Relevant bibliographies by topics / Formulation

Academic literature on the topic 'Formulation'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 7 July 2024

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Journal articles on the topic "Formulation"

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Fernando, Irosh, and Mahesh Rajasooriya. "Case formulation using Pattern-based Formulation (PBF) methodology: clinical case 2." Australasian Psychiatry 26, no. 1 (October 30, 2017): 65–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1039856217737885.

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Objectives: To teach psychiatric case formulation; to build a repertoire of patterns that can be reused as building blocks in constructing case formulations. Method: Pattern-based Formulation. Results: Demonstration of a case formulation and introducing three patterns. Conclusion: The demonstration will assist learning case formulation using the Pattern-based Formulation, while the three patterns introduced can be reused when formulating relevant cases.
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Djunaedy, Achmad, Syaiful Khoiri, Dheananda Fyora Hermansyah Azari, Zahratus Syamsiyah, Gita Pawana, Dita Megasari, and Giyanto. "Development of Bacillus thuringiensis-based liquid and paste formulations for controlling invasive pest species Spodoptera frugiperda J. E. Smith." Jurnal Hama dan Penyakit Tumbuhan Tropika 24, no. 2 (June 12, 2024): 158–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.23960/jhptt.224158-165.

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Spodoptera frugiperda J.E. Smith (Spodoptera: Noctuidae) is an invasive pests of maize that has been reported around the world. Control efforts using biological agents continue to be developed, including the use of entomopathogen bacteria such as Bacillus thuringiensis. To boost the efficacy and efficiency of biological control, formulations are required. The objective of this study was to develop biopesticide formulations and evaluate their efficacy. The research was carried out by formulating B. thuringiensis strain BtJ2 (1010 cfu mL -1) in liquid and paste formulations. The effectiveness of the formulations was evaluated using the feed dipping method. The results showed that paste formulations at a concentration of 10% caused 100% mortality, whereas the liquid formulation resulted in 85% mortality. The LC90 for the paste formulation was 6.66%, while the LC90 for the liquid formulation was 12.90%. Both the liquid and paste formulations had similar effects on mortality and viability. Based on the LC90 and LT90, the paste formulation was more efficient and faster in killing S. frugiperda than the liquid formulation. The results of this study provide recommendations that B. thuringiensis as a bioinsecticide is better formulated in a paste than in a liquid form.
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Solon, Lílian Grace da Silva, Ana Isabel Maia de Oliveira, Gerlane Coelho Bernardo Guerra, Luiz Alberto Lira Soares, and Aurigena Antunes de Araújo. "Determination of carbamazepine in pharmaceutical formulations." Brazilian Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences 46, no. 3 (September 2010): 509–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1984-82502010000300014.

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The aim of this study was to evaluate the quality of five different solid formulations of carbamazepine. The reference formulation was Tegretol® 200.00 mg (Novartis) and the others were: generic formulation of carbamazepine 200.00 mg (National Industry), similar formulation of carbamazepine 200.00 mg (National Industry), and two formulations of carbamazepine 200.00 mg acquired from two different compounding pharmacies. The latter consisted of capsules obtained in Natal, the capital city of the Brazilian State of Rio Grande do Norte. The quality of samples was evaluated through physical and physical-chemical tests, including: weight, diameter, thickness, content, dissolution, disintegration, hardness, friability and moisture. The results of friability analysis showed that all formulations met Brazilian and United States Pharmacopeia (USP) specifications. In spite of having a higher hardness compared to the reference, the generic formulation had a lower disintegration time. This could be associated to the presence of crospovidone in its formulation. Results of this study showed that all formulations had dissolutions which were in accordance with Brazilian Pharmacopoeia specifications, and quality control tests. An exception was found for the similar formulation, which had a hardness parameter that exceeded the USP standard. However, this difference was not significant given the similar formulation's satisfactory disintegration time.
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Surini, Silvia, Nurul Isti Amirtha, and Delly Chipta Lestari. "FORMULATION AND EFFECTIVENESS OF A HAND SANITIZER GEL PRODUCED USING SALAM BARK EXTRACT." International Journal of Applied Pharmaceutics 10, no. 1 (December 20, 2018): 216. http://dx.doi.org/10.22159/ijap.2018.v10s1.48.

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Objective: The objectives of this study were to determine the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of Salam bark extract against Staphylococcusaureus, formulate and evaluate hand sanitizer gels containing Salam bark extract, and determine the effectiveness of the gels against bacteria on thepalms of the hands.Methods: The gel base was optimized by preparing three formulations containing carbomer and triethanolamine at ratios of 0.25%:0.5%, 0.5%:1%,and 0.5%:2%. The best gel formulation was mixed with Salam bark extract. The physical stability of gels containing 4.04% (formulation 1) and 7.77%(formulation 2) Salam bark extract was measured at 4±2°C, 27±2°C, and 40±2°C for 12 weeks. The effectiveness of the gels was examined on the palmsof 30 respondents.Results: The MIC of Salam bark extract was 3.12%. The best gel base contained carbomer and triethanolamine at a ratio of 1–4 and a pH of 5.50.Formulations 1 and 2 gels had good stability for 12 weeks. Formulation 2 tended to decrease the number of bacteria (p=0.125) better than formulation1 (p=1.000). In the hedonic study, formulation 2 was preferred to formulation 1.Conclusion: Formulation 2 gel with 7.77% Salam bark extract was more effective than formulation 1 gel with 4.04% extract in decreasing the number ofbacteria on the palms.
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Yano, J. I., and D. Bouniol. "A minimum bulk microphysics." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics Discussions 10, no. 12 (December 13, 2010): 30305–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acpd-10-30305-2010.

