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1
Gray, William S., Martin Umberg, and John F. Deatrick. "CITY OF CINCINNATI–FORT WASHINGTON WAY COMBINED SEWER OVERFLOW STORAGE AND TRANSPORT CONDUIT." Proceedings of the Water Environment Federation 2001, no. 2 (January 1, 2001): 340–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.2175/193864701784835781.
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Mueller, Max Perry. "The “Negro Problem,” the “Mormon Problem,” and the Pursuit of “Usefulness” in the White American Republic." Church History 88, no. 4 (December 2019): 978–1012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0009640719002488.
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By examining Booker T. Washington's (little studied) relationship with Mormon elites, this article introduces the category of “usefulness” to scholars who investigate how racially and religiously marginalized Americans have sought acceptance in the “white American republic.” Washington's 1913 visit to Utah was the high point in a decade-long public campaign of mutual admiration. Washington and the Mormons’ high regard for each other—an aberration in much of black-Mormon relations—was based on similar histories of discrimination at the hands of white Protestant Americans. It was also based on similar beliefs that to overcome their status as “problem” people, Washington-led blacks and Mormons had to prove their “usefulness”—a form of respectability politics—to themselves and to the American republic. To do so, they pointed to the fruits of their own and each other's usefulness: economic productivity, educational advancement, and middle-class mores. While these fruits were similar, the roots were different, and racialized. For the Mormons, usefulness arose from a post-polygamy Mormon religion through which they asserted their whiteness. For Washington, usefulness arose not from the “Negro” church—the only independent black institution in American history—but from educational institutions like Tuskegee, which promoted black advancement under the control of white supremacy.
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MORGAN, PHILIP D. "“To Get Quit of Negroes”: George Washington and Slavery." Journal of American Studies 39, no. 3 (December 2005): 403–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021875805000599.
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George Washington died much as he lived, stoic, dignified, controlled to the very end. True to form, his last moments, much like his life, saw him surrounded by slaves. At daybreak on the day he died – Saturday, 14 December 1799 – Caroline, a housemaid, bustled into his room to make a fire. Three other slaves fetched the physicians, who ministered to the dying General. Washington's body servant, twenty-four-year-old Christopher, otherwise known as Christopher Sheels, attended his master throughout the long day of his last illness. Indeed, in the afternoon Washington motioned Christopher to take a seat by his bedside as he had been standing throughout his vigil. At the moment of death, blacks outnumbered whites in the room. Caroline, Charlotte, a seamstress, and Molly, a domestic, were all standing near the door, and Christopher was by the bed, while only three whites – Dr. James Craik, his primary physician and old friend; Tobias Lear, his secretary; and Martha Washington, his wife – were present. At Martha's behest, Christopher aroused Lear from his grief by asking him to take care of the General's keys and other personal items which the body servant had taken out of the dead man's pockets. On the day after Washington's death, Frank Lee, the family's mulatto butler, Christopher, and Marcus, another house servant, received new shoes so that they would look presentable at the funeral.
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Kryzhko, E. V., and P. I. Pashkovsky. "Features of the US Foreign Policy Towards the Central Asian States." Post-Soviet Issues 8, no. 1 (June 12, 2021): 65–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.24975/2313-8920-2021-8-1-65-81.
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The article examines the features of the US foreign policy towards the Central Asian states in the post-bipolar period. The imperatives and constants, as well as the transformation of Washington’s Central Asian policy, have been characterized. It is shown that five Central Asian states have been in the focus of American foreign policy over the past thirty years. In the process of shaping the US foreign policy in Central Asia, the presence of significant reserves of energy and mineral resources in the region was of great importance. Therefore, rivalry for Caspian energy resources and their transportation routes came to the fore. In addition to diversifying transport and logistics flows and supporting American companies, the US energy policy in Central Asia was aimed at preventing the restoration of Russia’s economic and political influence, as well as countering the penetration of China, which is interested in economic cooperation with the countries of the region. During the period under review, the following transformation of mechanisms and means of Washington’s policy in the Central Asian direction was observed: the policy of “exporting democracy”; attempts to “nurture” the pro-American elite; striving to divide states into separate groups with permanent “appointment” of leaders; involvement in a unified military system to combat terrorism; impact on the consciousness of the population in order to destabilize geopolitical rivals; building cooperation on a pragmatic basis due to internal difficulties and external constraints. Central Asian states sympathized with the American course because of their interest in technology and investment. At the same time, these states in every possible way distanced themselves from the impulses of “democratization” from Washington. Kazakhstan was a permanent regional ally of the United States, to which Uzbekistan was striving to join. The second echelon in relations with the American side was occupied by Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan and Turkmenistan. A feature of the positions of the Central Asian countries is the maximum benefit from cooperation with Washington while building good-neighborly relations with Russia and China, which is in dissonance with the regional imperatives of the United States. In the future, the American strategy in Central Asia will presumably proceed from the expediency of attracting regional allies and stimulating contradictions in order to contain geopolitical rivals in the region.
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Hoffman, Michael Harris. "The customary law of non-international armed conflict - Evidence from the United States Civil War." International Review of the Red Cross 30, no. 277 (August 1990): 322–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0020860400075756.
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James Surget made no impact on history. He did, however, make an impression on Washington Ford. The latter sued him in 1866 regarding the destruction of 200 bales of cotton.In May 1862, Ford owned a plantation in Mississippi, a state then in rebellion against United States authority. The local commander of rebelling forces ordered his troops to burn all cotton along the Mississippi River that was vulnerable to capture by the United States army. Surget assisted in the destruction of Ford's cotton. Ford sued him to recover for its value.
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Nguyen, Hang. "Foreign Policy Making and the U.S. Vision of European Integration in the Nixon Era." Croatian International Relations Review 20, no. 70 (July 1, 2014): 55–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/cirr-2014-0006.
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Abstract This paper offers an insight into Washington’s foreign policy establishment and its vision of European integration under the Nixon administration. It argues that President Nixon and his National Security Advisor, Henry Kissinger, managed to formulate many important aspects of foreign policy at the White House. From a realist perspective, the Nixon-Kissinger team saw the emergence of a new world order and in it the evolvement of European integration in a way different from previous U.S. administrations. The paper begins by discussing the Nixon administration’s realist approach to foreign policy before analyzing President Nixon’s determination to make decisions on foreign relations at the White House. Next, the paper examines the main features of the Nixon-Kissinger team’s vision of European integration. It concludes that, as realists, the Nixon administration supported integration in Western Europe, yet Washington was ambivalent if a united Europe with increasing self-confidence and self-assertiveness would be in the U.S. national interest. Henceforth, the European integration process had to be, in the Nixon-Kissinger view, taking place under U.S. control in the form of the consultative mechanism and the U.S. military umbrella.
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Butow, R. J. C. "Marching off to War on the Wrong Foot: The Final Note Tokyo Did Not Send to Washington." Pacific Historical Review 63, no. 1 (February 1, 1994): 67–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3640669.
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Drury, Alice, Gary Shigenaka, and Mark Toy. "Washington State Case Study and Guidance Developed on the Closing and Re-Opening of a Shellfishery Due to Oil Contamination." International Oil Spill Conference Proceedings 2014, no. 1 (May 1, 2014): 2273–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.7901/2169-3358-2014.1.2273.
