Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Forme verbali'

2010 - 2011<br>The aim of this experimental study is to investigate the representation and processing of regular, sub-regular and irregular verbal forms of Italian. In psycholinguistics, the debate on the processing of regular and irregular verbs is based on the contrast between Dual Mechanism models (Pinker and Prince, 1988; Clahsen, 1999; Caramazza, Laudanna and Romani, 1988), which claim that regular forms are processed through the application of inflectional rules, while irregular forms are retrieved as whole words from the associative memory, and Connectionist models (McClelland and Patterson, 2002; Joanisse and Seidenberg, 1999; Rumelhart and McClelland, 1986), which claim that a single associative mechanism accounts for both regular and irregular form processing. Despite Dual Mechanism models clearly support distinct mechanisms for the representation of regular and irregular verbs, several studies point out that this dichotomy is challenged by the existence of families of "sub-regular" verbs, which share morpho-phonological features and follow the same inflectional patterns. The debate on sub-regular patterns evolved especially with respect to languages like Italian, based on the organization into inflectional classes, each characterized by a specific regular paradigm, and on a varying aggregation of sub-regular families. The coexistence of multiple regular patterns and sub-regular families seems to be consistent with the Optimality Theory (Prince and Smolensky, 1993; Benua, 1997, Bernhardt and Stemberger, 1998; Smolensky, 1999), which departs from the traditional concept of inflectional rule and invokes the use of phonological constraints, based on phonological analogies between surface forms of words and on different degrees of relevance and "violability". [edited by author]<br>X n.s.

Ma recherche consiste en une analyse sémantique et morphologique des formes verbales dites « surcomposées » en français (j’ai eu fait, j’avais eu fait, j’aurai eu fait, etc.). La forme la plus fréquemment employée et la mieux représentée est la forme appelée « passé surcomposé », du type j’ai eu fait. Mais à des degrés divers, toutes les formes du paradigme sont attestées.Le passé surcomposé connaît deux emplois distincts. Le premier, appelé « standard », est attesté dans toute la francophonie. Cette forme peut être décrite comme un passé résultatif, car, par son aspect « accompli », elle pointe la phase qui, dans le passé, fait suite au procès. Utilisée en relation avec le passé composé à valeur aoristique, qui pointe le procès en cours de déroulement, elle crée des effets d’antériorité (quand il a eu mangé, il est parti).Le second emploi, dit « régional », n’est attesté que dans les domaines à substrat occitan et francoprovençal. Ce second passé surcomposé peut être décrit comme un parfait d’expérience, car il possède toujours une valeur « expérientielle », qui indique qu’il est arrivé au moins une fois à une situation donnée de se produire à l’intérieur d’un certain intervalle temporel. Pour les locuteurs qui emploient ces formes, un énoncé comme j’ai eu mangé du requin signifie ainsi il m’est arrivé au moins une fois de manger du requin. Les formes « standard » et les formes « régionales » ne sont pas seulement distinctes sémantiquement. Elles sont également différentes sur le plan morphologique : tandis que les premières sont construites par composition de l’auxiliaire (avoir eu + fait), les secondes se construisent par l’insertion du morphème eu, marqueur expérientiel, dans le syntagme verbal composé : avoir (+eu) fait. Cette différence n’est certes pas « visible » pour les formes qui se construisent avec l’auxiliaire « avoir ». Mais elle se révèle avec les verbes qui demandent l’auxiliaire « être » : les formes résultatives se construisent en effet sur le modèle de avoir été + parti (quand il a été parti, je suis allée me coucher), tandis que les formes expérientielles se construisent sur le modèle de être (+eu) parti (on est eu partis en vacances en Italie). La correspondance entre sens et forme étant absolue, la thèse défendue dans mon travail est qu’il ne s’agit pas seulement de types d’emploi distincts, mais bien de formes verbales différentes<br>My research consists in a semantic and morphological analysis of the so-called “surcomposé” verbal forms in French (j’ai eu fait, j’avais eu fait, j’aurai eu fait, etc.). The most frequently used and best-represented form is called “passé surcomposé”, such as j’ai eu fait. However, all the forms of the paradigm are attested to some degree.The passé surcomposé displays two distinct uses. The first one, known as the “standard use”, is attested throughout the French-speaking world. This type can be described as a resultative past. Indeed, through its “perfect” aspect, it points to the phase, in the past, following the process. Used in association with the passé composé with an aoristic value, which points to the on-going process, it creates anteriority effects (quand il a eu mangé, il est parti).The second use, referred to as “regional”, is only attested in the areas with an Occitan and a Franco-Provencal substrate. This second passé surcomposé can be described as an experiential perfect because it always has an “experiential” value that indicates that a given situation has occurred at least once within a certain temporal interval. Speakers who use these forms understand an utterance like j’ai eu mangé du requin as I have eaten shark at least once.The “standard” and “regional” forms do not only differ in terms of semantics. They are also different at the morphological level: whereas the former are constructed by auxiliary composition (avoir eu + fait), the latter are constructed by the insertion of the morpheme eu, which is an experiential marker, in the composed verbal phrase: avoir (+eu) fait. Of course this difference is not “visible” for forms constructed with the auxiliary “avoir”. It is however revealed with verbs requiring the auxiliary “être”: resultative forms are constructed on the model avoir été + parti (quand il a été parti, je suis allée me coucher), while experiential forms are constructed on the model être (+eu) parti (on est eu partis en vacances en Italie).As the form-meaning correspondence is absolute, the present work proposes a view according to which these forms correspond to different verbal forms and not only distinct uses

The augment in Homeric past tenses is an optional feature. In this thesis, I study the coexistence of augmented and unaugmented verbs in Homer, offering an overview and a discussion of the literature on the topic, and suggest a new approach to the phenomenon from a syntactic and textual perspective. The aim of this work is to describe, on a synchronic level, some of the distributional tendencies of the augment and to explore if these tendencies are related to its diachronic reconstruction as a temporal marker. Having first considered the phenomenon within a Comparative Philology framework, I then highlight the distribution of augmented and unaugmented verbs in Homer through a detailed investigation of scholarship on this matter. I then give an account of the different opinions on the reconstruction of the original function and morphology of the augment, also underlining how Homeric data can contribute to this general debate. The comparison and discussion of the various proposals suggest that the more reliable theory is the reconstruction of the augment as a temporal marker. In the second part of the thesis, I present a personal analysis of a corpus of four books from the Iliad. The textual analysis of the data shows that the presence or absence of the augment is often related to narrative effects or strategies. Syntactic analysis, carried out within a Generative Grammar framework, then explores whether augmented and unaugmented verbs have different syntactic behaviour. Results from this investigation illustrate that the syntactic distribution of augmented and unaugmented verbs constistently match with certain narrative effects. In the conclusion, having presented the time related information given by tenses as a complex structure, I try to discuss how the augment in Homer can be considered a temporal marker and I explore whether tendencies which have emerged from my analysis can be related to this interpretation.<br>L’aumento in Omero costituisce un elemento facoltativo nella costruzione dei verbi di preterito. Questa tesi studia la compresenza di forme aumentate e non aumentate in Omero offrendo una sintesi e una discussione della letteratura sull’argomento e proponendo un nuovo approccio al fenomeno dal punto di vista sintattico e testuale. L’obiettivo del lavoro è descrivere, a livello sincronico, alcune tendenze distributive dell’aumento ed esplorare la possibilità che tali tendenze siano connesse alla sua ricostruzione diacronica come marca temporale. Dopo aver inserito il fenomeno entro il quadro della comparatistica indoeuropea, il lavoro procede illustrando la distribuzione di forme aumentate e non aumentate in Omero, attraverso un accurato spoglio bibliografico. Viene offerta a seguire una sintesi delle diverse opinioni sulla ricostruzione della funzione e del valore morfologico primitivi dell’aumento, evidenziando anche il contributo dei dati omerici al dibattito generale. Il confronto e la valutazione delle diverse proposte suggerisce la maggiore attendibilità della teoria che interpreta la funzione originaria dell’aumento come una marca temporale di passato. Nella seconda parte, la tesi procede presentando un’analisi personale condotta su un corpus di quattro canti dell’Iliade. L’analisi testuale dei dati mostra che la presenza o l’assenza dell’aumento è spesso correlata ad effetti o strategie narrative. L’analisi sintattica, condotta entro il quadro teorico della linguista generativa, esplora successivamente la possibilità di un differente comportamento sintattico da parte di verbi aumentati e non aumentati. I risultati di quest’indagine mettono anche in luce una frequente corrispondenza tra la distribuzione sintattica di forme con e senza aumento e alcuni effetti narrativi. Nella conclusione, dopo aver presentato l’informazione temporale espressa dai tempi verbali come una struttura complessa, il lavoro cerca di discutere in che modo l’aumento in Omero possa essere considerato una marca di tempo e valuta la possibilità che le tendenze emerse dall’analisi siano correlate a tale interpretazione.

