Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Formulaic expressions'

PONTIFÍCIA UNIVERSIDADE CATÓLICA DO RIO DE JANEIRO
O objetivo desta análise é propor a conceituação e a organização das expressões formulaicas a partir do corpus que consta de 6 episódios do programa Os Normais da Rede Globo de Televisão, reunidas no DVD de mesmo nome. A fundamentação teórica básica deste trabalho concentra-se na área da Funcionalismo, associado à Pragmática e vale-se do conceito de função (Neves, 1997), e seqüência formulaica numa perspectiva pragmática (Wray, 2002). Nossos resultados apontam para uma lista sistematizada de expressões formulaicas, que funcionam como um dos mecanismos lingüísticos usados no cotidiano, favorecendo a economia lingüística e proporcionando o aumento da competência de uso da língua portuguesa para o estrangeiro.
The aim of this analysis is to propose a conceptualization and organization of the formulaic expressions taken from a corpus of 6 episodes of the Rede Globo sitcom Os normais , included in a DVD also titled Os normais.. The theoretical basis of this work is in Functionalism in association with Pragmatics, adopting the concepts of function (Neves, 1997) and formulaic sequence from a pragmatic perspective (Wray, 2002). Our results point to a systematic list of formulaic expressions, that are one the used linguistic devices in everyday language, favoring linguistic economy and increasing linguistic competence in Portuguese for non-native speakers.

This essay presents a study of retention of idioms delving into a pedagogical approach by presenting them to a group of lower secondary students. The study also explores students’ memory retention whilst concurrently investigating if certain types of idioms are retained to a greater extent than others. For the sake of assessing memory retention in relation to these various types of idiomatic transparency, the selected idioms have been divided into three separate categories; transparent, semi-transparent and opaque depending on their literal and figurative meaning. This essay argues that opaque idioms are retained to a lesser extent in memory due to their non-transparent metaphorical meaning. In fact, the most striking finding is that idioms pertaining to the opaque category are indeed more difficult for students to learn and are also forgotten the fastest. Previous research has put emphasis on the complex structure of idioms and opinions seem divided regarding to what extent the teaching of idioms should be implemented together with other vocabulary items in a classroom setting. On the other hand, the same research emphasizes the great value of idioms; potentially expanding student vocabulary and making the English language more nuanced and native-like.

本研究は、6つのアジア諸言語―日本語、インドネシア語、韓国語、ベトナム語、タガログ語、中国語―の断り表現を比較し、断り表現における意味公式の出現順序は、言語の構造(主要部先頭・最終)と関係があることを明らかにすることを目的とする。主要部先頭言語は、「断り」を他の意味公式より先に述べる傾向があり、一方、主要部最終言語は、他の意味公式を先に言ってから、「断り」を述べるという結果が見られた。
This study investigated refusal expressions in six Asian languages—Japanese, Indonesian, Korean, Vietnamese, Filipino, and Chinese—. The purpose of this study was to examine whether there is a relationship between language category (head-initial/final language) and the occurrence of semantic formula function groups (SFFGs) in refusal expressions. The result of analyses on refusal expressions of the six languages showed that head-initial languages have a strong tendency to use "Refusal" before another semantic formula, and head-final languages have a tendency to use "Refusal" after other SFFGs.
博士(文化情報学)
Doctor of Culture and Information Science
同志社大学
Doshisha University

