Relevant bibliographies by topics / Forming and distribution of losses

Academic literature on the topic 'Forming and distribution of losses'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 30 May 2022
Last updated: 31 May 2022

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Journal articles on the topic "Forming and distribution of losses"

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Skosyrskih, N. O., and M. N. Rasskazova. "MATHEMATICAL MODELING OF INTERNAL LOGISTICS OF SEASONAL PURCHASE AND RESERVE DISTRIBUTION." Applied Mathematics and Fundamental Informatics 7, no. 2 (2020): 030–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.25206/2311-4908-2020-7-2-30-36.

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The problem of forming an optimal production program for the purchase and storage of automobile tires is solved using mathematical modeling. A mathematical model of an integer linear programming problem has been developed, which takes into account the assortment of tires, storage costs, losses for short deliveries on time, restrictions on the warehouse area. The objective function is to maximize profits. An algorithm for solving this problem has been developed; a computational experiment was carried out on the basis of real initial data. A simulation model of a warehouse has been developed, reflecting logistic processes.
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Effendi Amran, Mohd, and Mohd Nabil Muhtazaruddin. "Assessment of Renewable Distributed Generation in Green Building Rating System for Public Hospital." International Journal of Engineering & Technology 7, no. 3.15 (August 13, 2018): 40. http://dx.doi.org/10.14419/ijet.v7i3.15.17404.

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This paper presents an optimization solution for renewable Distributed Generation (DG), as imposed in the Green Building Rating System (GBRS) for a public hospital. Solar photovoltaic DG unit (PV-DG) is identified as a type of DG used in this paper. The proposed optimization via PV-DG coordination will improve the sustainable energy performance of the green building by power loss reduction within accepted lower losses region using Artificial Bee Colony (ABC) algorithm. The setup input data from one of Malaysian public hospitals’ power distribution system is been adopted and simulation results via MATLAB programming show that the optimization of DG forming into bigger-scale imposed system provides a better outcome in minimization of total power losses within appropriate voltage profile as compared to current PV-DG imposed in GBRS. The objective function representing total power losses which also supported by related literature give a measure that forming sufficient and optimal PV-DG assessment criteria is highly important, thus, current PV-DG assessment in GBRS is proposed to be reviewed into new parameter setting for public hospital due to its’ high energy demand and distinctive electrical load profile.
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Gonelas, Konstantinos, Apostolos Chondronasios, Vasilis Kanakoudis, Menelaos Patelis, and Panagiota Korkana. "Forming DMAs in a water distribution network considering the operating pressure and the chlorine residual concentration as the design parameters." Journal of Hydroinformatics 19, no. 6 (August 24, 2017): 900–910. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/hydro.2017.157.

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Abstract Dividing a water distribution network (WDN) in the optimal district metered areas (DMAs) formation is one task that usually troubles water utility managers. The present paper utilizes optimization methods to achieve desired segmentation conditions in terms of (a) operating pressure reduction, thus reducing the system's real water losses and (b) residual chlorine concentration reduction thus preventing disinfection byproducts' growth. Exploiting the numerous possibilities offered by the inter-connection of Matlab and EPANET software tools, an algorithm is developed in C++ language. The algorithm reads all significant data of a WDN as an output of EPANET. The first algorithm calculates the optimal allocation of a given number of closed isolation valves in terms of water losses' reduction, considering restrictions for network's proper operation. The second algorithm calculates the optimal formation of DMAs in terms of water quality improvement. Both algorithms can be applied in any WDN. The outcome is the optimal set of closed pipes that leads to the optimal formation of DMAs in a given network. The closing of pipes (by installing isolation valves) determines the optimal formation of DMAs. The basic concept of both algorithms and their application in a case study network's hydraulic model are presented.
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Godlevskyi, Ihor, Mykhaylo Godlevskyi, and Iryna Stativka. "INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY OF FORMING OPTION FOR LOGISTICS DISTRIBUTION CHANNEL CONFIGURATION RESISTANT TO EMERGENCIES." Bulletin of National Technical University "KhPI". Series: System Analysis, Control and Information Technologies, no. 2 (6) (December 28, 2021): 89–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.20998/2079-0023.2021.02.14.

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The problem and the main stages of choosing a rational configuration of a four-level logistics network that is resistant to the impact of emergencies forstrategic planning are considered. The problem under consideration belongs to the class of multicriteria optimization problems. Criteria related to thefinancial costs of building and operating a logistics distribution channel, as well as criteria related to the level of quality of customer service, arecontradictory. To solve the problem of stability of the logistics system configuration to emergencies, such as failure of intermediate warehouses,failure of transport arteries, etc., a strategic management information system was developed by integrating existing software components at the level ofenterprise software applications. The integration of the system was based on a service-oriented architecture, as all its components are heterogeneous innature. This approach allows you to reuse existing program code. To determine a sustainable configuration option, two criteria are used, which areconsidered equivalent: the level of costs for the maintenance of the logistics channel and the level of service quality in the event of differentemergencies. Since the probability of emergencies is unknown, the minimax criterion is used to minimize the risk when choosing a rationalconfiguration of the logistics network. For this purpose, losses from emergencies are calculated according to all criteria, and there is a variant of thelogistics network configuration that will be the least risky. That is, we will not be able to get a worse result than the one we rely on. The results of thestudy are presented in the form of a configuration variant of the logistics distribution system, which can be used in the future to determine businessoptions.
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Worby, A. P., G. M. Bush, and I. Allison. "Seasonal development of the sea-ice thickness distribution in East Antarctica: measurements from upward-looking sonar." Annals of Glaciology 33 (2001): 177–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.3189/172756401781818167.