Cette thèse met l’accent sur l’expression linguistique des sentiments et des émotions dans un corpus jusque là peu interrogé dans ce type d’études, en l’occurrence les formes de communication instantanée rendues possibles par les nouvelles technologies et qui semblent prédisposées à accueillir de nombreux marqueurs expressifs. Elle déplace le curseur des études sur l’expression linguistique de ces deux catégories affectives du système vers l’emploi, en interrogeant un corpus formé de quatre formes de communication : blogs, forums de discussion, réseau Facebook et plateforme de microblogging Twitter. Le travail ancre la réflexion au niveau cognitif en cherchant à montrer, dans une perspective dynamique, comment se construit ce type de discours dans l’interaction médiatisée. Il aborde ainsi les différentes manifestations linguistiques et extralinguistiques qui chargent ces écrits électroniques d’une dimension émotionnelle ouvrant sur une dimension interactive intense. Il permet une réflexion sur les frontières écrit / oral et sur la naissance d’un nouveau langage expressif propre aux écrits électroniques. Ce langage, résultant de l’immédiateté, la spontanéité, mais également des contraintes techniques inhérentes aux outils médiateurs, favorise une nouvelle mise en discours des émotions et des sentiments en contexte numérique et participe à la construction d’un discours hétérogène associant verbal et non verbalMots-clés : Emotions, sentiments, verbalisation, discours, CMO, contexte, interaction<br>This thesis focuses on the linguistic expression of feelings and emotions in a corpus until now little questioned in this type of studies, in this case the forms of instantaneous communication made possible by a new technology and that seems predisposed to many expressive markers. It moves the cursor studies on the linguistic expression of these emotional categories of the system to employment, interviewing a corpus formed by four forms of communication: blogs, discussion forums, Facebook and Twitter. The work anchors reflection cognitively seeking to show, in a dynamic perspective, how to build this type of discourse in mediated interaction. It studies the different linguistic and extra-linguistic manifestations that load these electronic writings an emotional dimension opening on a large interactive dimension. It allows reflection on the written / oral borders and the construction of a new expressive language specific to electronic writings. This language, resulting from the immediacy, spontaneity but also the technical constraints inherent to mediators’ tools, promotes a new discourse of emotions and feelings in this digital context and participates in the construction of a heterogeneous discourse combining the verbal and the non-verbal.Keywords : emotion, feeling, verbalization, discourse, CMO, context, interaction

The article deals with verbal and non-verbal means of pragmatic aspect of informing in newspaper weather forecast report. Pragmatic aspect of informing serves as the essential element of author’s strategy of newspaper weather forecast report construction and an implicit means of influence on the addressee.

Aquesta tesi estudia les estratègies narratives utilitzades per Aaron Sorkin en les seves sèries de televisió: Sports Night, The West Wing, Studio 60 On the Sunset Strip i The Newsroom. Prenent com a punt de partida l’episodi com a unitat analítica, la recerca identifica un estil i uns fenòmens narratius persistents en l’obra del guionista i showrunner, prestant atenció tant a aspectes estructurals com al discurs verbal. En aquest sentit, la investigació dedica especial interès a l’ús i la forma específica del diàleg i del monòleg. Així mateix, també es considera l’aportació de la ficció serial de Sorkin als gèneres televisius clàssics. L’objectiu de la recerca és posar al descobert un concepte individual d’autoria televisiva a partir de la tècnica i el procés d’escriptura d’Aaron Sorkin.<br>This thesis studies the narrative strategies used by Aaron Sorkin in his television series: Sports Night, The West Wing, Studio 60 On the Sunset Strip and The Newsroom. Taking as a starting point the episode as an analytical unit, the research identifies a style and some persistent narrative phenomena in the work of the writer and showrunner, paying attention to both structural aspects and verbal discourse. In this regard, the investigation devotes special interest to the use and specific form of dialogue and monologue. Furthermore, this dissertation considers the contribution of Sorkin’s serial fiction to classic television genres. The aim of the research is to uncover a concept of individual television authorship by means of Aaron Sorkin’s technique and writing process.

Notre étude concerne les suffixes modaux et temporels, et notre analyse s'adresse particulièrement aux formes verbales composées constituées des combinaisons de ces suffixes verbaux. Notre travail nous a permis de dégager les propriétés qui concernent les dimensions morphologique, sémantique et intonative de ces suffixes modo-temporels. Nous avons étudié en détail la forme, le sens et la mélodie dans les formes verbales composées qui utilisent ces suffixes pour l'expression du temps et de la modalité. Après avoir connu tous les allomorphes possibles de tous les suffixes, nous avons passé à l'étude sémantique où nous avons essayé de dégager (es valeurs modo-temporelles les de ces marqueurs dans des énonces empruntés à la langue quotidienne. A partir des contextes réels, nous avons essayé de découvrir les conditions qui nécessitent telle ou telle forme verbale pour remplir la bonne fonction. L'analyse intonative complète l'étude des suffixes modo-temporels. Après avoir analysé la forme et le sens chez ces suffixes, nous avons étudié l'aspect intonatif des formes verbales à travers des enfoncés extraits d'un corpus oral. L'énoncé turc se présente en général suivant l'ordre des mots (s)ov. Mais le locuteur, peut changer les places de ces éléments selon les exigences de son contexte. Alors même un prédicat peut apparaitre en tête de l'énoncé. Mais, dans la plupart des énoncés on respecte l'ordre des mots habituel. Ils sont à la fin, et la descente de l'énoncé assertif se réalise sur le dernier suffixe de la combinaison. Donc, ce qui marque l'opération d'assertion c'est le dernier marqueur de la combinaison. Par conséquent, cette recherche a permis de mettre en évidence le fait que les variations intonatives qui affectent les deux derniers suffixes du verbe dans l'énoncé oral turc ne sont pas liées aux valeurs sémantiques propres des marqueurs, mais au contraire elles indiquent toujours la position modale de l'énonciateur<br>Our study concerns suffixes used in the training of verbal forms. This work has allowed us to release properties that concern morphological, semantic and intonative dimensions, of these suffixes. We have studied in detail the form, the sense and the melody in verbal forms that use these suffixes for the expression of the time and the mode. After having known all the variations of all suffixes, we have past to the semantic study where we have tried to release modals and temporal values of these markers in the utterances borrowed to the daily language. From real contexts, we have tried to discover conditions that necessitate such or such verbal form to fill the good function. The intonative analysis completes the study of modal and temporal suffixes. After having analyzed the form and the sense at these suffixes, we have studied the intonative aspect of verbal forms through the utterances extracted of an oral corpus. The turkish utterance presents it self usually following the order of word (s)ov. But the speaker can change places of these elements according to demands of its context. Then even a predicate can appear in head of the statement. But, in most of the utterances the order of words is standard. They are at the end, and the descent of the declarative statement realizes on the last suffix of the combination. Therefore, what marks the operation of assertion, is the last marker of the combination. Consequently, this research has allowed to put in obviousness the fact that intonative variations that allocate the last two suffixes of the verb in the turkish oral statement are not linked to semantic values of markers, but on the contrary they indicate always the modal position of the speaker

Anna Akhmatova's poetical works have been heard of a lot in the past few years, mainly because of the celebration in 1989 of her 100th birthday. But if literary analyses of her works can be counted by the hundreds, to find something written about her in, let's say, a more semantical fashion can prove very difficult. A writer is nothing without his words, and among these words, the verbs play an important role, since their mission is to convey the action of a sentence. If one can dispose of all the verbs of a given writer, one is in a better position to analyse this writer. Furthermore, if this list of verbs comprises all the conjugated forms of these verbs, then one has a fantastic data base with illimited possibilities. A frequency dictionnary is a first rate tool in order to establish comparisons, and this is what I attempted to do in this work.

