Journal articles: 'Forni Glacier'

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Francese, R. G., A. Bondesan, M. Giorgi, S. Picotti, J. Carcione, M. C. Salvatore, F. Nicolis, and C. Baroni. "Geophysical signature of a World War I tunnel-like anomaly in the Forni Glacier (Punta Linke, Italian Alps)." Journal of Glaciology 65, no. 253 (September 4, 2019): 798–812. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/jog.2019.59.

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AbstractGlobal warming and the associated glacier retreat recently revealed the entrance to an ice–rock tunnel, at an altitude of ~3600 m a.s.l., in the uppermost portion of the Forni Glacier in the Central Italian Alps. The tunnel served as an entrance to an Austro-Hungarian cableway station excavated in the rocks during the Great War just behind the frontline. A comprehensive geophysical survey, based on seismic and ground-penetrating radar profiling, was then undertaken to map other possible World War I (WWI) remains still embedded in the ice. The ice–rock interface was reconstructed over the entire saddle and in the uppermost portion of the glacier. A prominent linear reflector was surprisingly similar to the common response of buried pipes. The reflector orientation, almost longitudinal to the slope, does not seem to be compatible with a glacial conduit or with other natural features. Numerical simulations of a series of possible targets constrained interpretation to a partly water-filled rounded shape cavity. The presence of a preserved WWI tunnel connecting Mount Vioz and Punta Linke could be considered a realistic hypothesis. The Forni glacier could be still considered polythermal and comprised of cold ice without basal sliding in its top portion.

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Fugazza, Davide, Marco Scaioni, Manuel Corti, Carlo D'Agata, Roberto Sergio Azzoni, Massimo Cernuschi, Claudio Smiraglia, and Guglielmina Adele Diolaiuti. "Combination of UAV and terrestrial photogrammetry to assess rapid glacier evolution and map glacier hazards." Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences 18, no. 4 (April 5, 2018): 1055–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/nhess-18-1055-2018.

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Abstract. Tourists and hikers visiting glaciers all year round face hazards such as sudden terminus collapses, typical of such a dynamically evolving environment. In this study, we analyzed the potential of different survey techniques to analyze hazards of the Forni Glacier, an important geosite located in Stelvio Park (Italian Alps). We carried out surveys in the 2016 ablation season and compared point clouds generated from an unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) survey, close-range photogrammetry and terrestrial laser scanning (TLS). To investigate the evolution of glacier hazards and evaluate the glacier thinning rate, we also used UAV data collected in 2014 and a digital elevation model (DEM) created from an aerial photogrammetric survey of 2007. We found that the integration between terrestrial and UAV photogrammetry is ideal for mapping hazards related to the glacier collapse, while TLS is affected by occlusions and is logistically complex in glacial terrain. Photogrammetric techniques can therefore replace TLS for glacier studies and UAV-based DEMs hold potential for becoming a standard tool in the investigation of glacier thickness changes. Based on our data sets, an increase in the size of collapses was found over the study period, and the glacier thinning rates went from 4.55 ± 0.24 m a−1 between 2007 and 2014 to 5.20 ± 1.11 m a−1 between 2014 and 2016.

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Azzoni, Roberto Sergio, Antonella Senese, Andrea Zerboni, Maurizio Maugeri, Claudio Smiraglia, and Guglielmina Adele Diolaiuti. "Estimating ice albedo from fine debris cover quantified by a semi-automatic method: the case study of Forni Glacier, Italian Alps." Cryosphere 10, no. 2 (March 16, 2016): 665–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/tc-10-665-2016.

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Abstract. In spite of the quite abundant literature focusing on fine debris deposition over glacier accumulation areas, less attention has been paid to the glacier melting surface. Accordingly, we proposed a novel method based on semi-automatic image analysis to estimate ice albedo from fine debris coverage (d). Our procedure was tested on the surface of a wide Alpine valley glacier (the Forni Glacier, Italy), in summer 2011, 2012 and 2013, acquiring parallel data sets of in situ measurements of ice albedo and high-resolution surface images. Analysis of 51 images yielded d values ranging from 0.01 to 0.63 and albedo was found to vary from 0.06 to 0.32. The estimated d values are in a linear relation with the natural logarithm of measured ice albedo (R = −0.84). The robustness of our approach in evaluating d was analyzed through five sensitivity tests, and we found that it is largely replicable. On the Forni Glacier, we also quantified a mean debris coverage rate (Cr) equal to 6 g m−2 per day during the ablation season of 2013, thus supporting previous studies that describe ongoing darkening phenomena at Alpine debris-free glaciers surface. In addition to debris coverage, we also considered the impact of water (both from melt and rainfall) as a factor that tunes albedo: meltwater occurs during the central hours of the day, decreasing the albedo due to its lower reflectivity; instead, rainfall causes a subsequent mean daily albedo increase slightly higher than 20 %, although it is short-lasting (from 1 to 4 days).