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AbstractUpward-looking sonar (ULS) data are presented from a prototype instrument deployed at 63° 18’ S, 107°49’ E in 1994. These data show the seasonal evolution of the ice-draft distribution from May when predominantly thin ice is present, through October when substantially thicker ice has been formed by deformation. The mean ice draft reaches a maximum in August at 1.21 m, the same month in which ship-based observations from the same region show a peak in ice thickness. The observed distribution from ULS data is only for drafts > 0.3 m due to data losses caused by the low acoustic reflectivity of actively forming ice. The spring distributions show very little development of drafts > 3.0 m, and it is hypothesized that this is due to the cyclical nature of deformation in the East Antarctic pack-ice zone, and that periods of sustained pressure required to form very thick ice are uncommon in this region
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Lopez-Nicora, Horacio D., Abasola C. M. Simon, Bryant C. Dossman, Pierce A. Paul, Anne E. Dorrance, Laura E. Lindsey, and Terry L. Niblack. "Distribution and Abundance of Heterodera glycines and Macrophomina phaseolina in Ohio." Plant Health Progress 17, no. 1 (January 2016): 35–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/php-s-15-0049.

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Soybean and corn are grown on more than 60% of the arable land in Ohio. The soybean cyst nematode (SCN) is responsible for significant losses incurred by soybean growers every year. The fungus that causes charcoal rot, Macrophomina phaseolina, causes significant yield loss in soybeans worldwide and can also affect corn. Both organisms are soil-borne pathogens. The objective of this study was to determine the presence, distribution, and abundance of both SCN and M. phaseolina in soybean and corn fields across Ohio. During 2013 and 2014, composite soil samples were collected from 370 corn and soybean fields. Samples were processed for SCN eggs/100 cm3 and M. phaseolina colony forming units (CFU)/g soil with standard techniques. Results from this study revealed a widespread distribution of SCN and M. phaseolina in both soybean and corn fields. This study represents the first survey on the distribution of M. phaseolina in Ohio and the findings will be used to educate producers on the potential risks posed by both SCN and M. phaseolina. Accepted for publication 19 February 2016. Published 3 March 2016.
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Spisak, Emil, Janka Majernikova, Lubos Kascak, and Jan Slota. "INFLUENCE OF CUTTING ON THE PROPERTIES OF CLIPPINGS FROM ELECTRICAL SHEETS." Acta Metallurgica Slovaca 21, no. 4 (December 15, 2015): 302. http://dx.doi.org/10.12776/ams.v21i4.647.

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<p class="AMSmaintext">During cutting, there is a plastic deformation in the cutting area and subsequent hardening of material occurs in this area. The hardening of material in the cutting area causes a change in its mechanical properties, which also has an impact on the physical properties of the material. The hardening manifests as an increase in strength, hardness and yield strength and reduction in the elongation and impact strength. The hardened area increases "watts losses" and reduces the magnetic induction in iron. The electrical resistance increases, which is related with failures in the atomic lattice. The degradation of the electrical conductivity can be explained by the fact that any defect resulting in cold forming causes a dispersion of electron waves. The magnetic properties of iron depend on the distribution of the magnetic field in the crystallographic structure. Violation of the crystallographic structure by forming destroys the magnetic field distribution. The magnetic properties get worse. In the end it causes a reduction in the efficiency of electric machines. The paper analyses the influence of cutting on microhardness in the cutting area.</p>
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Kang, Hailan, Sen Luo, Hongyang Du, Lishuo Han, Donghan Li, Long Li, and Qinghong Fang. "Bio-Based Eucommia ulmoides Gum Composites with High Electromagnetic Interference Shielding Performance." Polymers 14, no. 5 (February 28, 2022): 970. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym14050970.

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Herein, high-performance electromagnetic interference (EMI) shielding bio-based composites were prepared by using EUG (Eucommia ulmoides gum) with a crystalline structure as the matrix and carbon nanotube (CNT)/graphene nanoplatelet (GNP) hybrids as the conductive fillers. The morphology of the CNT/GNP hybrids in the CNT/GNP/EUG composites showed the uniform distribution of CNTs and GNPs in EUG, forming a denser filler network, which afforded improved conductivity and EMI shielding effect compared with pure EUG. Accordingly, EMI shielding effectiveness values of the CNT/GNP/EUG composites reached 42 dB in the X-band frequency range, meeting the EMI shielding requirements for commercial products. Electromagnetic waves were mainly absorbed via conduction losses, multiple reflections from interfaces and interfacial dipole relaxation losses. Moreover, the CNT/GNP/EUG composites exhibited attractive mechanical properties and high thermal stability. The combination of excellent EMI shielding performance and attractive mechanical properties render the as-prepared CNT/GNP/EUG composites attractive candidates for various applications.
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Fletcher, Mary T., Keith G. Reichmann, Selina M. Ossedryver, Ross A. McKenzie, Phillip D. Carter, and Barry J. Blaney. "Accumulation and depletion of indospicine in calves (Bos taurus) fed creeping indigo (Indigofera spicata)." Animal Production Science 58, no. 3 (2018): 568. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/an16394.

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Prolonged consumption of Indigofera pasture plants can cause both hepatotoxicosis and reproductive losses in grazing animals with the responsible toxin indospicine forming persistent tissue residues. Separate accumulation and depletion feeding trials were undertaken in calves fed Indigofera spicata (3 mg indospicine/kg bodyweight) to ascertain the appearance and elimination of indospicine from various tissues. In the accumulation trial indospicine concentrations increased throughout the 42-day feeding period with maximum levels of 15 mg/L in plasma and 19 and 33 mg/kg in liver and muscle, respectively. In the depletion trial, calves were fed I. spicata for 35 days, after which the plant was withdrawn from the diet. The rate of elimination was relatively slow with estimates of half-life being 31, 25 and 20 days for muscle, liver and plasma, respectively. Indospicine levels measured in bovine tissues in this trial are comparable with levels in horsemeat and camel meat reported to cause fatal hepatoxicity in dogs, a species known to be susceptible to this toxin. The persistence of indospicine residues in bovine tissues and the widespread distribution of Indigofera species in tropical and sub-tropical grazing lands warrant further investigation, as indospicine has been established as causing reproductive losses and likely contributes to calf losses in these regions.
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Smaga, Ivan. "Diagnosis of eluvial-illuvial profile differentiation processes in Pre-Carpathian soils." Biolohichni systemy 12, no. 2 (December 23, 2020): 226–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.31861/biosystems2020.02.226.