Den här uppsatsen undersöker hur språket kan hjälpa att beskriva den kvalitet hos en produkt som utgör dess identitet, det som ligger inbäddat i formspråk och det en designer gör när hen ger form. För detta har jag tagit avstamp i forskning kring de neurologiska fenomenen synestesi och ideastesi vilka hjälper oss översätta abstrakta koncept sinnen emellan. Mot bakgrund av detta har jag genomfört en undersökning i användande av personliga egenskaper för att beskriva färg samt form och sedan använt datan för att beskriva tre olika designföretags formgivning. Jag har funnit att det här språket inte går att göra objektivt, som en kan använda för att stoppa in data och få ut en färdig produkt, där form a plus färg b är lika med respons c, utan att det krävs en designer som tar subjektiva beslut för att fånga upp de små detaljerna. Samtidigt har jag kunnat se att det verbala språket är en riktigt bra grund för mig som designer att tänka över mina formbeslut och göra mig klarsynt i min process.<br>This paper investigates how language can help describe the quality within a product that make up it's identity, what's embedded in design aesthetics and what designers do when they give shape to objects. For this I have looked into research in the neurological phenomena synesthesia and ideasthesia which help us translate abstract concepts between our different senses. With this in mind, I have conducted a test in using personal traits to describe colors and shapes, later using the data to to describe three different design companies' design aesthetics. What I've found is that this language can't be objective and therefore cannot be used as a way of putting data in to get a finished product, where shape a plus color b equals response c. All without requiring a designer to make subjective decisions to make sure the tiny details and nuances get picked up. At the same time I've realized that this language is a good foundation for me, as a designer, to stand on and use to reflect on my decisions and give me clarity in my process.

Ce travail a pour objet de questionner l’utilisation des communications non verbales dans l'enseignement de l'Education Physique et Sportive. Les communications non verbales (CNV) diffusent des informations auprès des élèves, peuvent être contradictoires avec les communications verbales, les desservir, ou transmettre, à leur insu, les attentes des enseignants. Les communications seront abordées sous l’angle interactionniste. Chaque intervention verbale ou non verbale de l’enseignant crée une interaction avec les élèves dont l’objet peut être pédagogique ou didactique. Trois études ont été réalisées. La première étude exploratoire vise à questionner les croyances des étudiants en formation sur les communications ; afin de recenser leurs niveaux de connaissance et de prise de conscience de l’importance des communications dans l’enseignement, pour ensuitecomparer leurs réponses avec celles des enseignants en exercice, le tout permettant de comprendre l’évolution des croyances et éclairer les pratiques pédagogiques. La deuxième étude consiste, à partir d’une grille d’observation des CNV en classe, à confirmer l’exploitation d’une classification fonctionnelle des CNV. Une comparaison entre le dire, le faire et le dire sur le faire est réalisée à l’aide de différents entretiens. Les enseignants sont rarement conscients des communications qu’ilsexploitent en classe ; ils sont souvent surpris de la richesse des CNV exploitées, non consciemment. L’aspect affectif de la relation pédagogique est souvent valorisé lorsqu’ils se voient agir, contrairement aux premiers propos beaucoup plus réservés, et qui portent sur les apprentissages. L’accent est mis sur le rôle et la place du toucher et sur les routines en EPS. Les ressentis des élèves sont relevés pour les comparer avec les réponses des enseignants. La dernière étude se focalise sur l’aspect contextualisé des interactions non verbales à travers deux études de cas. Des variations semblent apparaître selon l’activité, les caractéristiques des élèves ou celles des enseignants. La recherche se conclut par des propositions d’enseignements supplémentaires pour la formation initiale et continue des enseignants. L’amélioration des pratiques pédagogiques quotidiennes des enseignants passe par une prise de conscience de leurs croyances et de leurs modes de fonctionnement in situ<br>This study questions the use of non-verbal communication in the teaching of Physical Education. Non-verbal communication (NVC) sends information to students which sometimes contradicts verbal communication or unwittingly transmits teachers' expectations. Communication issues are addressed in this study under the interactionist’ perspective. Each verbal or non-verbal intervention of the teacher creates an interaction with students, whose purpose may be educational or didactic. Three studies were conducted. The first exploratory study aims at questioning the PE students beliefs about communication, in order to identify their level of knowledge, as well as their awareness of the importance of communication in teaching. Their answers are then compared with those of active teachers. This allows to understand the evolution of beliefs and to highlight teaching practices. The second study is based on the use of an observational grid on NVC during classes. It aims at confirmingthe operation of a functional classification of NVC. A comparison between explaining, doing, and explaining action is carried out using various interviews. Teachers are rarely aware of the types ofcommunication they use in the classroom. They are often surprised with the wide range of NVC they unconsciously use. They often highlight the emotional aspect of the pedagogical relationship, when watching themselves interacting with students in class, while they usually focus on teaching when first questioned about their educational methods. Emphasis is placed on the role and importance oftouching and routines in PE. What students say they feel is compared with what teachers describe. The last study draws attention on contextualized non verbal interactions, through two case studies. Changes seem to occur in the activity, according to the characteristics of students, or those of teachers. There search concludes with proposals both for initial and continuous training of teachers. Improving daily teaching practices can be facilitated through awareness of their beliefs and operational methods in situ

Syftet med denna uppsats är att undersöka mobbningens olika arenor och på vilka platser på de olika arenorna mobbningen förekommer ur ett elevperspektiv. I undersökningen fanns också ett delsyfte och det var att undersöka vad elever upplever att mobbning har för olika former, vilka former som är vanligast förekommande och varför de är vanligast. En kvalitativ metod användes för att syftet skulle kunna uppnås. Alla informanter i undersökningen var elever som gick på gymnasiet. Resultatet i undersökningen visar att eleverna har erfarenheter och upplevelser av att mobbningen främst förekommer i skolan. Korridorerna var den plats på skolan där mobbningen var vanligast. Men klassrummen, idrotten och matsalen var platser på skolan där mobbning också brukade förekomma. Mobbningen förekom även på andra arenor som internet, träningsanläggningarna, pendelstationer och centrala mötesplatser där eleverna möttes efter skoltiden. Informanterna upplevde att det var ovanligt att någon utsattes för mobbning på två eller fler arenor samtidigt, men det förekom ibland. Resultatet i undersökningen visar även att den verbala formen var den vanligaste formen av mobbning som förekom. Men även den psykiska formen var relativt vanlig. Informanterna upplevde att det var E-Mobbningen och den fysiska formen som var de mest ovanliga formerna som förekom. De olika formerna användes ofta på olika platser för att mobbningen inte skulle upptäckas. Vissa informanter hade dock erfarenheter av att mobbningen ibland skedde öppet. Vissa personer som mobbades blev utsatta för flera former samtidigt. Resultatet visar även vilka former som förekommer på vilka arenor och platser och varför just vissa former förekommer på vissa platser.<br>The purpose with this study is to examine on which arenas and on what places in the arenas students have experiences that bullying occurs. Another purpose with the study was to examine student’s experiences of the different shapes of bullying, which shapes are most abundant and why they are most commonly practiced. A qualitative method was used so the purpose of this study could be achieved. All informants in the study were students who went to high school. The results of the survey show that students have experiences that bullying mainly occurs in school. The corridors were the location of the school where the bullying was most common. The classrooms, the physical training and the dining room were places at the school were bullying also occurred. Bullying also occurs in other arenas like internet, fitness facilities, stations and central meeting places where students meet after school. The informants felt that it was unusual for someone who was getting bullied to be exposed to bullying at two or more arenas at the same time, but it did happen sometimes even if it was unusual. The results of the survey also shows that the verbal shape was the most common form of bullying that occurred. But even the psychological shape of bullying was relatively common. The informants experiences of the digital and the physical shapes of bullying were the most unusual forms that was being practiced. The different shapes was often used in various places so the bullying would not be detected. Some informants however hade experiences that bullying occurred open and public. Some people who was bullied were exposed to several forms simultaneously. The result also shows what shapes appear on the different arenas and places and why certain shapes occur in some places.

Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Centro de Comunicação e Expressão. Programa de Pós-Graduação em Lingüística.<br>Made available in DSpace on 2012-10-23T16:13:13Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 262662.pdf: 4349139 bytes, checksum: 60f1c02f015a1b7dc9db3d9f384fa22d (MD5)

La présente thèse s’inscrit dans le champ d’études sur la politesse verbale et se concentre en particulier sur l’emploi des termes d’adresse en polonais et en français. Inspirée par les études sur l’ethos communicatif (Béal, 1993, Kerbrat-Orecchioni, 1992), elle se donne comme objectif d’étudier les besoins des locuteurs natifs concernant l’expression de la relation interpersonnelle et de la politesse verbalisées par les termes d’adresse. Selon l’hypothèse de départ, en polonais l’expression de la relation est plus détaillée et, par conséquent plus précise, qu’en français. Malgré les similarités systémiques (le choix de formes est globalement comparable), la façon dont les termes d’adresse sont employés dans les deux langues n’est pas identique. L’étude prouve que les locuteurs français emploient les termes d’adresse de façon plutôt pragmatique, comme une nécessité communicationnelle, tandis que les locuteurs polonais y trouvent une réelle expression des relations sociales et des attitudes. Cette étude entreprend une approche empirique basée sur l’exploration du corpus. L’analyse des emplois en contexte doit permettre une meilleure compréhension de la valeur réelle de chaque terme d’adresse. Elle propose une évaluation des facteurs contextuels le plus influant sur le choix de la forme ainsi qu’une estimation du degré de politesse ou de familiarité exprimé par chaque terme d’adresse. L’objectif étant d’aider les locuteurs non-natifs à comprendre le fonctionnement des termes d’adresse dans une langue dont ils n’ont pas l’intuition, cette étude propose, comme résultat des analyses, les équivalents « prêt-à-parler » des formules d’adresse dans les deux langues<br>This dissertation presents research based on studies in the field of verbal politeness and inspired by the studies on communicative ethos (Béal, 1993; Kerbrat-Orecchioni, 1992). It investigates the use of terms of address in Polish and French. The aim was to analyze the needs of native speakers in terms of expression of interpersonal relation and politeness, as they are verbalized through terms of address. The hypothesis was that in Polish the expression of politeness is more detailed, and thus more precise, than in French. Despite systemic similarities (the choice of forms is similar on the whole), the way of using terms of address in conversation is not the same. This study demonstrates that French speakers use terms of address in a more pragmatic way, as a communicational obligation, whilst Polish speakers tend to use them to express a whole range of different types of social relations and attitudes. The study uses a corpus-based approach. Analyzing uses in context should lead to a better understanding of the real value of each term of address. This dissertation presents an analysis of the contextual factors that influence the choice of the proper form, as well as an estimation of the degree to which each term of address expresses either politeness or familiarity. The main objective being to help non-native speakers to understand how terms of address function in a language for which they have little or no intuition, this study offers, as a result of analysis, “ready-to-speak” equivalent formulas for address exchanges in both languages

Thesis (B.Sc)--University of Hong Kong, 2002.<br>"A dissertation submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the Bachelor of Science (Speech and Hearing Sciences), The University of Hong Kong, May 10, 2002." Also available in print.

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento CientÃfico e TecnolÃgico<br>O trabalho ora apresentado versa sobre o aspecto verbal nas formas perifrÃsticas encontradas no portuguÃs oral culto de Fortaleza. Inicialmente fazemos uma exposiÃÃo sobre o que alguns autores entendem por perÃfrase, de modo a formar uma opiniÃo a respeito das formas perifrÃsticas que controlamos em nosso trabalho. Em seguida, focalizamos o aspecto, em geral, a fim de examinarmos o corpus, extraÃdo do PORCUFORT. ApÃs estudarmos diversas teorias sobre o aspecto, escolhemos a teoria de Coseriu, baseada no estruturalismo funcional, porque ela parte de dois pontos bÃsicos: a) diferencia Aktionsart de aspecto; b) distingue aspecto de modo. Aplicando a doutrina de Coseriu ao corpus, constatamos a confirmaÃÃo de algumas de nossas hipÃteses, como: a) a riqueza de aspectualidade nas formaÃÃes perifrÃsticas com gerÃndio, com os verbos auxiliares andar, viver, ficar, ir, vir estar, sendo este Ãltimo de particular destaque; b) o uso, quase exclusivo, do verbo ter em lugar de haver na formaÃÃo dos tempos compostos; c) a produtividade de ter (imp.) + particÃpio, em substituiÃÃo a tivera, forma simples do pretÃrito mais que perfeito do indicativo; d) a ausÃncia de algumas formas, como terei feito, tivera feito, fora fazer. Alguns fatos nos surpreenderam: a) o baixo Ãndice de utilizaÃÃo na formaÃÃo de tempos compostos com ter em relaÃÃo ao que esperÃvamos, mesmo porque esse verbo substitui, quase que completamente, o verbo haver, nessa posiÃÃo; b) o baixo Ãndice de entrelaÃamento entre as dimensÃes temporais e as aspectuais.<br>This dissertation is a result of a research on the verbal aspect of periphrastical forms of the spoken oral portuguese of Fortaleza. First I examine bibliographical references about these forms so as to take a decision on which parameters I have to adopt to define them. Then I focus aspect in a general way in order to examine the corpus, from PORCUFORT. After studying diverse theories about aspect, I chose Coseriuâs theory based upon structural functionalism, because it starts from two basic points: a) it makes difference between Aktionsart and aspect; b) it distinguishes aspect from mood. Applying Coseriuâs theory to the corpus, I came to these conclusions that confirm some of my hypotheses: a) the use of main verb in gerund with the auxiliary verb andar, viver, ficar, ir and estar is expressive to engender aspect; b) estar is particularly remarkable among these verbs; c) the number of main verbs in participle with the auxiliary verb ter is noticiable and the use of this verb surpassed haver; c) the use of ter (imp) + participle is employed instead of the simple form tivera; d) some forms, such as terei feito, tivera feito, fora fazer are absent. Some facts surprised me a) in spite of its significant use, if compared to haver, the use of ter did not correspond to my expectations; b) the number of exemples in which tense and aspect are linked is insignificant.

Le sujet de cette thèse est l’analyse comparative des débats parlementaires portugais, brésiliens et roumains, dans l’optique de l’organisation interactionnelle et de l’usage des formes d’adresse (Carreira 1997). Du point de vue théorique, notre étude s’appuie sur la linguistique interactionnelle (Kerbrat-Orecchioni 1990), sur l’analyse du discours politique (Charaudeau 2005) et du discours parlementaire (Ilie 2006; Marques 2000). Après un préambule juridico-politique, qui présente le fonctionnement des parlements dans les trois pays choisis (Portugal, Brésil, Roumanie), nous analysons, dans la première partie de la thèse, les transcriptions officielles des réunions parlementaires en tant que corpus pour l’étude linguistique. Ensuite, nous nous concentrons sur les particularités de la structure séquentielle des débats – ouverture, corps, clôture –, la négociation du tour de parole et les stratégies d’éviter les réponses aux questions. La deuxième partie de la thèse se penche sur les usages de formes d’adresse dans la construction des auto-images et hétéro-images et dans la configuration de la distance interlocutive. Cette approche nous a permis de dégager quelques particularités de chaque sous-corpus: les débats portugais sont plus proches du protocole parlementaire (structure micro-séquentielle plus rigide, usage quasi exclusif des formes nominales d’adresse institutionnelles), alors que dans les débats brésiliens et roumains il y a plus de flexibilité dans la construction micro-séquentielle (les actes rituels sont plus fréquents) aussi bien que dans l’usage des formes d’adresse plus variées (relationnelles, académiques, professionnelles, génériques)<br>The subject of this thesis is the comparative analysis of Portuguese, Brazilian and Romanian parliamentary debates, from the point of view of interactional organization and address terms uses (Carreira 1997). Our theoretical framework is interactional linguistics (Kerbrat-Orecchioni 1990), political discourse analysis (Charaudeau 2005) and parliamentary discourse analysis (Ilie 2006; Marques 2000). After a legal and political preamble that presents how parliaments in the three selected countries (Portugal, Brazil, Romania) work, we analyse, in the first part of the thesis, the official transcripts of parliamentary sittings as a corpus for linguistic studies. Then we focus on the characteristics of the sequential structure of the debates – opening, body, closing –, negotiation of turn taking and evasion strategies in answering questions. The second part of the thesis focuses on the uses of address terms in constructing images of the self and of the others and the configuration of interlocutive distance. This approach has allowed us to identify a few characteristics of each sub-corpus: Portuguese debates are closer to the parliamentary protocol (the micro-sequential structure is more rigid, nominal institutional address forms are used almost exclusively), while in Brazilian and Romanian debates there is more flexibility both in the micro-sequential construction (ritual acts are more frequent) and in the wider range of address forms used (relational, academic, professional, generic)

