Journal articles on the topic 'Forming and distribution of losses'
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1
Skosyrskih, N. O., and M. N. Rasskazova. "MATHEMATICAL MODELING OF INTERNAL LOGISTICS OF SEASONAL PURCHASE AND RESERVE DISTRIBUTION." Applied Mathematics and Fundamental Informatics 7, no. 2 (2020): 030–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.25206/2311-4908-2020-7-2-30-36.
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The problem of forming an optimal production program for the purchase and storage of automobile tires is solved using mathematical modeling. A mathematical model of an integer linear programming problem has been developed, which takes into account the assortment of tires, storage costs, losses for short deliveries on time, restrictions on the warehouse area. The objective function is to maximize profits. An algorithm for solving this problem has been developed; a computational experiment was carried out on the basis of real initial data. A simulation model of a warehouse has been developed, reflecting logistic processes.
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Effendi Amran, Mohd, and Mohd Nabil Muhtazaruddin. "Assessment of Renewable Distributed Generation in Green Building Rating System for Public Hospital." International Journal of Engineering & Technology 7, no. 3.15 (August 13, 2018): 40. http://dx.doi.org/10.14419/ijet.v7i3.15.17404.
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This paper presents an optimization solution for renewable Distributed Generation (DG), as imposed in the Green Building Rating System (GBRS) for a public hospital. Solar photovoltaic DG unit (PV-DG) is identified as a type of DG used in this paper. The proposed optimization via PV-DG coordination will improve the sustainable energy performance of the green building by power loss reduction within accepted lower losses region using Artificial Bee Colony (ABC) algorithm. The setup input data from one of Malaysian public hospitals’ power distribution system is been adopted and simulation results via MATLAB programming show that the optimization of DG forming into bigger-scale imposed system provides a better outcome in minimization of total power losses within appropriate voltage profile as compared to current PV-DG imposed in GBRS. The objective function representing total power losses which also supported by related literature give a measure that forming sufficient and optimal PV-DG assessment criteria is highly important, thus, current PV-DG assessment in GBRS is proposed to be reviewed into new parameter setting for public hospital due to its’ high energy demand and distinctive electrical load profile.
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Gonelas, Konstantinos, Apostolos Chondronasios, Vasilis Kanakoudis, Menelaos Patelis, and Panagiota Korkana. "Forming DMAs in a water distribution network considering the operating pressure and the chlorine residual concentration as the design parameters." Journal of Hydroinformatics 19, no. 6 (August 24, 2017): 900–910. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/hydro.2017.157.
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Abstract Dividing a water distribution network (WDN) in the optimal district metered areas (DMAs) formation is one task that usually troubles water utility managers. The present paper utilizes optimization methods to achieve desired segmentation conditions in terms of (a) operating pressure reduction, thus reducing the system's real water losses and (b) residual chlorine concentration reduction thus preventing disinfection byproducts' growth. Exploiting the numerous possibilities offered by the inter-connection of Matlab and EPANET software tools, an algorithm is developed in C++ language. The algorithm reads all significant data of a WDN as an output of EPANET. The first algorithm calculates the optimal allocation of a given number of closed isolation valves in terms of water losses' reduction, considering restrictions for network's proper operation. The second algorithm calculates the optimal formation of DMAs in terms of water quality improvement. Both algorithms can be applied in any WDN. The outcome is the optimal set of closed pipes that leads to the optimal formation of DMAs in a given network. The closing of pipes (by installing isolation valves) determines the optimal formation of DMAs. The basic concept of both algorithms and their application in a case study network's hydraulic model are presented.
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Godlevskyi, Ihor, Mykhaylo Godlevskyi, and Iryna Stativka. "INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY OF FORMING OPTION FOR LOGISTICS DISTRIBUTION CHANNEL CONFIGURATION RESISTANT TO EMERGENCIES." Bulletin of National Technical University "KhPI". Series: System Analysis, Control and Information Technologies, no. 2 (6) (December 28, 2021): 89–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.20998/2079-0023.2021.02.14.
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The problem and the main stages of choosing a rational configuration of a four-level logistics network that is resistant to the impact of emergencies forstrategic planning are considered. The problem under consideration belongs to the class of multicriteria optimization problems. Criteria related to thefinancial costs of building and operating a logistics distribution channel, as well as criteria related to the level of quality of customer service, arecontradictory. To solve the problem of stability of the logistics system configuration to emergencies, such as failure of intermediate warehouses,failure of transport arteries, etc., a strategic management information system was developed by integrating existing software components at the level ofenterprise software applications. The integration of the system was based on a service-oriented architecture, as all its components are heterogeneous innature. This approach allows you to reuse existing program code. To determine a sustainable configuration option, two criteria are used, which areconsidered equivalent: the level of costs for the maintenance of the logistics channel and the level of service quality in the event of differentemergencies. Since the probability of emergencies is unknown, the minimax criterion is used to minimize the risk when choosing a rationalconfiguration of the logistics network. For this purpose, losses from emergencies are calculated according to all criteria, and there is a variant of thelogistics network configuration that will be the least risky. That is, we will not be able to get a worse result than the one we rely on. The results of thestudy are presented in the form of a configuration variant of the logistics distribution system, which can be used in the future to determine businessoptions.
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Worby, A. P., G. M. Bush, and I. Allison. "Seasonal development of the sea-ice thickness distribution in East Antarctica: measurements from upward-looking sonar." Annals of Glaciology 33 (2001): 177–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.3189/172756401781818167.
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AbstractUpward-looking sonar (ULS) data are presented from a prototype instrument deployed at 63° 18’ S, 107°49’ E in 1994. These data show the seasonal evolution of the ice-draft distribution from May when predominantly thin ice is present, through October when substantially thicker ice has been formed by deformation. The mean ice draft reaches a maximum in August at 1.21 m, the same month in which ship-based observations from the same region show a peak in ice thickness. The observed distribution from ULS data is only for drafts > 0.3 m due to data losses caused by the low acoustic reflectivity of actively forming ice. The spring distributions show very little development of drafts > 3.0 m, and it is hypothesized that this is due to the cyclical nature of deformation in the East Antarctic pack-ice zone, and that periods of sustained pressure required to form very thick ice are uncommon in this region
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Lopez-Nicora, Horacio D., Abasola C. M. Simon, Bryant C. Dossman, Pierce A. Paul, Anne E. Dorrance, Laura E. Lindsey, and Terry L. Niblack. "Distribution and Abundance of Heterodera glycines and Macrophomina phaseolina in Ohio." Plant Health Progress 17, no. 1 (January 2016): 35–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/php-s-15-0049.
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Soybean and corn are grown on more than 60% of the arable land in Ohio. The soybean cyst nematode (SCN) is responsible for significant losses incurred by soybean growers every year. The fungus that causes charcoal rot, Macrophomina phaseolina, causes significant yield loss in soybeans worldwide and can also affect corn. Both organisms are soil-borne pathogens. The objective of this study was to determine the presence, distribution, and abundance of both SCN and M. phaseolina in soybean and corn fields across Ohio. During 2013 and 2014, composite soil samples were collected from 370 corn and soybean fields. Samples were processed for SCN eggs/100 cm3 and M. phaseolina colony forming units (CFU)/g soil with standard techniques. Results from this study revealed a widespread distribution of SCN and M. phaseolina in both soybean and corn fields. This study represents the first survey on the distribution of M. phaseolina in Ohio and the findings will be used to educate producers on the potential risks posed by both SCN and M. phaseolina. Accepted for publication 19 February 2016. Published 3 March 2016.
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Spisak, Emil, Janka Majernikova, Lubos Kascak, and Jan Slota. "INFLUENCE OF CUTTING ON THE PROPERTIES OF CLIPPINGS FROM ELECTRICAL SHEETS." Acta Metallurgica Slovaca 21, no. 4 (December 15, 2015): 302. http://dx.doi.org/10.12776/ams.v21i4.647.
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<p class="AMSmaintext">During cutting, there is a plastic deformation in the cutting area and subsequent hardening of material occurs in this area. The hardening of material in the cutting area causes a change in its mechanical properties, which also has an impact on the physical properties of the material. The hardening manifests as an increase in strength, hardness and yield strength and reduction in the elongation and impact strength. The hardened area increases "watts losses" and reduces the magnetic induction in iron. The electrical resistance increases, which is related with failures in the atomic lattice. The degradation of the electrical conductivity can be explained by the fact that any defect resulting in cold forming causes a dispersion of electron waves. The magnetic properties of iron depend on the distribution of the magnetic field in the crystallographic structure. Violation of the crystallographic structure by forming destroys the magnetic field distribution. The magnetic properties get worse. In the end it causes a reduction in the efficiency of electric machines. The paper analyses the influence of cutting on microhardness in the cutting area.</p>
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Kang, Hailan, Sen Luo, Hongyang Du, Lishuo Han, Donghan Li, Long Li, and Qinghong Fang. "Bio-Based Eucommia ulmoides Gum Composites with High Electromagnetic Interference Shielding Performance." Polymers 14, no. 5 (February 28, 2022): 970. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym14050970.
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Herein, high-performance electromagnetic interference (EMI) shielding bio-based composites were prepared by using EUG (Eucommia ulmoides gum) with a crystalline structure as the matrix and carbon nanotube (CNT)/graphene nanoplatelet (GNP) hybrids as the conductive fillers. The morphology of the CNT/GNP hybrids in the CNT/GNP/EUG composites showed the uniform distribution of CNTs and GNPs in EUG, forming a denser filler network, which afforded improved conductivity and EMI shielding effect compared with pure EUG. Accordingly, EMI shielding effectiveness values of the CNT/GNP/EUG composites reached 42 dB in the X-band frequency range, meeting the EMI shielding requirements for commercial products. Electromagnetic waves were mainly absorbed via conduction losses, multiple reflections from interfaces and interfacial dipole relaxation losses. Moreover, the CNT/GNP/EUG composites exhibited attractive mechanical properties and high thermal stability. The combination of excellent EMI shielding performance and attractive mechanical properties render the as-prepared CNT/GNP/EUG composites attractive candidates for various applications.
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Fletcher, Mary T., Keith G. Reichmann, Selina M. Ossedryver, Ross A. McKenzie, Phillip D. Carter, and Barry J. Blaney. "Accumulation and depletion of indospicine in calves (Bos taurus) fed creeping indigo (Indigofera spicata)." Animal Production Science 58, no. 3 (2018): 568. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/an16394.