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Elementary soil processes, as components of the soil-forming process, play an important role in the formation of morphological and genetic features of soils and are used for their genetic diagnosis. Eluvial-illuvial differentiation of the background profile for Precarpathian soils is due to the passage of processes from the group of eluvial, in particular podzolization, silting and gley-eluvial. The diagnostic criteria for these processes remain controversial and need further development. The article provides some justifications for their objectivity and reliability in identifying individual processes of soil formation and the results of establishing the genetic consequences of their passage. The formation of clay cutanes in the illuvion is considered to be an important sign of lessivage, but the presence of one and a half oxides may also indicate the passage of the processes of podzolization and in-soil clay forming According to another criterion - the presence of "optically oriented clays" in the illuvion is difficult to establish their migration path and the intensity of the lessivage process. Increasing the value of the ratio of silt content to the content of physical clay in the illuvial horizons compared to the eluvial horizons does not allow to distinguish the processes of podzolization and lessivage, and the same ratio in the illuvial horizon compared to the parent rock - lessivage and clay forming. Changes within the profile of the mineral part of the soil, which are reflected by the molecular ratios of SiO2:Al2O3 and eluvial-accumulative coefficients of aluminum, the values of silt and aluminum losses, also the profile distribution of montmorillonite are important criteria for the separation of loess and podzolization and indicate the decisive role of the latter in the formation of the profile differentiation of the soils of Precarpathians. Important criteria for gley-eluvial processes are higher losses from the upper podzolic illuminated of Fe2O3 layer than Al2O3, an increase in the molecular ratio of Al2O3:Fe2O3, the ratio of losses of Fe2O3 and Al2O3, also increase the criterion SiO2:Fe2O3/SiO2. Complementing the national system of parameters for the diagnosis and classification of soils with criteria that are characteristic of the substantive-genetic approach according to the WRB requires further study.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Forming and distribution of losses"

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Ozel, Kerem. "Losses In Electric Distribution System." Master's thesis, METU, 2006. http://etd.lib.metu.edu.tr/upload/2/12607916/index.pdf.

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The purpose of this thesis is to examine the technical losses in Electric Distribution Systems, the sources of the losses, minimum levels of the losses, ways to decrease the losses and current applications in Turkey. The wrong and weak parts of the current applications are determined and emphasized. Ways to decrease losses in Distribution Systems are advised. The energy resources in the world are decreasing rapidly. There is a rapid growth in consumption. It is a must to use existing resources in most efficient way because there is no unlimited energy source. Losses in the electric distribution systems are one of the most important subjects because the most of the technical losses in electric systems occur in the distribution systems.
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Bergensund, Andreas, Pontus Eriksson, and Oskar Häger. "District heating in Lyckebo : Investigation of distribution losses." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Institutionen för teknikvetenskaper, 2015. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-253800.

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This study investigates the status and potential of the low temperature district heating system in Lyckebo, focusing on the distribution losses in the culvert system and in the heat exchangers. The Lyckebo system was built in the 1980’s as a test system with heating from a solar field and an electrical boiler. The unique features with this system were a cavern for storage of excess heat combined with a low temperature system. Today, the solar field has been substituted with two pellet boilers, but the cavern is still in service. Low temperature district heating systems are built in order to lower the losses, due to a smaller temperature difference between the medium in the culvert and the soil. This technology is used in newly built energy efficient residential areas, which makes it interesting to investigate the status of a system that was built in the 1980’s, in comparison to the possibilities of low temperature systems today. A simulation model has been developed to calculate the theoretical losses in the culvert system with production data from 2013. The total instantaneous losses in the culvert system were between 210- 280 kW and the highest losses in  can be found in the secondary system. There are heat exchangers in the system that has a return temperature of approximately 8°C lower than the return temperature in the system, which leads to the conclusion that many of the exchangers in the system probably have poor energy utilization.
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Hughes, Roxana Bejarano. "Distribution of a Novel Gram Negative, Capsule-Forming Bacterium." Thesis, University of North Texas, 1997. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc500729/.

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A novel Gram negative, capsule-forming bacterium was previously isolated in Dr. G. Roland Vela's laboratory. The distribution of this bacterium in soils from various locations was investigated. Soil samples from 188 locations around the world were examined. Isolates of the bacterium were obtained from 50 of these soils, with 48 of the isolates found in soils from the southwestern United States and northern Mexico. This suggests that this region is the natural habitat of the bacterium. The other two isolates were obtained from Madrid, Spain and Taipei, Taiwan. None were found in soils from South America or Australia. A lack of variation in morphology and physiological properties in the isolates suggests that a homogeneous population exists, even from widespread geographical locations.
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CALILI, RODRIGO FLORA. "SYSTEM DEVELOPMENT TO DETECT COMMERCIAL LOSSES IN ELECTRICAL ENERGY DISTRIBUTION NETWORK." PONTIFÍCIA UNIVERSIDADE CATÓLICA DO RIO DE JANEIRO, 2005. http://www.maxwell.vrac.puc-rio.br/Busca_etds.php?strSecao=resultado&nrSeq=7629@1.