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Abstract. Cloud microphysics present extreme complexities, and even under bulk approaches, the formulation tends to be involved. A minimum microphysics is proposed, aimed at applications for geophysical fluid dynamics, by a maximum simplification of a standard bulk formulation. The proposed formulation is also independently derived by a simple phenomenological argument. The formulational structure of the bulk microphysics is also discussed. The autoconversion process formulation is discussed separately in a phenomenological manner, because a formal application of the bulk approach becomes involved. Four major possible formulations for autoconversion are identified. The proposed formulation is tested with a nonhydrostatic anelastic model under segmentally-constant approximation (NAM-SCA).
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Khan, Rahman Ullah, Shefaat Ullah Shah, Sheikh Abdur Rashid, Faiza Naseem, Kifayat Ullah Shah, Arshad Farid, Khalid Rehman Hakeem, Majid Rasool Kamli, Eman Hillal Althubaiti, and Soha A. Alamoudi. "Lornoxicam-Loaded Chitosan-Decorated Nanoemulsion: Preparation and In Vitro Evaluation for Enhanced Transdermal Delivery." Polymers 14, no. 9 (May 9, 2022): 1922. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym14091922.

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Nanoemulsions are promising drug delivery systems for the administration of poorly soluble drugs like lornoxicam (LRX) by oral or parenteral routes. Such formulations work perfectly for transdermal delivery of lornoxicam-type drugs. It has also been established that formulating such a delivery system is highly dependent on the presence, type, and concentration of excipients taking part in the formulation. The inherent characteristics of nanoemulsion (NE), i.e., smaller globule size and excipient nature, facilitate the drug’s passage through skin. The current study was aimed at the development of an NE-based formulation of LRX to improve the drug solubility in vitro as well as to enhance drug skin permeation to promote therapeutic outcome in appropriate time. Spontaneous self-emulsification technique was utilized to develop optimized LRX-encapsulated NE-based formulations. ATR-FTIR spectra of the pure drug and various formulations did not show any interaction between the drug and various formulation excipients showing compatibility. Globule size for stable formulations ranged between 63–168 nm. These formulations were characterized for viscosity, surface tension, pH, drug encapsulation efficiency, in vitro drug release, and drug skin permeation studies. Chitosan-decorated optimized NE formulation of LRX showed about 58.82% cumulative drug release, showing an anomalous non-Fickian diffusion mechanism of drug release. Drug encapsulation efficiency, in vitro drug release, and skin permeation studies exhibited promising results. An appreciable drug entrapment efficiency was exhibited by optimized NE formulations LRX-6, 71.91 ± 3.17% and C-LRX, 65.25 ± 4.89%. Permeability parameters like enhancement ratio (Er), permeability constant (Kp), and steady state flux (Jss) showed higher values and exhibited good results based on formulation type. The selected promising formulation type “LRX-6” showed significantly different results as compared to other formulations (LRX-4, 5, and 7). The skin permeation property of the LRX-6 formulation was compared to similar chitosan-based formulations and was found to have better skin permeation results than chitosan-based formulations. This study clearly exhibited that an LRX-containing NE-based formulation can be formulated to form a stable drug delivery system. Such formulations are promising in terms of physicochemical characteristics, improved solubility, and high skin permeation potential.
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Shilakari Asthana, Gyati, Parveen Kumar Sharma, and Abhay Asthana. "In VitroandIn VivoEvaluation of Niosomal Formulation for Controlled Delivery of Clarithromycin." Scientifica 2016 (2016): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2016/6492953.

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The present study was focused on formulating and evaluating clarithromycin (CLR) containing niosomal formulation forin vitroandin vivopharmacokinetic behavior. Niosomal formulations (empty and drug loaded) were prepared by using different ratio of surfactant (various Span grades 20, 40, 60, and 80) and cholesterol by thin film hydration method and were evaluated forin vitrocharacteristics, stability studies, andin vivostudy. Dicetyl phosphate (DCP) was added to the niosomal formulation. Various pharmacokinetic parameters were determined from plasma of male SD rats. Span 60 containing niosomal formulation NC2(cholesterol to surfactant ratio 1 : 1) displayed highest entrapment efficiency with desired particle size of 4.67 μm. TEM analyses showed that niosomal formulation was spherical in shape. Niosomes containing Span 60 displayed higher percentage of drug release after 24 h as compared to other formulations. NC2formulation was found to be stable at the end of the study on storage condition. Various pharmacokinetic parameters, namely, AUC, AUMC, and MRT of niosomal formulation, were found to be 1.5-fold, 4-fold, and 3-fold plain drug, respectively. The present study suggested that niosomal formulations provide sustained and prolonged delivery of drug with enhance bioavailability.
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Choudhary, S., Shriya, P. Chauhan, D. Pathania, H. Ritika, N. Chaudhary, and Mamta Sharma. "Herbicidal effects of Withania somnifera L. leaf extract on Cannabis sativa L., Hordeum vulgare L. and Cicer arietinum." Allelopathy Journal 53, no. 1 (May 2021): 69–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.26651/allelo.j/2021-53-1-1328.