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Prolonged consumption of Indigofera pasture plants can cause both hepatotoxicosis and reproductive losses in grazing animals with the responsible toxin indospicine forming persistent tissue residues. Separate accumulation and depletion feeding trials were undertaken in calves fed Indigofera spicata (3 mg indospicine/kg bodyweight) to ascertain the appearance and elimination of indospicine from various tissues. In the accumulation trial indospicine concentrations increased throughout the 42-day feeding period with maximum levels of 15 mg/L in plasma and 19 and 33 mg/kg in liver and muscle, respectively. In the depletion trial, calves were fed I. spicata for 35 days, after which the plant was withdrawn from the diet. The rate of elimination was relatively slow with estimates of half-life being 31, 25 and 20 days for muscle, liver and plasma, respectively. Indospicine levels measured in bovine tissues in this trial are comparable with levels in horsemeat and camel meat reported to cause fatal hepatoxicity in dogs, a species known to be susceptible to this toxin. The persistence of indospicine residues in bovine tissues and the widespread distribution of Indigofera species in tropical and sub-tropical grazing lands warrant further investigation, as indospicine has been established as causing reproductive losses and likely contributes to calf losses in these regions.
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Smaga, Ivan. "Diagnosis of eluvial-illuvial profile differentiation processes in Pre-Carpathian soils." Biolohichni systemy 12, no. 2 (December 23, 2020): 226–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.31861/biosystems2020.02.226.
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Elementary soil processes, as components of the soil-forming process, play an important role in the formation of morphological and genetic features of soils and are used for their genetic diagnosis. Eluvial-illuvial differentiation of the background profile for Precarpathian soils is due to the passage of processes from the group of eluvial, in particular podzolization, silting and gley-eluvial. The diagnostic criteria for these processes remain controversial and need further development. The article provides some justifications for their objectivity and reliability in identifying individual processes of soil formation and the results of establishing the genetic consequences of their passage. The formation of clay cutanes in the illuvion is considered to be an important sign of lessivage, but the presence of one and a half oxides may also indicate the passage of the processes of podzolization and in-soil clay forming According to another criterion - the presence of "optically oriented clays" in the illuvion is difficult to establish their migration path and the intensity of the lessivage process. Increasing the value of the ratio of silt content to the content of physical clay in the illuvial horizons compared to the eluvial horizons does not allow to distinguish the processes of podzolization and lessivage, and the same ratio in the illuvial horizon compared to the parent rock - lessivage and clay forming. Changes within the profile of the mineral part of the soil, which are reflected by the molecular ratios of SiO2:Al2O3 and eluvial-accumulative coefficients of aluminum, the values of silt and aluminum losses, also the profile distribution of montmorillonite are important criteria for the separation of loess and podzolization and indicate the decisive role of the latter in the formation of the profile differentiation of the soils of Precarpathians. Important criteria for gley-eluvial processes are higher losses from the upper podzolic illuminated of Fe2O3 layer than Al2O3, an increase in the molecular ratio of Al2O3:Fe2O3, the ratio of losses of Fe2O3 and Al2O3, also increase the criterion SiO2:Fe2O3/SiO2. Complementing the national system of parameters for the diagnosis and classification of soils with criteria that are characteristic of the substantive-genetic approach according to the WRB requires further study.
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Blank, Lior, Jorge Martín-García, Diana Bezos, Anna Vettraino, Helena Krasnov, José Lomba, Mercedes Fernández, and Julio Diez. "Factors Affecting the Distribution of Pine Pitch Canker in Northern Spain." Forests 10, no. 4 (April 2, 2019): 305. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f10040305.
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Fusarium circinatum is the causal agent of pine pitch canker disease (PPC), affecting Pinus species and other conifers (i.e., Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirb.) Franco.), forming resinous cankers on the main stem and branches and causing dieback in the terminal guide. This pathogen is spreading worldwide, causing economic losses by converting plantations into standing timber without any potential for future production. The disease was recently detected in Northern Spain in plantations of Pinus radiata and forest nurseries. The aim of the work reported here was to study the role of climatic and topographic variables, soil properties, and stand characteristics on PPC. For this purpose, we surveyed 50 pine stands in Cantabria and quantified the percentage of trees showing three symptoms in each stand: canker, defoliation, and dieback. We investigated the predictive power of 30 variables using generalized linear models and hierarchical partitioning. Both approaches yielded similar results. We found that the three symptoms correlated with different explanatory variables. In addition, more trees exhibited cankers in the proximity of the coast and the Basque Country. Additionally, our results showed that low canopy cover is related to a high level of the dieback symptom. Overall, this study highlights the important variables affecting the distribution of PPC in Cantabria.
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Andrianov, Alexey, and Evgeny Orlov. "Explanation of tuberculation scales formation in steel and iron pipes using the theory of wave motion of a liquid." MATEC Web of Conferences 178 (2018): 04002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201817804002.
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Electrochemical corrosion of steel and iron pipes in water supply systems is a common problem that causes financial losses to operating companies and deteriorates water quality. A comprehensive study of corrosion deposits formation mechanism is necessary for a better understanding of the processes occurring in pipelines and for scientific justification of monitoring and predicting techniques. The influence of various factors (in particular the water flow velocity) on the formation, growth, and spatial distribution of tuberculation scales on the inner surface of pipes is considered. To study the effect of flow velocity, simple serial tests were carried out on segments of a steel non-galvanized pipe in static and dynamic conditions. The difference in the formation of anode and cathode sections in two dynamic modes is recognized. The first stage of tubercle formation is observed. It was assumed that in pipes with turbulent water flow near metal surface, waves forming tubercles are appeared, and the distribution of the tubercles is depend on water flow velocity.
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Chondronasios, Apostolos, Konstantinos Gonelas, Vasilis Kanakoudis, Menelaos Patelis, and Panagiota Korkana. "Optimizing DMAs' formation in a water pipe network: the water aging and the operating pressure factors." Journal of Hydroinformatics 19, no. 6 (August 24, 2017): 890–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/hydro.2017.156.
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Abstract Dividing a water distribution network (WDN) into district metered areas (DMAs) is the first vital step towards pressure management and real losses reduction. However, other factors of water quality such as the water age must be taken into account while forming DMAs. The current study uses genetic algorithm (GA) optimization methods to achieve the desired WDN segmentation conditions in terms of: (a) reducing the operating pressure, thus reducing the system's real losses; and (b) reducing the water age, thus improving the feeling of water freshness and preventing growth of disinfection byproducts. Techniques based on GA are a proven way to provide a very good solution to optimization problems. The solution is obtained using an objective function and setting boundary constraints. The formation of the objective functions is tested through Matlab's optimization toolbox. The logic of the objective functions' formulation for both the operating pressure and the water age optimization is recorded and analyzed. The method's application utilized a sample network model assisted by EPANET and Bentley's WaterGEMS software tools. The morphology of the DMAs is presented for each scenario, as well as the results of the network's segmentation according to the operating pressure and the water age.
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Crocker, Roland M., Mark R. Krumholz, and Todd A. Thompson. "Cosmic rays across the star-forming galaxy sequence – II. Stability limits and the onset of cosmic ray-driven outflows." Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society 503, no. 2 (February 22, 2021): 2651–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/mnras/stab502.
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ABSTRACT Cosmic rays (CRs) are a plausible mechanism for launching winds of cool material from the discs of star-forming galaxies. However, there is no consensus on what types of galaxies likely host CR-driven winds, or what role these winds might play in regulating galaxies’ star formation rates. Using a detailed treatment of the transport and losses of hadronic CRs developed in the previous paper in this series, here we develop a semi-analytical model that allows us to assess the viability of using CRs to launch cool winds from galactic discs. In particular, we determine the critical CR fluxes – and corresponding star formation rate surface densities – above which hydrostatic equilibrium within a given galaxy is precluded because CRs drive the gas off in a wind or otherwise render it unstable. Our model demonstrates that catastrophic, CR-driven wind loss is a possibility at galactic mean surface densities below ${\lesssim}10^2 \ \mathrm{ M}_{\odot }$ pc−2. In this regime – encompassing the Galaxy and local dwarfs – the locus of the CR-stability curve patrols the high side of the observed distribution of galaxies in the Kennicutt–Schmidt parameter space of star formation rate versus gas surface density. However, hadronic losses render CRs unable to drive global winds in galaxies with surface densities above the ∼102−103 M⊙ pc−2 transition region. Our results show that quiescent, low surface density galaxies like the Milky Way are poised on the cusp of instability, such that small changes to interstellar mass (ISM) parameters can lead to the launching of CR-driven outflows, and we suggest that, as a result, CR feedback sets an ultimate limit to the star formation efficiency of most modern galaxies.
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Lu, Hai, Jun Yin, Yi Xing Yuan, Biao Wang, Hong Wei Chen, and Jian Hui Wang. "Flow Pattern and Pressure Drop in Highly Concentrated Slurries Transportation Pipelines." Advanced Materials Research 281 (July 2011): 179–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.281.179.
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Flow pattern and pressure drop in highly concentrated slurries transportation pipelines were discussed. The particles are settling, and tend to settle down to the bottom of pipes due to the action of gravity force forming different flow patterns which can be indicated by particle concentration profile. Three distinct flow patterns can be observed for different particle size distribution at different velocities: fully stratified, partially stratified and fully suspended flow patterns. As for pressure drop, it is well known that pressure drops in pipeline flows of slurries are strongly dependent on the flow pattern developed in a pipeline. Furthermore, fine particles suspended in water make the water more viscous, and increase the friction. In case of coarse particles, having larger volume, they have the tendency to contact with the pipe wall and with the other coarse particles more times, which increase the friction of flow. Meanwhile, coarse particles are lifted by the pressure difference generated as they rotate in the liquid preventing the coarse particles from settling down which results in less friction. The mixture of particles of different sizes is helpful to reduce pressure drop in pipeline flow slurries. Narrow grading particles tend to have high frictional losses, while broad grading particles have low frictional losses at high concentrations.
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Tomczak, J., Z. Pater, and T. Bulzak. "Thermo-Mechanical Analysis of a Lever Preform Forming from Magnesium Alloy AZ31 / Termomechaniczna Analiza Kształtowania Przedkuwki Dźwigni Ze Stopu Magnezu AZ31." Archives of Metallurgy and Materials 57, no. 4 (December 1, 2012): 1211–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/v10172-012-0135-z.