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Alessio, Golzio, Crespi Alice, Irene Maria Bollati, Senese Antonella, Guglielmina Adele Diolaiuti, Pelfini Manuela, and Maugeri Maurizio. "High-Resolution Monthly Precipitation Fields (1913–2015) over a Complex Mountain Area Centred on the Forni Valley (Central Italian Alps)." Advances in Meteorology 2018 (2018): 1–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2018/9123814.

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Mountain environments are extremely influenced by climate change but are also often affected by the lack of long and high-quality meteorological data, especially in glaciated areas, which limits the ability to investigate the acting processes at local scale. For this reason, we checked a method to reconstruct high-resolution spatial distribution and temporal evolution of precipitation. The study area is centred on the Forni Glacier area (Central Italian Alps), where an automatic weather station is present since 2005. We set up a model based on monthly homogenised precipitation series and we spatialised climatologies and anomalies on a 30-arc-second-resolution DEM, using Local Weighted Linear Regression (LWLR) and Regression Kriging (RK) of precipitation versus elevation, in order to test the most suitable approach for this complex terrain area. The comparison shows that LWLR has a better reconstruction ability for winter while RK slightly prevails during summer. The results of precipitation spatialisation were compared with station observations and with data collected at the weather station on Forni Glacier, which were not used to calibrate the model. A very good agreement between observed and modelled precipitation records was pointed out for most station sites. The agreement is lower, but encouraging, for Forni Glacier station data.

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Scaioni, M., L. Barazzetti, M. Corti, J. Crippa, R. S. Azzoni, D. Fugazza, M. Cernuschi, and G. A. Diolaiuti. "INTEGRATION OF TERRESTRIAL AND UAV PHOTOGRAMMETRY FOR THE ASSESSMENT OF COLLAPSE RISK IN ALPINE GLACIERS." ISPRS - International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences XLII-3/W4 (March 6, 2018): 445–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/isprs-archives-xlii-3-w4-445-2018.

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Abstract. The application of Structure-from-Motion photogrammetry with ground-based and UAV-based camera stations can be effectively exploited for modeling the topographic surface of Alpine glaciers. Multi-temporal repeated surveys may lead to geometric models that may be applied to analyze the glacier retreat under global warming conditions. Here the case study of Forni Glacier in the Italian Alps is presented. Thanks to the integration of point clouds obtained from the independent photogrammetric processing of ground-based and UAV blocks of images (captured on 2016), a complete 3D reconstruction also including vertical and sub-vertical surfaces has been achieved. This 3D model, compared to a second model obtained from a ground-based photogrammetric survey on September 2017, has been exploited to understand the precursory signal of a big collapse that might have involved tourists and hikers visiting the glacier ice tongue during summer. In addition to some technical aspects related to the acquisition and processing of photogrammetric data of glaciers, this paper highlights how Structure-from-Motion photogrammetry may help evaluate the risk of collapse in Alpine glaciers.

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Garavaglia, Valentina, Manuela Pelfini, and Irene Bollati. "The influence of climate change on glacier geomorphosites: the case of two Italian glaciers (Miage Glacier, Forni Glacier)investigated through dendrochronology." Géomorphologie : relief, processus, environnement 16, no. 2 (July 1, 2010): 153–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.4000/geomorphologie.7895.

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Yordanov, V., D. Fugazza, R. S. Azzoni, M. Cernuschi, M. Scaioni, and G. A. Diolaiuti. "MONITORING ALPINE GLACIERS FROM CLOSE-RANGE TO SATELLITE SENSORS." ISPRS - International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences XLII-2/W13 (June 5, 2019): 1803–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/isprs-archives-xlii-2-w13-1803-2019.

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Abstract. In this paper the use of different types of remote-sensing techniques for monitoring topographic changes of Alpine glaciers is presented and discussed. Close range photogrammetry based on Structure-from-Motion approach is adopted to process images recorded from ground-based and drone-based stations in order to output dense point clouds. These are then directly compared to detect local changes by mean of M3C2 algorithm, while digital elevation models are interpolated to find global ice thinning and retreat. Medium-resolution satellite imagery can be exploited to monitor the glacier evolution at lower resolution but including the development and collapse of large crevasses. A case study concerning the Forni Glacier in the Raethian Alps (Italy) is presented to demonstrate the feasibility of the proposed approach by adopting data sets collected from 2016 to 2018.

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Senese, Antonella, Veronica Manara, Maurizio Maugeri, and Guglielmina Adele Diolaiuti. "Comparing Measured Incoming Shortwave and Longwave Radiation on a Glacier Surface with Estimated Records from Satellite and Off-Glacier Observations: A Case Study for the Forni Glacier, Italy." Remote Sensing 12, no. 22 (November 12, 2020): 3719. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs12223719.

