Journal articles: 'Formulaic expressions'

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Rammell, C. Sophia, Diana Van Lancker Sidtis, and David B. Pisoni. "Perception of formulaic and novel expressions under acoustic degradation." Mental Lexicon 12, no. 2 (December 31, 2017): 234–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/ml.16019.ram.

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Abstract Background: Formulaic expressions, including idioms and other fixed expressions, comprise a significant proportion of discourse. Although much has been written about this topic, controversy remains about their psychological status. An important claim about formulaic expressions, that they are known to native speakers, has seldom been directly demonstrated. This study tested the hypothesis that formulaic expressions are known and stored as whole unit mental representations by performing three perceptual experiments. Method: Listeners transcribed two kinds of spectrally-degraded spoken sentences, half formulaic, and half novel, newly created expressions, matched for grammar and length. Two familiarity ratings, usage and exposure, were obtained from listeners for each expression. Text frequency data for the stimuli and their constituent words were obtained using a spoken corpus. Results: Participants transcribed formulaic more successfully than literal utterances. Usage and familiarity ratings correlated with accuracy, but formulaic utterances with low ratings were also transcribed correctly. Phrase types differed significantly in text frequency, but word frequency counts did not differentiate the two kinds of expressions. Discussion: These studies provide new converging evidence that formulaic expressions are encoded and processed as whole units, supporting a dual-process model of language processing, which assumes that grammatical and formulaic expressions are differentially processed.

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Haleem Alwhan, Shatha. "An Overall Study of Formulaic Expressions." International Journal of Applied Linguistics and English Literature 8, no. 3 (May 31, 2019): 24. http://dx.doi.org/10.7575/aiac.ijalel.v.8n.3p.24.

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Defining formulaic expressions is rather controversial and problematic because it encompasses a variety of theories and approaches such as idioms, collocation, proverbs, sayings, etc. For this reason, this paper presents a brief survey of the contrasting perspectives. It starts with earlier views of formulas focusing on the identification and definition of such phenomena and ends with a working definition for this research as an attempt to analyse this distinctive phenomenon. The aims of the present study are: first, finding an operational definition to the formulaic expressions. Second, establishing a historical overview of formulaic expressions. Finding out the differences between formulaic expressions and other types of formulas. The study hypothesizes the following: first, the formulaic expressions are collocated words formed by speakers for easiness. Second, formulaic expressions have an ancient history. Third, many differences are indicated between formulaic expressions and other formulas.

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Wibowo, Yudha Pambudi, and Dwi Rukmini. "The Use of Formulaic Expressions in the Reading Texts of Senior High School Textbooks Grade XI." English Education Journal 10, no. 4 (December 23, 2020): 414–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.15294/eej.v10i4.38742.

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The present study investigated formulaic expressions in Senior High School textbooks grade XI that are written by non-native speakers. The objectives of this study are (1) to describe the types of formulaic expressions in the reading texts of grade XI of Senior High School Textbooks (2) to analyze reading texts of grade XI of Senior High School textbooks in order to explain the functions of formulaic expressions, (3) to evaluate reading texts of grade XI of Senior High School textbooks in order to explain the appropriateness of formulaic expressions. The data were taken from reading texts in the English textbooks. The units of analysis were major and minor clauses that contain formulaic expressions. The main category of formulaic expressions was based on Biber, Johansson, Leech, Conrad, and Fineganâ€™s (1999) structural category of formulaic expressions. An observation sheet was used as a research instrument. This study showed that (1) not all of lexical bundles variants were fully applied in the reading texts. There were not many examples of idiomatic phrases in the reading texts, (2) formulaic expressions in the reading texts presented various functions, (3) few lexical bundles and free combinations of verb + particles were not appropriately used in the reading texts. The present study revealed that few of formulaic expressions in the reading texts are unnatural. Therefore, the reading texts need improvement. This study offers suggestions especially to the textbook authors regarding the naturalness of formulaic expressions. This study reminds EFL teachers to be more aware of the use of formulaic expressions.

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Rosales Sequeiros, Xosé. "Formulaic Expressions in Translation." TRANS. Revista de Traductología, no. 8 (June 22, 2017): 105. http://dx.doi.org/10.24310/trans.2004.v0i8.2986.

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Este artículo trata sobre las expresiones formuladas en el campo de la traducción. Muestra que la traducción de estas expresiones revela comúnmente las dificultades y diversidad en formas lingüísticas existentes en la comunicación humana. A menudo estas formas son, desde un punto de vista lingüístico, radicalmente diferentes de lengua a lengua y en la mayoría de los casos una traducción literal no sería posible. Además normalmente sólo hay un conjunto limitado de formas para cada tipo de expresión, que puede o no estar disponible en la segunda lengua. En este artículo éstas y otras propiedades de las expresiones formuladas se exploran detalladamente y se discute su tratamiento en traducción. En este análisis se examina críticamente el enfoque del estudio de la traducción basado en la noción de equivalencia y se presentan argumentos en contra de él. Un enfoque alternativo basado en la cognición se discute posteriormente y finalmente se extraen una serie de conclusiones del estudio.

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Arslan, Nahide, and Mustafa Mavaşoğlu. "A comparative study of formulaic expressions in textbooks of Turkish as a foreign language." Uluslararası Eğitim Programları ve Öğretim Çalışmaları Dergisi 8, no. 2 (December 24, 2018): 159–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.31704/ijocis.2018.008.