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This paper presents the results of numerical analysis of metal forming process of a lever preform from magnesium alloy AZ31, which will be used as a semi-finished product in the forging process of a lever part. Presently, the lever forging is formed from semi-finished product in the form of a bar, which is connected with large material losses. Numerical simulations were made for two different metal forming methods: forging longitudinal rolling and cross-wedge rolling. Calculations were conducted basing on finite element method (FEM), applying commercial software DEFORM-3D. Geometrical models used in calculations were discussed. Simulations, made in conditions of three dimensional state of strain, allowed for determining distributions of strain intensity, temperature, cracking criterion, and mainly for determining the possibility of a lever preform manufacturing on the basis of rolling processes. Considering the obtained results of numerical simulations, the design of tools for semi-finished products rolling was worked out; these semi-finished products will be used for experimental verification of the lever preforms forming.
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Blain, CO, and NT Shears. "Differential response of forest-forming seaweeds to elevated turbidity may facilitate ecosystem shifts on temperate reefs." Marine Ecology Progress Series 641 (May 7, 2020): 63–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.3354/meps13308.
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Underwater light is essential for fuelling coastal productivity. However, elevated turbidity, resulting from land-based activities and climate change, is often overlooked as a threat to coastal ecosystems. Understanding how low light, and specifically the temporal delivery of light, affects the productivity of forest-forming species is necessary to predict how ecosystems and species will respond to future increases in turbidity. Outdoor mesocosm experiments were used to compare the low-light tolerance of 2 forest-forming macrophytes that vary in their distribution in relation to turbidity, and investigate how the temporal delivery of light, i.e. press vs. pulse low-light disturbance, affects net primary productivity (NPP). We showed that the kelp Ecklonia radiata, which dominates reefs with low turbidity, is more productive per unit biomass under high-light conditions than the fucoid Carpophyllum flexuosum, which typifies more turbid waters. Under low light, E. radiata suffered greater tissue loss and had lower NPP than C. flexuosum. Under both press and pulse treatments, E. radiata showed significant losses of lamina biomass and reduced NPP, while C. flexuosum showed net growth under press disturbance, and only lost tissue and had reduced NPP under pulse disturbance. The greater tolerance of C. flexuosum to decreased light, and differential responses of E. radiata and C. flexuosum to press and pulse low-light conditions, provide mechanistic support for C. flexuosum being better suited to turbid low-light environments than E. radiata. These results suggest future increases in turbidity may facilitate a shift from kelp-dominated forests to alternate states, resulting in reduced primary productivity.
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Raskin, Lev, Oksana Sira, and Viacheslav Karpenko. "TRANSPORTATION MANAGEMENT IN A DISTRIBUTED LOGISTIC CONSUMPTION SYSTEM UNDER UNCERTAINTY CONDITIONS." EUREKA: Physics and Engineering 4 (July 31, 2019): 82–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.21303/2461-4262.2019.00936.
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The problem of supply management in the supplier-to-consumer logistics transport system has been formed and solved. The novelty of the formulation of the problem consists in the integrated accounting of costs in the logistic system, which takes into account at the same time the cost of transporting products from suppliers to consumers, as well as the costs for each of the consumers to store the unsold product and losses due to possible shortages. The resulting optimization problem is no longer a standard linear programming problem. In addition, the work assumes that the solution of the problem should be sought taking into account the fact that the initial data of the problem are not deterministic. The analysis of traditional methods of describing the uncertainty of the source data. It is concluded that, given the rapidly changing conditions for the implementation of the delivery process in a distributed supplier-to-consumer system, it is advisable to move from a theoretical probability representation of the source data to their description in terms of fuzzy mathematics. At the same time, in particular, the fuzzy values of the demand for the delivered product for each consumer are determined by their membership functions. Distribution of supplies in the system is described by solving a mathematical programming problem with a nonlinear objective function and a set of linear constraints of the transport type. In forming the criterion, a technology is used to transform the membership functions of fuzzy parameters of the problem to its theoretical probabilistic counterparts – density distribution of demand values. The task is reduced to finding for each consumer the value of the ordered product, minimizing the average total cost of storing the unrealized product and losses from the deficit. The initial problem is reduced to solving a set of integral equations solved, in general, numerically. It is shown that in particular, important for practice, particular cases, this solution is achieved analytically. The paper states the insufficient adequacy of the traditionally used mathematical models for describing fuzzy parameters of the problem, in particular, the demand. Statistical processing of real data on demand shows that the parameters of the membership functions of the corresponding fuzzy numbers are themselves fuzzy numbers. Acceptable mathematical models of the corresponding fuzzy numbers are formulated in terms of bifuzzy mathematics. The relations describing the membership functions of the bifuzzy numbers are given. A formula is obtained for calculating the total losses to storage and from the deficit, taking into account the bifuzzy of demand. In this case, the initial task is reduced to finding the distribution of supplies, at which the maximum value of the total losses does not exceed the permissible value.
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Ramírez-Olivencia, N., E. Varenius, M. Pérez-Torres, A. Alberdi, J. E. Conway, A. Alonso-Herrero, M. Pereira-Santaella, and R. Herrero-Illana. "Sub-arcsecond LOFAR imaging of Arp 299 at 150 MHz." Astronomy & Astrophysics 658 (January 25, 2022): A4. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361/202140822.
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Context. Arp 299 is the brightest luminous infrared galaxy (LIRG) within 50 Mpc, with IR luminosity log(LIR∕L⊙) = 11.9. It provides a unique laboratory for testing physical processes in merging galaxies. Aims. We study for the first time the low-frequency (~150 MHz) radio brightness distribution of Arp 299 at subarcsecond resolution, tracing in both compact and extended emission regions the local spectral energy distribution (SED) in order to characterize the dominant emission and absorption processes. Methods. We analysed the spatially resolved emission of Arp 299 revealed by 150 MHz international baseline Low-Frequency Array (LOFAR) and 1.4, 5.0, and 8.4 GHz Very Large Array (VLA) observations. Results. We present the first subarcsecond (0.4″ ~ 100 pc) image of the whole Arp 299 system at 150 MHz. The high surface brightness sensitivity of our LOFAR observations (~100 μJy beam−1) allowed us to detect all of the nuclear components detected at higher frequencies, as well as the extended steep-spectrum emission surrounding the nuclei. We obtained spatially resolved, two-point spectral index maps for the whole galaxy: the compact nuclei show relatively flat spectra, while the extended, diffuse component shows a steep spectrum. We fitted the radio SED of the nuclear regions using two different models: a continuous free-free medium model and a clumpy model. The continuous model can explain the SED of the nuclei assuming a population of relativistic electrons subjected to synchrotron, bremsstrahlung, and ionization losses. The clumpy model fits assuming relativistic electrons with negligible energy losses, and thermal fractions that are more typical of star-forming galaxies than those required for the continuous model. Conclusions. Our results confirm the usefulness of combining spatially resolved radio imaging at both MHz and GHz frequencies to characterize in detail the radio emission properties of LIRGs from the central 100 pc out to the kiloparsec galaxy-wide scales.
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MULLEN, KATHY T., and FREDERICK A. A. KINGDOM. "Differential distributions of red–green and blue–yellow cone opponency across the visual field." Visual Neuroscience 19, no. 1 (January 2002): 109–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0952523802191103.
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The color vision of Old World primates and humans uses two cone-opponent systems; one differences the outputs of L and M cones forming a red–green (RG) system, and the other differences S cones with a combination of L and M cones forming a blue–yellow (BY) system. In this paper, we show that in human vision these two systems have a differential distribution across the visual field. Cone contrast sensitivities for sine-wave grating stimuli (smoothly enveloped in space and time) were measured for the two color systems (RG & BY) and the achromatic (Ach) system at a range of eccentricities in the nasal field (0–25 deg). We spatially scaled our stimuli independently for each system (RG, BY, & Ach) in order to activate that system optimally at each eccentricity. This controlled for any differential variations in spatial scale with eccentricity and provided a comparison between the three systems under equivalent conditions. We find that while red–green cone opponency has a steep decline away from the fovea, the loss in blue–yellow cone opponency is more gradual, showing a similar loss to that found for achromatic vision. Thus only red–green opponency, and not blue–yellow opponency, can be considered a foveal specialization of primate vision with an overrepresentation at the fovea. In addition, statistical calculations of the level of chance cone opponency in the two systems indicate that selective S cone connections to postreceptoral neurons are essential to maintain peripheral blue–yellow sensitivity in human vision. In the red–green system, an assumption of cone selectivity is not required to account for losses in peripheral sensitivity. Overall, these results provide behavioral evidence for functionally distinct neuro-architectural origins of the two color systems in human vision, supporting recent physiological results in primates.
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Beazley, L., E. Kenchington, FJ Murillo, D. Brickman, Z. Wang, AJ Davies, EM Roberts, and HT Rapp. "Climate change winner in the deep sea? Predicting the impacts of climate change on the distribution of the glass sponge Vazella pourtalesii." Marine Ecology Progress Series 657 (January 7, 2021): 1–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.3354/meps13566.
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Shallow-water sponges are often cited as being ‘climate change winners’ due to their resiliency against climate change effects compared to other benthic taxa. However, little is known of the impacts of climate change on deep-water sponges. The deep-water glass sponge Vazella pourtalesii is distributed off eastern North America, forming dense sponge grounds with enhanced biodiversity on the Scotian Shelf off Nova Scotia, Canada. While the strong natural environmental variability that characterizes these sponge grounds suggests this species is resilient to a changing environment, its physiological limitations remain unknown, and the impact of more persistent anthropogenic climate change on its distribution has never been assessed. We used Random Forest and generalized additive models to project the distribution of V. pourtalesii in the northwest Atlantic using environmental conditions simulated under moderate and worst-case CO2 emission scenarios. Under future (2046-2065) climate change, the suitable habitat of V. pourtalesii will increase up to 4 times its present-day size and shift into deeper waters and higher latitudes, particularly in its northern range where ocean warming will serve to improve the habitat surrounding this originally sub-tropical species. However, not all areas projected as suitable habitat in the future will realistically be populated, and the reduced likelihood of occurrence in its core habitat on the Scotian Shelf suggests that the existing Vazella sponge grounds may be negatively impacted. An effective monitoring programme will require tracking changes in the density and distribution of V. pourtalesii at the margins between core habitat and where losses and gains were projected.