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ABSTRACT The 128 foot F/V Deep Sea was illegally anchored on Washington state-owned aquatic lands in Whidbey Island's Penn Cove from December 24th 2011 until it sank on May 14th, 2012, following a fire aboard the vessel. Penn Cove is the home of Penn Cove Shellfish, LLC, the United States’ largest and oldest mussel farm. The Deep Sea sank within approximately 200 meters of Penn Cove LLC's mussel raft growing system with an unknown amount of oil aboard. After the vessel sank Penn Cove Shellfish, LLC, voluntarily ceased harvesting their shellfish. Not long after the Washington State Department of Health closed commercial and recreational harvest of shellfish in Penn Cove. Although efforts were made to plug the vessel's vents and seal the vessel's fuel tanks a cracked vent allowed fuel to leak from the sunken vessel, later identified as marine diesel by the Washington State Department of Ecology. Sheen was documented over the mussel rafts. Based on sensory testing the Washington State Department of Health re-opened Penn Cove's shellfish harvest in stages, with sampling plan and testing assistance from the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Following response to the F/V Deep Sea all agencies involved in the shellfish closure that was as result of this incident convened to establish guidelines on the best way to run the closure and subsequent re-opening process for inclusion in the Northwest Area Contingency Plan, based off of lessons learned from the response. This was especially important since shellfishery closures due to oil spill contamination are not common in Washington State. This paper outlines those lessons learned during the F/V Deep Sea response in regards to closing and then re-opening a shellfishery in Washington State, and includes the guidelines that were established and incorporated into the Northwest Area Contingency Plan as a result.
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de Sá, Tiago Moreira. "“The World Was Not Turning in Their Direction”: The United States and the Decolonization of Angola." Journal of Cold War Studies 21, no. 1 (April 2019): 52–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/jcws_a_00871.
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In the mid-1970s, the United States and the Soviet Union decided to export the Cold War to Angola at levels that were unprecedented on the African continent. In the case of the United States, this led to immense support for local allies—the National Liberation Front of Angola and the National Union for the Total Independence of Angola—in the form of many tons of heavy weaponry, millions of dollars, and the use of mercenaries and even paramilitary operatives of the U.S. Central Intelligence Agency. This article explains U.S. actions in Angola from 1974 to 1976 against the backdrop of the Cold War, highlighting the decision-making process in Washington, the international context, the internal context, and the actions of both superpowers.
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Kallgren, Joyce K. "James R. Townsend (1932–2004)." China Quarterly 178 (June 2004): 505–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0305741004000281.
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James R. Townsend, emeritus professor of political science and East Asian studies in the Jackson School of International Studies at the University of Washington, Seattle, passed away peacefully on January 17, 2004 after a decade-long battle with cancer. He was 71.Professor Townsend was a member of the first post-Second World War generation of China scholars. He studied in the late 1950s and early 1960s at one of the Centers for Chinese Studies that had been established by the Ford Foundation to supplement traditional discipline training. Townsend completed his PhD at the University of California at Berkeley, as did other prominent scholars such as Fred Wakeman (history), Chalmers Johnson (political science), Paul Ivory (economics), and Woody Watson (anthropology). He commenced his teaching career in the Berkeley department of political science, only to be recruited away by the University of Washington in 1968. Washington remained his home base thereafter.Jim Townsend's place in the development of contemporary Chinese studies was multifaceted, due to his intellectual ability, his deep personal commitment to expanded knowledge and interest in China and, equally important, his unique personality. He was a teacher, a researcher and an advocate of knowledge for knowledge's sake.
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Khoury, Dina Rizk. "The Government of War." International Journal of Middle East Studies 46, no. 4 (October 9, 2014): 791–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s002074381400110x.
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I write this piece as Iraq, following Syria, descends into a civil war that is undermining the post–World War I state system and reconfiguring regional and transnational networks of mobilization and instrumentalizations of violence and identity formation. That the Middle East has come to this moment is not an inevitable product of the artificiality of national borders and the precariousness of the state system. It is important to avoid this linear narrative of inevitability, with its attendant formulations of the Middle East as a repository of a large number of absences, and instead to locate the current wars in a specific historical time: the late and post–Cold War eras, marked by the agendas of the Washington Consensus and the globalization of neoliberal discourses; the privatization of the developmental and welfare state; the institutional devolution and multiplication of security services; and the entrenchment of new forms of colonial violence and rule in Israel and Palestine and on a global scale. The conveners of this roundtable have asked us to reflect on the technopolitics of war in the context of this particular moment and in light of the pervasiveness of new governmentalities of war. What I will do in this short piece is reflect on the heuristic and methodological possibilities of the study of war as a form of governance, or what I call the “government of war,” in light of my own research and writing on Iraq.
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Mabry, Corinne Hay. "Gender Differences in Ego Level." Psychological Reports 72, no. 3 (June 1993): 752–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pr0.1993.72.3.752.
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Entering college students (110 women and 63 men) completed a short form (12 items) of the Washington Sentence Completion Test of ego development. Using a Cramer's Phi, a significant gender difference on ego level scores was found, with women scoring higher.
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Theriault, Kim S. "Go Away Little Girl: Gender, Race, and Controversy in the Vietnam Veterans Memorial." Prospects 29 (October 2005): 595–617. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0361233300001873.
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It's remarkably simple, really.Constructed in 1982, the Vietnam Veterans Memorial, generally referred to as the “Wall,” consists of two black granite wings, each almost 250 feet long, which meet at an obtuse angle that is submerged into the landscape of the National Mall, a green space between the Lincoln and Washington Memorials and some distance behind White House, in Washington, D.C. The form of the Wall, designed by Maya Ying Lin, is minimalist in nature, not only because it includes the right angles, hard edges, shiny surface, and repeated increments of Minimalism, but because even though it is a war memorial, unlike most, its only ornament and representation is the seemingly endless list of 58,226 names of American service men and women killed in Vietnam.
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Ciccarelli, Orazio A. "Fascist Propaganda and the Italian Community in Peru during the Benavides Regime, 1933–39." Journal of Latin American Studies 20, no. 2 (November 1988): 361–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022216x00003035.
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In the second half of the 1930s, confidential information from and concerning Latin America reaching Washington promoted the suspicion, and ultimately the conviction, that the security of much of Latin America, and by extension that of the United States, was imperiled by the Axis powers. Officials in Washington were convinced that the Axis menace to the Western Hemisphere was not in the form of a direct military threat, but rather through the use of propaganda and subversion. Such concern – based in part on fascism's appeal to Latin America's elites – was aroused particularly by the efforts of the Axis powers to organise their own national communities in Latin America into instruments of their foreign policy and by the simultaneous mounting of a propaganda campaign intended to win over public opinion in the Americas and to weaken the support for democracy.1
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Free, David. "News from the Field." College & Research Libraries News 78, no. 6 (June 6, 2017): 294. http://dx.doi.org/10.5860/crln.78.6.294.
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Science librarians were well-represented in the March for Science on Earth Day, April 22, in cities from coast-to-coast, from the heartlands to the deep south and the far west. The March for Science drew tens of thousands of scientists, science communicators, and science enthusiasts worldwide, with a mission statement that was strictly nonpartisan.“It was both exhilarating and exhausting in Washington, D.C., where we spent five hours standing in the rain at the foot of the Washington Monument,” said Alison S. Ricker, head of the Science Library at Oberlin College. “Inspiring messages from speakers and good music kept us energized for the eventual march along Constitution Avenue toward the U.S. Capitol. By the time we passed the EPA building, marchers and spectators were full of enthusiasm, shouting ‘fund the EPA!’ and ‘alternative facts have got to go!’”
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Jakobsen, Peter Viggo, Jens Ringsmose, and Håkon Lunde Saxi. "Prestige-seeking small states: Danish and Norwegian military contributions to US-led operations." European Journal of International Security 3, no. 2 (January 24, 2018): 256–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/eis.2017.20.