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The development of methods for quantifying meltwater from glaciated areas is very important for better management of water resources and because of the strong impact of current and expected climate change on the Alpine cryosphere. Radiative fluxes are the main melt-drivers, but they can generally not be derived from in situ measures because glaciers are usually located in remote areas where the number of meteorological stations is very low. For this reason, focusing, as a case study, on one of the few glaciers with a supraglacial automatic weather station (Forni Glacier), we investigated methods based on both satellite records and off-glacier surface observations to estimate incoming short- and long-wave radiation at the glacier surface (SWin and LWin). Specifically, for SWin, we considered CM SAF SARAH satellite gridded surface solar irradiance fields and data modeled by cloud transmissivity parametrized from both CM SAF COMET satellite cloud fractional cover fields and daily temperature range observed at the closest off-glacier station. We then used the latter two data sources to derive LWin too. Finally, we used the estimated SWin and LWin records to assess the errors obtained when introducing estimated rather than measured incoming radiation data to quantify glacier melting by means of an energy balance model. Our results suggest that estimated SWin and LWin records derived from satellite measures are in better agreement with in situ observations than estimated SWin and LWin records parametrized from observations performed at the closest off-glacier station. Moreover, we find that the former estimated records permit a significantly better quantification of glacier melting than the latter estimated ones.

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Senese, A., M. Maugeri, E. Vuillermoz, C. Smiraglia, and G. Diolaiuti. "Using daily air temperature thresholds to evaluate snow melting occurrence and amount on Alpine glaciers by T-index models: the case study of the Forni Glacier (Italy)." Cryosphere 8, no. 5 (October 22, 2014): 1921–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/tc-8-1921-2014.

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Abstract. Glacier melt conditions (i.e., null surface temperature and positive energy budget) can be assessed by analyzing data acquired by a supraglacial automatic weather station (AWS), such as the station installed on the surface of Forni Glacier (Italian Alps). When an AWS is not present, the assessment of actual melt conditions and the evaluation of the melt amount is more difficult and simple methods based on T-index (or degree days) models are generally applied. These models require the choice of a correct temperature threshold. In fact, melt does not necessarily occur at daily air temperatures higher than 0 °C. In this paper, we applied both energy budget and T-index approaches with the aim of solving this issue. We start by distinguishing between the occurrence of snowmelt and the reduction in snow depth due to actual ablation (from snow depth data recorded by a sonic ranger). Then we find the daily average temperature thresholds (by analyzing temperature data acquired by an AWS on Forni Glacier) which, on the one hand, best capture the occurrence of significant snowmelt conditions and, on the other, make it possible, using the T-index, to quantify the actual snow ablation amount. Finally we investigated the applicability of the mean tropospheric lapse rate to reproduce air temperature conditions at the glacier surface starting from data acquired by weather stations located outside the glacier area. We found that the mean tropospheric lapse rate allows for a good and reliable reconstruction of glacier air temperatures and that the choice of an appropriate temperature threshold in T-index models is a very important issue. From our study, the application of the +0.5 °C temperature threshold allows for a consistent quantification of snow ablation while, instead, for detecting the beginning of the snow melting processes a suitable threshold has proven to be at least −4.6 °C.

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Azzoni, R. S., A. Senese, A. Zerboni, M. Maugeri, C. Smiraglia, and G. A. Diolaiuti. "A novel integrated method to describe dust and fine supraglacial debris and their effects on ice albedo: the case study of Forni Glacier, Italian Alps." Cryosphere Discussions 8, no. 3 (June 13, 2014): 3171–206. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/tcd-8-3171-2014.

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Abstract. We investigated the characteristics of sparse and fine debris coverage at the glacier melting surface and its relation to ice albedo. In spite of the abundant literature dealing with dust and black carbon deposition on glacier accumulation areas (i.e.: on snow and firn), few studies that describe the distribution and properties of fine and discontinuous debris and black carbon at the melting surface of glaciers are available. Furthermore, guidelines are needed to standardize field samplings and lab analyses thus permitting comparisons among different glaciers. We developed a protocol to (i) sample fine and sparse supraglacial debris and dust, (ii) quantify their surface coverage and the covering rate, (iii) describe composition and sedimentological properties, (iv) measure ice albedo and (v) identify the relationship between ice albedo and fine debris coverage. The procedure was tested on the Forni Glacier surface (northern Italy), in summer 2011, 2012 and 2013, when the fine debris and dust presence had marked variability in space and time (along the glacier tongue and from the beginning to the end of summer) thus influencing ice albedo: in particular the natural logarithm of albedo was found to depend on the percentage of glacier surface covered by debris. Debris and dust analyses indicate generally a local origin (from nesting rockwalls) and the organic content was locally high. Nevertheless the finding of some cenospheres suggests an anthropic contribution to the superficial dust as well. Moreover, the effect of liquid precipitation on ice albedo was not negligible, but short lasting (from 1 to 4 day long), thus indicating that also other processes affect ice albedo and ice melt rates and then some attention has to be spent analysing frequency and duration of summer rainfalls for better describing albedo and melt variability.

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Azzoni, Roberto S., Davide Fugazza, Andrea Zerboni, Antonella Senese, Carlo D’Agata, Davide Maragno, Alessandro Carzaniga, Massimo Cernuschi, and Guglielmina A. Diolaiuti. "Evaluating high-resolution remote sensing data for reconstructing the recent evolution of supra glacial debris." Progress in Physical Geography: Earth and Environment 42, no. 1 (January 16, 2018): 3–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0309133317749434.