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Antonijević, Vladimir, Lazar Mlađenović, Goran Dobrić, and Mileta Žarković. "Optimalno dimenzionisanje mikromreže sa obnovljivim izvorima energije u Srbiji." Energija, ekonomija, ekologija XXIII, no. 4 (2021): 16–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.46793/eee21-4.16a.
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The paper analyzes the formation of the microgrid in South Banat. The paper contains three scenarios related to determining the size of the distribution area of the part of the electric power system of Serbia that can potentially be powered only from renewable energy sources. Based on real data on the production of four wind farms in Serbia (Čibuk, Kovačica, Alibunar and Košava) for the period January - June 2019 and real consumption data, the first scenario was formed which refers to determining the part of distribution area that can be covered from existing wind farms. In this scenario, with respect to the criteria of uninterrupted power supply, the percentage share of energy from the electricity network was determined for different sizes of distribution area. In order to reduce the share of energy from the electricity network, a new scenario was considered, which refers to the addition of production capacities of solar energy. The analysis of the second scenario showed reduced cumulative intermittency of wind and solar power plants compared to the first scenario. The complementary nature of the sun and wind contributes to a better correlation between consumption and production. The third scenario involves adding storage capacity to the second scenario. A genetic algorithm was applied for the optimal determination of the storage capacity of a microgrid in both grid-connected and islanded modes. A correlation coefficient of production and consumption was formed for each scenario. A complete analysis was performed in order to consider the possibility of forming a microgrid in the part of the Serbian power system near wind farms. This analysis showed a reduction in transmission losses, a reduction in CO2 emissions and better voltage conditions.
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Trigunasih, Ni Made, and Moh Saifulloh. "Spatial Distribution of Landslide Potential and Soil Fertility: A Case Study in Baturiti District, Tabanan, Bali, Indonesia." Journal of Hunan University Natural Sciences 49, no. 2 (February 28, 2022): 229–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.55463/issn.1674-2974.49.2.23.
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Baturiti District is an area with history of high landslides yearly. Steep topography and steep slopes are some causes of landslides in the area. Minimal information regarding the potential for landslides can result in many victims and large losses if the disaster occurs in Baturiti District, Tabanan Regency, Bali Province-Indonesia. This study is crucial because of the urgency of the two factors that trigger land degradation. There has been no research on landslides on agricultural land and their relationship with soil fertility. Identical soil fertility is in loose soil, while loose soil is relatively easy to experience soil movement and cause landslides. This simple statement needs to be scientifically proven implemented in this research. Such conditions become a novelty in this scientific article. The purpose of this study was to identify the potential for landslides, the impact on agricultural land, and its correlation to the fertility of agricultural land. The method used is a survey method, soil analysis in the laboratory, and scoring with several landslide parameters, namely land use, slope, rainfall, landform, and geological structure. Soil fertility status analysis refers to the Soil Research Center (PPT) 1995 with 5 important parameters determining soil fertility status: CEC, Base Saturation, C-Organic, P-Total, and K-Total. Spatial data parameters were analyzed using a Geographic Information System. The results showed that the highest landslide susceptibility area was horticultural agricultural land (2,369.11 ha), applied to steep to very steep slopes. Another cause is the landform factor of the volcano's upper slopes, which has a soil-forming fraction dominated by coarse materials and high rainfall. Baturiti sub-district has low, medium, and high soil fertility status. The correlation between the vulnerability to landslides and soil fertility by (R2= 0.526). Such conditions indicate that areas with high landslide susceptibility have low soil fertility status with moderate correlation.
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Kravets, Petro, Volodymyr Pasichnyk, and Mykola Prodaniuk. "Game Self-organization of Hamiltonian Cycle of the Graph." Vìsnik Nacìonalʹnogo unìversitetu "Lʹvìvsʹka polìtehnìka". Serìâ Ìnformacìjnì sistemi ta merežì 10 (December 2021): 13–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.23939/sisn2021.10.013.
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This paper proposes a new application of the stochastic game model to solve the problem of self- organization of the Hamiltonian cycle of a graph. To do this, at the vertices of the undirected graph are placed game agents, whose pure strategies are options for choosing one of the incident edges. A random selection of strategies by all agents forms a set of local paths that begin at each vertex of the graph. Current player payments are defined as loss functions that depend on the strategies of neighboring players that control adjacent vertices of the graph. These functions are formed from a penalty for the choice of opposing strategies by neighboring players and a penalty for strategies that have reduced the length of the local path. Random selection of players’ pure strategies is aimed at minimizing their average loss functions. The generation of sequences of pure strategies is performed by a discrete distribution built on the basis of dynamic vectors of mixed strategies. The elements of the vectors of mixed strategies are the probabilities of choosing the appropriate pure strategies that adaptively take into account the values of current losses. The formation of vectors of mixed strategies is determined by the Markov recurrent method, for the construction of which the gradient method of stochastic approximation is used. During the game, the method increases the value of the probabilities of choosing those pure strategies that lead to a decrease in the functions of average losses. For given methods of forming current payments, the result of the stochastic game is the formation of patterns of self-organization in the form of cyclically oriented strategies of game agents. The conditions of convergence of the recurrent method to collectively optimal solutions are ensured by observance of the fundamental conditions of stochastic approximation. The game task is extended to random graphs. To do this, the vertices are assigned the probabilities of recovery failures, which cause a change in the structure of the graph at each step of the game. Realizations of a random graph are adaptively taken into account when searching for Hamiltonian cycles. Increasing the probability of failure slows down the convergence of the stochastic game. Computer simulation of the stochastic game provided patterns of self-organization of agents’ strategies in the form of several local cycles or a global Hamiltonian cycle of the graph, depending on the ways of forming the current losses of players. The reliability of experimental studies is confirmed by the repetition of implementations of self-organization patterns for different sequences of random variables. The results of the study can be used in practice for game-solving NP-complex problems, transport and communication problems, for building authentication protocols in distributed information systems, for collective decision-making in conditions of uncertainty.
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KLAPKIV, Yurii, and Volodymyr SVIRSKYI. "Problems of functioning of the insurance services market in the conditions of COVID-19 distribution." Economics. Finances. Law, no. 2 (February 26, 2021): 5–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.37634/efp.2021.2.1.
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In the center of contradictions and risks, as well as structural changes in the socio-economic system of the country due to the spread of COVID-19, the development of the insurance market will depend on its adaptation to environmental variability, ability to carry out permanent institutional and organizational transformation, optimization of business processes and introduction of innovative insurance products and services. The purpose of the paper is to develop new approaches to substantiate the dominance of the insurance market in a pandemic conditions and to outline prospects for its progress. The problems of functioning of the insurance services market in the conditions of realization of risks as a result of coronary crisis are considered, which is confirmed by the data on the dynamics of unprofitability of insurance products and refusals to pay insurance indemnity. The parameters of uncertainty of the quality of insurance services are identified, the trends of functioning are tracked, the threats for the parties during the performance of the insurance service are determined. This has greatly simplified the methodology for assessing quality in “regression selection”. Losses from business interruptions caused by the spread of COVID-19 are not covered by standard insurance contracts. In addition, pandemics are an extreme type of risk. Insurers generally clearly prescribe a pandemic as an exception, therefore do not intend to cover them with insurance policies, which provides protection against business interruption and do not include a premium for them in the policy value, without forming reserves for their coverage. It is substantiated that one of the ways to minimize moral risk and regressive selection of both insurers and policyholders in the context of the spread of COVID-19 is the widespread use of insurance protection and decency, which is inherent in highly developed business. This is especially true for insurance services and financial products, which are difficult to assess directly at the time of purchase.
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Gurav, Abhijit S., Toivo T. Kodas, Jorma Joutsensaari, Esko I. Kauppincn, and Riitta Zilliacus. "Gas-phase particle size distributions and lead loss during spray pyrolysis of (Bi,Pb)–Sr–Ca–Cu–O." Journal of Materials Research 10, no. 7 (July 1995): 1644–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/jmr.1995.1644.
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Gas-phase particle size distributions and lead loss were measured during formation of (Bi,Pb)-Sr-Ca-Cu-O and pure PbO particles by spray pyrolysis at different temperatures. A differential mobility analyzer (DMA) in conjunction with a condensation particle counter (CPC) was used to monitor the gas-phase particle size distributions, and a Berner-type low-pressure impactor was used to obtain mass size distributions and size-classified samples for chemical analysis. For (Bi,Pb)-Sr-Ca-Cu-O, as the processing temperature was raised from 200 to 700 °C, the number average particle size decreased due to metal nitrate decomposition, intraparticle reactions forming mixed-metal oxides and particle densification. The geometric number mean particle diameter was 0.12 μm at 200 °C and reduced to 0.08 and 0.07 μm, respectively, at 700 and 900 °C. When the reactor temperature was raised from 700 and 800 °C to 900 °C, a large number (∼107 no./cm3) of new ultrafine particles were formed from PbO vapor released from the particles and the reactor walls. Particles made at temperatures up to 700 °C maintained their initial stoichiometry over the whole range of particle sizes monitorcd; however, those made at 800 °C and above were heavily depleted in lead in the size range 0.5–5.0 μm. The evaporative losses of lead oxide from (Bi,Pb)-Sr-Ca-Cu-O particles were compared with the losses from PbO particles to gain insight into the pathways involved in lead loss and the role of intraparticle processes in controlling it.
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Dzyubenko, M., S. Masalov, Y. Kamenev, I. Kolenov, V. Radionov, N. Dakhov, A. Puzak, and O. Dmitruk. "Employment of gradient metal-film output mirrors in terahertz discharge lasers." RADIOFIZIKA I ELEKTRONIKA 26, no. 4 (2021): 28–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.15407/rej2021.04.028.
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Subject and Purpose. The problem of output beam matching with the waveguide transmission line often arises when using terahertz lasers. The special quasi-optical devices that are used to combat the problem lead to radiation losses and additional material costs. The aim of this work is to develop appropriate output mirrors for THz lasers so as to make the output laser beam match the transmission line of a given diameter. Methods and Methodology. As part of the experimental research into the action of the output mirror configuration on the parameters of THz laser radiation, gradient metal-film mirrors are made like a transparent substrate with a thin metal layer on it. The layer thickness varies over the substrate surface, forming therewith a transparency spot with a given change in the transmittance in the middle of the mirror. The properties of the gradient metal-film output mirrors are examined as applied to a gas-discharge HCN laser at a wavelength of 337 μm. Results. The gradient metal-film mirrors enable obtaining laser beams of a diameter equal to the inner diameter of the relevant transmission line and with a proper transverse energy distribution. The efficiency of the transmission of laser radiation energy into the waveguide line increases, and so does the performance of the laser installation. Another positive point is that the enhanced transparency in the middle of the mirror raises efficiency of the active substance energy utilization and conveys focusing properties to the flat mirror, which reduces diffraction losses. Conclusions. The employment of gradient metal-film output mirrors makes it possible to raise efficiency of laser installations. The features of metal-film mirrors suggest broad potentials for their application and make reasonable their further research.