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COORDENAÇÃO DE APERFEIÇOAMENTO DO PESSOAL DE ENSINO SUPERIOR
Os modelos matemáticos comumente usados na identificação de irregularidades na medição se baseiam na análise da redução percentual do consumo do mês (normalmente de 20% a 30%) em relação aos meses anteriores. Este método tem gerado resultados imprecisos uma vez que considera o valor do consumo como um valor rígido e, portanto, não incorpora o efeito da sazonalidade na tipologia das cargas das unidades consumidoras. Este trabalho tem o intuito de melhorar a identificação de clientes fraudulentos utilizando métodos de inteligência artificial, tais como Redes Neurais e Lógica Fuzzy, implementados a um banco de dados de cadastro da Distribuidora de Energia ELEKTRO e a uma Pesquisa de Posses e Hábitos de Consumo (PPH) feita nesta mesma empresa. Nesta dissertação, o objetivo foi classificar um grupo de consumidores como normal (adimplente), inadimplente e fraudulento. Para tanto, foi feita inicialmente uma clusterização utilizando uma Rede Neural, mais especificamente uma Rede de Kohonen, para o banco de dados de cadastro disponibilizado pela distribuidora. Tomando os grupos desta classificação prévia feita pela Rede identificaram-se quais e quantos destes tiveram PPH´s realizadas. Para se ter a classificação de um grupo quanto a incidência de consumidores normais, inadimplentes e fraudulentos utilizou-se um processo de Análise Fuzzy, o qual identifica os clusters com os consumidores de cada um dos segmentos. É feita uma análise de desempenho do modelo proposto com dados reais fornecidos pela empresa, na qual os resultados apontaram para uma robustez do método.
Mathematical models commonly used to identify irregularities in measurement are based on percentile reduction analysis of the monthly consumption (normally from 20% to 30%) in relation to the previous months. This method tends to generate imprecise results, since it considers the value of the consumption as a rigid value and, therefore, it does not incorporate the seasonal effect in the loads topology of the consumer units. This work has intention to improve the identification of fraudulent customers using artificial intelligence methods, such as Neural Networks and Fuzzy Logic, implemented to a database of consumers of ELEKTRO a distributing utility of São Paulo State, Brazil. It also uses information on appliances ownership obtained via market research in ELEKTRO area, named PPH (Portuguese for this particular type of market research). In this dissertation, the main objective was to classify a group of consumers as solvent, insolvent and fraudulent. In order to achieve this task, a clustering was initially made using a Neural Network framework, more specifically a Kohonen Network, for the database available. It was then checked which of the groups had a minimum number of clients interviewed in the PPH. In order to have the classification of the clients in the three categories it was used Fuzzy Analysis. Selected data is also presented, considering the available database of the Company as well as the research environment, which had been taken from the PPH. Finally, it was checked the performance of the method against real data obtained from the utility and the results were very satisfactory.
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He, Wei. "Three essays on the risk and distribution of a portfolio's future losses." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 2001. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk3/ftp05/NQ63706.pdf.

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Williams, Kevin Vaughan Carleton University Dissertation Engineering Mechanical. "The numerical prediction of strain distribution in sheet metal forming operations." Ottawa, 1993.

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Bournival, Pierre. "Head losses and water distribution in a sandy loam soil with a subirrigation system." Thesis, McGill University, 1988. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=64034.

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Ma, Chenije [Verfasser]. "A novel evaluation framework for energy losses in low voltage distribution grids / Chenije Ma." Kassel : kassel university press c/o Universität Kassel - Universitätsbibliothek, 2020. http://d-nb.info/1228829284/34.

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Strandet, M. L., A. Weiss, J. D. Vieira, Breuck C. de, J. E. Aguirre, M. Aravena, M. L. N. Ashby, et al. "THE REDSHIFT DISTRIBUTION OF DUSTY STAR-FORMING GALAXIES FROM THE SPT SURVEY." IOP PUBLISHING LTD, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/621235.

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We use the Atacama Large Millimeter/submillimeter Array (ALMA) in Cycle 1 to determine spectroscopic redshifts of high-redshift dusty star-forming galaxies (DSFGs) selected by their 1.4 mm continuum emission in the South Pole Telescope (SPT) survey. We present ALMA 3 mm spectral scans between 84 and 114 GHz for 15 galaxies and targeted ALMA 1 mm observations for an additional eight sources. Our observations yield 30 new line detections from CO, [CI], [NII], H2O and NH3. We further present Atacama Pathfinder Experiment [CII] and CO mid-J observations for seven sources for which only a single line was detected in spectral-scan data from ALMA Cycle 0 or Cycle 1. We combine the new observations with previously published and new millimeter/submillimeter line and photometric data of the SPT-selected DSFGs to study their redshift distribution. The combined data yield 39 spectroscopic redshifts from molecular lines, a success rate of >85%. Our sample represents the largest data set of its kind today and has the highest spectroscopic completeness among all redshift surveys of high-z DSFGs. The median of the redshift distribution is z = 3.9 +/- 0.4, and the highest-redshift source in our sample is at z = 5.8. We discuss how the selection of our sources affects the redshift distribution, focusing on source brightness, selection wavelength, and strong gravitational lensing. We correct for the effect of gravitational lensing and find the redshift distribution for 1.4 mm selected sources with a median redshift of z = 3.1 +/- 0.3. Comparing to redshift distributions selected at shorter wavelengths from the literature, we show that selection wavelength affects the shape of the redshift distribution.
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Jeganathan, Selva. "Improving the Distribution and Retention of Drug Released From In Situ Forming Implants." Case Western Reserve University School of Graduate Studies / OhioLINK, 2020. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=case1582297937287646.

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Books on the topic "Forming and distribution of losses"

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R, Noss Richard, and Moore I. Christina, eds. Identifying and reducing losses in water distribution systems. Park Ridge, N.J., U.S.A: Noyes Publications, 1985.

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Savina, N. V. Sistemnyĭ analiz poterʹ ėlektroėnergii v ėlektricheskikh raspredelitelʹnykh seti︠a︡kh. Novosibirsk: "Nauka", 2008.

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Kahlown, Muhammad Akram. Reducing conveyance losses from water channels. Islamabad: Pakistan Council of Research in Water Resources, Ministry of Science & Technology, 2004.

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Farley, Malcolm. Losses in water distribution networks: A practitioner's guide to assessment, monitoring and control. London: IWA, 2001.

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Fang, J. B. Minimum life cycle cost heat losses for shallow trench underground heat distribution systems. Gaithersburg, Md: U.S. Dept. of Commerce, National Bureau of Standards, 1986.

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Primakov, I. M. Mekhanizmy formirovanii︠a︡ prostranstvenno-vremennoĭ organizat︠s︡ii soobshchestv mezozooplanktona Belogo mori︠a︡: The mechanisms of forming of space-time organisation of mezozooplankton communities in the White Sea. Sankt-Peterburg: Zoologicheskiĭ institut RAN, 2012.

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Taylor, William R. Evaluation of potential energy loss reduction and savings for U.S. Army electrical distribution systems. [Champaign, Ill.]: US Army Corps of Engineers, Construction Engineering Research Laboratories, 1993.

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Nelson-Stastny, Wayne. Estimates of abundance, biomass, and distribution of rainbow smelt and other pelagic fish in Lake Oahe using hydroacoustic techniques, 1996-1999 / by Wayne Nelson-Stastny. Pierre, S.D: Missouri River Fisheries Center, S.D. Dept. of Game, Fish, and Parks, 2001.