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AbstractIn this article we broaden the conventional understanding of prestige and show that prestige-seeking played a major role in the Danish and Norwegian decisions to provide military support to post-Cold War US-led wars. Both countries made costly military contributions in the hope of increasing their standing and prestige in Washington. Both governments regarded prestige as a form of soft power, which they could later convert into access, influence, and US support. Our findings are far from trivial. They make a theoretical contribution by demonstrating that small powers understand and seek prestige in ways that differ fundamentally from the ways great powers do. They also help to explain why smaller US allies made costly contributions to the Balkan, Afghan, Iraq, and Libyan wars at a time when there was no direct threat to their national security and their security dependence on the United States was low. The high value that small US allies attach to their visibility and prestige in Washington suggests that it is far easier for the United States to obtain military support from smaller allies than Realist studies of burden-sharing and collective action problems would lead us to expect.
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Helbling, Mark. "“My Soul Was with the Gods and My Body in the Village”: Zora Neale Hurston, Franz Boas, Melville Herskovits, and Ruth Benedict." Prospects 22 (October 1997): 285–322. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0361233300000144.
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In august, 1927, Zora Neale Hurston posed with Langston Hughes and Jessie Fauset at the foot of the statue of Booker T. Washington on the campus of Tuskegee Normal and Industrial Institute in Tuskegee, Alabama. Now, after six months of collecting African-American folklore – customs, games, jokes, lies, songs, superstitions, and tales – Hurston was ready to return to New York City and to finish her Bachelor of Arts in anthropology at Barnard. She had left New York City the previous February and had spent most of her time in and around her hometown of Eatonville and Tallahassee, Florida, before driving across the Florida panhandle to Mobile, Alabama. There she interviewed Cudjo Lewis, reputed to be the only living survivor of the last ship to bring slaves from Africa to America. By chance, Hurston also met Hughes, who had just arrived in Mobile by train from New Orleans. Soon after, she and Hughes drove up to Tuskegee, joined Fauset to lecture to summer students, then continued on their way to New York City.
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Wild, BL. "Ethylene gas burn of Washington navel oranges - a form of anthracnose induced by degreening and controlled by brushing or applying fungicides." Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 30, no. 4 (1990): 565. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ea9900565.
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The effect of several postharvest treatments on rind damage to Washington navel oranges during ethylene degreening was assessed. Application of hot benomyl dips (500 mg/L) or washing the fruit on revolving brushes prevented rind damage for all fruit colours and ethylene concentrations (0-2000 �L/L) tested. Application of either of the fungicides benomyl (unheated) or prochloraz also reduced rind damage. Imazalil had less effect, while guazatine only slightly reduced rind damage. Rind damage was attributed to the development of anthracnose when dormancy of latent infections of Colletotrichum gloeosporioides was broken. It is recommended that when susceptible oranges are degreened, they are treated with benomyl, preferably at 50�C, or washed over revolving brushes. Ethylene concentrations should also be kept as low as practicable to reduce the risk of rind damage.
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Schreiner, Edward G., Kirsten A. Krueger, Douglas B. Houston, and Patricia J. Happe. "Understory patch dynamics and ungulate herbivory in old-growth forests of Olympic National Park, Washington." Canadian Journal of Forest Research 26, no. 2 (February 1, 1996): 255–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/x26-029.
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The relationship between native ungulates (mainly Roosevelt elk, Cervuselaphus L.) and the occurrence of three patch types in an old-growth (220- to 260-year-old) Sitka spruce (Piceasitchensis (Bong.) Carrière)–western hemlock (Tsugaheterophylla (Raf.) Sarg.) temperate coniferous rain forest was investigated on the South Fork Hoh River in Olympic National Park. The distribution, frequency, and size of two understory patches (grass, moss) and patches where shrubs had escaped herbivory (refugia) were sampled along transects. Vegetation standing crop, percent cover, species richness, and equitability along transects were compared with conditions in two 8-year-old 0.5-ha ungulate exclosures. Ungulate herbivory profoundly affected the distribution and abundance of understory patch types. Grass-dominated patches disappeared following 8 years of protection from ungulate herbivory. Ungulates maintained a reduced standing crop, increased forb species richness, and determined the distribution, morphology, and reproductive performance of several shrub species. There is clearly a dynamic relationship between patch type, tree fall, and ungulate herbivory in these old-growth forests. Our results show that ungulate herbivory is a driving force shaping vegetation patterns in coastal coniferous forests.
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Shore, Daniel. "The Form of Black Lives Matter." PMLA/Publications of the Modern Language Association of America 135, no. 1 (January 2020): 175–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1632/pmla.2020.135.1.175.
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On Friday, 20 January 2017, Inauguration Day for the Forty-Fifth President of the United States, I Spent Several Hours walking around downtown Washington, DC, just north of the National Mall, holding a handmade sign reading “Black Lives Matter.” A day later, the Women's March would pack the city's downtown tight with bodies marching, chanting, and singing in a strange mix of camaraderie and despondency, but on Inauguration Day the streets were unusually quiet. The fear of violence was palpable (and, in the event, fully justified), even as I knew that my whiteness would work as a shield that nonwhite protesters lacked; it was because of this “drastically unequal distribution of bodily vulnerabilities,” as Sarah Ahmed has put it (238), that I carried the “Black Lives Matter” sign in the first place. Over the course of a few hours, the sign provoked a range of responses. A group of attendees greeted me with a “Sieg Heil,” a Nazi salute, and a shout of “white power.” Two men circled behind me to whisper “Blue lives matter” in my ears. But the steady refrain, shouted by dozens of inauguration attendees, was “All lives matter.”The responses to my “Black Lives Matter” sign were hardly unique to that day. Similar exchanges have unfolded before and since, between other protestors on other streets, in other spaces real and virtual. Taken together, these utterances offer a partial, highly mediated linguistic map of the current political battlefield in the United States and beyond. Through them, factions have taken shape and become legible—become real—to one another and to themselves. In Louis Althusser's famous phrase, they are a part of the current system of representations by which we “live the imaginary relation” to “the real conditions of existence” (223-24) and alter those conditions in the process. Might new digital tools help us understand how these utterances came to serve their peculiar role in our current political moment?
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Gournay, Isabelle, and Jane C. Loeffler. "Washington and Ottawa: A Tale of Two Embassies." Journal of the Society of Architectural Historians 61, no. 4 (December 1, 2002): 480–507. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/991870.
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In 1927, when the United States and Canada established their first relatively unpretentious legations in Ottawa and Washington, no one imagined how quickly they would become functionally and symbolically obsolete. By the end of World War II, both countries were seeking to expand their office space, and by the late 1960s, they were looking for ways to build new buildings. Each understood that the challenge was how most effectively to enhance the building's diplomatic presence. At the same time, planners in both capitals saw these projects as means of reinforcing the city's governmental core and promoting urbanity and civic identity. They encouraged the two governments to choose conspicuous downtown locations of great symbolic significance. Arthur Erickson designed the Canadian Embassy (1981-89), which stands on Pennsylvania Avenue at the foot of Capitol Hill, and David M. Childs headed the team at Skidmore, Owings & Merrill that designed the U. S. Embassy (1994-99) for an equally prominent site across from Ottawa's Parliament. Both architects faced daunting challenges: how to create a multipurpose structure to accommodate an array of different government offices; how to make a bold statement of national identity while showing respect for the host city and its urban design; and how to reconcile openness and accessibility with ever-increasing demands for security. This study examines architecture's role in public diplomacy and uses the two chanceries to explore the process through which design becomes purposeful civic achievement.
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Galinato, Suzette P., and Carol A. Miles. "Economic Profitability of Growing Lettuce and Tomato in Western Washington under High Tunnel and Open-field Production Systems." HortTechnology 23, no. 4 (August 2013): 453–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/horttech.23.4.453.