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We identified the phytochemicals in Withania somnifera L, a multipurpose medicinal plant of the Himalayan región using TLC, FTIR and HPLC. Eleven formulations were made by mixing in different ratios of Withania leaf extract, wood ash and distilled wáter. Wood chips and twigs of 3-years old Pinus roxburghii tree were completely burnt till ashes was used as Wood ash. The 11-formulationss were i.e. formulation I (Withania leaf extract 100%)), formulation II (75:25 concentration (Withania leaf extract: Distilled water)), formulation III (50:50 concentration (Withania leaf extract: Distilled water), formulation IV (25:75 concentration (Withania leaf extract: Distilled water)), formulation V (75:25 concentration (Withania leaf extract: Wood ash)), formulation VI (50:50 concentration (Withania leaf extract: Wood ash)), formulation VII (25:75concentration (Withania leaf extract: Wood ash)), formulation VIII (Wood ash 100%)), formulation IX (75:25 concentration (Wood ash: Distilled water)), formulation X (50:50 concentration (Wood ash:Distilled water)), formulation XI (25:75concentration (Wood ash: Distilled water)). The herbicidal activity of formulations was earlier studied against Cannabis sativa L. (banned narcotic plant). Their herbicidal activity was tested on seeds germination and seedlings growth of Cannabis sativa L weed and 2 crops: Hordeum vulgare L and Cicer arietinum L. In Pot culture, the formulation V spray caused maximum reduction in root length of Cannabis (53 %) > Hordeum (23 %) and Cicer (22 %) than control. The formulations were also tested on crops for their herbicidal effects. In Petri plate bioassy, the formulation V (75:25 concentration (Withania leaf extract: Wood ash) showed maximum reduction in seed germination and seedling growth of C. sativa weed, but had little effect on growth of test crops. The reduction in stem length was maximum (55 %) in Cannabis > Hordeum (20 %) > Cicer (19 %) than control. Glyphosate decreased the stem length of Cicer (80 %) > Hordeum (58 %) and Cannabis (16 %) over control. While the reduction in root length was in Cicer (75 %) > Hordeum (73 %) > Cannabis (18 %) than control. The root and stem extract formulations were more phytotoxic to Cannabis sativa. Formulation V (75:25 concentrations (Withania leaf extract: wood ash)) reduced the number of leaves, number of shoot, root branches and stem and root length of Cannabis sativa.
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Pandey, Prateek, Anil Sharma, Hariom Sharma, Girish Kumar Vyas, and Manmohan Sharma. "Novel Researched Herbal Sunscreen Cream SPF Determination by In-Vitro Model." Asian Journal of Pharmaceutical Research and Development 11, no. 2 (April 25, 2023): 83–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.22270/ajprd.v11i2.1246.

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INTRODUCTION: Researchers' interest in creating novel cosmetic formulations has increased due to consumer interest in herbal cosmetics and increased patent activity. The rights of indigenous traditional knowledge and benefit sharing are also safeguarded under IPR. OBJECTIVE: To formulate and evaluate herbal sunscreen with determination of Sun Protection Factor (SPF) and anti-oxidant activity. To compare Sun Protection Factor of developed formulation with marketed formulation. METHOD: The formulation was developed according to the prepared formula. And multiple tests were done for evaluation i.e., physical observation, spreadability, extrudability, occlusion study, stability study and SPF determination. All the evaluations were found satisfactory. Characterisation of SPF was calculated according to the and UV-Vis Spectrophotometer (LABMAN Scientific instruments Pvt. Ltd.). RESULTS:The synergistic activity of all herbal compounds utilized in herbal sunscreen formulations, such as Cucumis sativus, Solanum Lycopersicon, and Aloe barbadensis Efficacy of photoprotection found in following order Marketed formulation > F3 > F2 > F1. For prepared formulation F3 provided better results in comparison to Formulation1 and Formulation 2. Formulation 3 was compared with marketed preparation and it showed good SPF value nearer to market preparation. Overall results were satisfactory. These results reveal that the prepared F3 herbal sunscreen have good SPF and good sun protection activity. CONCLUSION: Formulation 3, which consists of three formulations, has been found to be effective as sunscreen in every way. Since few people use sunscreen, there is a need to raise public knowledge of the risks associated with sun exposure as well as the advantages of using sun protection products on a regular basis to lessen these effects. This kind of research will be useful in offering consumers with an all-inclusive solution or product that will protect them from the damaging effects of sunlight.
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Srinivasan, Uma Shankar Marakanam, Vishnu Vishnu, Sharmila Sharmila, and Amod Kumar. "FORMULATION AND EVALUATION OF CEFIXIME TRIHYDRATE TOPICAL GEL FOR WOUND INFECTIONS." Asian Journal of Pharmaceutical and Clinical Research 11, no. 8 (August 7, 2018): 369. http://dx.doi.org/10.22159/ajpcr.2018.v11i8.26150.

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Objective: The objective of this research work was to formulate and evaluate topical gel loaded with cefixime trihydrate, a third-generation cephalosporin antibiotic for the treatment of bacterial wound infections.Methods: The cefixime trihydrate gel was formulated using polymers such as Carbopol 940 and hydroxypropyl methylcellulose E4M in varying concentrations. Three different formulations were prepared and characterized physically for color, syneresis, spreadability, pH, drug content, and rheological properties. In vitro drug release in phosphate buffer pH 7.4 and antibacterial study were performed for the gel formulation to evaluate its therapeutic effect on wound infections.Results: The study demonstrated that the gel formulations showed promising results on their physical evaluation tests. The rheology behavior of the gel was shear-thinning flow type which indicated easy spreading of the gel. The drug release of the gel formulation F2 was selected as the best due to its highest drug release rate of 32.2% in comparison with the other two formulations after 2 h of the study. F2 formulation possessed the highest antibacterial activity as compared to other two formulations.Conclusion: A pioneering work was done on formulating cefixime trihydrate as a gel for topical administration. The antibacterial effect of the drug as gel formulation showed promising effect. We conclude that the cefixime trihydrate could be successively loaded into a gel formulation and can be used for effectively for wound infections like diabetic foot wounds.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Formulation"

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Wills, Peter. "Novel biocidal formulation." Thesis, University of Manchester, 2013. https://www.research.manchester.ac.uk/portal/en/theses/novel-biocidal-formulation(776ed624-6717-496f-9b31-ad2edce8e24b).html.