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The aim of this study was to examine, in a comparative way, formulaic expressions used in textbooks of Turkish as a foreign language and to determine in which contexts and how often they are included in these textbooks. Survey model was used to obtain data from three textbooks of Turkish as a foreign language (İstanbul A1-A2, İzmir A1-A2 ve Yeni Hitit A1-A2). Formulaic expressions in these books were collected then analyzed in terms of their structural, functional, semantic and contextual features. 193 expressions that met criteria of being formulaic expressions were determined as sub-categories in the textbooks and workbooks and linked to 21 speech acts that were grouped as main categories. Results showed that textbooks may have difficulties in providing a balanced representation of interrelated formulaic expressions, a number of formulaic expressions cannot be included in textbooks although they are frequently used in everyday life and informational contents about speech acts and formulaic expressions in textbooks can be represented being carried into workbooks but they are not reinforced as they are less used in workbooks. Based on these results, suggestions were made both for authors of future textbooks and workbooks of Turkish as a foreign language and authors of future studies concerning formulaic expressions and Turkish as a foreign language.

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Van Lancker Sidtis, Diana, JiHee Choi, Amy Alken, and John J. Sidtis. "Formulaic Language in Parkinson's Disease and Alzheimer's Disease: Complementary Effects of Subcortical and Cortical Dysfunction." Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research 58, no. 5 (October 2015): 1493–507. http://dx.doi.org/10.1044/2015_jslhr-l-14-0341.

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Purpose The production of formulaic expressions (conversational speech formulas, pause fillers, idioms, and other fixed expressions) is excessive in the left hemisphere and deficient in the right hemisphere and in subcortical stroke. Speakers with Alzheimer's disease (AD), having functional basal ganglia, reveal abnormally high proportions of formulaic language. Persons with Parkinson's disease (PD), having dysfunctional basal ganglia, were predicted to show impoverished formulaic expressions in contrast to speakers with AD. This study compared participants with PD, participants with AD, and healthy control (HC) participants on protocols probing production and comprehension of formulaic expressions. Method Spontaneous speech samples were recorded from 16 individuals with PD, 12 individuals with AD, and 18 HC speakers. Structured tests were then administered as probes of comprehension. Results The PD group had lower proportions of formulaic expressions compared with the AD and HC groups. Comprehension testing yielded opposite contrasts: participants with PD showed significantly higher performance compared with participants with AD and did not differ from HC participants. Conclusions The finding that PD produced lower proportions of formulaic expressions compared with AD and HC supports the view that subcortical nuclei modulate the production of formulaic expressions. Contrasting results on formal testing of comprehension, whereby participants with AD performed significantly worse than participants with PD and HC participants, indicate differential effects on procedural and declarative knowledge associated with these neurological conditions.

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Dobrovoljc, Kaja. "Identifying dictionary-relevant formulaic sequences in written and spoken corpora." International Journal of Lexicography 33, no. 4 (April 13, 2020): 417–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ijl/ecaa008.

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Abstract In view of the pervasiveness of formulaic language in human communication and the growing awareness of its relevance to modern lexicography, this study presents a corpus-driven identification, analysis and comparison of dictionary-relevant formulaic sequences in reference corpora of written and spoken Slovenian. The sequences were identified using a semi-automatic approach, whereby the most frequently recurring word combinations in each corpus were ranked according to their statistical salience and manually inspected for formulaic expressions with lexicographic relevance. Despite its semantic heterogeneity, the resulting list illustrates the distinct characteristics of formulaic multi-word expressions, such as high frequency of usage, prevalent inclusion of grammatical words and common non-propositional meaning, especially in speech, where research revealed numerous understudied formulaic expressions related to interaction management and mitigation. The final evaluation of measures used in the identification process demonstrates their relative suitability for corpus-driven identification of dictionary-relevant formulaic expressions, with their precision varying in relation to corpus size and length of sequences under investigation.

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Lin, Phoebe M. S. "The prosody of formulaic expression in the IBM/Lancaster Spoken English Corpus." International Journal of Corpus Linguistics 18, no. 4 (December 5, 2013): 561–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/ijcl.18.4.05lin.

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This article examines the distribution of the nucleus around selected formulaic expressions in the IBM/Lancaster Spoken English Corpus (SEC). The study reveals the presence of a positional bias such that formulaic expressions found at the end of intonation units are more likely to receive the nucleus than those found at the beginning. Amongst the formulaic expressions located at the end of intonation units, 70 percent have the nucleus assigned to the last lexical word of the expressions. For the remaining cases, the obligatory nuclei are found either on the lexical words immediately preceding the expressions or on the first words, the degree words or the flexible slots within the expressions. The study shows how prosodically annotated corpora may facilitate research on the prosody of formulaic expressions. At the same time, it also raises awareness of the issues confronting this new research avenue.

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Van Lancker Sidtis, Diana. "Formulaic Language and Language Disorders." Annual Review of Applied Linguistics 32 (March 2012): 62–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0267190512000104.

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The importance of formulaic language is recognized by many branches of the language sciences. Second language learners acquire a language using a maturationally advanced neurological substrate, leading to a profile of formulaic language use and knowledge that differs from that of the prepuberty learner. Unlike the considerable interest in formulaic language seen in second language learning, attention paid to this theme in clinical communicative disorders has been limited. Historically, verbal expressions preserved in severe nonfluent aphasia, including counting, interjections, and memorized phrases, have been referred to asautomatic speech. Closer examination of all forms of aphasic speech reveals a high proportion of formulaic expressions, while speech samples from persons with right hemisphere and subcortical damage show a significant impoverishment. These findings are supported by studies of persons with Alzheimer's disease, who have intact subcortical nuclei and abnormally high proportions of formulaic expressions, and Parkinson's disease, which is characterized by dysfunctional subcortical systems and impoverished formulaic language. Preliminary studies of schizophrenic speech also reveal a paucity of formulaic language. A dissociation between knowledge and use of the expressions is found in some of these populations. Observations in clinical adult subjects lead to a profile of cerebral function underlying production of novel and formulaic language, known as the dual processing model. Whereas the left hemisphere modulates newly created language, production of formulaic language is dependent on a right hemisphere/subcortical circuit. Implications of the dual process model for evaluation and treatment of language disorders are discussed.

