVENTIVE MATERIALS: ICTMIM 2020. AIP Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/5.0014736.

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Moshkovitz, Dana. "Parallel Repetition from Fortification." In 2014 IEEE 55th Annual Symposium on Foundations of Computer Science (FOCS). IEEE, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/focs.2014.51.

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Guan, Youhai, Xudong Cheng, and Yuan Zhang. "The optimization of seismic fortification criteria." In 2011 International Conference on Electric Technology and Civil Engineering (ICETCE). IEEE, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icetce.2011.5774643.

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Tai, Ruochen, Liyong Lin, and Rong Su. "Supervisor Fortification Against Covert Actuator Attacks." In 2023 62nd IEEE Conference on Decision and Control (CDC). IEEE, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/cdc49753.2023.10383903.

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Vardhan, Rajya, Rohan Kumar, and P. Supraja. "Intelligent Fortification of Agricultural Data Integrity." In 2024 2nd International Conference on Networking and Communications (ICNWC). IEEE, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icnwc60771.2024.10537380.

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Isgrò, Sara. "Le fortificazioni costiere austroungariche sulla frontiera italiana nell’Istria e Dalmazia dagli studi dello Scacchiere orientale." In FORTMED2020 - Defensive Architecture of the Mediterranean. Valencia: Universitat Politàcnica de València, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.4995/fortmed2020.2020.11601.

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Austro-Hungarian coastal fortifications on the Italian border at Istria and Dalmatia from the studies on the eastern areaRight after the Unification of Italy, land’s topography, with landscape acquisition and restitution through explorations across borders, and in particular regarding Austro-Hungarian fortification on the Italian land and sea border, were immediately observed by Major State’s officials. In early 1900 the long and jagged stretch of Dalmatian coast between Pola and Cattaro, full of natural ports and coastal canals formed by many islands sometimes arranged in multiple orders along the coast, and in the past defended by many works which are now mostly radiated or abandoned (except for S. Nicolò fort, near Sebenico), can count on some works realized in Lussinpiccolo (Monte Asino): Ragusa wall has been entirely unarmed and defensive organization of Cattaro’s cannons is only maritime, in fact, for the part towards the land the Austrians provided to organize the defensive arming against neighboring Montenegro; Pola maritime square instead includes a sea front and a land front, so it can obtain protection by gulf, city’s arsenal and Fasana Canal. Archive’s material consulted in Kriegsarchiv of Vienna, historical cartography of Austro-Hungarian fortification system detected by Italian officers during Major State journeys on a side, together with many Memories on Austrian maritime fortifications between Cattaro and Pola, published by Major State Command, operations Division, allow to investigate and deepen Austro-Hungarian forts system along Italian coast, in Istria and Dalmatia.
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Gegick, Michael, Laurie Williams, Jason Osborne, and Mladen Vouk. "Prioritizing software security fortification throughcode-level metrics." In the 4th ACM workshop. New York, New York, USA: ACM Press, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/1456362.1456370.

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Reports on the topic "Fortification"

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Friesen, Valerie, Mduduzi Mbuya, and Lynnette Neufeld. The Fortification Assessment Coverage Toolkit (FACT). Global Alliance for Improved Nutrition (GAIN), July 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.36072/bp.1.

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Andrade, Juan E., Abu Noman Mohammed Atahar Ali, Reajul Chowdhury, Benjamin Crost, Vivian Hoffmann, Shoumi Mustafa, and Nabila Afrin Shaima. Rice fortification in Bangladesh: Technical feasibility and regulatory requirement for introducing rice fortification in public modern storage/distribution of fortified rice through PFDS channels. Washington, DC: International Food Policy Research Institute, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.2499/p15738coll2.134540.

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Mbuya, Mduduzi NN, Jodie Thorpe, Abigail Carpio, Ainee Islam, Amrita Saha, Mysbah Balagamwala, Sabiha Sultana, Rubaiyath Sarwar, and Ayako Ebata. Why do companies fortify? Drivers of compliance with edible oil fortification in Bangladesh. Global Alliance for Improved Nutrition (GAIN), August 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.36072/wp.8.

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Mkambula, Penjani, Ekin Birol, Valerie M. Friesen, Hilda M. Munyua, Daniel Alberts, Destan Aytekin, Bho Mudyahoto, Erick Boy, and Mduduzi NN Mbuya. Transforming food systems to deliver nutritious foods: the vital roles of fortification and biofortification. Global Alliance for Improved Nutrition (GAIN) and HarvestPlus, February 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.36072/dp.10.