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Lettuce (Lactuca sativa) and tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) are popular fresh market vegetable crops. In western Washington, there is interest in growing them in high tunnel production systems because of the region’s mild, coastal climate. The objectives of this study were to contrast the economic potential of growing lettuce and tomato under high tunnel and open-field production systems, and identify the main factors affecting profitability within each production system. Economic data for this study were collected by interviewing experienced lettuce and tomato growers in western Washington during focus group sessions. Costs of production varied by crop and production system, and findings indicated that it was five times more costly to grow lettuce and eight times more costly to grow tomato in a high tunnel than in the open field in western Washington. For lettuce, the labor cost per square foot of growing area was found to be 6 times greater in a high tunnel than in the open field; and for tomato, labor costs were 10 times greater in a high tunnel than in the open field. Total labor cost comprised more than 50% of the total production costs of lettuce and tomato in both the high tunnel and open-field systems. The percentage of total labor cost was similar in both the high tunnel and open-field production for lettuce, but was higher in high tunnel tomato production than in the open field. Tunnel-grown lettuce and tomato had three and four times greater marketable yield compared with field-grown, respectively. Given the base crop yield and average price, it was 43% more profitable to grow lettuce in the open field than in the high tunnel, while in contrast, high tunnel-grown tomato was three times more profitable than open-field tomato production.
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Warner, Sally J., Parker MacCready, James N. Moum, and Jonathan D. Nash. "Measurement of Tidal Form Drag Using Seafloor Pressure Sensors." Journal of Physical Oceanography 43, no. 6 (June 1, 2013): 1150–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jpo-d-12-0163.1.
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Abstract As currents flow over rough topography, the pressure difference between the up- and downstream sides results in form drag—a force that opposes the flow. Measuring form drag is valuable because it can be used to estimate the loss of energy from currents as they interact with topography. An array of bottom pressure sensors was used to measure the tidal form drag on a sloping ridge in 200 m of water that forms a 1-km headland at the surface in Puget Sound, Washington. The form drag per unit length of the ridge reached 1 × 104 N m−1 during peak flood tides. The tidally averaged power removed from the tidal currents by form drag was 0.2 W m−2, which is 30 times larger than power losses to friction. Form drag is best parameterized by a linear wave drag law as opposed to a bluff body drag law because the flow is stratified and both internal waves and eddies are generated on the sloping topography. Maximum turbulent kinetic energy dissipation rates of 5 × 10−5 W kg−1 were measured with a microstructure profiler and are estimated to account for 25%–50% of energy lost from the tides. This study is among the first to measure form drag directly using bottom pressure sensors. The measurement and analysis techniques presented here are suitable for periodically reversing flows because they require the removal of a time-mean signal. The advantage of this technique is that it delivers a continuous record of form drag and is much less ship intensive compared to previous methods for estimation of the bottom pressure field.
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Franc, Sanja, Antea Barišić, and Zoran Wittine. "The dilemma over Washington consensus guidelines or industrial policy." Notitia 6, no. 1 (December 30, 2020): 49–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.32676/n.6.1.5.
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During the 1990s Croatia went through the process of transition to market economy mostly following the Washington Consensus policy guidelines. Since the period before the last global financial crisis, Croatia has shown almost no convergence to developed European Union member states and has been among the least developed ones. This paper examines the causes of Croatian development lag, while providing an overview of contemporary development policies and international production fragmentation trends that affected them. The paper points out to several important factors that shaped the Croatian development path. Expectations from foreign capital were overrated, as the foreign direct investment consisted mainly of brownfield investment in large monopolistic companies and was rarely directed to export-oriented sectors. Accession to the World Trade Organisation was followed by stronger growth of imports than exports and joining the European Union did not bring economic growth as fast as expected. Lack of industrial policy implementation has led Croatia to deindustrialisation and increasing importance of the tourism sector as a form of the Dutch disease.
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Edwards, M., S. Predebon, M. Dale, and G. Buchanan. "The effect of cold disinfestation treatment on the quality of Washington navel oranges in Sunraysia." Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 34, no. 4 (1994): 515. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ea9940515.
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Trials over 2 years were undertaken to determine the effect of cold disinfestation at 1�C on the internal and external quality of Washington navel oranges. Chilling injury in the form of cold scald and rind pitting were significantly increased by cold disinfestation. The incidence and severity of chilling injury was low (maximum 7% of fruit rejected due to chilling injury), indicating that 16 days storage at 1�C will result in minimal fruit loss due to chilling injury. Extended storage at 10�C after cold disinfestation at 1�C for 16 days increased the severity of the chilling injury symptoms observed. The incidence of postharvest fungal breakdown was high in the second year of the trial and red Altemaria spot was high in the first year. Oleocellosis was present in almost all fruit tested and severe in 75% of the fruit. The overall external quality of the fruit was highly influenced by grower but no correlation between fruit quality and specific management practices could be made. These results indicate that 'in transit' cold disinfestation would be a feasible treatment for export Washington navel oranges but with provisos: that total transit time is kept to a minimum, and that care is taken to minimise postharvest fungal breakdown and incidence of oleocellosis.
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Bowen, Pat, Krista C. Shellie, Lynn Mills, Jim Willwerth, Carl Bogdanoff, and Markus Keller. "Abscisic acid form, concentration, and application timing influence phenology and bud cold hardiness in Merlot grapevines." Canadian Journal of Plant Science 96, no. 3 (June 1, 2016): 347–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjps-2015-0257.
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The effects of abscisic acid (ABA) form, concentration, and application timing on bud cold hardiness, phenology, and fruiting performance of Merlot grapevines (Vitis vinifera) were evaluated in a three-year field trial with site locations in British Columbia and Ontario, Canada, and in Washington and Idaho, United States. Solutions containing natural S-ABA (ABAN) and a purported long-lived ABA analogue 8'-acetylene ABA (ABAA) at differing concentrations were applied to the vine canopy at veraison or post-harvest. Postharvest foliar applications of ABAN at concentrations greater than or equal to 5000 ppm tended to advance leaf abscission and increase autumn bud cold hardiness. Postharvest foliar applications of ABAA at 1000 ppm tended to delay budbreak in the spring following application and increase spring bud cold hardiness. Fruit yield and basic composition were affected little by the ABA treatments. Bud hardiness was enhanced by ABAN mostly in autumn and by ABAA mostly in the spring, indicating that the suitability of ABA forms for reducing bud damage would depend on when injurious cold events are more likely.
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Singh, Baljit. "Contemporary Relevance of Nehru." South Asian Survey 19, no. 1 (March 2012): 149–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0971523114539588.
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The subject contemporary relevance of Nehru is unfolded into five sections. First section introduces the subject by contextualising Nehru’s ideas in the contemporary scenario. Nehruvian ideological system and its utility in the age of globalisation constitute the body of this article. His nationalism, socialism and world view are located and discussed in the second, third and fourth sections, respectively. Nehru’s idea of composite culture, contested by cultural nationalism from the one end and ethno-nationalism from the other end of spectrum comprises the second section. The third section discusses the conception, consolidation, retreat and revival of Nehruvian model of economic development in the light of Washington Consensus and Post-Washington Consensus. His idea of socialism and the mixed economy are debated in liberal, neoliberal and post-neoliberal scenario. His world view faced rough weather during the second and third phase of India’s foreign policy. The former was set in motion after his death, whereas the latter started taking shape in the Post-Soviet world, which has acquired the hegemonic overtones. Contemporary significance of Nehru’s world view in the hegemonic world is probed in the fourth section. The last section sums up the discussion in the form of concluding observations.