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Bardovi-Harlig, Kathleen. "A NEW STARTING POINT?" Studies in Second Language Acquisition 24, no. 2 (June 2002): 189–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0272263102002036.

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The use of formulaic expressions by second language learners has received little attention from second language acquisition research investigating interlanguage temporal systems. Instead, this field of inquiry has emphasized the productive use of verbal morphology by employing type-token analyses. This paper considers the proposed developmental sequence of formula > low-scope pattern > construction in the emergence of future expression in a longitudinal study of 16 adult learners of English as a second language. The findings suggest that the use of formulaic expressions may be subject to individual variation and that learners may use formulaic expressions to different degrees when developing form-meaning associations even in the same grammatical subsystem, such as the tense-aspect system. The findings also suggest, however, that the practice of favoring type over token analysis as a matter of course may eliminate valuable information about the emergence and development of temporal expression.

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Indriyani, Lia, Dwi Rukmini, and Widhiyanto Widhiyanto. "The Realization of Formulaic Expressions in EFL Teacher-Student Classroom Interactions." English Education Journal 12, no. 1 (March 15, 2022): 120–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.15294/eej.v12i1.54521.

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Formulaic expressions are essential for developing students' communicative competence to speak English naturally and fluently. This research aimed to determine how the EFL teachers and students used the five types of formulaic expressions in their classroom interactions. This study is discourse analysis, particularly conversation analysis, using a qualitative research approach. The research subjects were two teachers and thirty-one students from two different EFL classes in a private high school in Semarang. The data were obtained by recording their 5x40 minutes' classroom interactions. The video recordings were transcribed and then observed. After all of the data were collected, they were classified and analyzed based on Biber et al.'s (1999) framework and then described qualitatively. The study results showed that the teachers and the students realized all five types of formulaic expressions; lexical bundles, idiomatic phrases, free combinations of verb+particle, binomial expressions, and inserts. It shows that the teachers and the students are able to speak relatively natural English. By doing the further analysis, it was also found that even though the teachers used the formulaic expressions a lot more than the students, the orders of the frequency of formulaic expressions used are similar, as well as some expressions used. Surprisingly, it was revealed that there were some expressions which were not used by the teachers but were realized by the students.

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Issel-Dombert, Sandra, and Marie Serwe. "Der Einfluss der préciosité auf das Gegenwartsfranzösische. Eine korpusbasierte Untersuchung formelhafter Wendungen aus Molières Les Précieuses ridicules (1659)." Yearbook of Phraseology 6, no. 1 (October 1, 2015): 35–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/phras-2015-0004.

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Abstract Molière’s farce Les Précieuses ridicules (1659) contains a vast selection of formulaic expressions. The play serves as a historical reference for the identification of formulaic language influenced by a period called the préciosité, originating in 17th-century France. Based upon a survey of French native speakers, this paper will deal with the question of whether these formulaic expressions have left traces upon present day French. Given the empirical evidence, one must conclude that the majority of these expressions are widely known and are in general use today. Furthermore, the hypothesis that such expressions predominate in higher-register French (cf. Klare 2011: 126) is confirmed.

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McCauley, Stewart M., and Morten H. Christiansen. "Acquiring formulaic language." Mental Lexicon 9, no. 3 (December 31, 2014): 419–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/ml.9.3.03mcc.

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In recent years, psycholinguistic studies have built support for the notion that formulaic language is more widespread and pervasive in adult sentence processing than previously assumed. These findings are mirrored in a number of developmental studies, suggesting that children’s item-based units do not diminish, but persist into adulthood, in keeping with a number of approaches emerging from cognitive linguistics. In the present paper, we describe a simple, psychologically motivated computational model of language acquisition in which the learning and use of formulaic expressions represents the foundation for comprehension and production processes. The model is shown to capture key psycholinguistic findings on children’s sensitivity to the properties of multiword strings and use of lexically specific multiword frames in morphological development. The results of these simulations, we argue, stress the importance of adopting a developmental perspective to better understand how formulaic expressions come to play an important role in adult language use.

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Vaynshteyn, Irina, and Diana Van Lancker Sidtis. "Effects of Age of Arrival on Acquisition of Formulaic Expressions in the Second Language." Studies in English Language Teaching 7, no. 4 (October 23, 2019): p391. http://dx.doi.org/10.22158/selt.v7n4p391.

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Little is known about age effects on formulaic language acquisition in second language (L2) learners. This research compared use and comprehension of formulaic expressions (FEs) in English and Russian by two groups of Russian bilingual speakers differing in age of arrival (AoA) to the USA. A critical period perspective predicts better performance in the early than the later group in the second language. Contrary to this expectation, the early arriving group did not perform significantly better than the later arriving group on the English formulaic tasks. They did perform better on the English than the Russian formulaic tasks. The later arriving group scored significantly higher than the early group on all formulaic tasks in Russian, and performed significantly better in Russian than English. Both bilingual groups scored higher on comprehension than production for English. The surprising result, that earlier arrival in the second language country did not significantly benefit formulaic language use, remains to be explained. Linguistic input and brain maturation likely both play important roles in formulaic language acquisition.

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Lee, Binna, and Diana Van Lancker Sidtis. "Subcortical Involvement in Formulaic Language: Studies on Bilingual Individuals With Parkinson's Disease." Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research 63, no. 12 (December 14, 2020): 4029–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1044/2020_jslhr-19-00390.