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In this modern age, society has become much more aware of the danger bacteria can have on people's health. Personal and household antimicrobial formulations are commonly used within the home to lower the levels of harmful bacteria such as E. Coli, Salmonella and Pseudomonas. The active which kills the bacteria within the formulation is described as a biocide. This research looks at the often neglected potential of cationic polyelectrolyte as a biocide, firstly within solution and secondly in creating an antimicrobial surface. The solution properties and antimicrobial activity for a range of commercially available cationic polyelectrolytes (polymeric quaternary ammonium compounds (QAC) and biguanides) of differing molecular weights were investigated. All polyelectrolytes were observed to have some level of antimicrobial activity. The second phase of this research investigated polyelectrolyte/surfactant/water mixture of similar charge (cationic). Two QAC surfactants were investigated: Alkyl (C12 70%; C14 30%) dimethyl benzyl ammonium chloride (BAC) and Didecyldimethylammonium chloride (DDQ). At a critical concentration, these mixtures segregatively phase separate into a surfactant rich upper phase and polyelectrolyte rich lower phase. This phase separation phenomenon was investigated in respect of surfactant and polyelectrolyte type as well as polyelectrolyte molecular weight. Surfactant type was observed to be the dominant factor in determining the onset of phase separation and by mixing different ratios of surfactants the ability to tune this phase separation concentration was shown. Dilute solutions of these mixtures well below their respective phase separation concentration were then deposited onto glass substrates via a drop cast or inkjet printer method. The surfactant/polyelectrolyte film composites left after drop evaporation ranged from an amorphous film to nodular like structures. The ability to order/structure actives onto a surface could alter active adhesion and surface roughness properties of the film. This change in surface property could consequently affect antimicrobial performance.
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Pinto, Maria Jorge Pratas de Melo. "Biodiesel fuel formulation." Doctoral thesis, Universidade de Aveiro, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10773/9328.

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Doutoramento em Engenharia Química
O consumo de energia a nível mundial aumenta a cada dia, de forma inversa aos recursos fósseis que decrescem de dia para dia. O sector dos transportes é o maior consumidor deste recurso. Face ao actual cenário urge encontrar uma solução renovável e sustentável que permita não só, diminuir a nossa dependência de combustíveis fósseis mas fundamentalmente promover a sua substituição por energias de fontes renováveis. O biodiesel apresenta-se na vanguarda das alternativas aos combustiveis derivados do petróleo, para o sector dos transportes, sendo considerado uma importante opção a curto prazo, uma vez que o seu preço pode ser competitivo com o diesel convencional, e para a sua utilização o motor de combustão não necessita de alterações. O biodiesel é uma mistura líquida, não tóxica, biodegradável de ésteres de ácidos gordos, sem teor de enxofre ou compostos aromáticos, apresenta boa lubricidade, alto número de cetano, e origina emissões gasosas mais limpas. O presente trabalho contribui para um melhor conhecimento da dependência das propriedades termofisicas do biodiesel com a sua composição. A publicação de novos dados permitirá o desenvolvimento de modelos mais fiáveis na previsão do comportamento do biodiesel. As propriedades densidade e viscosidade são o espelho da composição do biodiesel, uma vez que dependem directamente da matéria prima que lhe deu origem, mais do que do processo de produção. Neste trabalho os dados medidos de densidade e viscosidade de biodiesel foram testados com vários modelos e inclusivamente foram propostos novos modelos ajustados para esta família de compostos. Os dados medidos abrangem uma ampla gama de temperaturas e no caso da densidade também foram medidos dados a alta pressão de biodiesel e de alguns ésteres metilico puros. Neste trabalho também são apresentados dados experimentais para o equilíbrio de fases sólido-liquído de biodiesel e equlibrio de fases líquidolíquido de alguns sistemas importantes para a produção de biodiesel. Ambos os tipos de equilíbrio foram descritos por modelos desenvolvidos no nosso laboratório. Uma importância especial é dado aqui a propriedades que dependem do perfil de ácidos gordos da matéria-prima além de densidade e viscosidade; o índice de iodo e temperature limite de filtrabalidade são aqui avaliados com base nas considerações das normas. Os ácidos gordos livres são um sub-produto de refinação de óleo alimentar, que são removidos na desodoração, no processo de purificação do óleo. A catálise enzimática é aqui abordada como alternativa para a conversão destes ácidos gordos livres em biodiesel. Estudou-se a capacidade da lipase da Candida antartica (Novozym 435) para promover a esterificação de ácidos gordos livres com metanol ou etanol, utilizando metodologia de superfície de resposta com planeamento experimental. Avaliou-se a influência de diversas variáveis no rendimento da reacção.
World energy consumption rises every day and, inversely, fossil fuel resources are dwindling day by day. Transportation sector is the bigger consumer of oil. Faced with the actual scenario a renewable and sustenable alternative is needed, not just to decrease our dependence of petroleum but also to base our power in a renewable source. Biodiesel is at the forefront of the alternatives to petroleum based fuels in the transportation sector, being considered an important short-time option since its price can be competitive with conventional diesel and no motor changes are required. Biodiesel consists on a liquid blend of, non toxic, biodegradable fatty acid esters, with non sulfur and aromatic content, good lubricity, high cetane number, nontoxic character of their exhaust emissions and cleaner burning. Aiming at tuning biodiesel to optimize the fuel composition, the present work contributes for a better knowledge of de depencende of thermophysical properties of biodiesel on their compositon. New data is required to help in the development of reliable models to predict biodiesel behavior. Density and viscosity data are a mirror of biodiesel composition, as both depend on the raw material, more than the production process. New data of density and viscosity were measured and respective models were tested and compared, and new adjusted parameters proposed for this family of compounds. The measured data include a wide range of temperatures and in the case of density data were also measured at high pressure for biodiesel and some pure methyl esters. This work also reports experimental data for the solid-liquid-phase equilibria of biodiesel and, liquid-liquid equilibria of some important systems in biodiesel production. Both type of equilibria were described with models developed in our laboratory. A special importance is here given to properties that depend on fatty acid profile of raw material besides density and viscosity; the iodine value, and cold filter plugging point are here evaluated based on norm considerations. Free Fatty Acids (FFA) are a by-product in edible oil refining, that are removed in the deodorizing step on oil purification. Enzymatic catalysis is here studied as an alternative to convert this by-product into biodiesel. The ability of immobilized lipase from Candida antartica (Novozym 435) to catalize the esterification of FFA with methanol and ethanol were evaluated using response surface methodology with an experimental design. Influence of several variables were evaluated in the yield of reaction.
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El, fakhri Rehab M. Mohamed. "Cryomilling for formulation." Thesis, University of Nottingham, 2018. http://eprints.nottingham.ac.uk/49060/.