Dissertação (Mestrado) - Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Centro de Ciências da Saúde.<br>Made available in DSpace on 2012-10-17T05:18:55Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0Bitstream added on 2016-01-09T01:12:39Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 139071.pdf: 1549035 bytes, checksum: cff1ef77ed00f78fc2aadcfe28314dea (MD5)

Le travail que nous proposons dans notre thèse est un produit lexicographique. Il s'agit d'une présentation du lexique verbal d'un parler berbère du Maroc central. La grande partie de notre recherche est consacrée à un inventaire d'unités verbales (1241 verbes de forme simple). Celles-ci sont accumulées pour former un dictionnaire des verbes berbères et sont disposés selon l'ordre préconise par les sémitisants : celui de la racine. Une fois la collecte des unités verbales terminée, la présentation des différents emplois s'impose. Pour ce faire, nous avons procède a un classement fonde sur des critères syntaxiques à savoir la transitivité et l'intransitivité du verbe. Cette rection verbale nous a aidées à dégager les différents sens de chacune de nos unités. Par ailleurs notre dictionnaire est accompagné d'une partie ou sont présentées chacune des unités dans l'une des structures suivantes : la classe a englobant les verbes intransitifs, la classe b constituée des verbes transitifs obligatoirement et ou facultativement directs, les classes c et d comprenant les verbes transitifs (directs et) indirects. Enfin les unités verbales étudiées sont récapitulées sous forme de tableau ou apparait leur emploi transitif et ou intransitif<br>The work that we present in our research is a lexicographic end-product, that is, a presentation of the lexis of verbs of the Berber variety spoken in central morocco. The major part of our research is devoted to an inventary of 1241 non-derived verbs. These verbal unities, as they are accumulated so as to form a dictionary of Berber verbs, are classified according to the semitists' order, that is the root. Once the collection of the verbal unities has been achieved, the presentation of the different uses is imposed. To achieve that, we have followed a classification based on syntactical criteria knowing the transitivity and non-transitivity of the verb. This verbal formula has helped us deduce the different meanings of each unity. Our dictionary is accompa-nied with one part which we have tried to present each unity in one of the following verbal structure : category a gathering the intransive verbs, category b constitued of compulksary or optional direct transitive verbs, category c and category d to which belong the direct and indirect transitive verbs. Finally we have summed up all the verbal unities in tables where their transitive or intransitive use showed up

L'objectif de ce travail est l'etude du fonctionnement syntaxique de deux unites de l'arabe moderne, le nom d'agent et le nom de patient. Il s'agit de montrer a travers la comparaison avec l'idiome classique, que la syntaxe de l'arabe moderne, en depit de l'evolution lente et des habitudes linguistiques tenaces, dans le domaine de la syntaxe en general, a innove en plusieurs points. Cette evolution est la consequence de la defaillance des systemes morphologique et casuel d'une part, et l'influence des langues en contact de l'autre. Des lors la correspondance stricte entre la constitution des unites morphologiques et leurs fonctionnement syntaxiques se trouve remise en cause. Le systme de l'arabe classique impliquant des selections morphologiques, en raison de cette rupture, est remplace par un autre systee, celui de la position et de prepositions<br>This work is studying the syntactic functioning of two unities of the modern arabic, the nomen agentis and the nomen patientis, two deverbal nouns. It is matter of showing through the comparison with the classical language, that the modern arabic syntax has innovated in many points in despite of the slow evolution and tenacious linguistic uses in the syntax field in general. This evolution is the consequence of the flinching of morphological and casual systems on the one hand, and the influence languages in contact in the other hand. Consequently, the strict correspondance between the constitution of morphological unities and their syntactic functioning is brought in question

Notre recherche porte sur l'analyse linguistique du verbe français et ses correspondants dans la langue arabe, dans le cadre d'une approche contrastive et comparative, pour leur intégration dans le système informatique NooJ pour une application de traduction automatique. Dans la première partie, nous avons présenté les assises théoriques sur lesquelles nous avons fondé notre étude des caractéristiques sémantico-syntaxiques des classes verbales de mouvement et de communication et qui sont essentiellement la théorie des classes d'objets de Gaston Gross et la classification des verbes français de JD &amp; FD-C. Selon ces deux théories déjà présentées dans cette partie, nous allons faire une comparaison entre les prédicats des deux classes avec leurs correspondants en langue arabe dont nous avons donné déjà ses caractéristiques linguistiques, dans le troisième chapitre de cette partie.Dans la deuxième partie, nous avons suivi une démarche analytique mais en même temps comparative entre les deux systèmes verbaux : français-arabe. Dans le premier chapitre, nous avons effectué une comparaison entre les modes et les temps dans les deux langues. Dans les deux derniers chapitres, nous avons étudié les spécificités sémantico-syntaxiques des deux classes de communication et de mouvement entrée/sortie dont le sujet est humain [N0hum] selon la classification des « verbes français (LVF) » de JD &amp; FD-C. Par cette analyse sémantico-syntaxique, nous avons essayé de démonter les différents patrons syntaxiques des deux classes avec la précision pour chaque type syntaxique la nature sémantique et le type de ses arguments nécessaires sans oublier de donner pour chaque prédicat son équivalent en langue arabe et faire une comparaison entre la structure argumentale des verbes français et celle des verbes arabes, pour en ressortir enfin les ressemblances et les divergences entre les deux systèmes verbaux. Et enfin, dans la troisième partie, nous avons essayé de montrer toutes les étapes nécessaires pour l'élaboration de notre application de traduction automatique en utilisant la plate-forme NooJ. Dans cette étape, nous avons créé :1/ Deux dictionnaires bilingues des verbes de communication et de mouvement. 2/ Des grammaires formelles pour la réalisation de la phase d'analyse et de reconnaissance des patrons syntaxiques des prédicats de la classe C et la classe E. 3/ Des grammaires de traduction des verbes à la forme affirmative ou négative aux temps convenables tout en précisant les règles de flexion et de l'accord en genre et en nombre selon les normes de la langue arabe.A la sortie de notre outil de traduction, nous trouvons des verbes traduits et fléchis en arabe et qui respectent les règles de la langue cible<br>This research focuses on the linguistic analysis of the French verb and its correspondents in Arabic, using a contrastive and comparative approach, to integrate them into the NooJ computer system for an application of machine translation. In the first part, we have presented the theoretical foundations on which we have based our study of the semantic-syntactic characteristics of the verb classes of motion and of communication and which are essentially the Theory of the Classes of Objects of Gaston Gross and the classification of the French verbs by JD &amp; FD-C. According to these two theories already presented in this section, we will make a comparison between the predicates of the two classes with their correspondents in Arabic to which we have already given their linguistic characteristics in the third chapter of this part. In the second part, we have followed an analytical but at the same time comparative approach between the two verb systems: French-Arabic. In the first chapter, we have compared the modes and tenses in both languages. In the last two chapters, we have studied the semantic-syntactic input / output specificities of the two classes of communication and of motion whose subject is human [N0hum] according to the classification of the French verbs (LVF) of JD &amp; FD­ C . [n this semantic-syntactic analysis, we have tried to disassemble the different syntactic patterns of the two classes, by indicating, for each syntactic type, the semantic nature and the type of its necessary arguments without forgetting to give to each predicate its equivalent in Arabic and to make a comparison between the argumentative structure of the French verbs and that of the Arabic verbs, in order finally to corne out with the similarities and the divergences between the two verb systems.And finally, in the third part, we have tried to show al! the necessary steps for the development of our application of machine translation using the NooJ platform .In this step, we have created:1/ Two bilingual dictionaries of communication and motion verbs. 2/ Formal grammars for the realization of the analysis phase and the recognition of the syntactic patterns of the predicates of class C and class E. 3/ Grammars of translation of verbs in the affirmative or negative form at the appropriate tenses, while specifying the rules of inflection and agreement in gender and number according to the standards of Arabic. At the output of our translation tool, we have found translated and inflected Arabic verbs that respect the rules of the target language