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Purpose An impoverished production of routinized expressions, namely, formulaic language, has been reported for monolingual speakers with Parkinson's disease (PD). Little is known regarding how formulaic expressions might be manifested in individuals with neurological damage who speak more than one language. This study investigated the processing of formulaic language across first language (L1) and second language (L2) in bilingual individuals with PD. Method Eleven Korean–English bilingual speakers with PD, who acquired Korean as L1 and English as L2, were recruited for this study. Two matched control groups composed of 11 healthy Korean–English bilingual individuals and 11 healthy native English speakers were included for comparison. Their performance on three structured tasks (comprehension, completion, and judgment–correction) and conversational speech was measured and compared across groups for analyses. Results The bilingual speakers with PD had significantly impaired comprehension of formulaic language in L1 and had lower proportions of formulaic expressions in their L1 conversational speech compared with the bilingual controls. Regarding L2, both bilingual groups with and without PD were comparable in their English performance across all tasks. Both groups performed significantly poorer in L2 structured tasks than the native English speakers. Spontaneous production of formulaic language in English (L2 for bilingual individuals) was similar across all three groups. Conclusions The results of this study contribute to the growing body of literature on impoverishment of formulaic language production following subcortical dysfunction. Additionally, findings here demonstrate a selective impairment of formulaic language performance in L1 but not L2 for bilinguals with PD, further supporting the role of the basal ganglia in native language.

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Finkelberg, Margalit. "Is KΛΕΟΣ ΑΦθΙΤΟΝ a Homeric Formula?" Classical Quarterly 36, no. 1 (May 1986): 1–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0009838800010491.

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Since being brought to light in 1853 by Adalbert Kuhn, the fact that the Homeric expression κλέος ἄφθιτον has an exact parallel in the Veda has played an extremely important role in formulating the hypothesis that Greek epic poetry is of Indo-European origin. Yet only with Milman Parry's analysis of the formulaic character of Homeric composition did it become possible to test the antiquity of κλέος ἄφθιτον on the internal grounds of Homeric diction.It is generally agreed that the conservative character of oral composition entails a high degree of correlation between the antiquity of a Homeric expression and its formulaic character. In other words, although not all Homeric formulae are necessarily of ancient origin, it is nevertheless in the formulaic stock of the epic diction that archaic and backward-looking expressions should be sought. Consequently, demonstration that κλέος ἄφθιτον (as well as other Homeric expressions with Vedic cognates) is a Homeric formula would constitute valuable evidence for its origin in Indo-European heroic poetry. Strangely enough, however, as Parry's analysis won the recognition of scholars, κλέος ἄφθιτον was identified as a Homeric formula simply because of its agreement with the Vedic śráva(s) ákṣitam. Yet examination of κλέος ἄφθιτον from the internal standpoint of the Greek epic casts serious doubts on the formulaic and traditional character of this Homeric expression.

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Rifa’i, Ahmad. "Struktur Formula dan Ekpresi Formulaik dalam Tradisi Mamaca di Kabupaten Bondowoso." SULUK: Jurnal Bahasa, Sastra, dan Budaya 2, no. 1 (July 2, 2020): 23–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.15642/suluk.2020.2.1.23-36.

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The objective of this research are describing about: formula and formulaic expression Mamaca tradition in Bondowoso. This research is descriptive-qualitative research. The research data sources are (1) the process of Mamaca, (2) informant, and (3) documentation. The research result showed, the formula which is obtained in Mamaca tradition, are line connection and poetry concept formula. Formulaic expressions are translating process of tokang tegges and poetry concept based on rhyme and purwakanthi.

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Bardovi-Harlig, Kathleen, and David Stringer. "Unconventional Expressions: Productive syntax in the L2 acquisition of formulaic language." Second Language Research 33, no. 1 (July 7, 2016): 61–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0267658316641725.

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This article presents a generative analysis of the acquisition of formulaic language as an alternative to current usage-based proposals. One influential view of the role of formulaic expressions in second language (L2) development is that they are a bootstrapping mechanism into the L2 grammar; an initial repertoire of constructions allows for statistical induction of abstract grammatical categories, such that formulaic language is the data source from which syntactic rules are derived. This study brings evidence to bear on this debate from three studies of the acquisition of conventional expressions by L2 learners of English. A total of 271 learners and 58 native speakers completed either an oral conversation-simulation task or an aural-written elicited imitation task. The data show that while learners exhibit knowledge of both contextualized use and the lexical core of conventional expressions, production data reflect the morphosyntactic knowledge of learners at particular stages of development. Formulaic language does not drive the acquisition of syntax; rather, the acquisition of syntax as an independent process drives changes in the production of conventional expressions. Their gradual transformations allow for insights not only into the acquisition of syntax, but also into the nature of multi-word expressions in the mental lexicon.

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Bardovi-Harlig, Kathleen. "Formulas, Routines, and Conventional Expressions in Pragmatics Research." Annual Review of Applied Linguistics 32 (March 2012): 206–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0267190512000086.

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This article reviews the recent research on formulaic language in pragmatics from three perspectives: foundational issues, recurrent research questions, and the populations studied. Examination of foundational issues, including definitions and operationalization of the concept of formula in pragmatics, shows the way in which pragmatics understands formulaic language and what it contributes to the study of formulaic language, namely, a strong sense of social contract. Recurrent themes in contemporary investigations include how formulas are used in general and in specific contexts, determining how extensive the use of formulas is, attitudes toward formulas, acquisition of formulas in second language (L2) pragmatics, and formulas in pragmatics pedagogy. The third section reviews pragmatic research according to language community, defined for the purposes of this review as first language (L1; native-speaker communities), L2, cross-cultural comparisons, indigenized varieties, and lingua franca communities. The investigation of formula use by different communities addresses questions of the particular and the universal in formula use and the importance of community and community membership.

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Bordería, Salvador Pons. "From pragmatics to semantics:Esto esin formulaic expressions." Acta Linguistica Hafniensia 38, no. 1 (January 2006): 180–206. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03740463.2006.10412208.

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Kim, Mary S. "Advanced Korean Language Learners' Use of Formulaic Language." Korean Language in America 17, Special Issue 2012 (January 1, 2012): 255–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/42922368.