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Over the last decades, the expansion of supraglacial debris on worldwide mountain glaciers has been reported. Nevertheless, works dealing with the detection and mapping of supraglacial debris and detailed analyses aimed at identifying the temporal and spatial trends affecting glacier debris cover are still limited. In this study, we used different remote sensing sources to detect and map the supraglacial debris cover, to analyze its evolution, and to assess the potential of different remote-sensed image data. We performed our analyses on the glaciers of Ortles-Cevedale Group (Stelvio Park, Italy), one of the most representative glacierized sectors of the European Alps. High-resolution airborne orthophotos (pixel size 0.5 m × 0.5 m) acquired during the summer season in the years 2003, 2007, and 2012 permitted to map in detail, with an error lower than ±5%, the supraglacial debris cover through a maximum likelihood classification. Our findings suggest that over the period 2003–2012, supraglacial debris cover increased from 16.7% to 30.1% of the total glacier area. On Forni Glacier we extended these quantification thanks to the availability of UAV (Unmanned Aerial Vehicle) orthophotos from 2014 and 2015 (pixel size 0.15 m × 0.15 m): this detailed analysis permitted to confirm debris is increasing on the glacier melting surface (+20.4%) and confirms the requirement of high-resolution data in debris mapping on Alpine glaciers. Finally, we also checked the suitability of medium-resolution Landsat ETM+ data and Sentinel 2 data to map debris in a typical Alpine glaciation scenario where small ice bodies (<0.5 km2) are the majority. The results we obtained suggest that medium-resolution data are not suitable for a detailed description and evaluation of supraglacial debris cover in the Alpine scenario, nevertheless Sentinel 2 proved to be appropriate for a preliminary mapping of the main debris features.

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Pittino, Francesca, Maurizio Maglio, Isabella Gandolfi, Roberto Sergio Azzoni, Guglielmina Diolaiuti, Roberto Ambrosini, and Andrea Franzetti. "Bacterial communities of cryoconite holes of a temperate alpine glacier show both seasonal trends and year-to-year variability." Annals of Glaciology 59, no. 77 (August 23, 2018): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/aog.2018.16.

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ABSTRACTCryoconite holes are small depressions of the glacier surface filled with melting water and with a wind-blown debris on the bottom. These environments are considered hot spots of biodiversity and biological activities on glaciers and host communities dominated by bacteria. Most of the studies on cryoconite holes assume that their communities are stable. However, evidence of seasonal variation in cryoconite hole ecological communities exists. We investigated the variation of the bacterial communities of cryoconite holes of Forni Glacier (Central Italian Alps) during the melting seasons (July–September) 2013 and 2016, for which samples at three and five time-points, respectively were available. Bacterial communities were characterized by high-throughput Illumina sequencing of the hypervariable V5−V6 regions of 16S rRNA gene, while meteorological data were obtained by an automatic weather station. We found consistent trends in bacterial communities, which shifted from cyanobacteria-dominated communities in July to communities dominated by heterotrophic orders in late August and September. Temperature seems also to affect seasonal dynamics of communities. We also compared bacterial communities at the beginning of the melting season across 4 years (2012, 2013, 2015 and 2016) and found significant year-to-year variability. Cryoconite hole communities on temperate glaciers are therefore not temporally stable.

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Senese, Antonella, Maurizio Maugeri, Eraldo Meraldi, Gian Pietro Verza, Roberto Sergio Azzoni, Chiara Compostella, and Guglielmina Diolaiuti. "Estimating the snow water equivalent on a glacierized high elevation site (Forni Glacier, Italy)." Cryosphere 12, no. 4 (April 12, 2018): 1293–306. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/tc-12-1293-2018.

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Abstract. We present and compare 11 years of snow data (snow depth and snow water equivalent, SWE) measured by an automatic weather station (AWS) and corroborated by data from field campaigns on the Forni Glacier in Italy. The aim of the analysis is to estimate the SWE of new snowfall and the annual SWE peak based on the average density of the new snow at the site (corresponding to the snowfall during the standard observation period of 24 h) and automated snow depth measurements. The results indicate that the daily SR50 sonic ranger measurements and the available snow pit data can be used to estimate the mean new snow density value at the site, with an error of ±6 kg m−3. Once the new snow density is known, the sonic ranger makes it possible to derive SWE values with an RMSE of 45 mm water equivalent (if compared with snow pillow measurements), which turns out to be about 8 % of the total SWE yearly average. Therefore, the methodology we present is interesting for remote locations such as glaciers or high alpine regions, as it makes it possible to estimate the total SWE using a relatively inexpensive, low-power, low-maintenance, and reliable instrument such as the sonic ranger.

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Golzio, Alessio, Silvia Ferrarese, Claudio Cassardo, Gugliemina Adele Diolaiuti, and Manuela Pelfini. "Land-Use Improvements in the Weather Research and Forecasting Model over Complex Mountainous Terrain and Comparison of Different Grid Sizes." Boundary-Layer Meteorology 180, no. 2 (April 28, 2021): 319–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10546-021-00617-1.