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Borgianni, C. Influence of the radial distribution of the blast furnace charge on radial variations in reduction of the iron-forming elements: Experimental investigation using laboratory techniques. Luxembourg: Commission of the European Communities, 1986.

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Terehin, Valeriy, and Viktor Chernyshov. Efficiency and effectiveness of the penitentiary system: assessment and planning. ru: INFRA-M Academic Publishing LLC., 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/1079434.

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The issues of setting goals, planning and forming a system of indicators of the effectiveness and efficiency of the penal system are considered. The criteria for determining the goals-tasks that are adequate to the public goals of the system are justified. Quantitative indicators corresponding to the criteria were developed, based on the contribution of the criminal justice System to reducing the socio-economic losses of society from recidivism. The contribution of the system is determined by changes in the criminal potential of convicted persons during the period of serving a sentence under a court sentence. Criminal potentials are estimated by predictive values of the aggregate of three groups of characteristics of the criminal potential of convicts, determined by the stages of the cycle of recidivism. The practical results of the use of sound methods and developed tools are based on the use of a significant amount of empirical data on the institutions of the criminal justice system and its systematic expert and statistical analysis. The monograph is a generalization and development of the works carried out by the authors during 2012-2017 in the process of preparing masters of Management for the penal system. It is intended for managers and specialists of the bodies and institutions of the Criminal Justice System, researchers, teachers of higher educational institutions who train specialists for law enforcement agencies.
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Book chapters on the topic "Forming and distribution of losses"

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Kirubarani, K., and A. Peer Fathima. "Impact of Distribution Generation on Losses of Distribution System." In Lecture Notes in Electrical Engineering, 395–403. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-1540-3_42.

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Wilson, T. L., E. Serabyn, C. Henkel, and C. M. Walmsley. "12C18O in OMC-1: Kinematics, Molecular Column Density, and Kinetic Temperature Distribution." In Star Forming Regions, 145–46. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1987. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-4782-5_41.

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Marheineke, Nicole, Sergey Antonov, Simone Gramsch, and Raimund Wegener. "Aerodynamic Web Forming: Pareto-Optimized Mass Distribution." In Progress in Industrial Mathematics at ECMI 2016, 207–13. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-63082-3_31.

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Anders, George J. "Minimization of Losses in Transmission and Distribution Systems." In Integrated Electricity Resource Planning, 297–328. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-1054-9_17.

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Karadirek, I. Ethem, and Mehmet Emin Aydin. "Water Losses Management in Urban Water Distribution Systems." In Water and Wastewater Management, 53–65. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-95288-4_6.

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Du, Bing, Han Li, Jun Xie, Pengfei Song, and Changcai Zhao. "Establishment of Sheet Plastic Wrinkling Instability WLD and Study on Strain Distribution Characteristics in Instability Region." In Forming the Future, 1939–46. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-75381-8_162.

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Sheehan, John K., and David J. Thornton. "Heterogeneity and Size Distribution of Gel-Forming Mucins." In Glycoprotein Methods and Protocols, 87–96. Totowa, NJ: Humana Press, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1385/1-59259-048-9:087.

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Torres, C. A., G. R. Quast, and R. de la Reza. "The Distribution of Low Mass Star Forming Regions." In The Stellar Populations of Galaxies, 514. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-2434-8_184.

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Yue, Yaojie, Peng Su, Yuan Gao, Puying Zhang, Ran Wang, Anyu Zhang, Qinghua Jiang, Weidong Ma, Yuantao Zhou, and Jing’ai Wang. "Mapping Global Crop Distribution." In Atlas of Global Change Risk of Population and Economic Systems, 131–48. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-16-6691-9_10.

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AbstractThe latest special report from the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), published in 2018 (Anandhi et al. 2016), estimates a 1.5 °C increase in global temperature in 2040 at the current rate of global warming. Such a rise has serious implications for major cereal crop cultivation: unless crop varieties adapted to higher temperatures become available, the areas suitable for cropping are bound to shift in the future. Therefore, to safeguard food security, we need to predict such changes in spatial and temporal terms, which can intuitively reflect the potential distribution of crops under different climate change scenarios and for different time periods, helping to reduce losses according to local conditions (Deng et al. 2009).
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Guillou, Marion, and Gérard Matheron. "Reducing Losses and Waste at Consumption, Distribution and Processing Levels." In The World’s Challenge, 43–57. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-8569-3_3.

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Conference papers on the topic "Forming and distribution of losses"

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Philipov, Svetlin. "CFD Analysis of Boron Distribution at Core Entrance in Case of Reverse Flow Induced From PRISE." In 2014 22nd International Conference on Nuclear Engineering. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icone22-30410.

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Initiating events such as primary to secondary loss of coolant (PRISE) can lead to conditions forming reversed flow from the second to the primary circuit. Current issue shows the results of a CFD analysis of the distribution of boric acid on the entrance of the core in case of such reversed flow of coolant as a result of PRISE initiation event. Analyzed accident is included in the list of design basis accidents and requires precise approach in analyzing the phenomena associated with the possibility of injection of coolant with low concentration of boric acid in the primary side. The paper emphasizes on the application of CFD to solve the problem. Analyzing the accident is done in advance with the help of system code RELAP. The input data as flow rate, concentration and temperature at the inlet of the reactor is submitted as boundary conditions in FLUENT and boric acid mixing is analyzed to the core inlet.
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Zhong, Jingjun, Ji-Ang Han, Yanming Liu, and Fu Tian. "Numerical Simulation of Endwall Fence on the Secondary Flow in Compressor Cascade." In ASME Turbo Expo 2008: Power for Land, Sea, and Air. ASMEDC, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/gt2008-50888.