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Hardcastle, M. J., W. L. Williams, P. N. Best, J. H. Croston, K. J. Duncan, H. J. A. Röttgering, J. Sabater, et al. "Radio-loud AGN in the first LoTSS data release." Astronomy & Astrophysics 622 (February 2019): A12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361/201833893.
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We constructed a sample of 23 344 radio-loud active galactic nuclei (RLAGN) from the catalogue derived from the LOFAR Two-Metre Sky Survey (LoTSS) survey of the HETDEX Spring field. Although separating AGN from star-forming galaxies remains challenging, the combination of spectroscopic and photometric techniques we used gives us one of the largest available samples of candidate RLAGN. We used the sample, combined with recently developed analytical models, to investigate the lifetime distribution of RLAGN. We show that large or giant powerful RLAGN are probably the old tail of the general RLAGN population, but that the low-luminosity RLAGN candidates in our sample, many of which have sizes < 100 kpc, either require a very different lifetime distribution or have different jet physics from the more powerful objects. We then used analytical models to develop a method of estimating jet kinetic powers for our candidate objects and constructed a jet kinetic luminosity function based on these estimates. These values can be compared to observational quantities, such as the integrated radiative luminosity of groups and clusters, and to the predictions from models of RLAGN feedback in galaxy formation and evolution. In particular, we show that RLAGN in the local Universe are able to supply all the energy required per comoving unit volume to counterbalance X-ray radiative losses from groups and clusters and thus prevent the hot gas from cooling. Our computation of the kinetic luminosity density of local RLAGN is in good agreement with other recent observational estimates and with models of galaxy formation.
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Ödeen, Anders, Stephen Pruett-Jones, Amy C. Driskell, Jessica K. Armenta, and Olle Håstad. "Multiple shifts between violet and ultraviolet vision in a family of passerine birds with associated changes in plumage coloration." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 279, no. 1732 (October 5, 2011): 1269–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2011.1777.
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Colour vision in diurnal birds falls into two discrete classes, signified by the spectral sensitivity of the violet- (VS) or ultraviolet-sensitive (UVS) short wavelength-sensitive type 1 (SWS1) single cone. Shifts between sensitivity classes are rare; three or four are believed to have happened in the course of avian evolution, one forming UVS higher passerines. Such shifts probably affect the expression of shortwave-dominated plumage signals. We have used genomic DNA sequencing to determine VS or UVS affinity in fairy-wrens and allies, Maluridae, a large passerine family basal to the known UVS taxa. We have also spectrophotometrically analysed male plumage coloration as perceived by the VS and UVS vision systems. Contrary to any other investigated avian genus, Malurus (fairy-wrens) contains species with amino acid residues typical of either VS or UVS cone opsins. Three bowerbird species (Ptilonorhynchidae) sequenced for outgroup comparison carry VS opsin genes. Phylogenetic reconstructions render one UVS gain followed by one or more losses as the most plausible evolutionary scenario. The evolution of avian ultraviolet sensitivity is hence more complex, as a single shift no longer explains its distribution in Passeriformes. Character correlation analysis proposes that UVS vision is associated with shortwave-reflecting plumage, which is widespread in Maluridae.
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Bohn, D. E., N. Sürken, and F. Kreitmeier. "Nucleation phenomena in a multi-stage low pressure steam turbine." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part A: Journal of Power and Energy 217, no. 4 (January 1, 2003): 453–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1243/095765003322315513.
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During the expansion of steam in the low pressure (LP) stages of steam turbines, the originating two-phase wet-steam mixture causes considerable thermodynamic losses as well as aerodynamic losses. The reduction of these loss mechanisms is the subject of research project at the Institute of Steam and Gas Turbines, Aachen University. A three-dimensional nucleating wet steam flow with homogeneous/heterogeneous nucleation in the three front stages of an industrial LP-steam turbine is investigated numerically. The steady, viscous, and compressible metastable steam flow calculations are performed with a Navier—Stokes flow solver incorporating the IAPWS-IF97 steam tables. A union numerical approach for both the homo- and heterogeneous nucleation occurring on soluble nuclei is employed to capture the effects related to the nucleation phenomenon. The model links the interfacial surface tension, the size of nuclei, the chemical characteristics of the substances forming the droplets, and the expansion rate with the nucleation rate. In order to take into account the additional viscous effects due to shrouded bladings, the open shroud cavities are modeled in detail. Droplet density spectra, radial droplet number, droplet diameter, and wetness fraction distributions at the exit of the third stage are calculated. It is shown that impurities can cause nucleation to appear at lower supersaturations with higher nucleation rates compared to homogeneous nucleation of pure steam. In this way, thermodynamic and kinematic relaxation losses are reduced. Owing to the dissipative viscous effects near the endwalls, the nucleation fronts exhibit convex shapes. They are locally bound within the region of high expansion rates in the second stage's nozzle guide vane. For both heterogeneous and homogenous nucleating flows the wetness is highly dispersed with narrow droplet density spectra behind the three front stages.
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Tsitsifli, Stavroula, and Vasilis Kanakoudis. "Assessing the Impact of DMAs and the Use of Boosters on Chlorination in a Water Distribution Network in Greece." Water 13, no. 16 (August 4, 2021): 2141. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w13162141.
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Disinfection is one of the most important water treatment processes as it inactivates pathogens providing safe drinking water to the consumers. A fresh-water distribution network is a complex system where constant monitoring of several parameters and related managerial decisions take place in order for the network to operate in the most efficient way. However, there are cases where some of the decisions made to improve the network’s performance level, such as reduction of water losses, may have negative impacts on other significant operational processes such as the disinfection. In particular, the division of a water distribution network into district metered areas (DMAs) and the application of various pressure management measures may impact the effectiveness of the water chlorination process. Two operational measures are assessed in this paper: (a) the use of inline chlorination boosters to achieve more efficient chlorination; and (b) how the DMAs formation impacts the chlorination process. To achieve this, the water distribution network of a Greek town is chosen as a case study where several scenarios are being thoroughly analyzed. The assessment process utilizes the network’s hydraulic simulation model, which is set up in Watergems V8i software, forming the baseline to develop the network’s water quality model. The results proved that inline chlorination boosters ensure a more efficient disinfection, especially at the most remote parts/nodes of the network, compared to conventional chlorination processes (e.g., at the water tanks), achieving 100% safe water volume and consuming almost 50% less chlorine mass. DMAs’ formation results in increased water age values up to 8.27%, especially at the remote parts/nodes of the network and require more time to achieve the necessary minimum effective chlorine concentration of 0.2 mg/L. However, DMAs formation and pressure management measures do not threaten the chlorination’s efficiency. It is important to include water age and residual chlorine as criteria when optimizing water pressure and the division of DMAs.
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Моисеенко, А. А., and С. М. Фёдоров. "METHOD OF FINDING LOSSES IN THE THROTTLE WINDING AS A RESULT OF THE SKIN EFFECT AND THE PROXIMITY EFFECT." ВЕСТНИК ВОРОНЕЖСКОГО ГОСУДАРСТВЕННОГО ТЕХНИЧЕСКОГО УНИВЕРСИТЕТА, no. 6 (January 14, 2022): 87–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.36622/vstu.2021.17.6.012.
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Представлен метод использования расчетных методик и моделирования магнитных полей в двухмерном пространстве для нахождения высокочастотных потерь в обмотке моточных изделий, таких как дроссель или трансформатор. Была проведена работа по анализу литературы по данной теме, а также поднят вопрос оптимизации и адаптации аналитических формул для случая использования проводников круглого сечения и намотки, имеющей неоднородное распределение слоев в окне сердечника. Был также поднят вопрос об аналитическом нахождении длины обмоточного провода намотки с различным количеством слоев и переменного количества используемых при этом витков. Для проведения автоматизации расчета с помощью формул был написан скрипт, строящий зависимость сопротивления переменному току относительно частоты, используя аналитические формулы. Была написана программа для автоматической постановки начальных условий и граничных значений параметров моделирования, процесса самого моделирования электромагнитных полей, анализа полученных данных, а также формирования массива для построения графика полученной при этом зависимости сопротивления от частоты. В данном методе используется свободно распространяемое программное обеспечение как для математических расчетов, так и моделирования электромагнитных полей. Итогом данной работы стало сравнение полученных результатов, которые показали хорошую сходимость и преемственность этапов данного метода Here we present a method for using computational methods and modeling magnetic fields in two-dimensional space to find high-frequency losses in the winding of winding products, such as a choke or transformer. We analyzed the literature on this topic, as well as the issue of optimization and adaptation of analytical formulas for the case of using round-section conductors and winding having a non-uniform distribution of layers in the core window. We discussed the analytical finding of the length of the winding wire of the winding with a different number of layers and a variable number of turns used in this case. To automate the calculation using formulas, we wrote a script that builds the dependence of the resistance to alternating current relative to the frequency using analytical formulas. In addition, we wrote a program for automatically setting the initial conditions and boundary values of the modeling parameters, the process of modeling electromagnetic fields itself, analyzing the data obtained, as well as forming an array for plotting the resulting dependence of resistance on frequency. This method uses freely distributed software for both mathematical calculations and modeling of electromagnetic fields. The result of this work was a comparison of the results obtained, which showed good convergence and continuity of the stages of this method
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Krikunova, L. N., E. V. Dubinina, and S. Yu Makarov. "Returnable baking waste — a new type of raw materials for distillates production (Part III. Distillation stage)." Food systems 4, no. 2 (July 22, 2021): 89–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.21323/2618-9771-2020-4-2-89-96.