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AbstractWeather forecasts over mountainous terrain are challenging due to the complex topography that is necessarily smoothed by actual local-area models. As complex mountainous territories represent 20% of the Earth’s surface, accurate forecasts and the numerical resolution of the interaction between the surface and the atmospheric boundary layer are crucial. We present an assessment of the Weather Research and Forecasting model with two different grid spacings (1 km and 0.5 km), using two topography datasets (NASA Shuttle Radar Topography Mission and Global Multi-resolution Terrain Elevation Data 2010, digital elevation models) and four land-cover-description datasets (Corine Land Cover, U.S. Geological Survey land-use, MODIS30 and MODIS15, Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer land-use). We investigate the Ortles Cevadale region in the Rhaetian Alps (central Italian Alps), focusing on the upper Forni Glacier proglacial area, where a micrometeorological station operated from 28 August to 11 September 2017. The simulation outputs are compared with observations at this micrometeorological station and four other weather stations distributed around the Forni Glacier with respect to the latent heat, sensible heat and ground heat fluxes, mixing-layer height, soil moisture, 2-m air temperature, and 10-m wind speed. The different model runs make it possible to isolate the contributions of land use, topography, grid spacing, and boundary-layer parametrizations. Among the considered factors, land use proves to have the most significant impact on results.

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Scaioni, M., M. Corti, G. Diolaiuti, D. Fugazza, and M. Cernuschi. "LOCAL AND GENERAL MONITORING OF FORNI GLACIER (ITALIAN ALPS) USING MULTI-PLATFORM STRUCTURE-FROM-MOTION PHOTOGRAMMETRY." ISPRS - International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences XLII-2/W7 (September 14, 2017): 1547–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/isprs-archives-xlii-2-w7-1547-2017.

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Experts from the University of Milan have been investigating Forni Glacier in the Italian alps for decades, resulting in the archive of a cumbersome mass of observed data. While the analysis of archive maps, medium resolution satellite images and DEM’s may provide an overview of the long-term processes, the application of close-range sensing techniques offers the unprecedented opportunity to operate a 4D reconstruction of the glacier geometry at both global and local levels. In the latest years the availability of high-resolution DEM's from stereo-photogrammetry (2007) and UAV-photogrammetry (2014 and 2016) has allowed an improved analysis of the glacier ice-mass balance within time. During summer 2016 a methodology to record the local disruption processes has been investigated. The presence of vertical and sub-vertical surfaces has motivated the use of Structure-from-Motion Photogrammetry from ground-based stations, which yielded results comparable to the ones achieved using a long-range terrestrial laser scanner. This technique may be assumed as benchmarking for accuracy assessment, but is more difficult to be operated in high-mountain areas. Nevertheless, the measurement of GCP’s for the terrestrial photogrammetric project has revealed to be a complex task, involving the need of a total station a GNSS. The effect of network geometry on the final output has also been investigated for SfM-Photogrammetry, considering the severe limitations implied in the Alpine environment.

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Azzoni, Roberto Sergio, Davide Fugazza, Marta Zennaro, Michele Zucali, Carlo D’Agata, Davide Maragno, Massimo Cernuschi, Claudio Smiraglia, and Guglielmina Adele Diolaiuti. "Recent structural evolution of Forni Glacier tongue (Ortles-Cevedale Group, Central Italian Alps)." Journal of Maps 13, no. 2 (November 8, 2017): 870–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/17445647.2017.1394227.

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Di Rita, M., D. Fugazza, V. Belloni, G. Diolaiuti, M. Scaioni, and M. Crespi. "GLACIER VOLUME CHANGE MONITORING FROM UAV OBSERVATIONS: ISSUES AND POTENTIALS OF STATE-OF-THE-ART TECHNIQUES." ISPRS - International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences XLIII-B2-2020 (August 12, 2020): 1041–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/isprs-archives-xliii-b2-2020-1041-2020.

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Abstract. Alpine glaciers play a key role in our society through the production of freshwater for domestic, industrial and agricultural use. As they are severely affected by climate change, it is of crucial importance to understand their behaviour and monitor their morphological evolution, with the primary aims to estimate ice volume and mass changes. However, the accurate retrieval of glacier morphology changes over time is not an easy task. In this context, the use of Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs) is of interest to the glaciological community because of their flexibility, fine spatial detail and ease of processing with state-of-the-art software packages, which makes them an ideal candidate to investigate glacier changes. The goal of this work is to assess the accuracy that can be obtained with UAVs observations when comparing volume changes computed from multi-temporal acquisitions on an Alpine glacier, on the basis of a photogrammetric pipeline implemented in Leica Infinity software. The study area is Forni Glacier in Raethian Alps, Italy. Two photogrammetric blocks were acquired in 2014 and 2016 using different UAVs: a fixed-wing drone in 2014 and an in-house multicopter in 2016. Ground Control Points (GCPs) were established only during the 2016 survey which was used to establish the reference datum. Different techniques to co-register the 2014 dataset to the 2016 dataset were applied and compared: 1) using points extracted from the 2016 Dense Point Cloud (DPC) as GCPs for the 2014 DPC generation; 2) shifting and rotating the raw 2014 DPC, using manually digitised common points from the 2014 and 2016 DPCs in Leica Infinity; 3) first manually shifting, then automatically roto-translating with the Iterative Closest Point (ICP) algorithm the raw 2014 DPC in CloudCompare. The investigation shows a good agreement of the three co-registration methods in terms of height and ice volume changes and the potential of UAV data processing with Leica Infinity for glacier monitoring even when the acquisition conditions are problematic (lack of ground control points, sub-optimal image quality).