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In this paper, based on the experimental data, a detailed numerical simulation has been carried out for the compressor cascade composed of CDA blades with fences on the endwall. There are several different configurations of the endwall fences, such as length, height, and pitch-wise location for the endwall fence. The optimum lengths, height, pitch-wise or span-wise location of the fences on the cascade end walls are obtained. The process of endwall fence’s controlling secondary flow in the compressor cascade mainly lies in two ways: hindering crosswise flow from pressure surface to suction surface near the endwall of the cascade; forming and developing of fence vortex, in which the fence blockage effect is more important. Endwall fences has a significant effect on the vortices distribution, in which the formation and development of fence vortex is important. Its formation has a close relationship with the strength of the crossflow at the region between the pressure surface and fence, which is mainly due to the relative airflow movement when the pressure side branch of the horseshoe vortex rolls up and lift along the fence. For the fence vortex and passage vortex have the different rotation direction, it plays an important role in decreasing the secondary flow loss, furthermore, reducing the strength of the passage vortex. In general, stronger crosswise flow induces stronger fence vortex. As height and length of the fence increased, the blockage effect is more obvious, but the additional fence losses increased at the same time. Numerical results show that the fences, with one third of height of the inlet boundary layer thickness and the length of 75 percent axial chord, are most effective when they are located 30 percent of pitch far from the pressure surface of the blade. For all the computational cases, they reduce the cascade loss furthest respectively.
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Mahesh, E., and T. Sai Sampath. "Separation & Identification of Theft losses and Distribution losses." In 2018 International Conference on Smart City and Emerging Technology (ICSCET). IEEE, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icscet.2018.8537354.

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du Toit, B., and S. Theron. "Rapid Preliminary Combustor Design Using a Flow Network Approach." In ASME Turbo Expo 2016: Turbomachinery Technical Conference and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/gt2016-57685.

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Preliminary combustor design usually requires that an extensive number of geometrical and operational conditions be evaluated and compared. During this phase important parameters the designer sought after are typically the mass flow rate distribution through air admission holes, associated pressure losses as well as liner wall temperatures. The process is therefore iterative in nature and can become expensive in terms of engineering analysis cost considering the time required to build and execute 3D CFD models. Network codes have the potential to fill the gap during this stage of the design since they can be setup and solved in timeframes that are orders of magnitude less than comprehensive CFD models, essentially leading to cost savings since overall less time is spent on 3D simulations and rig tests. An additional advantage using this approach is that results from the network solution can be applied as boundary conditions to subsequent more detailed 3D models. In this study a commercial flow network tool, Flownex®, was used to model a complete combustor including flow distribution, combustion and heat transfer. The integrated mass, momentum and energy balance is solved using the continuity, momentum and energy equations applied to nodes and elements. These nodes and elements are the modular building blocks, typically semi-empirical and allow users to either select appropriate built-in correlations, or to define using specific equations through scripting. Flow equations are fully compressible and applied to the gas mixture. The chemical composition of the reactants forming during combustion as well as the adiabatic flame temperature is determined from the NASA CEA package incorporated into the solution. Heat transfer mechanisms included in the model are gas-surface radiation, film convection, forced convection in ducts, surface-surface radiation, and 2D axially-symmetric conduction through solid walls. Results produced from the network were compared with test data obtained from the NASA E3 development combustor. Overall good agreement resulted, showcasing the success of the approach followed.
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Diop, A., and D. Dercle. "Losses modelling for distribution networks." In 18th International Conference and Exhibition on Electricity Distribution (CIRED 2005). IEE, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1049/cp:20051347.

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Kapoor, Shubhankar, Lachlan Blackhall, Bjorn Sturnaberg, and Marnie Shaw. "Distribution System State Estimation With Losses." In 2021 IEEE PES Innovative Smart Grid Technologies Europe (ISGT Europe). IEEE, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/isgteurope52324.2021.9640038.

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Li, Shouyu, Xudong Wang, Xiaohui Han, and Leijiao Ge. "Analysis on losses of distribution network and countermeasures to reduce losses." In International Conference on Communication Technology and Systems. Southampton, UK: WIT Press, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.2495/iccts140811.

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Lakshmana, E., M. Kumaresan, and K. Sujatha. "Analysis of distribution losses using FRTUs in distribution management system." In 2017 International Conference on Energy, Communication, Data Analytics and Soft Computing (ICECDS). IEEE, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icecds.2017.8389802.

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Bilbao, J. "Determination of energy losses." In 16th International Conference and Exhibition on Electricity Distribution (CIRED 2001). IEE, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1049/cp:20010887.

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Picanco, A. F., F. C. Poderoso, and T. A. Nascimento. "Capacitances versus losses in distribution transformers design." In 2014 IEEE International Energy Conference (ENERGYCON). IEEE, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/energycon.2014.6850434.

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Reports on the topic "Forming and distribution of losses"

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Krueger, Dirk, Kurt Mitman, and Fabrizio Perri. On the Distribution of the Welfare Losses of Large Recessions. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, July 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.3386/w22458.

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Fang, Jin B. Quantification of heat losses through structural supports for shallow trench heat distribution system. Gaithersburg, MD: National Institute of Standards and Technology, 1989. http://dx.doi.org/10.6028/nist.ir.89-4134.

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Fang, Jin B. Minimum life cycle cost heat losses for shallow trench underground heat distribution systems. Gaithersburg, MD: National Bureau of Standards, 1986. http://dx.doi.org/10.6028/nbs.ir.86-3381.

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Fang, Jin B. Calculations of maximum allowable heat losses for various shallow trench heat distribution systems. Gaithersburg, MD: National Bureau of Standards, 1987. http://dx.doi.org/10.6028/nbs.ir.87-3617.

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Gary Phetteplace. Evaluation of Using Infrared Thermography for quantifying Heat Losses From Buried Heat Distribution Pipes in chicago Housing Authority's Projects. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), May 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/786738.

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Astafieva, Mariia M., Oleksii B. Zhyltsov, and Volodymyr V. Proshkin. E-learning as a mean of forming students' mathematical competence in a research-oriented educational process. [б. в.], July 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.31812/123456789/3896.