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The distillation stage is a key step in distillate-based alcoholic beverage technology. The use of a new non-traditional type of raw materials to obtain distillates requires comprehensive research. The purpose of this work was to study the processes at the distillation stage of the discharged wort from the recyclable baking waste, in identifying significant factors and determining the optimal technological values of these factors. The objects of the study served 9 samples of fermented wort from various types of recyclable baking waste, distillate fractions and samples of distillates. The distillation was performed on the installation of direct distillation “KOTHE DESTILLATIONSTECHNIK” (Germany). In the objects of the study, the volume, the volume fraction of ethyl alcohol and the mass concentration of the main volatile components were determined. The composition and concentration of basic volatile components were determined using gas chromatography on the device “Thermo Trace GC Ultra” (Thermo, United States). The wide range of variation of the mass concentration of the main volatile components, depending on the composition of the initial raw materials, is revealed. It has been established that the nature of the distribution of volatile components according to distillate fractions does not depend on the physicochemical composition of the fermented wort from different types of recyclable baking waste. It is shown that the nature of the distribution of volatile components according to fractions in obtaining a distillate from the recyclable baking waste has certain differences from their distribution in the preparation of cognac and fruit distillates. A comparative assessment of distillates obtained by single fractionated distillation and double distillation showed the advantage of the first alcohol output and the composition of volatile components. It has been established that the distillation rate with a direct fractionated has a significant effect on the dynamics of the distribution of the main volatile components and the output of the distillate for anhydrous alcohol. With an optimal distillation rate (5.9 cm3 / min), an anhydrous alcohol output increases, on average, by 4% and reduced the losses of valuable aroma-forming volatile components with head and tail fractions.
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Schönbohm, Alexander, Rainer Gasper, and Dirk Abel. "Flatness Based Inductive Reheating of A356 Billets into the Semi-Solid State." Solid State Phenomena 116-117 (October 2006): 766–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ssp.116-117.766.
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An important step in the processing of semi-solid metals is the inductive re-heating of the feedstock material. The heating should lead to an uniform billet temperature in order to obtain good forming results. The billet is supposed to be heated to the target temperature as fast as possible and at the same time it must be guaranteed, that the outer area of the billet does not melt prematurely. Conventionally the open-loop trajectories consist of simple power over time diagrams and are generated by extensive experiments. By using an open-loop control scheme it is possible to chose a desired trajectory for the middle axis temperature of the billet which respects the given constraint on the heating process. By taking advantage of the flatness property of the system, an open loop trajectory for the coil current can be calculated which ensures the desired behavior of the axis temperature. The shape of the trajectory is determined by the shape of the desired trajectory and the temperature dependent material properties, which have to be known with the needed accuracy. The losses of the converter and induction coil are estimated online so that the induced power is known. The trajectory ensures that the billet is heated to a temperature just below the solidus temperature without overheating of the billet’s surface and with a very homogeneous temperature distribution. The Experiments have been conducted using A356 aluminum alloy.
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Vasse, Marc. "Protein Z, a protein seeking a pathology." Thrombosis and Haemostasis 100, no. 10 (2008): 548–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1160/th08-01-0024.
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SummaryProtein Z (PZ) is a vitamin K-dependent factor identified in human plasma in 1984 characterized by an homology with other vitamin K-dependent factors (factor VII, IX, X, protein C). In contrast to these factors, PZ does not possess any enzymatic activity but is involved as a cofactor in the down-regulation of coagulation by forming a complex with the protein Z-dependent protease inhibitor (ZPI). ZPI inhibits the activated factor X (FXa) on phospholipid surface. In mice, the disruption of PZ gene is asymptomatic, but the association with the factor V Leiden mutation leads to a quasi complete mortality during the neonatal period with microvascular thrombosis. In humans, PZ is characterized by an unusual wide distribution in plasma, and a major decrease induced by warfarin. Isolated PZ deficiency does not seem to constitute a risk for venous thrombosis, but a severe PZ deficiency could increase the risk of well recognized venous thrombotic risk factors such as factor V Leiden, G20210A mutation or hyperhomocysteinemia. Unexpectedly, a relationship between PZ deficiency and ischemic arterial diseases such as stroke, acute coronary syndromes or peripheral arterial disease was described but not confirmed by all studies. PZ deficiency could be also a risk factor for early fetal losses, and increases the arterial risk in antiphospholipid syndrome. This review analyzes the different studies so far published and discusses the various results obtained in order to understand whether or not protein Z deficiency could be considered as an arterial ischemic risk factor.
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Turtygina, N., and A. Okhrimenko. "ASSESSMENT OF THE COMPLEXITY OF OCCURRENCE AND GEOLOGICAL VARIABILITY OF THE QUALITY OF HIGH-GRADE ORES DURING THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE C-2 DEPOSIT." East European Scientific Journal 2, no. 11(75) (December 16, 2021): 10–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.31618/essa.2782-1994.2021.2.75.159.
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The work is devoted to a very topical issue - predicting quality indicators in underground mining of ore deposits. In this work, the conditions and ways of improving the quality of ores during mining were studied on the example of deposits of rich ores in the northern flanks of the Talnakh and Oktyabrsky deposits of Talnakh. The studies were carried out in specific conditions at the mining enterprises of the Polar Division of the Public Joint Stock Company Mining and Metallurgical Company Norilsk Nickel.
The northern deposits of the Talnakhskoye deposit represent the main prospect for replenishing the retired production capacities for the extraction of high-grade ores. The significant heterogeneity of the distribution of the metal content in industrial reserves of rich copper-nickel ores is the primary cause of high fluctuations in the quality of ore flow, which requires the use of the most advanced mining technologies to control the quality of ores during extraction.
The process of forming the required quality level of mined ores at the mines of the Polar Division of PJSC MMC Norilsk Nickel is of paramount importance. However, during the development of deposits of «rich» ores in the ore stream «mine - processing plant», significant fluctuations in the quality of the ore mass are formed, which lead to losses of metals in the process of concentration and during metallurgical redistribution, thereby reducing the economic efficiency of the entire mining and metallurgical complex, as determines the relevance of the work.
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Fazli, Ali, and Denis Rodrigue. "Phase morphology, mechanical, and thermal properties of fiber-reinforced thermoplastic elastomer: Effects of blend composition and compatibilization." Journal of Reinforced Plastics and Composites 41, no. 7-8 (October 22, 2021): 267–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/07316844211051749.
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In this work, recycled high density polyethylene (rHDPE) was compounded with regenerated tire rubber (RR) (35–80 wt.%) and reinforced with recycled tire textile fiber (RTF) (20 wt.%) as a first step. The materials were compounded by melt extrusion, injection molded, and characterized in terms of morphological, mechanical, physical, and thermal properties. Although, replacement of the rubber phase with RTF compensated for tensile/flexural moduli losses of rHDPE/RR/RTF blends because of the more rigid nature of fibers increasing the composites stiffness, the impact strength substantially decreased. So, a new approach is proposed for impact modification by adding a blend of maleic anhydride grafted polyethylene (MAPE)/RR (70/30) into a fiber-reinforced rubberized composite. As in this case, a more homogeneous distribution of the fillers was observed due to better compatibility between MAPE, rHDPE, and RR. The tensile properties were improved as the elongation at break increased up to 173% because of better interfacial adhesion. Impact modification of the resulting thermoplastic elastomer (TPE) composites based on rHDPE/(RR/MAPE)/RTF was successfully performed (improved toughness by 60%) via encapsulation of the rubber phase by MAPE forming a thick/soft interphase decreasing interfacial stress concentration slowing down fracture. Finally, the thermal stability of rubberized fiber-reinforced TPE also revealed the positive effect of MAPE addition on molecular entanglements and strong bonding yielding lower weight loss, while the microstructure and crystallinity degree did not significantly change up to 60 wt.% RR/MAPE (70/30).
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Signor, Philip W. "Taxonomic diversity and faunal turnover in the Early Cambrian: Did the most severe mass extinction of the Phanerozoic occur in the Botomian stage?" Paleontological Society Special Publications 6 (1992): 272. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s2475262200008327.
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A handful of mass extinctions, scattered through the Phanerozoic, forever changed the course of life on Earth, eliminating large numbers of clades from the evolutionary race and allowing the survivors to diversify following the extinction. These ecological-evolutionary upheavals extirpated whole communities and eliminated otherwise successful clades from the evolutionary race. While the mechanism(s) responsible for most mass extinctions remain to be identified, their impact on the biosphere is self-evident. Thus, recognition of a previously overlooked, severe extinction early in the Phanerozoic provides important new insights and perspectives on the history of lifeIn the course of research on the biogeographic distribution of Early Cambrian metazoan taxa, I compiled a database on the geographic and stratigraphic distribution of metazoan genera. The data are derived from the primary literature on the paleogeographic and stratigraphic distributions and systematics of Early Cambrian fossils. The Russian zonation scheme for the Siberian Platform (incorporating four stages, in ascending order: Tommotian, Atabanian, Botomian, and Toyonian) was employed for biostratigraphic correlations. Correlations of other regions to the Siberian stages were based upon work by F. Debrenne and her colleagues on archaeocyathans and upon M. D. Brasier's correlations from small shelly fossils. While there is no accepted global correlation scheme for Lower Cambrian strata, this approach yields results that are useful at the four-stage level of resolution. The data base currently includes more than 850 genera.Examination of the aggregate data reveals a substantial reduction (>60%) in the global total of genera extant in the Toyonian, in comparison to the Botomian stage. The extinction rate of genera at the end of the Botomian exceeds 80 percent. By comparison, the end-Permian extinction eliminated slightly more than 60 percent of the extant genera.In addition to the general reduction in generic diversity, Brasier (1982) has documented a fall in sea level and reduction in the shelf area. Associated with this regression was a loss of reef-forming archaeocyathan genera. While a small number of archaeocyathan genera persisted into the Toyonian (and a few genera have been reported from Late Cambrian strata in Antarctica), the bulk of archaeocyath diversity was lost in the Botomian. The losses in diversity, extermination of reef-forming organisms, and high turnover in conjunction with a marine regression matches the pattern observed at most other mass extinctions.It is remarkable that this relatively severe extinction has gone mostly unnoticed by paleobiologists. Much of the data is relatively new, a product of intense international study of early metazoan faunas. Most likely, the mass of data produced by Lower Cambrian specialists over the past ten years has yet to reach the treatises and monographs where it can be easily summarized. Also, resolution of patterns within the Early Cambrian has waited on the development of correlations and a satisfactory zonation. Indeed, detailed study of the Botomian extinction will await more accurate correlations.
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Melzheimer, Joerg, Sonja K. Heinrich, Bernd Wasiolka, Rebekka Mueller, Susanne Thalwitzer, Ivan Palmegiani, Annika Weigold, et al. "Communication hubs of an asocial cat are the source of a human–carnivore conflict and key to its solution." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 117, no. 52 (December 7, 2020): 33325–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2002487117.