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Belloni, V., D. Fugazza, and M. Di Rita. "UAV-BASED GLACIER MONITORING: GNSS KINEMATIC TRACK POST-PROCESSING AND DIRECT GEOREFERENCING FOR ACCURATE RECONSTRUCTIONS IN CHALLENGING ENVIRONMENTS." International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences XLIII-B1-2022 (May 30, 2022): 367–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/isprs-archives-xliii-b1-2022-367-2022.

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Abstract. Continuous monitoring of glaciers is of key importance to understand their morphological evolution over time and monitor the impact of climate change. Recently, Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs) have proven to be ideal candidates for glacier monitoring thanks to their flexibility and ease of processing with software packages. Traditionally, for high-accurate and geodetically relevant results, Ground Control Points (GCPs) need to be homogeneously distributed over the area of interest and manually identified in the imagery to guarantee accurate reconstructions. However, the GCP setup is always time consuming and, in many cases, a difficult operation due to logistic constraints. Nowadays, many UAVs offer GNSS Real Time Kinematic (RTK) capabilities that usually highly improve 3D reconstructions. However, there are circumstances in which an RTK solution cannot be directly achieved in the field. This is particularly frequent in challenging mountain environments such as glaciers. In such cases, post-processing UAV GNSS kinematic tracks could represent a powerful approach for improving the quality of 3D models. The goal of this work is to investigate the potential of UAV track post-processing combined with direct georeferencing for accurate 3D reconstructions without the need for GCPs in a complex environment of an Alpine glacier. The study area is Forni Glacier in the Rhaetian Alps, Italy. The data were acquired during two campaigns performed in August 2020 and August 2021 and include UAV images captured using a DJI Phantom 4 RTK and target positions measured with Leica GS18 I receivers. The data were processed using a pipeline entirely implemented in the Leica Infinity software that combines GNSS post-processing, a standard photogrammetric pipeline and a new tool to post-process GNSS kinematic tracks of UAVs. The approach based on UAV track post-processing and direct georeferencing was assessed using the acquired targets as Check Points (CPs) and compared to a standard photogrammetric approach in terms of glacier height loss computation. The results show Root Mean Square Errors (RMSEs) of the CPs below 4 cm for both the 2020 and 2021 campaigns. As for glacier height loss computation, the DPCs generated from the two surveys using a standard photogrammetric approach and a workflow based on UAV track post-processing and direct georeferencing were differentiated to compute the height differences of the glacier surfaces over one year. The two investigated approaches show similar results with an average height loss of 5 metres measured on the glacier tongue and demonstrate that UAV track post-processing can compensate for the RTK signal loss allowing accurate 3D reconstruction and eliminating the need for GCPs, especially if pre-calibration is performed.

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Scaioni, M., J. Crippa, M. Corti, L. Barazzetti, D. Fugazza, R. Azzoni, M. Cernuschi, and G. A. Diolaiuti. "TECHNICAL ASPECTS RELATED TO THE APPLICATION OF SFM PHOTOGRAMMETRY IN HIGH MOUNTAIN." ISPRS - International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences XLII-2 (May 30, 2018): 1029–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/isprs-archives-xlii-2-1029-2018.

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Structure-from-Motion (SfM) photogrammetry is a flexible and powerful tool to provide 3D point clouds describing the surface of objects. Due to the easy transportability and low-cost of necessary equipment with respect to laser scanning techniques, SfM photogrammetry has great potential to be applied in harsh high-mountain environment. Here point clouds and derived by-products (DEM’s, orthoimages, Virtual-Reality models) are needed to document surface morphology and to investigate dynamic processes such as landslides, avalanches, river and soil erosion, glacier retreat. On the other hand, from both the literature and the direct experience of the authors, there are some technical issues that still deserve thorough investigations. The paper would like to address some open problems and suggest solutions, in particular on regards of the photogrammetric network design, the strategy for georeferencing the final products, and for their comparison within time. The discussion is documented with some examples, mainly from surveying campaigns at the Forni Glacier in Italian Alps.

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Senese, A., M. Maugeri, E. Vuillermoz, C. Smiraglia, and G. Diolaiuti. "Air temperature thresholds to evaluate snow melting at the surface of Alpine glaciers by T-index models: the case study of Forni Glacier (Italy)." Cryosphere Discussions 8, no. 2 (March 18, 2014): 1563–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/tcd-8-1563-2014.