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The article is devoted to the substantiation of approaches to the effective use of advantages and minimization of disadvantages and losses of e-learning as a mean of forming mathematical competence of students in the conditions of research-oriented educational process. As a result of the ascertaining experiment, e-learning has certain disadvantages besides its obvious advantages (adaptability, possibility of individualization, absence of geographical barriers, ensuring social equality, unlimited number of listeners, etc.). However, the nature of these drawbacks lies not as much in the plane of opportunity itself as in the ability to use them effectively. On the example of the e-learning course (ELC) “Mathematical Analysis” (Calculus) of Borys Grinchenko Kyiv University, which is developed on the basis of the Moodle platform, didactic and methodical approaches to content preparation and organization of activities in the ELC in mathematics are offered. Given the specifics of mathematics as a discipline, the possibility of using ELCs to support the traditional learning process with full-time learning is revealed, introducing a partially mixed (combined) model. It is emphasized that effective formation of mathematical competence of students by means of e-learning is possible only in the conditions of research-oriented educational environment with active and concerned participation of students and partnership interaction. The prospect of further research in the analysis of e-learning opportunities for the formation of students’ mathematical competence, in particular, research and investigation tools, and the development of recommendations for the advanced training programs of teachers of mathematical disciplines of universities are outlined.
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Paradis, S., S. E. Jackson, D. Petts, G. J. Simandl, R. J. D'Souza, and T S Hamilton. Distribution of trace elements in pyrite from carbonate-hosted sulfide deposits of southern British Columbia. Natural Resources Canada/CMSS/Information Management, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.4095/328002.

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This paper combines petrography with in situ laser-ablation inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry to document trace-element variations in pyrite (Py) from Mississippi Valley-type (MVT) and fracture-controlled replacement (FCR) deposits in the Kootenay Arc, British Columbia. Three generations of pyrite are Py 1, Py 2, and Py 3. Pyrite 1, the earliest (occurring in MVT deposits only), has higher Ag, Ba, Cu, Ge, Pb, Sb, Sr, Tl, and V than adjacent Py 3. It has higher Ag, Au, Ba, Cu, Ge, Pb, and Tl than Py 2. Pyrite 2 occurs in MVT and FCR deposits. Relative to FCR Py 2, MVT Py 2 is enriched in Co, Ni, Mo, Ba, Tl, and Pb and depleted in other elements. The FCR Py 2 has growth-related compositional banding, which is absent in MVT Py 2. The FCR Py 2 has Ag, Cu, Ga, Ge, In, Sn, and Zn enriched cores, intermediate Au- and As-rich bands, and Co- and Ni-rich rims. Pyrite 3, the latest occurring pyrite, present in MVT and FCR deposits, is enriched in Co and Ni near overgrowths or infillings of sphalerite. Variations in composition of Py reflect mineralogy, characteristics of ore-forming fluids, and differences in physicochemical conditions between MVT and FCR deposits at the time of ore deposition.
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Lichand, Guilherme, Carlos Alberto Dória, Onicio Leal Neto, and João Cossi. The Impacts of Remote Learning in Secondary Education: Evidence from Brazil during the Pandemic. Inter-American Development Bank, June 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0003344.

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The goal of this paper is to document the pedagogic impacts of the remote learning strategy used by an state department of education in Brazil during the pandemic. We found that dropout risk increased by 365% under remote learning. While risk increased with local disease activity, most of it can be attributed directly to the absence of in-person classes: we estimate that dropout risk increased by no less than 247% across the State, even at the low end of the distribution of per capita Covid-19 cases. Average standardized test scores decreased by 0.32 standard deviation, as if students had only learned 27.5% of the in-person equivalent under remote learning. Learning losses did not systematically increase with local disease activity, attesting that they are in fact the outcome of remote learning, rather than a consequence of other health or economic impacts of Covid-19. Authorizing schools to partially reopen for in-person classes increased high-school students test scores by 20% relative to the control group.
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Lers, Amnon, Majid R. Foolad, and Haya Friedman. genetic basis for postharvest chilling tolerance in tomato fruit. United States Department of Agriculture, January 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2014.7600014.bard.

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ABSTRACT Postharvest losses of fresh produce are estimated globally to be around 30%. Reducing these losses is considered a major solution to ensure global food security. Storage at low temperatures is an efficient practice to prolong postharvest performance of crops with minimal negative impact on produce quality or human health and the environment. However, many fresh produce commodities are susceptible to chilling temperatures, and the application of cold storage is limited as it would cause physiological chilling injury (CI) leading to reduced produce quality. Further, the primary CI becomes a preferred site for pathogens leading to decay and massive produce losses. Thus, chilling sensitive crops should be stored at higher minimal temperatures, which curtails their marketing life and in some cases necessitates the use of other storage strategies. Development of new knowledge about the biological basis for chilling tolerance in fruits and vegetables should allow development of both new varieties more tolerant to cold, and more efficient postharvest storage treatments and storage conditions. In order to improve the agricultural performance of modern crop varieties, including tomato, there is great potential in introgression of marker-defined genomic regions from wild species onto the background of elite breeding lines. To exploit this potential for improving tomato fruit chilling tolerance during postharvest storage, we have used in this research a recombinant inbred line (RIL) population derived from a cross between the red-fruited tomato wild species SolanumpimpinellifoliumL. accession LA2093 and an advanced Solanum lycopersicumL. tomato breeding line NCEBR-1, developed in the laboratory of the US co-PI. The original specific objectives were: 1) Screening of RIL population resulting from the cross NCEBR1 X LA2093 for fruit chilling response during postharvest storage and estimation of its heritability; 2) Perform a transcriptopmic and bioinformatics analysis for the two parental lines following exposure to chilling storage. During the course of the project, we learned that we could measure greater differences in chilling responses among specific RILs compared to that observed between the two parental lines, and thus we decided not to perform transcriptomic analysis and instead invest our efforts more on characterization of the RILs. Performing the transcriptomic analysis for several RILs, which significantly differ in their chilling tolerance/sensitivity, at a later stage could result with more significant insights. The RIL population, (172 lines), was used in field experiment in which fruits were examined for chilling sensitivity by determining CI severity. Following the field experiments, including 4 harvest days and CI measurements, two extreme tails of the response distribution, each consisting of 11 RILs exhibiting either high sensitivity or tolerance to chilling stress, were identified and were further examined for chilling response in greenhouse experiments. Across the RILs, we found significant (P < 0.01) correlation between field and greenhouse grown plants in fruit CI. Two groups of 5 RILs, whose fruits exhibited reproducible chilling tolerant/sensitive phenotypes in both field and greenhouse experiments, were selected for further analyses. Numerous genetic, physiological, biochemical and molecular variations were investigated in response to postharvest chilling stress in the selected RILs. We confirmed the differential response of the parental lines of the RIL population to chilling stress, and examined the extent of variation in the RIL population in response to chilling treatment. We determined parameters which would be useful for further characterization of chilling response in the RIL population. These included chlorophyll fluorescence Fv/Fm, water loss, total non-enzymatic potential of antioxidant activity, ascorbate and proline content, and expression of LeCBF1 gene, known to be associated with cold acclimation. These parameters could be used in continuation studies for the identification and genetic mapping of loci contributing to chilling tolerance in this population, and identifying genetic markers associated with chilling tolerance in tomato. Once genetic markers associated with chilling tolerance are identified, the trait could be transferred to different genetic background via marker-assisted selection (MAS) and breeding. The collaborative research established in this program has resulted in new information and insights in this area of research and the collaboration will be continued to obtain further insights into the genetic, molecular biology and physiology of postharvest chilling tolerance in tomato fruit. The US Co-PI, developed the RIL population that was used for screening and measurement of the relevant chilling stress responses and conducted statistical analyses of the data. Because we were not able to grow the RIL population under field conditions in two successive generations, we could not estimate heritability of response to chilling temperatures. However, we plan to continue the research, grow the RIL progeny in the field again, and determine heritability of chilling tolerance in a near future. The IS and US investigators interacted regularly and plan to continue and expand on this study, since combing the expertise of the Co-PI in genetics and breeding with that of the PI in postharvest physiology and molecular biology will have great impact on this line of research, given the significant findings of this one-year feasibility project.
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Fahima, Tzion, and Jorge Dubcovsky. Map-based cloning of the novel stripe rust resistance gene YrG303 and its use to engineer 1B chromosome with multiple beneficial traits. United States Department of Agriculture, January 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2013.7598147.bard.