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Human–wildlife conflicts occur worldwide. Although many nonlethal mitigation solutions are available, they rarely use the behavioral ecology of the conflict species to derive effective and long-lasting solutions. Here, we use a long-term study with 106 GPS-collared free-ranging cheetahs (Acinonyx jubatus) to demonstrate how new insights into the socio-spatial organization of this species provide the key for such a solution. GPS-collared territory holders marked and defended communication hubs (CHs) in the core area of their territories. The CHs/territories were distributed in a regular pattern across the landscape such that they were not contiguous with each other but separated by a surrounding matrix. They were kept in this way by successive territory holders, thus maintaining this overdispersed distribution. The CHs were also visited by nonterritorial cheetah males and females for information exchange, thus forming hotspots of cheetah activity and presence. We hypothesized that the CHs pose an increased predation risk to young calves for cattle farmers in Namibia. In an experimental approach, farmers shifted cattle herds away from the CHs during the calving season. This drastically reduced their calf losses by cheetahs because cheetahs did not follow the herds but instead preyed on naturally occurring local wildlife prey in the CHs. This implies that in the cheetah system, there are “problem areas,” the CHs, rather than “problem individuals.” The incorporation of the behavioral ecology of conflict species opens promising areas to search for solutions in other conflict species with nonhomogenous space use.
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Morkun, V., and O. Kravchenko. "Spatial control over ultrasonic cleaning of mining equipment using a phased array technology." Naukovyi Visnyk Natsionalnoho Hirnychoho Universytetu, no. 2 (April 30, 2022): 31–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.33271/nvngu/2022-2/031.
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Purpose. To develop methods for spatial control over ultrasonic cleaning by using ultrasonic phased array of radiators. To simulate the cleaning process using the developed methods to prove their effectiveness. Methodology. Application of the ultrasonic array as a basic radiator for ultrasonic cleaning enables redistribution of intensity in the bath by increasing it in the most contaminated zones of the cleaned object. Geometric and physical laws provide analytically defined parameters of the beam. Findings. The authors determine basic parameters for the ultrasonic beam through considering input and output data of the 3-D fuzzy interval controller. The focus distance is calculated by means of the arrival time of the threshold signal considering distances between the sensor and the array. The azimuth is directed into the bath center and dependent on its height only. The zenithal angle is calculated as a ratio of intensities of the current arrays and the nearest adjacent ones towards the greatest one. By default, the beam is directed to the bath center for the phased array with the greatest intensity. The simulation reveals that the applied approach enables a 41.5% increase in intensity in the contamination zone, this improving energy efficiency of cleaning and reducing time required for ultrasonic treatment. Originality. The authors suggest new methods for forming control over ultrasonic cleaning, which enables considering spatial distribution of this process by optimizing energy losses. Practical value. The new approach to spatial control over ultrasonic cleaning enables redirecting intensity in the bath to the most contaminated zones, this allowing an increase in energy efficiency of large mining machines of complicated configuration.
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Gai, A., and V. Gulevich. "Approach to the location of distributed generation sources in the structure of electrical networks." Energy and automation, no. 3(55) (June 23, 2021): 75–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.31548/energiya2021.03.075.
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Today, the electricity supplier is not able to declare the possible level of quality of electricity supply, and the consumer simply does not have the opportunity to buy such "high-quality" electricity. In such conditions, a differentiated approach to tariff formation is inevitable, which has been implemented in practice today, albeit in its infancy. Further improvement of the tariff-forming mechanism is impossible without creating a "flexible" dependence of the tariff on the quality indicators of the consumer's power supply. Quality indicators, in turn, are based, on the one hand, on the methods and approaches for their determination, and on the other, on statistically reliable data on the elements that make up the equipment in the "generation-consumer" chain. In recent years, there has been a tendency to change the concept of development of the electric power industry, since preference is given to the development of sources of distributed generation. Distributed generation is understood as a source of electrical energy directly connected to the distribution electrical network or connected to it by consumers. Ensuring the socio-economic stability of society and a decent quality of life for the population largely depends on the reliability and efficiency of the functioning of the infrastructure for the supply of fuel and energy resources, in particular, electricity. Excessive losses of electricity during its production, transportation and distribution, as well as an unacceptable level of harmful emissions into the atmosphere, are the cause of interruptions in power supply to consumers and even the threat of systemic accidents in the United Energy System (UPS) of the country. The introduction of alternative energy sources in electric power systems, in addition to reducing the harmful impact on the environment and solving the problems associated with waste pollution during electric power generation, will reduce the use of natural resources and relieve the backbone and distribution power lines. As part of the scientific search, an approach was proposed, which is the basis for calculations to determine the optimal installation locations for sources of distributed generation of an average overhead line. The results obtained are presented in the framework of a joint technical meeting of leading specialists of operating enterprises, the customer and the staff of the Department of Power Supply named after V.M. Sinkova NULES of Ukraine.
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Moreno, F., E. Jehin, J. Licandro, M. Ferrais, Y. Moulane, F. J. Pozuelos, J. Manfroid, et al. "Dust properties of double-tailed active asteroid (6478) Gault." Astronomy & Astrophysics 624 (April 2019): L14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361/201935526.
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Context. Asteroid (6478) Gault was discovered to exhibit a comet-like tail in observations from December 2018, becoming a new member of the so-called active asteroid population in the main asteroid belt. Aims. We seek to investigate the grain properties of the dust ejected from asteroid (6478) Gault and to give insight into the activity mechanism(s). Methods. We use a Monte Carlo dust tail brightness code to retrieve the dates of dust ejection, the physical properties of the grains, and the total dust mass losses during each event. The code takes into account the brightness contribution of the asteroid itself. The model is applied to a large data set of images spanning the period from 2019 January 11 to 2019 March 13. In addition, we carried out both short- and long-term photometric measurements of the asteroid. Results. It is shown that, to date, asteroid (6478) Gault has experienced two episodes of impulsive dust ejection, which took place around 2018 November 5 and 2019 January 2. These two episodes released at least 1.4 × 107 kg and 1.6 × 106 kg of dust, respectively, at escape speeds. The size distribution, consisting of particles in the 1 μm–1 cm radius range, follows a broken power law with bending points near 15 μm and 870 μm. On the other hand, the photometric series indicate a nearly constant magnitude over several 5–7.3 h periods, which is a possible effect of the masking of a rotational light curve by the dust. Conclusions. The dust particles forming Gault’s tails were released from the asteroid at escape speeds, but the specific ejection mechanism is unclear until photometry of the dust-free asteroid are conducted to assess whether this was related to rotational disruption or to other possible causes.
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Pestechian, Nader, Hossein Ali Yousefi, Reza Kalantari, Rasool Jafari, Faham Khamesipour, Mohammad Keshtkar, and Mahsa Esmaeilifallah. "Molecular and Microscopic Investigation of Sarcocystis Species Isolated from Sheep Muscles in Iran." Journal of Food Quality 2021 (June 25, 2021): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/5562517.
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Sarcocystis species is a genus of cyst-forming parasites infecting both humans and animals globally. Some of these species cause clinical and subclinical diseases in the host and may lead to economic losses. This study was carried out to identify the distribution patterns of Sarcocystis spp. in slaughtered sheep based on the digestion method and PCR-RFLP in Isfahan, the center of Iran. In total, 150 fresh muscle samples (30 hearts, 60 esophagi, and 60 diaphragms) were investigated by naked eye observation and then scrutinized based on the digestion method. To this end, pepsin and HCl were used to observe the Sarcocystis parasite via a light microscope. The PCR was carried out to intensify a fragment of the 18S rRNA gene. Afterward, the PCR products were exposed to digestion by endonuclease TaqI, HindII, EcoRI, and AvaI. Consequently, the results of RFLP were confirmed by sequencing, and the phylogenetic placement of all species was analyzed. Through the examination by the naked eye, 5/150 (3.33%) macroscopic cysts were found in the samples. With the tissue digestion and microscopic examination, 116 (77.33%) samples were positive for Sarcocystis spp.; however, 125 (83.33%) samples were positive with PCR. Moreover, the results of sequence analysis on macrocysts and microcysts showed that 4% and 96% of the species belonged to S. gigantea and S. tenella, respectively. According to the results of the current study, sarcocystosis caused by S. tenella are highly prevalent among sheep in the Isfahan region. Due to the high prevalence of Sarcocystis infection in the world and Iran, the development of disease control and prevention policies in sheep would be essential, and changing attitudes in the way of keeping livestock from the traditional type to the industrial method is recommended in this regard.
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Lavrov, Ruslan, Lyudmyla Remnova, Іryna Sadchykova, Hennadii Mazur, Mykola Tymoshenko, Volodymyr Kozlovskyi, and Serhii Kozlovskyi. "Investments in the Sustainable Development of the Potato Sector in Ukraine Based on the Optimal Balance of Production and Consumption." WSEAS TRANSACTIONS ON BUSINESS AND ECONOMICS 19 (January 11, 2022): 186–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.37394/23207.2022.19.19.
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Growing role of potato farming in food security system of the country needs attracting the new investment in preserving and process restructuring of the sector, at scientifically proven approach to defining the optimal scope of potato production, processing, and storage – to avoid the extra stocks, unnecessary losses, and inefficient investment resources at any stage of agri-food chain. Purpose of the study is to justify the conceptual model of investing in development of Ukrainian potato sector, based on calculated optimal structure of balance between potato production and consumption, as well as the effective combination of fresh and processed products, to ensure competitive parameters of potato market in actual market environment. Object of the study is forming and increasing the added value in agri-food chain, due to optimal parameters of balance between potato production and consumption. The study methodology is based on system analysis laws, which allow justifying the competitive parameters of Ukrainian potato sector in varying economic space, thus reducing the unnecessary loss in “producing-processing-transporting-sale-consumption” chain. Use of developed optimization model for potato production/consumption balance, by minimizing the potato residues at the end of year, revealed the extra stock (2.4 million tons) in early 2020, which was unbalanced with consumer demand. Due to inefficient distribution of gross potato yield in Ukraine, conclusion was made on need to reduce investment in overproduction (17.5%) and direct the major investment flows in potato processing industry, increase the export potential, and expand the foreign market boundaries for Ukrainian potato products, semi-finished and fresh products, at ensuring the relevant quality. In this view, authors proposed a conceptual investment model for potato sector of Ukraine, based on optimal balance of potato production and consumption till 2027, which ensures achieving the strategic result in terms of global competition.