Au sein du domaine de la modalité et de l'interlocution - envisagé à la fois au niveau de la langue (celui des moyens virtuels de communication verbale) et au niveau discutif (celui de la variation des réalisations individuelles) - cette étude porte sur la "proxémique verbale". Le problème est pose de la façon suivante : de quels moyens verbaux de modalisation disposent les sujets parlants d'une langue pour réguler leur distance interlocutive, au moment de leurs échanges verbaux ? Comment ces moyens linguistiques sont-ils mis à l'œuvre dans la variabilité des solutions discursives ? Face à la variété de ces moyens, la délimitation d'un certain nombre d'entre eux s'impose. Le choix porte sur les formes d'adresse, les "formules interlocutives" (cf. "particules modales", "particules discursives", "particules énonciatives", etc. ) et les manifestations linguistiques de politesse, en portugais. Ces trois types de moyens verbaux, particulièrement aptes à la régulation de la distance interlocutive sont cernés de différents points de vue (cf, "bilans d'études") et une délimitation sémantico-pragmatique fondée sur une vision continue des phénomènes sémantiques (v. Théorie de B. Pottier) est proposée (1ere partie). La sphère modale à laquelle ces moyens appartiennent conduit au développement d'une réflexion sur les voies d'accès à l'étude de l'expression linguistique de la modalité, du point de vue de l'interlocution (2e partie). Quelques solutions discursives mettant à l'épreuve les résultats de notre étude (1ere et 2e parties) sont alors analysées (3e partie). Cette recherche suit, en effet, le mouvement de va-et-vient entre les réalisations discursives, les potentialités de la langue et les possibles conceptuels et cherche à concilier le point de vue de la linguistique "du terrain conversationnel" et celui de la linguistique des langues et du langage<br>Within the domain of modality and interlocution - conceived both at the level of the potentialities of language (that of the virtual means of verbal communication) and at the discursive level (that of the variation of individual realizations) - this study concerns "verbal proxemics". The problem is stated in the following way: which verbal means do subjects speakers of a language have at their disposal in order to regulate their interlocutive distance, when they proceed to verbal exchanges? How are these linguistic means being implemented in the variability of discursive solutions? Faced with the variety of these means, delimitation of a certain number amongst them is required. Have been chosen: address forms, "interlocutive expressions" (see "modal particles", "discursive particles", "enonciative particles", etc. ) and linguistic manifestations of politeness, in Portuguese. These three types of means, particularly well qualified for the regulation of interlocutive distance are delimited from different viewpoints (see "bilans d'études" ("assessments of studies") and a semantico-pragmatic delimitation based on a continuous vision of semantic phenomena (see B. Pottier's theory) is proposed (1st part). The modal realm to which these means belong leads to a reflection on the ways to access the study of the linguistic expression of modality, from a point of view of interlocution (2nd part). A certain number of discursive solutions which put to the test the results of our study (1st and 2nd parts) are then being analyzed (3rd part). This research follows, indeed, a movement to and fro between discursive realizations, language potentialities and conceptual possibilities, and aims to reconcile the point of view of linguistics "of the conversational field" and that of theoretical linguistics

<p> This dissertation aims in part to redress the shortage of close readings of Vladimir Mayakovsky and Aleksandr Rodchenko's joint project, the book <i> Pro Eto.</i> It explores the relationship between the book's visual and verbal aspects, treating the book and its images as objects that repay attentive looking and careful analysis. By these means this dissertation finds that the images do not simply illustrate the text, but have an intertextual relationship with it: sometimes the images suggest their own, alternative narrative, offering scenes that do not exist in the poem; sometimes they act as literary criticism, suggesting interpretations, supplying biographical information, and highlighting with their own form aspects of the poem's. </p><p> This analysis reveals <i>Pro Eto</i>'s strong links with distant forms of art and literature. The poem's intricate ties to the book of Genesis and Victor Shklovsky's novel <i>Zoo,</i> written while the former literary critic was in exile in Berlin, evince an ambivalence about the manifestations of socialism in early-1920s Russia that is missing from much of Mayakovsky's work. At the same time Rodchenko's images, with their repeated references to Byzantine icons and Dadaist photomontage, expand the poem's scope and its concerns far beyond NEP-era Moscow. Thus my analysis finds that although <i> Pro Eto</i> is considered to be an emblematic Constructivist work, many of the received ideas about Russian Constructivism&mdash;the unswerving zeal of its practitioners, the utility of its production, and in particular the ideology-driven, <i>sui-generis</i> nature of the movement itself&mdash;are not supported by the book. <i>Pro Eto</i>'s deep connections with art and literature outside of Bolshevik Russia contradict the idea&mdash;first set out by the Constructivists themselves and widely accepted by subsequent scholars&mdash;of Constructivism as an autochthonous movement, born of theory, and indebted neither to historical art movements nor to contemporary western ones. My analysis suggests that reading Pro Eto through the lens of Constructivist theory denies the work the richness, ambivalence and humor it gains when that theory is understood as being in conversation with artistic practice, rather than defining it.</p>