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Research problem: Bread wheat (Triticumaestivum) provides approximately 20% of the calories and proteins consumed by humankind. As the world population continues to increase, it is necessary to improve wheat yields, increase grain quality, and minimize the losses produced by biotic and abiotic stresses. Stripe rust, caused by Pucciniastriiformisf. sp. tritici(Pst), is one of the most destructive diseases of wheat. The new pathogen races are more virulent and aggressive than previous ones and have produced large economic losses. A rich source for stripe-rust resistance genes (Yr) was found in wild emmer wheat populations from Israel. Original Project goals: Our long term goal is to identify, map, clone, characterize and deploy in breeding, novel wild emmer Yr genes, and combine them with multiple beneficial traits. The current study was aiming to map and clone YrG303 and Yr15, located on chromosome 1BS and combine them with drought resistance and grain quality genes. Positional cloning of YrG303/Yr15: Fine mapping of these genes revealed that YrG303 is actually allelic to Yr15. Fine genetic mapping using large segregating populations resulted in reduction of the genetic interval spanning Yr15 to less than 0.1 cM. Physical mapping of the YrG303/Yr15 locus was based on the complete chromosome 1BS physical map of wheat constructed by our group. Screening of 1BS BAC library with Yr15 markers revealed a long BAC scaffold covering the target region. The screening of T. dicoccoidesaccession-specific BAC library with Yr15 markers resulted in direct landing on the target site. Sequencing of T. dicoccoidesBAC clones that cover the YrG303/Yr15 locus revealed a single candidate gene (CG) with conserved domains that may indicate a role in disease resistance response. Validation of the CG was carried out using EMS mutagenesis (loss-of- function approach). Sequencing of the CG in susceptible yr15/yrG303 plants revealed three independent mutants that harbour non-functional yr15/yrG303 alleles within the CG conserved domains, and therefore validated its function as a Pstresistance gene. Evaluation of marker-assisted-selection (MAS) for Yr15. Introgressions of Yr15 into cultivated wheat are widely used now. Recently, we have shown that DNA markers linked to Yr15 can be used as efficient tools for introgression of Yr15 into cultivated wheat via MAS. The developed markers were consistent and polymorphic in all 34 tested introgressions and are the most recommended markers for the introgression of Yr15. These markers will facilitate simultaneous selection for multiple Yr genes and help to avoid escapees during the selection process. Engineering of improved chromosome 1BS that harbors multiple beneficial traits. We have implemented the knowledge and genetic resources accumulated in this project for the engineering of 1B "super-chromosome" that harbors multiple beneficial traits. We completed the generation of a chromosome including the rye 1RS distal segment associated with improved drought tolerance with the Yr gene, Yr15, and the strong gluten allele 7Bx-over-expressor (7Bxᴼᴱ). We have completed the introgression of this improved chromosome into our recently released variety Patwin-515HP and our rain fed variety Kern, as well as to our top breeding lines UC1767 and UC1745. Elucidating the mechanism of resistance exhibited by Yr36 (WKS1). The WHEAT KINASE START1 (WKS1) resistance gene (Yr36) confers partial resistance to Pst. We have shown that wheat plants transformed with WKS1 transcript are resistant to Pst. WKS1 is targeted to the chloroplast where it phosphorylates the thylakoid-associatedascorbateperoxidase (tAPX) and reduces its ability to detoxify peroxides. Based on these results, we propose that the phosphorylation of tAPX by WKS1 reduces the ability of the cells to detoxify ROS and contributes to cell death. Distribution and diversity of WKS in wild emmer populations. We have shown that WKS1 is present only in the southern distribution range of wild emmer in the Fertile Crescent. Sequence analysis revealed a high level of WKS1 conservation among wild emmer populations, in contrast to the high level of diversity observed in NB-LRR genes. This phenomenon shed some light on the evolution of genes that confer partial resistance to Pst. Three new WKS1 haplotypes displayed a resistance response, suggesting that they can be useful to improve wheat resistance to Pst. In summary, we have improved our understanding of cereals’ resistance mechanisms to rusts and we have used that knowledge to develop improved wheat varieties.
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