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Resnick, Danielle, Kola Anigo, and Olufolakemi Mercy Anjorin. Enabling environments for nutrition advocacy: A comparison of infant and young child feeding and food fortification in Nigeria. Washington, DC: International Food Policy Research Institute, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.2499/p15738coll2.134724.

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Chappell, Harold L. Fixed Permanent Fortifications at the Operational Level of War. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, May 1991. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada240407.

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Gassner, Verena, Alexander Sokolicek, and Maria Trapichler, eds. Von Hyele zu Velia, Katalog K 1– K 244. Verlag der Österreichischen Akademie der Wissenschaften, April 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1553/978oeaw87714_katalog.

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The urban development of a city is often closely linked to its fortifications. Comprehensive research, undertaken by a multidisciplinary team from the University of Vienna between 1974 and 2001 in the Lower town of Velia, studied the evolution of the city walls in relation to the urban development of the Phocaean polis on the Tyrrhenian coast and provided new information on the development of the city mainly between the 5th and the 2nd c. BC. The study focused on the architecture of the fortifications as well as on a detailed analysis of the complex stratigraphy and the geology. A major force for the dynamics of urban evolution was ecological factors, mainly due to the instability of the slopes on which the city was built, and due to recurring, destructive sea floods.The contextualization and processing of the finds from these excavations (pottery, small finds and coins) allows for a new, precise dating of the individual periods of the urban development, ultimately changing older approaches. The newly understood relations have implications for the interpretation of the fortifications in other historical and cultural settings, as previously assumed.
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Gassner, Verena, Alexander Sokolicek, and Maria Trapichler, eds. Von Hyele zu Velia, Fundtafeln. Verlag der Österreichischen Akademie der Wissenschaften, April 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1553/978oeaw87714_tafeln.

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The urban development of a city is often closely linked to its fortifications. Comprehensive research, undertaken by a multidisciplinary team from the University of Vienna between 1974 and 2001 in the Lower town of Velia, studied the evolution of the city walls in relation to the urban development of the Phocaean polis on the Tyrrhenian coast and provided new information on the development of the city mainly between the 5th and the 2nd c. BC. The study focused on the architecture of the fortifications as well as on a detailed analysis of the complex stratigraphy and the geology. A major force for the dynamics of urban evolution was ecological factors, mainly due to the instability of the slopes on which the city was built, and due to recurring, destructive sea floods.The contextualization and processing of the finds from these excavations (pottery, small finds and coins) allows for a new, precise dating of the individual periods of the urban development, ultimately changing older approaches. The newly understood relations have implications for the interpretation of the fortifications in other historical and cultural settings, as previously assumed.
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Poverenov, Elena, Tara McHugh, and Victor Rodov. Waste to Worth: Active antimicrobial and health-beneficial food coating from byproducts of mushroom industry. United States Department of Agriculture, January 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2014.7600015.bard.