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The pharmaceutical industry has experienced an increase in the amount of development candidates with low aqueous solubility and accordingly poor bioavailability. In order for this problem to be solved, amorphisation is thought to be the most favourable solution. The amorphous state is higher in free energy thus higher in solubility when compared to the crystalline form. Milling and specially cryomilling is a very unique technique for providing of the crystalline to amorphous transformation since there are no heat or solvents involved. Phthalic acid, isophthalic acid and terephthalic acid, individual and pair mixtures, are crystalline organic non medicinal compounds, which have been used for the first time as model compounds to investigate whether cryogenic milling can induce crystal to amorphous transformation and if the preparation of pair mixtures could affect the recrystallization rate of the subjected materials or not. The materials were cryomilled and analysed by DSC, XRPD, and FTIR. It was found that only terephthalic acid become amorphous after cryomilling, and even after the cryomilled sample been stored for three weeks DSC thermogram still detects recrystallization exothermic along with the XRPD pattern, which shows a very broad peaks indicative of particle size reduction. Pair mixtures were also studied and analysed by DSC and XRPD. Phthalic acid/isophthalic acid, isophthalic acid/terephthalic acid, phthalic acid/terephthalic acid were cryomilled together and mixed physically after been cryomilled separately. XRPD results show that unlike the cryomilled separately mixtures, phthalic acid/ isophthalic acid, isophthalic acid/terephthalic acid, terephthalic acid/phthalic acid cryomilled together samples produces a synergistic effect in which the Bragg peaks of both phthalic acid and isophthalic acid are suppressed. It appears that co cryomilling of these pair mixtures together resulted in the production of a new material that could potentially either be two-component single phase (nano-sized co-crystal), or a new polymorphic form of either phthalic acid, isophthalic acid or terephthalic acid. Single-component of aspirin (ASP), paracetamol (PCM) and caffeine (CAFF), along with multi-component systems of paracetamol/aspirin, paracetamol/caffeine and aspirin/caffeine were milled at room temperature and by a cryomill. The milled samples were analysed using DSC, XRPD and FTIR. It was noted that there are no clear indications of crystal to amorphous transformation in all three materials. When milling aspirin at room temperature a marked reduction in the melting point was observed. Generally, a reduction in the melting point is either attributed to particle size effects, polymorphism, impurities and decomposition. In this case, the decrease in the melting point was only noticed when aspirin was milled at room temperature, so it is possible that the heat generated during the milling process resulted in chemical decomposition of aspirin to salicylic acid. Anhydrous caffeine is acknowledged to have two polymorphic forms, Form II which is considered to be stable at room temperature until ~145 °C. Form I is stable from ~145 °C to its melting point ~ 236 °C. This polymorphic transformation was detected by DSC, XRPD and hot stage microscope and it was noticed only with the as received and the room temperature milled samples. Cryomilled caffeine data showed only the presence of Form I. On the other hand, for the cryomilled multi-component systems DSC and hot stage microscope images confirmed the eutectic formation with a composition of 45:55% w/w (PCM:ASP), 50:50% (ASP:CAFF) AND 50:50% (PCM:CAFF). The obtained data were compared with room temperature milled and the theoretical values resulted from Van Laar equation. Solid pharmaceuticals represent heterogeneous systems that typically consist of one or more active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs) and a number of excipients. Multi-component systems from mixing aspirin, paracetamol and caffeine with different excipients, which included sucrose, lactose monohydrate, xylitol and trehalose dihydrate were prepared by the use of a cryomill and were analyesd by DSC and XRPD. It was found from the XRPD data that mixing both sucrose and lactose monohydrate respectively with ASP, PCM and CAFF would produce more of a synergistic effect than xylitol and trehalose dihydrate. Cryomilling caffeine/sucrose and caffeine/lactose resulted in a production of a new XRPD trace that cannot be described in terms of a linear combination of caffeine, sucrose and lactose monohydrate. A new material was therefore formed as a result of cryomilling which has not been reported before.
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Kahlon, Sandeep. "Formulation in psychology : a review of child formulation use and an exploration of formulation experiences of clients with depression." Thesis, University of Warwick, 2011. http://wrap.warwick.ac.uk/49311/.