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PETENER, Zrinko. "ASSYMETRIC WARFARE - NOT EVERY WAR HAS TO END?" Security and Defence Quarterly 2, no. 11 (June 30, 2016): 30–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0010.5634.
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The study of warfare, throughout its history, as well as efforts to legally regulate the resort to war and the conduct of war, were concentrated exclusively on one form of warfare - interstate conflict. Only since the terrorist attacks on Washington and New York in 2001 and the following ‘Global War on Terrorism’ has a discussion on a potentially new kind of warfare - asymmetric warfare - moved into the spotlight. Despite all the scientific attention, the concept of asymmetric warfare remains undefined or ill-defined until today, resulting in a proliferation of its use and limiting its value. Hence, restraint in the use of the term is necessary, in order to reinforce its analytical value and applicability. Defining asymmetric warfare as a conflict among opponents who are so different in their basic features that comparison of their military power is rendered impossible, is such an attempt to limit the term to a substantially new form of warfare, witnessed in a conflict that is often commonly called the Global War on Terrorism. The past two years, since the upsurge of the so-called Islamic State to the forefront of the salafi jihadi movement, have witnessed a significant change in this war. Superficial analysis could lead to the conclusion that the proclamation of the Islamic Caliphate on the territories of Iraq and Syria (for now) seems to have recalibrated this conflict into traditional interstate war again, making the concept of asymmetric warfare obsolete and diminishing it into just a short-term aberration in the history of warfare. Nothing could be further from the truth. The enemy in the Global War on Terrorism was and remains a global and territorially unrestricted ideological movement whose numbers cannot even be estimated, which fights its battles wherever it chooses to, and whose ultimate goal is the annihilation of the international system of sovereign states, not the creation of a new state within this system. The Islamic Caliphate in its current boundaries is nothing more than the “model Islamic state”, as envisioned by Osama bin Laden in his 1996 fatwa as part of Al Qaeda’s 200 year plan for the establishment of God’s Islamic World Order. This grand strategy is the guiding blueprint of the salafi jihad that is waged against the Westphalian state system in a war that is truly asymmetric. We have to adjust to this strategic asymmetry if we are to prevail in this struggle, fighting a long war against an indefinable enemy on battlefields that are still unknown.
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Corten, André. "Port-au-Prince, Washington, Santo Domingo Premières leçons d'un embargo (Note)." Études internationales 25, no. 4 (April 12, 2005): 671–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/703386ar.
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After three pro-embargo resolutions from the OAS and five from the Security Council, an American military intervention authorized by the United Nations has enabled the democratically elected president Jean-Bertrand Aristide to return to office. This article seeks to trace the escalation from embargo to military intervention with reference to the transnationalization of social, economic, and political relations in which Haïti, the United States, and the Dominican Republic are directly involved. Large-scale population movements - deemed to be "threats to peace", and the importance of a "humanitarian" form of discourse and, even more so, a form of discourse about the "suffering" of the "unfortunate people of Haïti who are bearing... the full weight of sanctions" (Boutros-Ghali) are components of such transnationalized relations. These relations have developed in a setting that the boat people issue has determined in several ways, a setting where one can make out, on the one hand, a joining of forces between, among other people, the Haïtian priest-president and the U.S. congressional black caucus and, on the other hand, a shaky coalition comprising notably the president of the Dominican Republic, the Dominican archbishop, the Conference of Haitian bishops, the Vatican, and certain sectors of the American administration. Pena Gomez - a black man believed to be of Haïtian origin - ran as candidate for the Dominican presidential election and his candidacy was favoured for quite some time in the opinion polls. He ultimately failed, however, to provide an alternative in terms of political culture. The election on May 16, 1994 in the Dominican Republic was marked by incidents of fraud. The "international community", preoccupied as it was with re-establishing peace in Haiti, reacted feebly.
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Rushdy, Ashraf H. A. "The Quality of Diaspora." Diaspora: A Journal of Transnational Studies 18, no. 3 (September 2015): 287–304. http://dx.doi.org/10.3138/diaspora.18.3.287.
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I propose to return to the two inaugural intellectual events in African Diaspora Studies, a 1965 conference in Dares Salaam and a 1979 conference in Washington, DC, in order to tease out how the original debates in those conferences helped form the contemporary study of the African diaspora. I pay especial attention to the question of the relationship between diaspora and nationalism, since the concept of the African diaspora was proposed and promoted at a key moment in the development of black nationalism as an ideology in North America and a practical concern in decolonizing Africa.
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Hummel, Rita L., Charles R. Johnson, and Orville M. Lindstrom. "Root and Shoot Growth Response of Three Container-Grown Kalmia latifolia L. Cultivars at Two Locations to Growing Medium and Nitrogen Form." Journal of Environmental Horticulture 8, no. 1 (March 1, 1990): 10–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.24266/0738-2898-8.1.10.
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Abstract Rooted liners of Kalmia latifolia L. ‘Elf’, ‘Freckles’ and ‘Goodrich’ were shipped to Griffin, Georgia, and Puyallup, Washington and were potted into 3.8 liter (# 1) containers. Factorial combinations of growing media (1 bark: 1 peat, 4 bark: 1 peat), NO3/NH4 ratios (100% NO3/0% NH4, 60% NO3/40% NH4, 20% NO3/80% NH4), and rates of N (40, 80, and 120 mg N/pot; 0.0014, 0.0028, and 0.0042 oz N/pot, resp.) were applied at both locations. Results indicated that a combination of the nitrate/ammonium forms of nitrogen (60/40 NO3/NH4) and the 80 mg/pot N rate produced the best overall shoot and root growth on all 3 cultivars at both locations. Root and shoot growth was not affected by growing media at either location. With the exception of lower pH readings for the Georgia media, results for the two locations were remarkably consistent.
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Smith, Gerald R., David R. Montgomery, N. Phil Peterson, and Bruce Crowley. "Spawning sockeye salmon fossils in Pleistocene lake beds of Skokomish Valley, Washington." Quaternary Research 68, no. 2 (September 2007): 227–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.yqres.2007.03.007.
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AbstractAn assemblage of fossil sockeye salmon was discovered in Pleistocene lake sediments along the South Fork Skokomish River, Olympic Peninsula, Washington. The fossils were abundant near the head of a former glacial lake at 115 m elevation. Large adult salmon are concentrated in a sequence of death assemblages that include individuals with enlarged breeding teeth and worn caudal fins indicating migration, nest digging, and spawning prior to death. The specimens were 4 yr old and 45–70 cm in total length, similar in size to modern sockeye salmon, not landlocked kokanee. The fossils possess most of the characteristics of sockeye salmon, Oncorhynchus nerka, but with several minor traits suggestive of pink salmon, O. gorbuscha. This suggests the degree of divergence of these species at about 1 million yr ago, when geological evidence indicates the salmon were deposited at the head of a proglacial lake impounded by the Salmon Springs advance of the Puget lobe ice sheet. Surficial geology and topography record a complicated history of glacial damming and river diversion that implies incision of the modern gorge of the South Fork Skokomish River after deposition of the fossil-bearing sediments.
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Chatters, James C., and Karin A. Hoover. "Changing Late Holocene Flooding Frequencies on the Columbia River, Washington." Quaternary Research 26, no. 3 (November 1986): 309–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0033-5894(86)90092-x.