Le 18 février 1949, Gustave Guillaume (1973 :107-108) brossait, dans sa leçon à l’Ecole pratique des Hautes Etudes, un tableau peu flatteur de la terminologie grammaticale :<p>La terminologie grammaticale – fixée par un long usage, par la tradition – est peu satisfaisante. Elle correspond à des vues qui sont pour une grande part étrangères au véritable mécanisme de la langue, ignoré de ceux qui ont établi cette terminologie, devenue celle de l’enseignement. A quoi il faut ajouter que la terminologie traditionnelle, de caractère philosophique, toute pénétrée de logique formelle, a eu cette infortune d’être retouchée inconsidérément par des esprits moins pénétrants que ceux qui l’avaient conçue. <p>Ce point de vue est, aujourd’hui comme hier, partagé par la plupart des grammairiens lato sensu. Le verdict des uns et des autres est à la fois sévère et amer :la terminologie grammaticale est incertaine, incohérente, inexacte, incomplète, contraire à la vérité, trompeuse, confuse, désordonnée, défectueuse, voire désastreuse (Nicolas Beauzée, 1767 :500-501 ;Antoine Meillet, 1936 :31 ;Holger Sten, 1952 :9) ;Robert-Léon Wagner, 1947 :59 ;Gustave Guillaume, 1973 [leçon du 18 fév. 1949] :108 ;Gérard Moignet, 1981 :163 ;Louis Holtz, 1981 :11). L’on ne pouvait faire meilleur état des lieux !<p>Ce travail s’est efforcé de répondre aux trois questions suivantes :1° une terminologie « parlante » est-elle possible et nécessaire en grammaire ?2° quelle(s) piste(s) les linguistes devraient-ils explorer pour rationaliser la nomenclature et la description des formes verbales ?3° comment les grammairiens ont-ils forgé, au fil des siècles, la nomenclature des formes verbales ?<p>Que conclure ?<p>Nous voudrions d’abord noter que la question terminologique constitue un casse-tête consécutif, pour une grande part, à la forte pression de la tradition sur les pratiques grammaticales. <p>Les concessions faites à l’usage sont telles que toute tentative d’innovation est suspecte .Les exemples sont légion :Girard, Lévizac, Sicard, Domergue, Butet ,etc. subirent tous, à tort ou à raison, les feux nourris de la critique à cause de leur engagement terminologique. Les détracteurs avaient pour noms :Voltaire, Du Marsais, Condillac, Roederer et Brunot.<p>Voltaire (cité par Brunot, 1905-1953, tome VI, 1e fascicule, p. 902) recommanda même le boycott de la nouvelle grammaire de Girard :<p>Je recommande, écrivit-il, sur-tout aux jeunes de ne pas lire la nouvelle grammaire de sieur abbé Girard ;elle ne feroit qu’embarrasser l’esprit, par les nouveautez difficiles dont elle est remplie ;et sur-tout elle serviroit à corrompre le stile.<p>Roederer ne fut pas plus tendre à l’endroit de Domergue. En somme, les attaques à l’endroit des « néologismes grammaticaux » constituent, dans l’histoire de la grammaire, une réalité permanente. <p>A la fin des années 60 et au début des années 70, Georges Galichet tournait en dérision la terminologie en usage en grammaire générative et transformationnelle, tandis que, plus près de nous, Marc Wilmet (1992) s’insurgeait contre ceux qui accusent les linguistes de « jargonner ».<p>En ce qui nous concerne, nous avons estimé dans cette thèse que la création terminologique est à la fois nécessaire et possible. Elle devrait conduire, comme nous l’avons postulé au § 3.2.2.1, à l’émergence d’une nomenclature explicative. D’ailleurs, des modèles de terminologie « parlante » existent :nous avons cité les travaux de Guillaume, Damourette et Pichon, Yvon, Wilmet. <p>Un métalangage grammatical explicatif devrait même, à notre avis, s’imposer et se généraliser pour les trois raisons suivantes :1° la terminologie joue le rôle « d’avant-science »; 2° contrairement aux autres sciences dont le vocabulaire technique renvoie à des objets, en grammaire, derrière les “mots” se profilent non pas des objets, mais des idées et d’autres “mots” dont l’ensemble constitue la science grammaticale. Autrement dit, le triptyque « terme (mot) –> concept –> référent » pourrait être réduit à une reformulation simplifiée où le concept se confondrait avec le référent; 3° contrairement à l’arbitraire consacré du signe linguistique, la création des expressions métalinguistiques est en général utilitaire et plus ou moins individuelle. <p>A la lumière de ce qui précède, toute nouvelle création d’expression métalinguistique devrait satisfaire à une condition :l’adéquation, même partielle, de la nouvelle dénomination avec le contenu morpho-sémantique qu’elle désigne. En effet, chaque terme en linguistique contiendrait de manière condensée tout un programme sémantique. Mais, le terme ainsi crée devrait aussi répondre à un besoin réel. <p>Par ailleurs, la principale piste à explorer dans l’entreprise de la rationalisation et de l’harmonisation de la terminologie grammaticale consisterait à homogénéiser les critères définitoires des classes grammaticales. Pour les modes verbaux, nous avons proposé d’associer judicieusement les critères sémantiques et morphologique. Le premier concerne l’actualité, le second la personne grammaticale. <p>Ces deux paramètres interviennent, d’après Moignet (1981 :57) et nous l’avons suivi dans son raisonnement, à part égale dans la faculté qu’a toute forme verbale de “signifier le “temps” en plus de sa signification propre”. <p>Grâce à l’exploitation de ces deux variables, nous avons, en nous inspirant largement de Gustave Guillaume et de Marc Wilmet, proposé à titre de simple hypothèse de travail, que les trois « chronothèses guillaumiennes » représentent effectivement, au niveau du discours grammatical, les trois modes verbaux auxquels elles correspondent: 1° le mode nominal (ou quasi nominal) = infinif + participe => mode virtualisatif impersonnel; 2° l’in fieri = subjonctif => mode virtualisatif personnel ;3° l’in esse = indicatif => mode actualisatif personnel. <p>La principale objection à cette proposition serait d’opposer au double principe de « virtualisation » et d’« actualisation », sur lequel repose notre argumentation, des emplois contraires à cette tripartition modale. Ne nous leurrons pas, c’est une difficulté réelle. La parade nous est fournie, fort heureusement, par Gérard Moignet (1959b :94-95) qui renvoie à l’enseignement de Gustave Guillaume: <p>Il [Guillaume] insiste dans son enseignement sur la prudence qui s’impose en linguistique de la parole :on y est toujours exposé à rencontrer un sens d’emploi de mot qui soit en contradiction avec la vue fondamentale que le mot apporte de lui-même.<p>Pour finir, nous avons suffisamment montré tout au long de notre dissertation que la nomenclature des formes verbales, comme d’ailleurs le reste de la grammaire, est dans ses grandes lignes constituée de l’héritage gréco-latin. A certaines époques, comme au XVIIe siècle, cet héritage est malheureusement « corrompu » :par ex. la suppression de toute trace référant à l’époque dans certaines étiquettes. C’est, malheureusement, encore le cas, aujourd’hui, dans la plupart des grammaires scolaires et dans les productions scientifiques des linguistes.<p>Il faudrait aussi mentionner, au passif des grammairiens du XVIIe siècle et certains de leurs successeurs du début du XVIIIe siècle, l’ignorance des formes verbales surcomposées, pourtant attestées au XVIe siècle.<p>Comme nous l’avons dit, la terminologie grammaticale est défaillante depuis l’antiquité gréco-romaine jusqu’à ce jour. Elle s’est formée, à travers les siècles, au gré des fantaisies personnelles greffées sur l’essentiel du génie grec et latin. A part quelques rares exceptions, les apports des grammairiens français n’ont amélioré ni les critères de description du verbe, ni la nomenclature des formes verbales.<p>Nous avons dans le corps de ce texte signalé les acquis de chaque époque retenue dans cette étude. Il serait donc superflu d’y revenir dans le détail. Nous allons cependant rappelé, au risque d’en faire une antienne, les quelques progrès réalisés dans l’étude du verbe entre le XVIIe siècle et le début du XXe siècle :<p>1° la distinction des temps simples et des temps composés selon la forme chez D’Aisy (1674, 1685), Régnier-Desmarais (1706), Buffier (1709), etc. <p>2° l’exclusion, déjà au XVIIIe siècle, de l’impératif de la liste des modes verbaux ;3° l’intégration, depuis ce même siècle, des formes en –rais dans le mode indicatif (p. ex. chez Buffier, 1709 ;Restaut, 1730 et Ayer, 1853) avant que le XIXe siècle ne revienne en force au mode conditionnel; <p>4° l’institution par Nicolas Beauzée (1767) du principe des « ordres relationnels » (époque de comparaison, terme de comparaison, repère, rapport d’existence, etc.) dans la description des temps du verbe ;5° l’exploitation de la série complète des formes simples vs formes composées (Buffier, 1709) ;<p>6° la tripartition des tiroirs en formes simples / composées / surcomposées chez Dangeau (cf. supra, § 6.3.1.2) :p. ex. prétérit simple je chante /prétérit composé j’ai chanté /prétérit surcomposé j’ai eu chanté, etc. <p>7° l’usage par Dangeau (1754), à la suite de Girard (1747), des quantifiants et caractérisants numéraux comme discriminants des formes verbales :p. ex. premier temps surcomposé que j’aie eu marché /second temps surcomposé que j’eusse eu marché / troisième temps surcomposé jaurois eu marché) ;<p>8° la mise sur pied des néologismes très producteurs :futur passé (Restaut, 1730 ;Lhomond, 1780 ;Girault-Duvivier, 1811), futur antérieur (De Wailly, 1754 ;Sicard, 1799 ;Noël et Chapsal, l823 ;Brachet et Dusouchet, 1888, 1889), futur du passé (Maquet et al. 1921), futur antérieur du passé (Clédat, 1896 ;Maquet et al. 1921).<p>De toutes ces innovations, la théorie des «ordres relationnels » est celle qui a eu le plus d’impact sur les linguistes du XXe siècle. Comme nous l’avons vu, Guillaume et Wilmet, pour ne prendre que ces deux exemples, s’en sont inspirés dans la mise sur pied de leurs théories respectives :celle de la « chronogénèse » et celle du « repère ».<p>Ces deux approches du système verbal ont conduit à une description intéressante des modes, des aspects et des tiroirs. C’est une véritable révolution. Un seul regret :la méfiance injustifiée des auteurs de manuels et livres de grammaire à l’égard de cet important renouveau terminologique. <p><p><br>Doctorat en philosophie et lettres, Orientation langue et littérature<br>info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished