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Abstract. The glacier melt conditions (i.e.: null surface temperature and positive energy budget) can be assessed by analyzing meteorological and energy data acquired by a supraglacial Automatic Weather Station (AWS). In the case this latter is not present the assessment of actual melting conditions and the evaluation of the melt amount is difficult and simple methods based on T-index (or degree days) models are generally applied. These models require the choice of a correct temperature threshold. In fact, melt does not necessarily occur at daily air temperatures higher than 273.15 K. In this paper, to detect the most indicative threshold witnessing melt conditions in the April–June period, we have analyzed air temperature data recorded from 2006 to 2012 by a supraglacial AWS set up at 2631 m a.s.l. on the ablation tongue of the Forni Glacier (Italian Alps), and by a weather station located outside the studied glacier (at Bormio, a village at 1225 m a.s.l.). Moreover we have evaluated the glacier energy budget and the Snow Water Equivalent (SWE) values during this time-frame. Then the snow ablation amount was estimated both from the surface energy balance (from supraglacial AWS data) and from T-index method (from Bormio data, applying the mean tropospheric lapse rate and varying the air temperature threshold) and the results were compared. We found that the mean tropospheric lapse rate permits a good and reliable reconstruction of glacier air temperatures and the major uncertainty in the computation of snow melt is driven by the choice of an appropriate temperature threshold. From our study using a 5.0 K lower threshold value (with respect to the largely applied 273.15 K) permits the most reliable reconstruction of glacier melt.

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Fugazza, Davide, Antonella Senese, Roberto Sergio Azzoni, Maurizio Maugeri, and Guglielmina Adele Diolaiuti. "Spatial distribution of surface albedo at the Forni Glacier (Stelvio National Park, Central Italian Alps)." Cold Regions Science and Technology 125 (May 2016): 128–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.coldregions.2016.02.006.

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Gobbi, Mauro, Fiorenza De Bernardi, Manuela Pelfini, Bruno Rossaro, and Pietro Brandmayr. "Epigean Arthropod Succession along a 154-year Glacier Foreland Chronosequence in the Forni Valley (Central Italian Alps)." Arctic, Antarctic, and Alpine Research 38, no. 3 (August 2006): 357–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1657/1523-0430(2006)38[357:easaay]2.0.co;2.

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Pelfini, Manuela, Giovanni Leonelli, Luca Trombino, Andrea Zerboni, Irene Bollati, Aurora Merlini, Claudio Smiraglia, and Guglielmina Diolaiuti. "New data on glacier fluctuations during the climatic transition at ~4,000 cal. year BP from a buried log in the Forni Glacier forefield (Italian Alps)." Rendiconti Lincei 25, no. 4 (October 22, 2014): 427–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12210-014-0346-5.

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Senese, Antonella, Guglielmina Diolaiuti, Claudia Mihalcea, and Claudio Smiraglia. "Energy and Mass Balance of Forni Glacier (Stelvio National Park, Italian Alps) from a Four-Year Meteorological Data Record." Arctic, Antarctic, and Alpine Research 44, no. 1 (February 2012): 122–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1657/1938-4246-44.1.122.

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Garavaglia, Valentina, Guglielmina Diolaiuti, Claudio Smiraglia, Vera Pasquale, and Manuela Pelfini. "Evaluating Tourist Perception of Environmental Changes as a Contribution to Managing Natural Resources in Glacierized Areas: A Case Study of the Forni Glacier (Stelvio National Park, Italian Alps)." Environmental Management 50, no. 6 (September 29, 2012): 1125–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00267-012-9948-9.

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Slizowski, Jaroslaw, Zenon Pilecki, Kazimierz Urbanczyk, Elzbieta Pilecka, Leszek Lankof, and Rafal Czarny. "Site Assessment for Astroparticle Detector Location in Evaporites of the Polkowice-Sieroszowice Copper Ore Mine, Poland." Advances in High Energy Physics 2013 (2013): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/461764.

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The aim of the work was to evaluate the possibilities of excavating a chamber for the Glacier detector, a cylinder with a 74 m diameter and 38 m height filled with 100 kT of liquid argon, in the Polkowice-Sieroszowice copper ore mine in the Legnica-Glogow Copper Area (LGOM). Two potential locations were analyzed in a rock salt layer more than 100 m thick at the depth of 1000 m and in the anhydrite layer of about 100 m thick at the depth of 650 m, both lying above the copper ore deposit. The numerical analyses, based on geological, geophysical, and geomechanical research, were carried out to determine the behavior of the system of the chamber and surrounding rock mass. Two creep laws have been adopted for rock salt in the numerical models, Norton and Lubby2. Their coefficients have been adjusted forin situmeasurements of the mine galleries convergence starting from the results of laboratory tests. Displacement and stresses of the rock salt in the chamber vicinity are much greater for the Lubby2 law. The displacements indicated at the chamber contour are the reason that the alternative location in the anhydrite layer was more advantageous.

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Longhi, A., and M. Guglielmin. "The glacial history since the Last Glacial Maximum in the Forni Valley (Italian Central Alps). Reconstruction based on Schmidt's Hammer R-values and crystallinity ratio indices of soils." Geomorphology 387 (August 2021): 107765. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.geomorph.2021.107765.