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Background. In this proposal we suggest developing a common solution for three seemingly unrelated acute problems: (1) improving sustainability of fast-growing mushroom industry producing worldwide millions of tons of underutilized leftovers; (2) alleviating the epidemic of vitamin D deficiency adversely affecting the public health in both countries and in other regions; (3) reducing spoilage of perishable fruit and vegetable products leading to food wastage. Based on our previous experience we propose utilizing appropriately processed mushroom byproducts as a source of two valuable bioactive materials: antimicrobial and wholesome polysaccharide chitosan and health-strengthening nutrient ergocalciferol⁽ᵛⁱᵗᵃᵐⁱⁿ ᴰ2⁾. ᴬᵈᵈⁱᵗⁱᵒⁿᵃˡ ᵇᵉⁿᵉᶠⁱᵗ ᵒᶠ ᵗʰᵉˢᵉ ᵐᵃᵗᵉʳⁱᵃˡˢ ⁱˢ ᵗʰᵉⁱʳ ᵒʳⁱᵍⁱⁿ ᶠʳᵒᵐ ⁿᵒⁿ⁻ᵃⁿⁱᵐᵃˡ ᶠᵒᵒᵈ⁻ᵍʳᵃᵈᵉ source. We proposed using chitosan and vitamin D as ingredients in active edible coatings on two model foods: highly perishable fresh-cut melon and less perishable health bars. Objectives and work program. The general aim of the project is improving storability, safety and health value of foods by developing and applying a novel active edible coating based on utilization of mushroom industry leftovers. The work plan includes the following tasks: (a) optimizing the UV-B treatment of mushroom leftover stalks to enrich them with vitamin D without compromising chitosan quality - Done; (b) developing effective extraction procedures to yield chitosan and vitamin D from the stalks - Done; (c) utilizing LbL approach to prepare fungal chitosan-based edible coatings with optimal properties - Done; (d) enrichment of the coating matrix with fungal vitamin D utilizing molecular encapsulation and nano-encapsulation approaches - Done, it was found that no encapsulation methods are needed to enrich chitosan matrix with vitamin D; (e) testing the performance of the coating for controlling spoilage of fresh cut melons - Done; (f) testing the performance of the coating for nutritional enhancement and quality preservation of heath bars - Done. Achievements. In this study numerous results were achieved. Mushroom waste, leftover stalks, was treated ʷⁱᵗʰ ᵁⱽ⁻ᴮ ˡⁱᵍʰᵗ ᵃⁿᵈ ᵗʳᵉᵃᵗᵐᵉⁿᵗ ⁱⁿᵈᵘᶜᵉˢ ᵃ ᵛᵉʳʸ ʰⁱᵍʰ ᵃᶜᶜᵘᵐᵘˡᵃᵗⁱᵒⁿ ᵒᶠ ᵛⁱᵗᵃᵐⁱⁿ ᴰ2, ᶠᵃʳ ᵉˣᶜᵉᵉᵈⁱⁿᵍ any other dietary vitamin D source. The straightforward vitamin D extraction procedure and ᵃ ˢⁱᵐᵖˡⁱᶠⁱᵉᵈ ᵃⁿᵃˡʸᵗⁱᶜᵃˡ ᵖʳᵒᵗᵒᶜᵒˡ ᶠᵒʳ ᵗⁱᵐᵉ⁻ᵉᶠᶠⁱᶜⁱᵉⁿᵗ ᵈᵉᵗᵉʳᵐⁱⁿᵃᵗⁱᵒⁿ ᵒᶠ ᵗʰᵉ ᵛⁱᵗᵃᵐⁱⁿ ᴰ2 ᶜᵒⁿᵗᵉⁿᵗ suitable for routine product quality control were developed. Concerning the fungal chitosan extraction, new freeze-thawing protocol was developed, tested on three different mushroom sources and compared to the classic protocol. The new protocol resulted in up to 2-fold increase in the obtained chitosan yield, up to 3-fold increase in its deacetylation degree, high whitening index and good antimicrobial activity. The fungal chitosan films enriched with Vitamin D were prepared and compared to the films based on animal origin chitosan demonstrating similar density, porosity and water vapor permeability. Layer-by-layer chitosan-alginate electrostatic deposition was used to coat fruit bars. The coatings helped to preserve the quality and increase the shelf-life of fruit bars, delaying degradation of ascorbic acid and antioxidant capacity loss as well as reducing bar softening. Microbiological analyses also showed a delay in yeast and fungal growth when compared with single layer coatings of fungal or animal chitosan or alginate. Edible coatings were also applied on fresh-cut melons and provided significant improvement of physiological quality (firmness, weight ˡᵒˢˢ⁾, ᵐⁱᶜʳᵒᵇⁱᵃˡ ˢᵃᶠᵉᵗʸ ⁽ᵇᵃᶜᵗᵉʳⁱᵃ, ᵐᵒˡᵈ, ʸᵉᵃˢᵗ⁾, ⁿᵒʳᵐᵃˡ ʳᵉˢᵖⁱʳᵃᵗⁱᵒⁿ ᵖʳᵒᶜᵉˢˢ ⁽Cᴼ2, ᴼ²⁾ ᵃⁿᵈ ᵈⁱᵈ not cause off-flavor (EtOH). It was also found that the performance of edible coating from fungal stalk leftovers does not concede to the chitosan coatings sourced from animal or good quality mushrooms. Implications. The proposal helped attaining triple benefit: valorization of mushroom industry byproducts; improving public health by fortification of food products with vitamin D from natural non-animal source; and reducing food wastage by using shelf- life-extending antimicrobial edible coatings. New observations with scientific impact were found. The program resulted in 5 research papers. Several effective and straightforward procedures that can be adopted by mushroom growers and food industries were developed. BARD Report - Project 4784
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Manulis, Shulamit, Christine D. Smart, Isaac Barash, Guido Sessa, and Harvey C. Hoch. Molecular Interactions of Clavibacter michiganensis subsp. michiganensis with Tomato. United States Department of Agriculture, January 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2011.7697113.bard.