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Formulation has been established as a core competency in Clinical Psychology training. There is a small but growing evidence base demonstrating the benefits of its use from the perspective of clinicians. However, there are few empirical studies investigating formulation use with children and adolescents. In addition, there is little known about the client's experience of cognitive-behavioural theraphy (CBT) formulation. This thesis explores formulation in Psychological Therapy. The first paper reviews the use of formulation within the child and adolescent literature. The key components within a formulation, key factors of formulation which should be explored with children and the clinical utility of formulation are described and discussed based on the extant literature. The research highlights the need to consider developmental milestones, collaboration with families and to consider the child's wider system when formulating. Formulation appeared to be a trans-theoretical concept, occuring throughout the assessment-intervention continuum. However, more empirical research is needed to understand these findings further. The second chapter is an interpretative phenomenological analysis exploring CBT formulation with clients who have depression. Themes were identified highlighting how formulations were developed, that formulations were difficult to receive, although, after some time participants reported many positive feelings and reactions towards their formulation. It seemed that sharing initial difficult feelings with their clinician was difficult. Although several benefits of formulation were established such as, making a new sense of oneself, better control and perspective over feelings and thoughts. Research limitations and suggestions for future research are made. The final paper provides a reflective account on the challenges of working from a scientist and clinician perspective during the research process. The challenge of maintaining a balance between the two perspectives is discussed within the context of generating a research idea, recruitment, interviewing and writing up the empirical paper.
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Smola, Malgorzata Vandamme Thierry F. Sokolowski Adam. "Contribution à l'étude de la formulation et de l'analyse physicochimique de formulations pédiatriques microémulsionnées." Strasbourg : Université Louis Pasteur, 2008. http://eprints-scd-ulp.u-strasbg.fr:8080/956/01/SMOLA_Malgorzata_2008.pdf.

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Smola, Malgorzata. "Contribution à l'étude de la formulation et de l'analyse physicochimique de formulations pédiatriques microémulsionnées." Strasbourg 1, 2008. https://publication-theses.unistra.fr/public/theses_doctorat/2008/SMOLA_Malgorzata_2008.pdf.

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Inkichari, Mohamed Nejmeddine. "Faisabilité et potentiel de l'encapsulation de molécules d'intérêt dans des formulations filmogènes." Thesis, Dijon, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016DIJOPE01.

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Ce travail de thèse a pour objectif une meilleure connaissance des formulations filmogènes développées par les Laboratoires URGO. Deux aspects ont été développés.Il a tout d’abord été recherché un système d’encapsulation afin de protéger des molécules d’intérêt dans des solutions filmogènes. Des polymersomes en phase aqueuses et en phase organique ont été développés à base de copolymères amphiphiles m-PEG-PCL synthétisés et caractérisés au laboratoire. Ces auto-assemblages des copolymères possèdent des tailles variables (40 nm à 800 nm) avec une membrane en bicouche. Leur caractérisation a été réalisée en phase aqueuse et organique par différentes techniques : DLS, NTA, microscopie biphotonique et AFM. Puis des techniques de caractérisation ont été mises au point pour évaluer une formulation filmogène à base de nitrocellulose contenant de l’urée libre ou encapsulée dans des polymersomes. Cette formulation a été suivie au cours d’essais de stabilité à 25°C et à 40°C pendant 6 mois. Il a été observé une chute de viscosité, surtout à 40°C, attribuée à une coupure des chaînes macromoléculaires de la nitrocellulose (par CES). Les films formés ont un module de Young stable dans le temps avec apparition d’un jaunissement (paramètre b en colorimétrie). La quantité d’urée reste stable dans le temps mais elle accélère les phénomènes de vieillissement. Le jaunissement est dû à la décomposition de l’huile de ricin. L’encapsulation de l’urée au sein des polymersomes n’a pas amélioré la stabilité de la formulation prouvant ainsi le rôle catalyseur de l’urée
This work aims at a better understanding of film-forming formulations developed by Laboratoires Urgo. Two parts have been developed. First, an encapsulation system to protect a model drug in film forming solutions was investigated. Polymersomes in aqueous and organic media have been developed based on amphiphilic copolymers m-PEG-PCL which were synthesized and characterized in the laboratory. Auto-assemblies of copolymers display variable sizes (40 nm to 800 nm) with a bilayer membrane. Their characterization was carried out in aqueous and organic phase by various techniques: DLS, NTA, bi-photonic microscopy and AFM. In a second part, characterization techniques have been developed to assess a film forming solution based on nitrocellulose, containing free or encapsulated urea in polymersomes. This formulation was investigated during stability studies at 25°C and 40°C up to 6 months. A drop in viscosity was observed, especially at 40°C, due to cleavage of the macromolecular chains of nitrocellulose (SEC). The formed films have a stable Young's modulus over time with an appearance of yellowing (parameter b in colorimetry). The urea quantity remains stable in time, but accelerates the aging of the solution. Yellowing is caused by the decomposition of castor oil. The encapsulation of the urea within polymersomes did not improve the stability of the formulation thus proving the catalytic role of urea
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BARDOT, ISABELLE. "Contributions au developpement de methodologies en formulation. Applications a la formulation sensorielle." Massy, ENSIA, 1993. http://www.theses.fr/1993EIAA0032.

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L'objet de ces travaux est de proposer de nouvelles strategies basees sur des techniques mathematiques, informatiques et automatiques pour formuler efficacement un produit alimentaire a partir de criteres sensoriels. Apres la presentation des principales donnees bibliographiques sur l'optimisation et la formulation, les performances de differentes methodes sont comparees a l'aide d'un support methodologique informatise, base sur le melange de couleurs. Parmi les methodes directes, le simplex modifie est simple et rapide. Parmi les methodes indirectes, les reseaux de neurones permettent d'obtenir les meilleurs modeles de representation compares aux modeles lineaires classiquement utilises. Une approche innovante est proposee: la technique guidee par la sujet. Elle est basee sur la description sensorielle du produit par le sujet afin d'accelerer la recherche de la formule optimale. Les methodes les plus efficaces sont utilisees pour formuler des produits liquides varies. Apres une premiere etude sur des melanges simples, les methodes directes et indirectes sont mises en uvre pour formuler des melanges aromatiques plus complexes. Enfin, la technique guidee par le sujet est utilisee dans un cadre industriel pour mettre au point un produit nouveau qui plaise au consommateur. L'originalite de certaines des methodes est l'interactivite entre la reponse du sujet et la conception du nouvel echantillon. Un automate de formulation sensorielle (a. F. S. ) est concu et fabrique pour faciliter la realisation de cette boucle fermee
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Salonen, Antti. "Formulation of Maintenance Strategies." Licentiate thesis, Mälardalen University, School of Innovation, Design and Engineering, 2009. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:mdh:diva-4836.