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Data from prehistoric fluvial deposits can be used to extend the flood history of a river valley beyond historical records, thus increasing our understanding of variability in large, low-frequency flood events and providing a valuable means for paleoenvironmental reconstruction. We have applied this form of analysis to fluvial deposits from an archaeological site on the upper Columbia River in the state of Washington dating from 120 A.D.∗ to 1948 A.D. It was our expectation that, had flood frequencies remained constant, sedimentation event frequency would conform to an exponential function derived from the Wolman and Leopold model of vertical floodplain accretion. Our findings deviate from this model, showing that flood frequencies comparable to those of the twentieth century existed prior to 1020 A.D.∗ and after 1390 A.D.∗ Large floods were three to four times more common during the intervening centuries. On the basis of field evidence, we can rule out changing channel geometry, leaving climatic conditions as the most probable factors controlling this variation in flood frequency.
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Dock, Stephanie, Liza Cohen, Jonathan D. Rogers, Jamie Henson, Rachel Weinberger, Jason Schrieber, and Karina Ricks. "Methodology to Gather Multimodal Urban Trip Generation Data." Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 2500, no. 1 (January 2015): 48–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.3141/2500-06.
Full textAbstract:
Assessments of the impact of new land use development on the transportation network often rely on the ITE Trip Generation Manual informational report. Current ITE rates generally represent travel behavior for separated, single-use developments in low-density suburban areas. However, a more compact urban form, access to transit, and a greater mix of uses are known to generate fewer and shorter vehicle trips—and quite possibly more trips overall, especially in heavily urbanized areas like Washington, D.C. Local and national interest exists for generating data that expand upon existing trip rates (and similar parking generation rates) to include sites in diverse, dense contexts. The lack of adequate data on multimodal urban trip generation led the District Department of Transportation in Washington, D.C., to develop and test a streamlined methodology that meets the needs of practitioners who are evaluating the transportation impacts of new developments in dense, multimodal environments. This methodology focuses on capturing all trips to and from a site and the mode of all travelers, not just personal vehicle trips. The methodology was tested at mixed-use multifamily residential buildings but is intended for future use at a wide range of sites. This paper presents the methodology and rationale for a robust national data collection effort.
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Griffin, Farah Jasmine. "At Last …?: Michelle Obama, Beyoncé, Race & History." Daedalus 140, no. 1 (January 2011): 131–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/daed_a_00065.
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In this essay, Griffin brings to the fore two extraordinary black women of our age: First Lady Michelle Obama and entertainment mogul Beyonce Knowles. Both women signify change in race relations in America, yet both reveal that the history of racial inequality in this country is far from over. As an Ivy League-educated descendent of slaves, Michelle Obama is not just unfamiliar to the mainstream media and the Washington political scene; during the 2008 presidential campaign, she was vilified as angry and unpatriotic. Beyonce, who controls the direction of her career in a way that pioneering black women entertainers could not, has nonetheless styled herself in ways that recall the distinct racial history of the Creole South. Griffin considers how Michelle Obama's and Beyonce's use of their respective family histories and ancestry has bolstered or diminished their popular appeal.
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Taylor, John R., Mamatha Hanumappa, Lara Miller, Brendan Shane, and Matthew L. Richardson. "Facilitating Multifunctional Green Infrastructure Planning in Washington, DC through a Tableau Interface." Sustainability 13, no. 15 (July 27, 2021): 8390. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13158390.
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Multifunctional urban green infrastructure (UGI) can regulate stormwater, mitigate heat islands, conserve biodiversity and biocultural diversity, and produce food, among other functions. Equitable governance of UGI requires new tools for sharing pertinent information. Our goal was to develop a public-access geographic information system (GIS) that can be used for comprehensive UGI planning in Washington, DC (the District) and to create an e-tool for UGI in the form of Tableau dashboards. The dashboards allow stakeholders to identify (1) existing UGI and (2) potential areas for new UGI including urban agriculture (UA). They also allow users to manipulate the data and identify priority locations for equitable UGI development by applying population vulnerability indices and other filters. We demonstrate use of the dashboards through scenarios focusing on UA in the District, which currently has 150 ha of existing UGI in the form of documented projects and an additional 2734 ha potentially suitable for UGI development. A total of 2575 ha is potentially suitable for UA, with 56% of that area in Wards 5, 7, and 8, which are largely food deserts and whose residents are primarily Black and experience the greatest inequities. Our work can serve as a model for similar digital tools in other locales using Tableau and other platforms.
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Goncharenko, Anatoliy V., and Lybov G. Polyakova. "The Foreign Policy of the USA Towards the PRC During Gerald Ford Presidency: 1974-1977." SUMY HISTORICAL AND ARCHIVAL JOURNAL, no. 32 (2019): 46–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.21272/shaj.2019.i32.p.46.
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The article researches the US foreign policy towards the PRC during Gerald Ford presidency in 1974-1977. It describes the reasons, course and consequences of the intensification of the US foreign policy strategy in the Chinese direction during the investigated period. There was explored the practical realization of the “Pacific Doctrine”by Washington. The role of various groups in the American establishment in the question of the formation of the Chinese White House policy has been analyzed. The specific foreign policy actions of the administration of the US president Gerald Fordon the PRC in 1974-1977 are analyzed. The chief results of the foreign policy of the administration of the President of the United States Gerald Ford (1974-1977) concerning the PRC, which resulted from the real political steps taken by the leaders of both countries, was the establishment of systematic and reliable channels of bilateral ties, expansion of economic, scientific and cultural contacts, the beginning of a systematic exchange of views on the most important issues of international relations. In the second half of the 70’s of the twentieth century this dialogue ensured the continuity of China’s policy in Washington, which was based on the concept of a “balance of power”, while China played a complementary role in the foreign policy strategy of the White House. These factors formed the “Pacific Doctrine” of G. Ford, which gave Beijing the status of an American partner in maintaining a balance of power in the Asia-Pacific region and consolidated a positive assessment of the place and role of the People’s Republic of China in Asian politics in the United States of America. The return of American political thought to the ideas of the combination policy occurred in the formation of US-Soviet strategic parity and awareness of the ruling circles in the United States, due to the defeat in Vietnam, the limited resources of force influence on the international situation. Started in the United States the study of China’s behavior in the international arena and its power parameters made it possible then to draw a preliminary conclusion that the People’s Republic of China can fill the place of the missing link in the “triangle” of the global scheme – a place of counterweight to the USSR; this required the removal of a US-Chinese confrontation. However, the socio-political and ideological contradictions that were pushed to the foreground on the initial stage of the Chinese policy of the administration of G. Ford and the process of normalization of bilateral relations, again made themselves felt at a later stage. Their injection was promoted by the logic of the development of bilateral US-China relations, as well as by a number of internal objective and subjective reasons, as in the People’s Republic of China (a sharp increase in the struggle for power connected with the illness and death of Zhou Enlai and Mao Zedong), and in the United States (Gerald Ford made certain curtseys towards the American right-wing conservative forces and began to intensify approaches to Beijing and Moscow, and also the presidential campaign of 1976). Keywords: the USA, PRC, China, foreign policy, American-Chinese relations, “Pacific Doctrine”, Gerald Ford, Henry Kissinger , Mao Zedong, Deng Xiaoping.
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Hood, W. Gregory. "Landscape allometry: from tidal channel hydraulic geometry to benthic ecology." Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 59, no. 8 (August 1, 2002): 1418–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/f02-109.
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The use of hydraulic geometry and other geomorphic indices has been recommended for habitat restoration and creation of estuarine tidal channels. Although such an approach provides design guidance for tidal channel form, it does not provide guidance for the ecological consequences of channel form. This study investigates the potential linkage of the scaling of tidal channel form with ecological patterns and processes in estuarine tidal channels of the lower Chehalis River, Washington, U.S.A. Ebb tide surface velocity was related to channel size, as was exit time and export probability of tiny drogues, which mimic floating allochthonous detritus. Consequently, the amount of organic material in channel sediments scaled negatively with channel size as did the abundance of benthic surface deposit feeders. These observations suggest that the highest concentrations of fish feeding in estuarine tidal channels may be in smaller channels or in the smaller and more distal portions of large channels. Scaling of ecological patterns and processes with tidal channel size may be an example of a more general ecological scaling with landscape form, i.e., landscape allometry.