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Clavibacter michiganensis subsp. michiganensis (Cmm), the causal agent of bacterial wilt and canker of tomato, is the most destructive bacterial disease of tomato causing substantial economic losses in Israel, the U.S.A. and worldwide. The molecular strategies that allow Cmm, a Gram-positive bacterium, to develop a successful infection in tomato plants are largely unknown. The goal of the project was to elucidate the molecular interactions between Cmmand tomato. The first objective was to analyze gene expression profiles of susceptible tomato plants infected with pathogenic and endophytic Cmmstrains. Microarray analysis identified 122 genes that were differentially expressed during early stages of infection. Cmm activated typical basal defense responses in the host including induction of defense-related genes, production of scavenging of free oxygen radicals, enhanced protein turnover and hormone synthesis. Proteomic investigation of the Cmm-tomato interaction was performed with Multi-Dimensional Protein Identification Technology (MudPIT) and mass spectroscopy. A wide range of enzymes secreted by Cmm382, including cell-wall degrading enzymes and a large group of serine proteases from different families were identified in the xylem sap of infected tomato. Based on proteomic results, the expression pattern of selected bacterial virulence genes and plant defense genes were examined by qRT-PCR. Expression of the plasmid-borne cellulase (celA), serine protease (pat-1) and serine proteases residing on the chp/tomA pathogenicity island (chpCandppaA), were significantly induced within 96 hr after inoculation. Transcription of chromosomal genes involved in cell wall degradation (i.e., pelA1, celB, xysA and xysB) was also induced in early infection stages. The second objective was to identify by VIGS technology host genes affecting Cmm multiplication and appearance of disease symptoms in plant. VIGS screening showed that out of 160 tomato genes, which could be involved in defense-related signaling, suppression of 14 genes led to increase host susceptibility. Noteworthy are the genes Snakin-2 (inhibitor of Cmm growth) and extensin-like protein (ELP) involved in cell wall fortification. To further test the significance of Snakin -2 and ELP in resistance towards Cmm, transgenic tomato plants over-expressing the two genes were generated. These plants showed partial resistance to Cmm resulting in a significant delay of the wilt symptoms and reduction in size of canker lesion compared to control. Furthermore, colonization of the transgenic plants was significantly lower. The third objective was to assess the involvement of ethylene (ET), jasmonate (JA) and salicylic acid (SA) in Cmm infection. Microarray and proteomic studies showed the induction of enzymes involved in ET and JA biosynthesis. Cmm promoted ET production 8 days after inoculation and SIACO, a key enzyme of ET biosynthesis, was upregulated. Inoculation of the tomato mutants Never ripe (Nr) impaired in ET perception and transgenic plants with reduced ET synthesis significantly delayed wilt symptoms as compared to the wild-type plants. The retarded wilting in Nr plants was shown to be a specific effect of ET insensitivity and was not due to altered expression of defense related genes, reduced bacterial population or decrease in ethylene biosynthesis . In contrast, infection of various tomato mutants impaired in JA biosynthesis (e.g., def1, acx1) and JA insensitive mutant (jai1) yielded unequivocal results. The fourth objective was to determine the role of cell wall degrading enzymes produced by Cmm in xylem colonization and symptoms development. A significance increase (2 to 7 fold) in expression of cellulases (CelA, CelB), pectate lyases (PelA1, PelA2), polygalacturonase and xylanases (XylA, XylB) was detected by qRT-PCR and by proteomic analysis of the xylem sap. However, with the exception of CelA, whose inactivation led to reduced wilt symptoms, inactivation of any of the other cell wall degrading enzymes did not lead to reduced virulence. Results achieved emphasized the complexity involved in Cmm-tomato interactions. Nevertheless they provide the basis for additional research which will unravel the mechanism of Cmm pathogenicity and formulating disease control measures.
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