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In industry, there is a constant demand for increased productivity in order to stay competitive. Still, Swedish industry has an average utilization of about 60% in its production systems. One important factor for increasing the equipment utilization is effective maintenance of production assets.

Within process industry a strategic view on maintenance activities is common and most companies regard maintenance as a profit centre. Meanwhile, the discrete units manufacturing industry still in many cases view maintenance as a cost driver. However, with the spread of Toyota-inspired production concepts, the manufacturing industry is beginning to view maintenance as a strategic asset. Still, though, many companies have no formulated maintenance strategy.

The main purpose of the research, presented in this thesis, has been to develop a work-process for formulation of effective maintenance strategies for enterprises in the manufacturing industry.

Through one descriptive and two prescriptive case studies a work-process for formulation of maintenance strategies has been developed. The descriptive study revealed some of the differences between companies with and without maintenance strategies. It also showed how some companies view the strategic contributions of maintenance. The first prescriptive study showed how stakeholder involvement may contribute to the identification of relevant performance measures for the maintenance activities. Stakeholder involvement also contributes to the organizational acceptance of the maintenance strategy. Last, the second prescriptive case study led to the development of a work-process for formulation of maintenance strategies. The work-process was tested and verified in three companies, handling different challenges for their maintenance activities. All three companies intend to use the formulated maintenance strategy as a road map for the development of their production maintenance.

 

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Burgess, Kristen. "The formulation of relationships." PDF viewer required Home page for entire collection, 2008. http://archives.udmercy.edu:8080/dspace/handle/10429/9.

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Books on the topic "Formulation"

1

Pensé-Lhéritier, Anne-Marie, ed. Formulation. Hoboken, NJ USA: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781118616574.

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Pense-Lheritier, Anne-Marie. Formulation. London: ISTE, 2011.

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Benson, Heather A. E., Michael S. Roberts, Vânia Rodrigues Leite-Silva, and Kenneth A. Walters. Cosmetic Formulation. Edited by Heather A. E. Benson, Michael S. Roberts, Vania Rodrigues Leite-Silva, and Kenneth Walters. Boca Raton, Florida : CRC Press, 2019.: CRC Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9780429190674.

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Tovey, Geoffrey D., ed. Pharmaceutical Formulation. Cambridge: Royal Society of Chemistry, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/9781782620402.

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Macniven, Jamie A. B., ed. Neuropsychological Formulation. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-18338-1.

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Cabaniss, Deborah L., Sabrina Cherry, Carolyn J. Douglas, Ruth L. Graver, and Anna R. Schwartz. Psychodynamic Formulation. Chichester, UK: John Wiley & Sons, Ltd, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781118557181.

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Drug formulation. Budapest: Akadémiai Kiadó, 1989.

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Tovey, Geoffrey D., ed. Specialised Pharmaceutical Formulation. Cambridge: Royal Society of Chemistry, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/9781839165603.

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Sturmey, Peter, ed. Clinical Case Formulation. Oxford, UK: Wiley-Blackwell, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9780470747513.

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Eells, Tracy D. Psychotherapy case formulation. Washington: American Psychological Association, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/14667-000.

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Book chapters on the topic "Formulation"

1

Cheymol, André. "Introduction." In Formulation, 1–18. Hoboken, NJ USA: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781118616574.ch1.

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Chêné, Christine. "Formulation of Food Products." In Formulation, 269–82. Hoboken, NJ USA: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781118616574.ch10.

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Cheymol, André. "Formulation of Elastomers." In Formulation, 283–320. Hoboken, NJ USA: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781118616574.ch11.

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Cheymol, André. "Formulation in Major Organic Chemistry Industries." In Formulation, 19–30. Hoboken, NJ USA: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781118616574.ch2.

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Pensé-Lhéritier, Anne-Marie. "Solutions." In Formulation, 31–52. Hoboken, NJ USA: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781118616574.ch3.

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Holtzinger, Gérard. "Dispersions." In Formulation, 53–118. Hoboken, NJ USA: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781118616574.ch4.

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Pensé-Lhéritier, Anne-Marie. "Formulation of Emulsions." In Formulation, 119–46. Hoboken, NJ USA: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781118616574.ch5.

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Holtzinger, Gérard. "Suspensions." In Formulation, 147–84. Hoboken, NJ USA: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781118616574.ch6.

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Cheymol, André. "Dispersions in High-Viscosity Mediums." In Formulation, 185–230. Hoboken, NJ USA: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781118616574.ch7.

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Faivre, Vincent. "Dosage Form and Pharmaceutical Development." In Formulation, 231–52. Hoboken, NJ USA: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781118616574.ch8.

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Conference papers on the topic "Formulation"

1

Lindberg, Erik. "Systematic equation formulation." In 2007 European Conference on Circuit Theory and Design (ECCTD 2007). IEEE, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/ecctd.2007.4529761.

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Ahanger, Gulrukh, Dan Benson, and Thomas D. Little. "Video query formulation." In IS&T/SPIE's Symposium on Electronic Imaging: Science & Technology, edited by Wayne Niblack and Ramesh C. Jain. SPIE, 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.205295.

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Fried, David L. "Reconstructor formulation error." In Photonics West 2001 - LASE, edited by Yehuda B. Band. SPIE, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.424680.

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MacFarlane, Andrew, and Tony Russell-Rose. "Search Strategy Formulation." In CERI '16: 4th Spanish Conference in Information Retrieval. New York, NY, USA: ACM, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/2934732.2934752.