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Pigman, Geoffrey Allen, and John Kotsopoulos. "'Do This One For Me, George': Blair, Brown, Bono, Bush and the 'Actor-ness' of the G8." Hague Journal of Diplomacy 2, no. 2 (2007): 127–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/187119007x180520.
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AbstractSince the G7/G8 was created at Rambouillet in 1975, it has evolved from being only a venue for diplomacy to becoming a diplomatic actor in its own right. Heads of government, foreign ministers, finance ministers, sherpas, and later other ministers who started meeting and communicating annually at G7 summits, began to generate shared meanings and form a collective identity, even if shifting, that was different and distinct from the identities of the member governments. Participating in the G8 has over time changed the interests of its members, including those of its most powerful member, the United States, across a whole range of issue areas. For example, Britain's leadership of the G8 in 2005 and agenda-setting for the Gleneagles summit pushed poverty reduction in Africa to the fore as a policy priority for G8 members, without which it would have fallen much farther down the foreign policy priority ladder, particularly in Washington. The British G8 agenda facilitated activism by anti-poverty NGOs and eminent person diplomats in raising global social consciousness on the issue and demands for change. The effect of G8 agenda-setting supports the argument that the evolution of multilateral organizations into diplomatic actors in their own right has changed the character of contemporary diplomacy in important ways.
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Agárdi, Izabella. "Governance as a Strange Elephant Past Legacies, Current Complexities and Future Challenges On Navigating Troubled Waters (Ferenc Miszlivetz and Attila Pók eds., iASK 2020)." Köz-gazdaság 16, no. 2 (June 20, 2021): 264–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.14267/retp2021.02.21.
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The other night, as I was reading a book with a poetic and tragically apt title, the TV showed a crowd of rioters raiding the Capitol building in Washington DC. It was as if everything on the pages came to life in front of my eyes in the form of emblematic visual images: the crisis was visible, the tension palpable and never before have I felt a greater need for the return of common sense, rationality, solidarity and faith in institutions and shared values that societies have been trying to perfect and expand since the Enlightenment. Just like in a bad, sensationalist CIA-movie, I saw an example of the worst of our current civilisation: a deep crisis of not only political legitimacy but of democracy. The power of the past, the terrible ghost of the twentieth century came back to haunt, leaving me and many sleepless. What is going to happen? What is the way out of this? (...)
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Stonecipher, Clinton A., Casey Spackman, Kip E. Panter, and Juan J. Villalba. "The use of a herbicide as a tool to increase livestock consumption of medusahead (Taeniatherum caput-medusae)." Invasive Plant Science and Management 14, no. 2 (April 16, 2021): 106–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/inp.2021.12.
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AbstractMedusahead [Taeniatherum caput-medusae (L.) Nevski] is an invasive annual grass spreading into rangelands throughout the western United States. We tested cattle (Bos taurus L.) utilization of T. caput-medusae following treatment with glyphosate in two forms of its salt (potassium salt and isopropylamine salt) at three different rates of application; low (236 g ae ha−1), medium (394 g ae ha−1), and high rates (788 g ae ha−1) in eastern Washington. The herbicide was applied on April 26, 2016. A second location, northern Utah, was treated with glyphosate in the form of its isopropylamine salt at the high rate. The herbicide was applied on June 5, 2019. Cattle were allowed to start grazing T. caput-medusae 15 d after glyphosate treatment and had unlimited access to the glyphosate-treated plots for more than 85 d. The greatest utilization of T. caput-medusae occurred at the highest glyphosate application rate (P < 0.05), in Washington, with no difference between forms of glyphosate salt. Cattle also consumed T. caput-medusae at the Utah site (P < 0.05). Glyphosate treatment preserved the water-soluble carbohydrate content of T. caput-medusae at levels greater than the nontreated controls (P < 0.05) at both locations. The glyphosate treatment assisted in the increased utilization of T. caput-medusae by cattle and is a viable option for the reduction of T. caput-medusae while increasing the forage value of the weed.
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Hancock, D. D., T. E. Besser, M. L. Kinsel, P. I. Tarr, D. H. Rice, and M. G. Paros. "The prevalence ofEscherichia coliO157.H7 in dairy and beef cattle in Washington State." Epidemiology and Infection 113, no. 2 (October 1994): 199–207. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0950268800051633.
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SUMMARYEscherichia coliO157.H7 was found in 10 of 3570 (0·28%) faecal samples from dairy cattle in 5 of 60 herds (8·3%). Several tentative associations with manure handling and feeding management practices on dairy farms were identified. Faecal/urine slurry samples, bulk milk samples, and milk filters from dairy herds were negative forE. coli0157.H7.E. coli0157.H7 was also isolated from 10 of 1412 (0·71 %) faecal samples from pastured beef cattle in 4 of 25 (16%) herds. The prevalence ofE. coli0157. H7 excretion in feedlot beef cattle was 2 of 600 (0·33 %). The identification of cattle management practices associated with colonization of cattle byE. coli0157.H7 suggests the possibility that humanE. coliO157.H7 exposure may be reduced by cattle management procedures.
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Kerr, Gary, Victoria Stokes, Andrew Peace, Alan Fletcher, Sam Samuel, Hamish Mackintosh, and W. L. Mason. "No seed zone effects on the survival, growth, and stem form of Pacific silver fir (Abies amabilis) in Britain." Canadian Journal of Forest Research 46, no. 3 (March 2016): 427–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjfr-2015-0303.
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Pacific silver fir (Abies amabilis Douglas ex J. Forbes) was first introduced to Britain in 1830 but has not been widely planted and occupies a minute part of the forest estate. The results of six experiments established in the uplands of Britain examining material from 30 collection sites in 14 seed zones clearly demonstrate that its potential has not been recognised. The trials were assessed after 28 years and show that Pacific silver fir has the potential to be as productive as other common species options. There was little variation in performance between the 14 seed zones, and future seed collections could be carried out within a wide geographical range, including mainland British Columbia and Vancouver Island and the Olympic Mountains and western Cascades of Washington. The silvicultural characteristics of the species mean that it could be used more widely to diversify forests in Britain both as a plantation species and in the wider use of continuous cover management. More work is justified to determine its susceptibility to Annosum root rot (Heterobasidion annosum (Fr.) Bref), confirm its productivity on sites with rainfall below 800 mm·a–1 and (or) with a high peat content, and provide more detail on its wood properties.
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Gilson, Julie. "Emerging from Washington's shadow: Japan's new relations with Europe." European Review 8, no. 4 (October 2000): 521–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1062798700005081.
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On the rare occasions when Japan's relations with Europe are examined, they tend to be fixed within a trilateral structure at whose apex is the United States. This triangular framework was established in the aftermath of World War II, as a result of direct American involvement in the socio-economic reconstruction of Japan and the major countries of Western Europe. The current article examines how the very nature of the triangular relationship has changed over time, with the result that the trilateralism of the 1990s – in contrast to its earlier form – has served to facilitate the development of bilateral relations between Japan and the European Union and its member states.
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Han, Sushan, Kristin G. Mansfield, Dan S. Bradway, Thomas E. Besser, Deryck H. Read, Gary J. Haldorson, David P. Alt, and Jennifer H. Wilson-Welder. "Treponeme-Associated Hoof Disease of Free-Ranging Elk (Cervus elaphus) in Southwestern Washington State, USA." Veterinary Pathology 56, no. 1 (September 24, 2018): 118–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0300985818798108.