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ABSTRACT A growing number of studies find that formulaic language plays an important role in language processing, production, and acquisition (Erman & Warren 2000; Conklin & Schmitt 2008; Wray 2008). Native speakers typically store and retrieve a sequence of words or word strings as a holistic unit. This study investigates advanced Korean learners' use of formulaic language through an analysis of the learners' writings. The study focuses on analyzing the learners' use of collocation, lexical bundles, and idiomatic expressions. Quantitative and qualitative analyses identify the amount, types, and accuracy of their use of formulaic language. The findings show that these learners not only make errors in using the appropriate formulaic sequences, but they also fail to consider the proper contexts. In addition, compared to native speakers, advanced learners tend to overuse a small range of high-frequency familiar formulaic sequences and lack diversity in their use of formulaic sequences. The findings further suggest ways of facilitating formulaic language acquisition.

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Kim, Mary S. "Advanced Korean Language Learners' Use of Formulaic Language." Korean Language in America 17, Special Issue 2012 (January 1, 2012): 255–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/korelangamer.17.2012.0255.

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ABSTRACT A growing number of studies find that formulaic language plays an important role in language processing, production, and acquisition (Erman & Warren 2000; Conklin & Schmitt 2008; Wray 2008). Native speakers typically store and retrieve a sequence of words or word strings as a holistic unit. This study investigates advanced Korean learners' use of formulaic language through an analysis of the learners' writings. The study focuses on analyzing the learners' use of collocation, lexical bundles, and idiomatic expressions. Quantitative and qualitative analyses identify the amount, types, and accuracy of their use of formulaic language. The findings show that these learners not only make errors in using the appropriate formulaic sequences, but they also fail to consider the proper contexts. In addition, compared to native speakers, advanced learners tend to overuse a small range of high-frequency familiar formulaic sequences and lack diversity in their use of formulaic sequences. The findings further suggest ways of facilitating formulaic language acquisition.

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Schmale, Günter. "Formulaic Expressions for Foreign Language Learning and Teaching." Linguistik Online 113, no. 1 (February 9, 2022): 91–110. http://dx.doi.org/10.13092/lo.113.8328.

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Foreign language teaching experts unanimously insist on the necessity of acquiring formulaic expressions in order to communicate successfully in the target language. However, many of the treatises in favour of phraseme use, including semantically non-compositional idiomatic expressions, by foreign language learners seem to be marked by an insufficient depth of reflection as to applied linguistic, methodological, and phraseodidactic[1] criteria. The present contribution therefore aims at a differentiated treatment of prefabricated communicative constructions, starting out from an extended definition and classification and by discussing the pros and cons of phraseme acquisition. These considerations will lead to the delimitation of formulaic language fundamental for an operative foreign language competence (routine formulae, collocations and “constructions”) as opposed to those types of phrasemes which are not essential or even inappropriate for non-native speakers. [1] A term as a direct translation from German Phraseodidaktik, employed in English language publications of non-native researchers, e. g. Gonzalez-Rey (2018), which we decided to adopt here for practical reasons.

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Puzhaeva, Svetlana Yu, Ekaterina A. Gerasimenko, Elena S. Zakharova, and Ekaterina V. Rakhilina. "Automatic Extraction of Formulaic Expressions from Russian Texts." Vestnik NSU. Series: Linguistics and Intercultural Communication 16, no. 2 (2018): 5–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.25205/1818-7935-2018-16-2-5-18.

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Saputra, Heru S. P. "Formula Dan Ekspresi Formulaik: Aspek Kelisanan Mantra Dalam Pertunjukan Reog." ATAVISME 13, no. 2 (December 31, 2010): 161–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.24257/atavisme.v13i2.128.161-174.

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Artikel ini bertujuan mendiskusikan aspek kelisanan mantra yang digunakan dalam pertunjukan reog. Hasil kajian menunjukkan bahwa dalam seni tradisi reog, mantra merupakan media verbal yang digunakan oleh pembarong untuk mendatangkan kekuatan magis dalam rangkaian tari dhadhak merak. Mantra-mantra di antaranya Mantra Prosesi Drojogan dan Mantra Pangracutan dalam konteks pertunjukan reog merupakan wujud aspek kelisanan. Mantra-mantra tersebut tersusun atas formula-formula, yakni formula repetisi tautotes, formula paralelisme sintaktis, formula konkatenasi, formula repetisi anafora, dan formula repetisi epifora. Dengan beragam formula tersebut, mantra memiliki perulangan yang berpola dan men- jadi terasa ritmis sehingga menunjukkan ekspresi formulaik. Formula dan ekspresi formulaik tersebut merupakan aspek kelisanan utama yang mencerminkan sakralitas dan spiritualitas da- lam seni tradisi reog. Abstract: This article aims to discuss aspects of spells (magic-formula) orality used in the reog show. The study shows that in the reog tradition art, the spells is a verbal medium used by pembarong to bring in a series of magical power dhadhak merak dance. Spells among others, Prosesi Drojogan and Pangracutan spells in the context of the show is a form of reog orality aspects. Spells are made up of formulas, i.e. tautotes repetition formula, syntactic parallelism formula, concatenate formula, anaphora repetition formula, and epifora repetition formula. With a variety of formulas, the repetition of the spells has become patterned and rhythmic feel, thereby indicating formulaic expression. The formulas and formulaic expressions are the main orality aspects that reflect sacredness and spirituality in reog traditions art. Key Words: spells or magic-formula, formulas, sacredness, spirituality, tradition art

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Al-Heeh, Dr Sami. "Revisiting what is termed as Anomalous Formulaic Expressions in the Qur’anic Discourse: A Cognitive Study from a Pragma-Stylistic Perspective." Middle East Research Journal of Linguistics and Literature 1, no. 1 (December 15, 2021): 18–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.36348/merjll.2021.v01i01.004.