This research is an enquiry to find an electoral formula that conforms to Canadian constitutional values. Three core values that are pertinent to the issue of electoral systems are identified: democracy, diversity, and efficiency. Each of these core values is divided into different aspects. These aspects will form the backbone of the evaluation of different electoral systems in this work. I will begin with an evaluation of the plurality model of elections, which is currently used in Canada. I will demonstrate that many of the attributes of the current system are not in tune with Canadian constitutional values, in particular with the progressive interpretation that the Supreme Court of Canada has given to the right to vote as enshrined in Section 3 of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms. Although the interpretation of the right to vote will be the main thrust of the constitutional scrutiny in this work, attention will also be given to other pertinent rights such as equality rights, minority rights, and the freedom of expression. Next, I will examine provincial electoral reform initiatives that were initiated in five Canadian provinces. All of these initiatives - three of which were put to referenda and eventually defeated - proposed adopting a variant of proportional representation. Accordingly, I will evaluate proportional systems according to the intended values. I will conclude that these systems have problems of their own and they also cannot strike a fine balance between competing values. In the final stage, I will make a new proposal for elections to the Canadian Parliament. First, I will demonstrate that majority systems are better candidates to attain the envisioned values. Then I will introduce a new variant of the majority model, which I call a majority-preferential two-round variant. I will demonstrate that this new variant will outperform the other variants in the attainment of values if adopted for elections to the House of Commons. Finally, I will argue that the combination of a House of Commons elected through the majority-preferential formula and a proportionally elected Senate will result in a more balanced approach to the relevant constitutional values.

Cette thèse porte sur les équations différentielles stochastiques rétrogrades (EDSR) dirigées par une classe de processus de Volterra qui contient le mouvement brownien multifractionnaire et le processus Ornstein-Uhlenbeck multifractionnaire. Dans la première partie, nous étudions la solution des EDSRs multidimensionnelles avec des générateurs linéaires. Par la formule d’Itô pour les processus de Volterra nous réduisons l’EDSR à une équation aux dérivées partielles (EDP) de second ordre linéaire avec la condition terminale. Sous une condition d’intégrabilité dans un voisinage du temps terminal de la variance du processus de Volterra, nous résolvons l’EDP associée explicitement et en déduisons la solution des EDSR linéaire. Puis, nous discutons une application dans le contexte des stratégies autofinancées. La seconde partie de la thèse traite des EDSRs non linéaires dirigées par la même classe de processus de Volterra. Les résultats principaux sont l’existence et l’unicité de la solution de l’EDSR dans un espace de fonctionnelles régulières du processus de Volterra et un théorème de comparaison qui porte sur les générateurs et les conditions terminales. Nous donnons deux preuves de l’existence et de l’unicité de la solution de l’EDSR, l’une basée sur l’EDP associée et l’autre sans référence à l’EDP, mais avec des méthodes probabilistes. Cette seconde preuve est techniquement difficile et, en raison de l’absence de propriétés de martingale dans le contexte des processus de Volterra, la preuve nécessite différentes normes sur l’espace de Hilbert sous-jacent défini par le noyau du processus de Volterra. Pour la construction de la solution, nous avons besoin de la notion de l’espérance quasi-conditionnelle, d’une formule de type Clark-Ocone et d’une autre formule d’Itô pour les processus de Volterra. Contrairement au cas classique des EDSR dirigées par le mouvement brownien ou brownien fractionnaire, une hypothèse sur le comportement du noyau est nécessaire pour l’existence et l’unicité de la solution de l’EDSR. Pour le mouvement brownien multifractionnaire, cette hypothèse est liée à la fonction de Hurst
This thesis treats of backward stochastic differential equations (BSDE) driven by a class of Gaussian Volterra processes that includes multifractional Brownian motion and multifractional Ornstein-Uhlenbeck processes. In the first part we study multidimensional BSDE with generators that are linear functions of the solution. By means of an Itoˆ formula for Volterra processes, a linear second order partial differential equation (PDE) with terminal condition is associated to the BSDE. Under an integrability condition on a functional of the second moment of the Volterra process in a neighbourhood of the terminal time, we solve the associated PDE explicitely and deduce the solution of the linear BSDE. We discuss an application in the context of self-financing trading stategies. The second part of the thesis treats of non-linear BSDE driven by the same class of Gaussian Volterra processes. The main results are the existence and uniqueness of the solution in a space of regular functionals of the Volterra process, and a comparison theorem for the solutions of BSDE. We give two proofs for the existence and uniqueness of the solution, one is based on the associated PDE and a second one without making reference to this PDE, but with probabilistic and functional theoretic methods. Especially this second proof is technically quite complex, and, due to the absence of mar- tingale properties in the context of Volterra processes, requires to work with different norms on the underlying Hilbert space that is defined by the kernel of the Volterra process. For the construction of the solution we need the notion of quasi-conditional expectation, a Clark-Ocone type formula and another Itoˆ formula for Volterra processes. Contrary to the more classical cases of BSDE driven by Brownian or fractional Brownian motion, an assumption on the behaviour of the kernel of the driv- ing Volterra process is in general necessary for the wellposedness of the BSDE. For multifractional Brownian motion this assumption is closely related to the behaviour of the Hurst function