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Biswas, R. H. "Development and Application of Luminescence to Earth and Planetary Sciences: Some Landmarks." Defect and Diffusion Forum 357 (July 2014): 217–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ddf.357.217.

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Luminescence, mainly thermoluminescence (TL) and optically stimulated luminescence (OSL), has been researched for more than five decades towards its application to earth and planetary sciences. Luminescence production mechanism has been understood through several theoretical studies, like analytical kinetic theory, numerical models along with the experimental results. Instrument development has progressed with aim from user friendly TL/OSL reader dedicated for dating to challenging reader forin-situMartian sediment dating. Since the development of optical dating in 1985, the technique revolutionised the research in earth sciences. And since then to recent, many methodologies have been developed and some are in developing stage using different signals, like, single grain OSL, red TL, time resolved OSL, thermally transferred OSL (TT-OSL), post infrared-infrared stimulated luminescence (pIR-IRSL), violet light stimulated luminescence (VSL), infrared radioluminescence (IRRL), etc. with an objective to improve the accuracy and precision and to extend the dating range. The wide range of application in different environment, e.g. aeolian, fluvial, marine, glacier, soil, volcanic materials, heated materials, shocked materials, meteorites, etc. have made the technique successful to understand the quaternary history of earth and planetary information like terrestrial and cosmic ray exposure ages of meteorite, meteoroid orbit, thermal metamorphism history of meteorite etc. The aim of this present paper is to discuss some landmarks and recent trends in the development and application in these areas. Contents of the Paper

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Buda, Jakub, Ewa A. Poniecka, Piotr Rozwalak, Roberto Ambrosini, Elizabeth A. Bagshaw, Andrea Franzetti, Piotr Klimaszyk, et al. "Is Oxygenation Related to the Decomposition of Organic Matter in Cryoconite Holes?" Ecosystems, December 17, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10021-021-00729-2.

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AbstractCryoconite is a sediment occurring on glacier surfaces worldwide which reduces ice albedo and concentrates glacier surface meltwater into small reservoirs called cryoconite holes. It consists of mineral and biogenic matter, including active microorganisms. This study presents an experimental insight into the influence of sediment oxygenation on the cryoconite ability to produce and decomposition of organic matter. Samples were collected from five glaciers in the Arctic and the European mainland. Cryoconite from three glaciers was incubated in stagnant and mechanically mixed conditions to imitate inter-hole water–sediment mixing by meltwater occurring on glaciers in Northern Hemisphere, and its effect on oxygen profiles and organic matter content. Moreover, we investigated short-term changes of oxygen conditions in cryoconite from four glaciers in illuminated and dark conditions. An anaerobic zone was present or approaching zero oxygen in all illuminated cryoconite samples, varying in depth depending on the origin of cryoconite: from 1500 µm from Steindalsbreen (Scandinavian Peninsula) and Forni Glacier (The Alps) to 3100 µm from Russell Glacier and Longyearbreen (Arctic) after incubation. Organic matter content varied between glaciers from 6.11% on Longyearbreen to 16.36% on Russell Glacier. The mixed sediment from the Forni Glacier had less organic matter than stagnant, the sediment from Longyearbreen followed this trend, but the difference was not statistically significant, while the sediment from Ebenferner did not differ between groups. Our results have implications for the understanding of biogeochemical processes on glacier surfaces, the adaptation of organisms to changing physical conditions due to abrupt sediment mixing, but also on the estimation of productivity of supraglacial systems.

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Franzetti, A., F. Pittino, I. Gandolfi, R. S. Azzoni, G. Diolaiuti, C. Smiraglia, M. Pelfini, et al. "Early ecological succession patterns of bacterial, fungal and plant communities along a chronosequence in a recently deglaciated area of the Italian Alps." FEMS Microbiology Ecology 96, no. 10 (August 20, 2020). http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/femsec/fiaa165.

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ABSTRACT In this study, the early ecological succession patterns of Forni Glacier (Ortles-Cevedale group, Italian Alps) forefield along an 18-year long chronosequence (with a temporal resolution of 1 year) has been reported. Bacterial and fungal community structures were inferred by high-throughput sequencing of 16S rRNA gene and ITS, respectively. In addition, the occurrence of both herbaceous and arboreous plants was also recorded at each plot. A significant decrease of alpha-diversity in more recently deglaciated areas was observed for both bacteria and plants. Time since deglaciation and pH affected the structure of both fungal and bacterial communities. Pioneer plants could be a major source of colonization for both bacterial and fungal communities. Consistently, some of the most abundant bacterial taxa and some of those significantly varying with pH along the chronosequence (Polaromonas, Granulicella, Thiobacillus, Acidiferrobacter) are known to be actively involved in rock-weathering processes due to their chemolithotrophic metabolism, thus suggesting that the early phase of the chronosequence could be mainly shaped by the biologically controlled bioavailability of metals and inorganic compounds. Fungal communities were dominated by ascomycetous filamentous fungi and basidiomycetous yeasts. Their role as cold-adapted organic matter decomposers, due to their heterotrophic metabolism, was suggested.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Forni Glacier'

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