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"Lunar Cement Formulation." In SP-125: Lunar Concrete. American Concrete Institute, 1991. http://dx.doi.org/10.14359/2450.

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Najafi-Yazdi, Alireza, Luc Mongeau, and Guillaume Bres. "An Acoustic Analogy Formulation for Uniformly Moving Media: Formulation 1C." In 16th AIAA/CEAS Aeroacoustics Conference. Reston, Virigina: American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.2514/6.2010-3706.

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Rautenberg, M., A. Engeda, and W. Wittekindt. "Mathematical Formulation of Blade Surfaces in Turbomachinery: Part I — Theoretical Surface Formulations." In ASME 1989 International Gas Turbine and Aeroengine Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 1989. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/89-gt-160.

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This paper justifies recent trends in the mathematical definition of blade surfaces of impellers and rotors. The authors introduce a simple and efficient surface definition method, which is highly suited for numerical manufacture. Examples of a centrifugal compressor impeller, a mixed flow pump impeller and a gas turbine blade manufactured using the method are also presented. In this first part the theoretical approach and the mathematical derivations of the authors STRAIGHT-LINE-SURFACE structure method is introduced.
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Garci´a-Vallejo, Daniel, Jose´ L. Escalona, Juana M. Mayo, and Jaime Domi´nguez. "Formulation of Three-Dimensional Rigid-Flexible Multibody Systems." In ASME 2007 International Design Engineering Technical Conferences and Computers and Information in Engineering Conference. ASMEDC, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/detc2007-35013.

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Multibody systems generally contain solids the deformations of which are appreciable and which decisively influence the dynamics of the system. These solids have to be modeled by means of special formulations for flexible solids. At the same time, other solids are of such a high stiffness that they may be considered rigid, which simplifies their modeling. For these reasons, for a rigid-flexible multibody system, two types of formulations co-exist in the equations of the system. Among the different possibilities provided in bibliography on the material, the formulation in natural coordinates and the formulation in absolute nodal coordinates are utilized in this article to model the rigid and flexible solids, respectively. This article contains a mixed formulation based on the possibility of sharing coordinates between a rigid solid and a flexible solid. In addition, the fact that the matrix of the global mass of the system is shown to be constant and that many of the constraint equations obtained upon utilizing these formulations are linear and can be eliminated. In this work, the formulation presented is utilized to simulate a mechanism with both rigid and flexible components.
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Pons Ribera, Sergio, Rabah Hamzaoui, Johan Colin, Benitha Vasseur, Laetitia Bessette, Fabien Bernardeau, Patricia Bredy Tuffe, Pierre Bono, Antoine Gasparutto, and Marie Audouin. "Valorization of Vegetal Fibers in Anti-Fissuration Screed Mortar Formulation." In 4th International Conference on Bio-Based Building Materials. Switzerland: Trans Tech Publications Ltd, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/cta.1.782.

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This work, which is part of the FIBRABETON project, aims to anti-fissuration screed formulations proposition based on natural fibers and comparing these formulations to a synthetic fiber-screed formulation. Different natural fiber (hemp, flax, miscanthus and bamboo) with contents rangingfrom 0.4% to 0.8% were tested. The spread (slump), the shrinkage and mechanical strength (flexural and compressive) studies were carried out. SEM images of natural fibers and natural fibers screed formulation were analyzed. Overall, it is found that all natural fibers screed formulations tested, have shown better behaviour than the synthetic fibers screed formulation in point of view workability, shrinkage and mechanical properties. The lowest shrinkage value is found in the case of the H5 (5 mm long hemp fibers) screed formulation. Generally speaking, the mechanical strength values (flexural and compressive) are more or less similar between natural soft fibers (hemp and flax) and rigid fibers (miscanthus and bamboo). Taking in account slump, shrinkage and mechanical behavior, the proposed good compromise in this work is the H5 screed formulation.
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Martinez, Nicolas, Yvan Lefevre, and Bertrand Nogarede. "Strong formulation using FDS, weak formulation using FEM and experimental data." In 2008 International Conference on Electrical Machines (ICEM). IEEE, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icelmach.2008.4799877.

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Reports on the topic "Formulation"

1

Brunet, Luc. Symbolic formulation: an encoder for formulations focused on deep autoencoders. Github, December 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.17601/rdmediation.2021.2.

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Semones, G. B., J. M. Connell, and S. C. Jorgensen. Saltcrete formulation. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), September 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/10191920.

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Arnold, B., Mark Badger, Bruce Miller, and Chunshan Song. Fuel Formulation Studies. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, May 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada398712.

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Zhang S. Y. Heavy Ion Formulation. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), July 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1151373.

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Beeker, Emmett, Tobin Berge-Hill, Zoe A. Henscheid, Garry Jacyna, Matthew T. Koehler, Laurie Litwin, Adam McLeod, Matthew McMahon, Sarah K. Mulutzie, and Neal Rothleder. COIN 1.0 Formulation. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, May 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada552516.

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Henscheid, Zoe A., Matthew T. Koehler, Sarah K. Mulutzie, Brian F. Tivnan, and Jessica G. Turnley. COIN 2.0 Formulation. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, December 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada552522.

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BELSHER JD and MEINERT FL. HIGH-LEVEL WASTE GLASS FORMULATION MODEL SENSITIVITY STUDY 2009 GLASS FORMULATION MODEL VERSUS 1996 GLASS FORMULATION MODEL. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), December 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/968651.

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Langton, C. Saltstone Clean Cap Formulation. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), April 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/890170.

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Wedwick, Jim. New Propellant Formulation Development. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, January 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada609068.

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Blume, Christopher, and Nick E. Christians. Prodiamine 4L – Formulation Bridging. Ames: Iowa State University, Digital Repository, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.31274/farmprogressreports-180814-660.

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