This dissertation is accompanied by a video recording of the performance of the yajna and an audio recording of the mantras (sacred verses) recited during the performance. This thesis endeavors to illustrate how oral style elements are used to accentuate the mantras during the performance of the yajna. The mantras and the yajna itself, have its roots in the Vedic scriptures which have been transmitted orally from generation to generation. In chapter one, "Introduction", a brief description of the concept of Hinduism which forms the basis of my investigation is presented. An individual's life, according to Hinduism, is divided into four stages and the performance of yajna features prominently in the sixteen Vedic sanskaras. In chapter two, the term yajna is defined and the origin of yajna as reflected in the Purusa Sukta is discussed. The five main daily duties or Panca Mahayajna, presented for the welfare and progress of the individual and society are explained. It must be noted that the Panca Mahayajna are not necessarily all rituals or rites but rather social or human commitments, which are a part of the Vedic code of ethics. However, the Deva Yajna or Agni-hotra or yajna as it is very commonly known to Hindus, is a ritual that is performed. The Devayajna forms an integral part of the Panca Mahayajna. The third chapter outlines some of Marcel Jousse's thoughts, views and ideas about oral style expressions relevant to the yajna. The universal anthropological laws of Formulism, Bilateralism, Mimism and Rhythmism as propounded by Marcel Jousse are highlighted. Key concepts like gesture, memory, rhythm and oral expression, used as facilitators for the transmission of knowledge are explained. this chapter forms part of the conceptional framework of the study. Chapter four focusses on the definition of oral tradition The Vedas, an example of Hindu literature reflecting oral tradition, are discussed. Some interesting comments tracing the authenticity of the Vedas and facts declaring the Vedas as the source head of all knowledge about human behaviour also feature in this chapter. In the fifth chapter, the procedure, explanation and analysis of the gestural and oral expressions as reflected in the performance of the yajna are examined. The anthropological laws of Marcel Jousse are applied in the recitation of the mantras and the actual performance of the yajna. Mnemotechnical devices that facilitate memorisation, featuring in the mantras are discussed. The conclusion emphasises the role of oral style elements that are evident in the yajna and explores the possibility for further research in Vedic literature.
Thesis (M.A.)-University of Natal, Durban,1999.

碩士
中原大學
應用數學研究所
106
The aim of the paper is to deduce the De Moivre＇s theorem to the normal nxn matrix. However ,what’s the general solution? It’s easy and simple that we can use the De Moivre’s theorem to find all solutions for xn=1 in the univariable complex space. The paper is to solve xn=1 in the matrix sace, and to discuss the solutions of xn=B, to show it in the easy form. We want to make it clear and prove it by the real example.

This thesis explores the utility of interest management in peer-to-peer environments. Specifically, it proposes: a model for formulaic specification of interest criteria that is implementation neutral in terms of underlying interest operators (the functions that determine the satisfaction of interest); and, an interest management propagation model that ensures the specifications (termed formula interest expressions) are only sent to those DVE components that are likely to be able to satisfy the interest criteria. This selective propagation model uses a distributed index of supported interest operators to determine candidate remote filterers. Remote filtering ensures that a state change message is only sent if it meets the interest criteria previously expressed by the intended recipient. The selective remote filtering model requires no central infrastructure and is entirely supported by peer DVE components, which may join and leave the DVE dynamically. The performance of the proposed propagation model, in terms of the number of logical messages required, is compared to the only existing propagation model where interest expressions are simply sent to all participating DVE components. Analysis reveals that for stable long-lived DVEs the proposed model can significantly messaging overhead and thereby increase the potential scale-up of the DVE. The viability of the proposed model is examined by means of proof-of-concept system, which exercises the specification and propagation models over a range of values for key variables.
Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)