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This cognitive, small-scale study reviews the formulaic expressions used in the Quranic discourse. From a pragma-stylistic view, it examines the extent to which the Quranic expressions identified by Arab linguists as ‘odd’ words are used as discourse markers. Based on more recent denotational theories, the paper claims that these expressions are unlikely to be anomalous. It theorizes that these phrases are verbal clues that work on the discourse level. The study utilizes corpus linguistics for data collection. Theoretically, it builds on discourse analysis (DA) as a main approach to data categorization and analysis. Thus, it models on Fairclough (2013) and Van Dijk's (1998) analytical framework to describe, interpret and explain the senses of these expressions in the various processes of meaning production, consumption and realization. A systematic, linguistic analysis is carried out on the syntactic, semantic and schematic levels. It has been found that these expressions fit into some formulaic sequences in which the components refer either directly to the discourse or indirectly to the context in which the embolic term is used. The contexts in which the formulaic patterns are selected and used are mainly characterized by hypersensitivity to sex and abstractedness of comprehension. The linguistic features of the expressions suggest that the Quranic discourse uses them for language politeness to keep face, for more linguistic interactions to clarify meaning and for hedging to sustain other potential senses. Finally, the study implicates for research on pragmatic and translation studies.

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Dreesen, Philipp. "Ausdrücke in Anführungszeichen als Verfestigungen." Linguistik Online 96, no. 3 (June 15, 2019): 25–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.13092/lo.96.5532.

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This study raises the question of whether formulaic expressions always consist of at least two words. It is argued that pragmatics should also consider paraverbal graphematical signs. Some present German expressions are emphased in quotation marks for political and possibly critical reasons (e. g. „Drittes Reich“, „zivilisiert“). They form their own kind of formulaicity, because it is not quotation. The identification of quotations is only one function of quotation marks. Other meta-pragmatic functions of quotation marks are – if at all – only contextual and often not distinct. This includes, for example, the so-called „application with reservation“ and the „term with reservation“, as examples from the German colonial period show (e. g. „wild“, „dunkler Welttheil“). For this reason, corpus-based analyses of these formulaic expressions will also require contextual interpretations in the future.

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MacKenzie, Ian. "Poetry and formulaic language." Linguistic Approaches to Poetry 15 (December 31, 2001): 75–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/bjl.15.06mac.

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Corpora show that people are less original in using language than is generally believed. We routinely employ an immense repertoire of semi-preconstructed phrases, though we also adapt them: creative extensions and adaptations of institutionalized locutions sometimes occur more frequently than the ordinary form. Corpora also reveal that fiction uses verbal idioms rarely found in other forms of writing or in conversation, which suggests that novelists draw on their own experience of stereotyped fictional dialogue more than on real-life conversation. Oral epic poetry, from Homer to Beowulf, was, of course, also formulaic, but the received view is that written poetry should be quite the opposite: it should consist of new combinations of words. While it is easy to find poetry that does contain fixed expressions and poetic transformations of them, such as the ‘conversational’ (and occasionally prosaic) poetry of Wordsworth, Frost, Auden and McDiarmid, it is harder to argue that the poetry of Shakespeare, Donne, Shelley, Keats, Hopkins, Stevens or Ashbery is made up of formulaic language. Conversely, however, it can be shown that canonical poetry is the source of hundreds of phrases in our active verbal lexicons.

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Shon, Sangmi. "Analysis of Formulaic Expressions Error In advanced Korean learners." Korean Association For Learner-Centered Curriculum And Instruction 20, no. 15 (August 1, 2020): 1227–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.22251/jlcci.2020.20.15.1227.

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Kecskes, Iatvan. "Situation-bound utterances in Chinese." East Asian Pragmatics 1, no. 1 (April 13, 2016): 107–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1558/eap.v1i1.29098.

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This article argues that, when analysing formulaic language use in Chinese, besides the three main groups, proverbs (yàny? ??), idioms (chéngy? ??), and guànyòngy? ??? compounds, we need to distinguish and pay special attention to a fourth category: situation-bound utterances (qíngjìng zhu?nyòngy? ???? ?). Situation-bound utterances (SBUs) constitute a unique group within idiomatic expressions because their use is tied to particular situations. SBUs fulfil social needs in conversation. People know that if they use these prefabricated expressions they are safe: nobody will misunderstand them because these phrases usually mean the same to most speakers in a speech community. The article aims to introduce SBUs as a separate category among Chinese formulaic expressions, discuss its relationship to yàny?, chéngy?, and guànyòngy? compounds, explain why it is important to handle it as a separate lexical category, and highlight the unique nature and use of SBUs. However, it is not the goal of the article to give a full and detailed description of the new category, which will need further research.

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Heuijung Hur. "Comparison of Formulaic Expressions for Academic Writing Across the Disciplines." Language Facts and Perspectives 39, no. ll (November 2016): 305–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.20988/lfp.2016.39..305.

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Iwatsuki, Kenichi, Florian Boudin, and Akiko Aizawa. "Extraction and evaluation of formulaic expressions used in scholarly papers." Expert Systems with Applications 187 (January 2022): 115840. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.eswa.2021.115840.

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Taguchi, Naoko, Qiong Li, and Xiaofei Tang. "Learning Chinese Formulaic Expressions in a Scenario-Based Interactive Environment." Foreign Language Annals 50, no. 4 (October 6, 2017): 641–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/flan.12292.

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Kermes, Hannah, and Elke Teich. "Formulaic expressions in scientific texts: Corpus design, extraction and exploration." Lexicographica 28, no. 1 (December 2012): 99–120. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/lexi.2012-0007.

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Wiatrowski, Przemysław. "Związki frazeologiczne identyczne oraz podobne formalnie w językach indonezyjskim i polskim." Poznańskie Studia Polonistyczne. Seria Językoznawcza 25, no. 1 (August 28, 2018): 199–223. http://dx.doi.org/10.14746/pspsj.2018.25.1.12.