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Akynzhanov, Tolegen, Vladimir Dekhnich, and Victoria Bitykova. "Local landscaping development assessment in Nur-Sultan based on 3d models constructed with the application of unmanned aircraft." InterCarto. InterGIS 27, no. 1 (2021): 249–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.35595/2414-9179-2021-1-27-249-262.
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The article describes the assessment of the areas and spatial distribution of adjoining green spaces as one of the most vulnerable and low studied kind of green spaces in cities. Usually gardening near the residential houses is not legally regulated is being destroyed during the implementation of urban renovation projects. The characteristics of adjoining green spaces were assessed for the city of Nur-Sultan, where, on the one hand, natural properties make green spaces vulnerable, and on the other hand, the acquisition of capital functions increases the value for the urban environment. A large-scale assessment, carried out using unmanned aerial vehicles, has demonstrated its high efficiency in assessing the vertical and horizontal structure of adjacent green spaces and other elements of the city. As a result of aerial imagery sessions for representative key points, a series of orthophotomaps with the horizontal resolution of 3–4 cm and digital terrain models with a horizontal resolution of 3 cm and a vertical resolution of about 4 cm were obtained. These products provided possibility to identify 12 historically established morphotypes of urban buildings, characterized by different levels and types of adjacent landscaping. Using a three-dimensional model of green cover, the average size of the biomass and the density of biomass per 1 m2 of the area in the selected morphotypes of the building were calculated. Territorial differences of adjoining green spaces in the different morphotypes depend on the period of construction, distance from the river, types of the building and urban planning standards typical for the period of the morphotype forming. Losses of the adjoining green spaces during the implementation of the renovation program according to the modern General Plan, excluding restoration, for the city of Nur-Sultan, will be mor than 11.5 % (+/-3.5 %) of the city’s tree cover.
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Buckman, Benjamin J., Tim Linden, and Todd A. Thompson. "Cosmic rays and magnetic fields in the core and halo of the starburst M82: implications for galactic wind physics." Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society 494, no. 2 (April 17, 2020): 2679–705. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/mnras/staa875.
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ABSTRACT Cosmic rays (CRs) and magnetic fields may be dynamically important in driving large-scale galactic outflows from rapidly star-forming galaxies. We construct two-dimensional axisymmetric models of the local starburst and superwind galaxy M82 using the CR propagation code galprop. Using prescribed gas density and magnetic field distributions, wind profiles, CR injection rates, and stellar radiation fields, we simultaneously fit both the integrated gamma-ray emission and the spatially resolved multifrequency radio emission extended along M82’s minor axis. We explore the resulting constraints on the gas density, magnetic field strength, CR energy density, and the assumed CR advection profile. In accord with earlier one-zone studies, we generically find low central CR pressures, strong secondary electron/positron production, and an important role for relativistic bremsstrahlung losses in shaping the synchrotron spectrum. We find that the relatively low central CR density produces CR pressure gradients that are weak compared to gravity, strongly limiting the role of CRs in driving M82’s fast and mass-loaded galactic outflow. Our models require strong magnetic fields and advection speeds of the order of ∼1000 km s−1 on kpc scales along the minor axis in order to reproduce the extended radio emission. Degeneracies between the controlling physical parameters of the model and caveats to these findings are discussed.
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Yuan, Ting, Min-da Zhang, Jia-hui Ni, Ya-xuan Chen, and Fei Geng. "The brazing effect on the corrosion mechanism of a multilayer material with Cu." Anti-Corrosion Methods and Materials 64, no. 6 (November 6, 2017): 664–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/acmm-07-2016-1688.
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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to compare corrosion behavior of a modified multilayer material with Cu before and after brazing process. Design/methodology/approach Sea water acidified accelerated tests (SWAATs), potentiodynamic polarization tests and scanning electron microscopy were used to study the corrosion behavior and macro/micro structures. Results indicate that the corrosion mechanisms of the sheets before and after brazing process are completely different. Findings The un-brazed material is uniform corrosion, while the brazed material has a high sensitivity to localized corrosion and loses cathodic protection to the core. It is found that brazing process causes copper transition from the core alloy into eutectic phases in the cladding, leading to higher Ecorr and different potential distribution compared with those of un-brazed materials. Originality/value For the modified multilayer material after brazing, there are two stages of corrosion. First, corrosion attack takes place along eutectic phases in the cladding material, and then core alloy dissolves by forming a galvanic couple with the nobler residual cladding.
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Schmidt, Philip, Marita Krause, Volker Heesen, Aritra Basu, Rainer Beck, Theresa Wiegert, Judith A. Irwin, et al. "CHANG-ES." Astronomy & Astrophysics 632 (November 26, 2019): A12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361/201834995.
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Context. Cosmic-ray electrons (CREs) originating from the star-forming discs of spiral galaxies frequently form extended radio haloes that are best observable in edge-on galaxies, where their properties can be directly investigated as a function of vertical height above the disc. Aims. For the present study, we selected two nearby edge-on galaxies from the Continuum Halos in Nearby Galaxies – an EVLA Survey (CHANG-ES), NGC 891 and 4565, which differ largely in their detectable halo extent and their star-formation rates (SFRs). Our aim is to figure out how such differences are related to the (advective and/or diffusive) CRE transport in the disc and in the halo. Methods. We use wide-band 1.5 and 6 GHz Very Large Array (VLA) observations obtained in the B, C, and D configurations, and combine the 6 GHz images with Effelsberg observations to correct for missing short spacings. After subtraction of the thermal emission, we investigate the spatially resolved synchrotron spectral index distribution in terms of CRE spectral ageing. We further compute total magnetic field strengths assuming equipartition between the cosmic-ray (CR) energy density and the magnetic field, and measure synchrotron scale heights at both frequencies. Based on the fitted vertical profiles of the synchrotron intensity and on the spectral index profile between 1.5 and 6 GHz, we create purely advective and purely diffusive CRE transport models by numerically solving the 1D diffusion–loss equation. In particular, we investigate for the first time the radial dependence of synchrotron and magnetic field scale heights, advection speeds, and diffusion coefficients, whereas previous studies of these two galaxies only determined global values of these quantities. Results. We find that the overall spectral index distribution of NGC 891 is mostly consistent with continuous CRE injection. In NGC 4565, many of the local synchrotron spectra (even in the disc) feature a break between 1.5 and 6 GHz and are thus more in line with discrete-epoch CRE injection (Jaffe–Perola (JP) or Kardashev–Pacholczyk (KP) models). This implies that CRE injection time-scales are lower than the synchrotron cooling time-scales. The synchrotron scale height of NGC 891 increases with radius, indicating that synchrotron losses are significant. NGC 891 is probably dominated by advective CRE transport at a velocity of ≳150 km s−1. In contrast, NGC 4565 is diffusion-dominated up to z = 1 kpc or higher, with a diffusion coefficient of ≥2 × 1028 cm2 s−1.
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Djorovic, Miroljub, and Ljubomir Letic. "Observation of underground water level in the area of forest estate "Sremska Mitrovica " during 2000 and 2001." Bulletin of the Faculty of Forestry, no. 86 (2002): 103–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/gsf0286103d.
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Observation of underground water level in the area of "Jasensko-Belilo", which belongs to the Forest Estate "Sremska Mitrovica", started in 1999. The measurements were performed by means of 2 piezometers set up approximately perpendicularly to the river Sava, forming profile number 1 (Fig.1). The results of these measurements (Fig. 2, 3) show a significant lowering of groundwater level in 2000. The reason is most likely the unfavorable rainfall amount and distribution during that year (Table 2). A much better situation was during 2001 when the minimal groundwater level was up to 2 meters and it was considered to be the result of a favorable amount of rainfall and its distribution during the year (Tables 2, 3). It was noticed that Carpinus betulus appears instead of flowering ash (Fraxinus ornus), which is a good sign that generally the level of underground water is lowering. Also, the phenomenon that pedunculate oak (Quercus robur) gradually loses its natural regeneration capability also confirms the trend of lowering underground water level. If this trend continues, oak will be in a very near future naturally substituted by less valuable species, probably Turkey oak (Quercus cerris). If groundwater wells along the river Sava reach the vicinity of this area, which is a plan for the Belgrade city water supply, the trend of groundwater table lowering will be even more expressed and it will certainly endanger the existence of all valuable forest species in this area.
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Lisovskiy, Andriy, and Vladyslav Harbar. "Humus conditions of the Pre-Dnisterian Podolia Haplic Chernozems." Visnyk of the Lviv University. Series Geography, no. 51 (December 27, 2017): 204–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.30970/vgg.2017.51.8859.
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The humus state of chernozems typical of Pre-Dnisterian Podolia is investigated. It has been established that for the content of humus the chernozems typical of the Pre-Dnisterian Podolia are low humus (2.78–3.98 %). With depth, the content of humus decreases gradually, indicating a uniformly accumulative type of distribution of organic matter in the soil profile. It is determined that in typical chernozems the phenomenon of moderate migration of humic acids is observed, thus forming a deep humus profile. Humic content to the depth of 90–100 cm is dominated by humic acids (Cga:Cfais 1.12–1.78). The general tendency of relative “pluralisation” of the arable lay eras a result of its agronomic exhaustion has been observed. In relation to the Cga to the general organic C, the chernozems soil of the study area is characterized by a high and very high degree of humification of organic matter. It is proved that the intensity of the migration processes of humic acids decreases in the direction of strengthening the hardness of the GTK territory, due to the tightening of calcium carbonates closer to the surface of the soil. Its middle and lower parts were formed, to a large extent, by infiltration of humic acids, moreover, mainly due to the calcium humates. In the case of the use of chernozems without the use of organic fertilizers, the processes of mineralization of plant residues and humus are more active, and the balance of humus is scarce. However, when applying a setoff measures, you cannot only prevent loss of humus but also increased their content. Such a complex should include the following measures: soil replenishment with organic substances, in particular, the planting of perennial grasses and sown crops, the abandonment of a higher grain of grain; minimizing cultivation; creation of optimal ratios of crops in crop rotation to reduce humus losses; the application of meliorants, which would ensure the strengthening of soil fixation of newly formed humus substances. Key words: Pre-Dnisterian Podolia, Haplic Chernozems, humus, humic acids, fulvic acids.