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A novel foot disease in free-ranging elk ( Cervus elaphus) in southwestern Washington State emerged in 2008 and spread throughout the region. Initial studies showed adult elk had chronic hoof overgrowth, sole ulcers, and sloughed hoof capsules, but no cause was determined. To identify possible causes and characterize the earliest lesions, 9-, 7-, and 3-month-old elk were collected. Nine-month-old elk had sole ulcers (3/9 elk) and sloughed/overgrown hoof capsules (4/9 elk) similar to adults. Histologically, lesions consisted of coronary, heel bulb, and interdigital ulcers with suppurative inflammation, epithelial hyperplasia, deeply invasive spirochetes, and underrunning of the hoof capsule and heel-sole junction. Spirochetes were identified as Treponema via immunohistochemistry and polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Seven-month-old elk had similar underrunning foot ulcers (6/8 elk) with Treponema identified in all lesions but no chronic overgrowth or sloughed hoof capsules. Three-month-old calves had superficial coronary erosions with no inflammation or identifiable spirochetes (3/5 elk) but were culture/PCR positive for Treponema, suggesting possible early lesions. Lesions from 9- and 7-month-old elk included aerobic and anaerobic bacteria, many of which are associated with infectious foot disease in livestock. Antibody enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay of 7- and 3-month-old elk from the enzootic region showed a trend toward increased Treponema antibody titers compared to normal control elk from outside the region, further supporting the significance of Treponema in the pathogenesis of foot disease. Treponeme-associated hoof disease (TAHD) in elk, a debilitating and progressive condition, shares similarities to bovine digital dermatitis and contagious ovine digital dermatitis.
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Neustadter, H. E., and D. A. Spera. "Method for Evaluating Wind Turbine Wake Effects on Wind Farm Performance." Journal of Solar Energy Engineering 107, no. 3 (August 1, 1985): 240–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.3267685.
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A method of testing the performance of a cluster of wind turbine units and data analysis equations are presented which together form a simple and direct procedure for determining the reduction in energy output caused by the wake of an upwind turbine. This method appears to solve the problems presented by data scatter and wind variability. Test data from the three-unit Mod-2 wind turbine cluster at Goldendale, Washington, are analyzed to illustrate the application of the proposed method. In this sample case the reduction in energy was found to be about 10 percent when the Mod-2 units were separated a distance equal to 7 dia and winds were below rated.
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Bawuah-Edusei, Kwame. "Commentary: An African Perspective on the Doha Round Negotiations." Global Economy Journal 5, no. 4 (December 7, 2005): 1850076. http://dx.doi.org/10.2202/1524-5861.1163.
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An African commentary on the Doha Development Round. Kwame Bawuah-Edusei is Ambassador of Ghana to Switzerland and Austria and Permanent Representative of Ghana to the UN offices and international organizations in Geneva, including the WTO. He obtained his MD degree in 1982 at the University of Science and Technology, School of Medical Sciences, Kumasi Ghana, worked in Ghana for two years, and later studied in the United States. He specialized in Family Medicine at Howard University Hospital, Washington DC, and worked as a physician for the Dewitt Army Hospital in Fort Belvoir, Virginia. He subsequently practiced at Educe Medical Center in Alexandria, Virginia. During this period he was active in promoting business in his native Ghana and extensively involved in humanitarian work in the deprived Northern part of his country. He became a community leader in North America and was instrumental in institutionalizing democracy in Ghana. He became a Director of the EO group, an energy Company, and President of Educe Incorporated in Ghana.
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Gerber, Elizabeth. "Emergency Contraception: Legal Consequences of Medical Classification." Journal of Law, Medicine & Ethics 36, no. 2 (June 2008): 428–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1073110500011293.
Full textAbstract:
Pharmacists with religious or ethical objections to prescribing emergency contraception won the latest round in the fight over conscience clauses in a case that could have broader implications for attempts to restrict access to contraception. In Stormans, Inc. v. Selecky, a federal District Court in Washington State granted an injunction to block the enforcement of regulations that would have forbidden pharmacists to refuse to dispense emergency contraception on the grounds of religious or ethical objections. In its decision, the court applied Supreme Court abortion precedent without explicitly ruling whether emergency contraception should be legally categorized as a form of abortion or as contraception. However, the legal status of emergency contraception affects the strength of the defendants’ claims that the law was justified on the grounds of preventing sex discrimination. In neglecting to rule one way or the other, the court not only failed to adequately consider the sex discrimination claim but also may have opened the door to more restrictive regulation on contraceptives generally.
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Julesz, Máté. "Euthanasia outside Europe." Orvosi Hetilap 155, no. 32 (August 2014): 1259–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1556/oh.2014.29978.
Full textAbstract:
The passive form of euthanasia is legalized almost in every civilized country. Its active form is not a generally accepted legal institution. In Europe, active euthanasia is legalized only in The Netherlands, Belgium, Luxembourg and Switzerland. In Australia, the Act on the Rights of the Terminally Ill of 1995 legalized the institution of assisted suicide, which is not identical to active euthanasia. The difference lies in the fact that legalized active euthanasia means that the author of a murder is not punishable (under certain circumstances), whilst assisted suicide is not about murder, rather about suicide. In the first case, the patient is killed on his or her request by someone else. In the second case, the patient himself or herself executes the act of self-killing (by the assistance of a healthcare worker). In Australia, the institution of assisted suicide was repealed in 1997. Assisted suicide is legal in four USA member states: in Vermont, Washington, Montana and Oregon. In Uruguay, the active form of euthanasia has been legal since 1932. Orv. Hetil., 2014, 155(32), 1259–1264.
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Morcos, Meredith B., Christian Lood, and Grant C. Hughes. "Demographic, Clinical, and Immunologic Correlates among a Cohort of 50 Cocaine Users Demonstrating Antineutrophil Cytoplasmic Antibodies." Journal of Rheumatology 46, no. 9 (May 15, 2019): 1151–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.3899/jrheum.180771.
Full textAbstract:
Objective.Cocaine/levamisole-associated autoimmunity syndrome (CLAAS) is a poorly understood form of drug-induced autoimmunity. Our goals were to better characterize the spectrum of clinical and immunologic features of CLAAS, to identify demographic risk factors, and to generate new hypotheses regarding pathogenesis.Methods.CLAAS subjects were identified between 2001 and 2015 at the University of Washington Medical Center, Harborview Medical Center, and affiliated clinics in Seattle, Washington, USA. Demographic, clinical, and immunologic variables were collected and correlated using contingency and logistic regression analyses. We used similar analyses to compare CLAAS subjects with all individuals exhibiting antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibodies (ANCA+) or cocaine use (Cocaine+) in an associated deidentified clinical data repository.Results.We identified 50 CLAAS subjects. Compared to all Cocaine+ individuals (n = 2740), CLAAS subjects were more likely to be female and less likely to self-identify as black/African American. CLAAS subjects showed several ANCA patterns, including anti-MPO (myeloperoxidase)/anti-PR3 (proteinase 3) dual reactivity, a finding that appears to be specific to CLAAS. Hematologic, renal, and skin abnormalities were most frequently reported, including neutropenia and skin purpura. Finally, we observed strong, independent associations between the cytoplasmic ANCA (C-ANCA) pattern and mortality.Conclusion.We identify sex and race as important risk modifiers in the developing CLAAS among cocaine users. The development of C-ANCA was associated with increased mortality. Moreover, we confirm the enriched presence of anti-MPO/anti-PR3 dual reactivity in CLAAS, further supporting the diagnostic utility of this feature.