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The article discusses Indonesian and Polish phraseological units, and specifically fixed expressions (idioms) and formulaic expressions (phrasemes). The linguistic units considered come predominantly from Indonesian and Polish dictionaries of phrases. The research also aims to provide a thorough description of such phraseological units characterized by either identical or similar formal structures between the compared languages. Particular focus is placed on identicality or similarity in qualitative and/or quantitative terms. The formally identical phraseological units include expressions having the same number of components arranged in the same order in the expression’s structure and having units with meanings having the same non-phraseological use. The formally similar phraseological units display certain lexical and grammatical qualitative and/or quantitative differences.

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Taguchi, Naoko, Haomin Zhang, and Qiong Li. "Pragmatic competence of heritage learners of Chinese and its relationship to social contact." Chinese as a Second Language Research 6, no. 1 (June 27, 2017): 7–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/caslar-2017-0002.

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AbstractThis study aimed to investigate: (1) Chinese heritage learners’ (CHLs) pragmatic competence in comparison to foreign language learners of Chinese (CFLs) and (2) the relationship between CHLs’ pragmatic competence and their language contact in a range of social settings. Focal linguistic forms included sentence final particles (SFPs) and formulaic expressions (FORs). Sixty Chinese language learners in the intermediate- and advanced-level classes (31 CHLs and 29 CFLs) participated in the study. Participants completed a computerized listening comprehension task, a written production task, and a language contact questionnaire. Findings showed that CHLs outperformed CFLs in both comprehension and production of Chinese sentence final particles and formulaic expressions. The analysis of language contact questionnaire revealed that learners who reported a greater amount of interactive language contact achieved higher scores on the pragmatic tasks, regardless of the constructs and skill domains assessed.

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Boone, Griet, Nicolas Ruytenbeek, and Sofie Decock. "“The message is clear”: An L1 business perspective on non-target-like formulaic expressions in L2 German." Intercultural Pragmatics 19, no. 5 (October 21, 2022): 571–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/ip-2022-5002.

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Abstract This study examines how non-target-like formulaic expressions used by advanced second language (L2) speakers of German are perceived by first language (L1) German business professionals in an intercultural workplace setting. By using an experimental design, we explore how L1 business professionals (N = 84) perceive the appropriateness and acceptability of the non-target-like expressions as well as how they perceive the communicative competence of the writer in two conditions: one in which the writer is explicitly described as an L2 user of German (intercultural condition), and one in which the writer is not (German condition). Moreover, by first establishing recurrent unconventionalities when L2 users create their own formulaic expressions (i.e., misspellings, grammatical errors, pragmalinguistic and sociopragmatic infelicities), we examine the effect of the type of unconventionality. Our experimental stimuli are based on authentic student responses to situations in an intercultural workplace setting which were elicited through a written discourse completion task. Our results indicate that in both conditions expressions containing a grammatical error are judged as least acceptable, followed by those with a pragmatic infelicity. Ratings were significantly higher in the intercultural condition, suggesting tolerance of the L1 professionals towards non-target-like expressions of L2 users.

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Stumpf, Sören. "Phraseografie und Korpusanalyse." Linguistik Online 96, no. 3 (June 12, 2019): 115–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.13092/lo.96.5523.

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The following article gives an overview of the weak points in the lexicographical coverage of phrasemes. The main problem with previous phraseography is that the dictionary entries are not based on comprehensive corpus analyses of actual language use. Hence I make a case for a “corpus-based phraseography” (Steyer 2010) and in using selected examples, I demonstrate how a pragmatic approach that is focused on actual language use can help to improve the lemmatization of formulaic expressions. This also shows which consequences and changes may occur from a corpus-analytical point of view as compared to the traditional phraseographical approach. For this purpose, I use the German reference corpus/Deutsches Referenzkorpus and the analysis system COSMAS II. Central to my analysis are the phenomena that have scarcely received any attention: the differentiation of modifications and phrase schemata, the valence spectrum of phrasemes as well as formulaic expressions with unique components.

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MacKenzie, Ian. "Institutionalized utterances, literature, and language teaching." Language and Literature: International Journal of Stylistics 9, no. 1 (February 2000): 61–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/096394700000900105.

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Linguists have recently suggested that a large proportion of linguistic performance in naturally acquired languages is enabled by the internalization of a huge number of institutionalized utterances, or lexical phrases, or fixed and semi-fixed expressions. This research parallels the discovery, earlier this century, of the oral-formulaic nature of Homeric poetry. Furthermore, although written literature (as opposed to oral epic poetry) is generally assumed to be anything but formulaic, it can be shown that it too necessarily contains a lot of institutionalized expressions, or at least transformations of them, and that our own repertoire of memorized phrases almost certainly comes from literary as well as oral sources. Foreign language teachers clearly need to give serious consideration to the prevalence of lexical phrases, in both speech and writing. Literature can be used in the foreign language classroom as (among many other things) a source of institutionalized phrases.

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Jaworska, Sylvia, Cedric Krummes, and Astrid Ensslin. "Formulaic sequences in native and non-native argumentative writing in German." International Journal of Corpus Linguistics 20, no. 4 (December 30, 2015): 500–525. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/ijcl.20.4.04jaw.

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The aim of this paper is to contribute to learner corpus research into formulaic language in native and non-native German. To this effect, a corpus of argumentative essays written by advanced British students of German (WHiG) was compared with a corpus of argumentative essays written by German native speakers (Falko-L1). A corpus-driven analysis reveals a larger number of 3-grams in WHiG than in Falko-L1, which suggests that British advanced learners of German are more likely to use formulaic language in argumentative writing than their native-speaker counterparts. Secondly, by classifying the formulaic sequences according to their functions, this study finds that native speakers of German prefer discourse-structuring devices to stance expressions, whilst British advanced learners display the opposite preferences. Thirdly, the results show that learners of German make greater use of macro-discourse-structuring devices and cautious language, whereas native speakers favour micro-discourse structuring devices and tend to use more direct language.

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Paoli, Bruno. "Meters and formulas." Linguistic Approaches to Poetry 15 (December 31, 2001): 113–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/bjl.15.09pao.

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This paper deals with the metrical and rhythmical foundations of the formulaic style of ancient Arabic poetry. It is first shown how proper formulas can match different verse-patterns, by means of slight modifications such as the adjunction, deletion or substitution of conjunctions, prepositions, interrogative pronouns or aspectual markers, which partly behave like “stop-gaps”, keeping the meaning unchanged while modifying the metrical pattern of the formula. The analysis is then extended to “rhythmical formulas”, i.e. to combined metrical and word-stress patterns which serve as models for a great number of “formulaic expressions”. Word boundaries may be specified, as well as some morphological and syntactical informations, so that expressions derived from a same rhythmical formula can be classified into a number of more or less abstract subcategories. Finally, the syntagmatic combination of rhythmical formulas into lines leads to the identification of a small number of prototypical verse-instances underlying the various actual instances of a same verse-pattern.

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Vildósola Campos, Marcela Soledad, Cristian Hernán Sanhueza Campos, and Katia Lorena Sáez Carrillo. "EFL Learners’ Formulaic Language Use in Writing: an Action Research Account." Logos: Revista de Lingüística, Filosofía y Literatura 31, no. 2 (December 2021): 301–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.15443/rl3118.

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The present study exemplifies an action research-based approach for addressing the extent to which a process of explicit instruction of formulaic language supports the use of this type of vocabulary in middle school students’ short narrative written texts. The study was conducted at a private school in Chile, as a plan to help learners use different forms of expression in a written format. Data were obtained from a group of 23 Spanish-speaking learners of English before and after the intervention period. The action research methodology was implemented in order to collect and analyse written compositions as well as a survey for evaluating the treatment from the students’ perspective. The observation and reflection process led to positive outcomes in relation to the use of formulaic expressions in writing, and students’ opinion about the process also proved favourable. The pedagogical innovation is reflected upon theoretical and pedagogical perspectives. Implications applicable to teachers working in this and other contexts are also considered.

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배진아. "Study on the formulaic expressions used by Korean learners of French." SECONDARY EDUCATION RESEARCH 65, no. 1 (March 2017): 1–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.25152/ser.2017.65.1.1.

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TANG, XIAOFEI, and NAOKO TAGUCHI. "Digital Game‐Based Learning of Formulaic Expressions in Second Language Chinese." Modern Language Journal 105, no. 3 (August 26, 2021): 740–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/modl.12725.

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Korhonen, Kalle. "Between meaningful sentences and formulaic expressions: Fronted verbs in Christian epitaphs." Glotta 87, no. 1-4 (December 2011): 95–125. http://dx.doi.org/10.13109/glot.2011.87.14.95.

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Govindasamy, Subramaniam, and Mohana Nambiar Kahn. "Malay ESL college students' spoken discourse: The use of formulaic expressions." Multilingua - Journal of Cross-Cultural and Interlanguage Communication 25, no. 1-2 (January 19, 2006): 59–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/multi.2006.005.

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El-Sayed, Ali. "Politeness Formulas in English and Arabic." ITL - International Journal of Applied Linguistics 89-90 (January 1, 1990): 1–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/itl.89-90.01els.

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Abstract To be familiar with the kinds of formulaic expressions used by speakers of a language as markers of politeness, is a knowledg which is indispensable to the acquisition of communicative competence in lan-guage. Such expressions can present many pitfalls for the learner who is not fully aware of their conditions of use. A failure to grasp the often subtle differences between first language and target language formulas can lead to serious misunderstandings and misjudgements.

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Taguchi, Naoko, Shuai Li, and Feng Xiao. "Production of formulaic expressions in L2 Chinese: A developmental investigation in a study abroad context." Chinese as a Second Language Research 2, no. 1 (June 24, 2013): 23–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/caslar-2013-0021.

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AbstractThis study investigated the development of L2 Chinese formulaic competence in a study abroad context. Participants were 31 American students studying Chinese in a university in China (intermediate-level). They completed a computerized speaking test consisting of 24 formulae-use situations twice during their semester-long study abroad in China. The learners produced a formulaic expression according to each situation, and their production was evaluated on appropriateness (rated on a four-point scale by native speakers) and planning time. In addition, a survey was administered to gather information about the learners' perceived frequency of encounter with formulae-use situations. The learners showed significant gains on appropriateness and fluency. Reported frequency of encounter with target formulae-use situations did not correlate with the gains in formulae production, except for the learners with lower pretest score. Qualitative analysis revealed four patterns of change: (1) change toward target formulae, (2) change toward target-like slot-and-frame patterns, (3) change toward non-target formulae; and (4) stabilized non-target formulae use.

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Van Lancker Sidtis, Diana, and Whitney Anne Postman. "Formulaic expressions in spontaneous speech of left‐ and right‐hemisphere‐damaged subjects." Aphasiology 20, no. 5 (May 2006): 411–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02687030500538148.

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Kecskes, Istvan. "Intracultural Communication and Intercultural Communication: Are They Different?" International Review of Pragmatics 7, no. 2 (2015): 171–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/18773109-00702002.

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The paper discusses the differences between intracultural communication and intercultural communication from a socio-cognitive perspective that treats this relationship as a continuum rather than a dichotomy. Movement on the continuum, and differences between the two phenomena are affected by different factors that will be discussed in the paper. The hypothetical left end of the continuum is intracultural communication and the right end is intercultural communication. Neither exists in pure form. The question is to which end a given communicative situation is closer to and what characteristics it is dominated by. While moving on toward the right end communication becomes less dependent on standards, norms, frames, core common ground and formulaic language and is characterized more by emergent common ground, ad hoc generated rather than formulaic expressions, norm creating attempts and individual creativity in solving communication problems.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Formulaic expressions'

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