This dissertation analyses seven modern Bible translations in French with respect to their renderings of Koine Greek participles. The sample consists of the Passion Story from the four Gospels (Matt 26-28, Mark 14-16, Luke 22-24 and John 18-21), and is comprised of 603 Hellenistic participles in all. The participle forms are studied in six categories according to their syntactic function. The comparison focuses on differences in translation strategy, i.e. formal equivalence, omission and different kinds of transpositions, with special attention given to the choice of verb form. There is a discussion of the adequacy of contemporary, explicative theories of systemic differences between the passé simple/passé composé and the imparfait. A large number of examples are analysed in detail. The results of the survey show that the most prominent differences in translation strategies concern the predicative participle. Furthermore, this was the category that occurred most frequently in the sample. The Catholic scientific and literary translation La Bible de Jérusalem (1998) is the most literal of the seven versions. A high level of formal equivalence is also registered in the other scientific translation, La Traduction Œcuménique de la Bible (1988), even though application of this strategy outweighs the use of finite verbs, that is to say, the most common transposition. La Bible en français courant (1996) is the least literal: generally, it transposes the participle of the source text with a finite verb. This transposition is also very frequent in the literary La Bible de la Pléiade (1971). Most of the omissions are recorded in the recent literary La Bible, Nouvelle traduction (2001), which is shown to be the most divergent translation. Omissions are also frequent in the pastoral La Bible des moines de Maredsous (1968) and the liturgical La Traduction liturgique de la Bible (1977). When translated in conjunction with an element comprising a verb in one of the non-indicative moods (infinitive, imperative, participle and subjunctive), both the present and the aorist predicative participles are, to a large extent, rendered by a simple form, expressing non-accomplishment. However, the Bible de Jérusalem stands out with its greater use of compound present participles than any other version. When the predicative participle of the source text is transposed with a verb in the indicative mood, the passé simple is generally used to render the aorist; for the present participle, the imparfait is more frequent than the passé simple. Nevertheless, here too the passé simple accounts for a significant portion of the equivalents, especially in the two translations where transpositions formed by finite verbs are particularly important. There exist a few cases where some translators chose to use the passé simple/passé compose, while others chose the imparfait. The various details, tables and linguistic analyses in this dissertation provide a solid basis for accurately characterizing the various modern attempts made at reproduce this ancient text – a text so often translated, paraphrased, interpreted and deeply integrated in our cultural heritage.

The purpose of the present study was to investigate WISC-III Verbal short forms for school-age children identified as visually impaired. The rationale for use of WISC-III Verbal short forms is to provide a time saving and technically sound measure for the screening and/or periodical re-evaluation of children with visual impairments who may require special education services. The total sample consisted of the WISC-III test scores of 78 children identified with the handicapping condition of either partial sightedness or legal blindness, who had been given the regularly administered Verbal subtests. The mean age level of the total sample was 11 years, 4 months. Three additional groups were obtained from the test records of the original data which included, children identified as either partially sighted or legally blind (n=62) who were given the regularly administered Verbal subtests and supplementary Digit Span subtest (referred to as the Digit Span group), and children identified as partially sighted (n=47), and legally blind (n=31), who were given only the regularly administered Verbal subtests. Ninety-seven percent of the data were obtained from existing test records, and the remaining data from the actual administration of the WISC-III Verbal subtests for the purpose of collecting data for the study. Children identified with the handicapping conditions of multiple disabilities or mental retardation were not included in the sample. For the total sample and additional groups, the mean Verbal IQ score and mean scaled score of the individual subtests fell in the average range. The WISC-III Verbal short form combinations were identified by utilizing the formulas of Tellegen and Briggs (1967) for determining the reliability and validity coefficients of short form combinations. High reliability and validity coefficients were obtained for all two-, three-, and four-subtest combinations of the total sample and additional groups. The study results suggest WISC-III Verbal short forms offer a time efficient and technically sound measure to be utilized in assessment of the verbal intellectual development of school-age children with visual impairments.

This thesis critically analyses the intriguing behaviour of plural inanimate nouns triggering partial agreement in subject–verb–object (SVO) word order in Modern Standard Arabic (MSA). The analysis focuses on three significant morphosyntactic features of agreement: animacy, gender and number. I follow integrated theoretical assumptions of current Minimalism and Distributed Morphology (DM). I operate on the consonantal root-and-pattern property of MSA to argue for a DM approach to feature analysis. I argue that assignment of gender values takes place during syntax before PF whereas the exponence of agreement features takes place post-syntactically at phonological form. I argue for a decompositional analysis for the structure of determiner phrase (DP) in which agreement features are not located at the same syntactic head within the nominal. Following Ritter (1993) and Zabbal (2002), number heads its own syntactic projection, and thus number phrase (NumP) is the syntactic locus for inflectional number values of the nominal. I argue for two locations for number values: NumP, which hosts the distributive reading, and n, which hosts the collective reading interpretation. I also argue for a decompositional analysis of nP in which there are two ns; the closest to the root hosts the interpretable gender that is assigned based on the semantic properties of the nominal, whereas the higher n hosts the uninterpretable gender assigned arbitrarily to the noun. I argue that this structure provides a satisfactory analysis for the agreement behaviour of mixed-agreement nouns. With respect to agreement, I argue for an Agree-based approach in which the probe enters into an Agree relationship with a goal in its c-commanding domain. Following Doron (2000), I assume that the presence of an Extended Projection Principle feature on T is optional and conditioned by the goal’s capability to move to [Spec, TP].

L'objet de notre étude porte sur l'élaboration d'un système générique de dialogue homme-machine multimodal, le système Partner. Ses objectifs portent d'une part sur la création d'une interface multimodale conviviale et robuste, et d'autre part sur la définition d'une architecture propre à faciliter le développement d'applications variées. Sa contribution se situe dans le cadre d'applications finalisées. L'interface multimodale qu'il fournit, permet à un utilisateur coopératif de communiquer naturellement avec une application au moyen de la parole, mais aussi au moyen d'autres périphériques comme une souris, un écran tactile et un clavier. Un modèle sémantique multimodal est utilisé pour assurer l'indépendance du système vis-à-vis des périphériques d'entrées/sorties et de la langue. L'approche de Partner est basée sur une analyse des besoins interactionnels des applications qui a conduit à l'identification d'invariants dialogue. Il se caractérise par une architecture originale qui est de type client/serveur. Elle correspond à une décomposition de l'activité de communication en deux domaines d'expertise qui permet de décharger les applications des aspects interactionnels du dialogue pour que celles-ci puissent se focaliser sur leur tache. Un environnement de développement (toolkit dialogue) est mis à la disposition des concepteurs d'applications. Pour assurer une interaction conviviale et robuste, le système fournit également des mécanismes pour la gestion d'erreurs et d'incertitudes, et propose différentes solutions pour assister les utilisateurs dans leur interaction avec la machine. Partner est un système de dialogue opérationnel qui a donne lieu, à ce jour, à la réalisation de trois applications qui fonctionnent en temps réel et en plusieurs langues

Submitted by AMANDA VELOSO GARCIA null (amanda.hipotenusa@gmail.com) on 2016-11-17T01:30:06Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação - Amanda Veloso Garcia.pdf: 2646623 bytes, checksum: 09ea31cf0f744670b1872d38cc36a77e (MD5)<br>Approved for entry into archive by Felipe Augusto Arakaki (arakaki@reitoria.unesp.br) on 2016-11-23T12:44:25Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 garcia_av_me_mar.pdf: 2646623 bytes, checksum: 09ea31cf0f744670b1872d38cc36a77e (MD5)<br>Made available in DSpace on 2016-11-23T12:44:25Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 garcia_av_me_mar.pdf: 2646623 bytes, checksum: 09ea31cf0f744670b1872d38cc36a77e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-09-19<br>Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)<br>Nesta dissertação investigamos a relação entre a Filosofia e a prática de escrita de textos de maneira a tratar dos seguintes problemas: Existem formas alternativas de expressão e desenvolvimento da Filosofia além daquelas relacionadas aos recursos da linguagem verbal? Em caso afirmativo, através de que formas a Filosofia poderia se expressar? Como parece haver, na tradição filosófica Ocidental, uma vinculação necessária entre a Filosofia e a linguagem verbal, temos como objetivo repensar as práticas filosóficas dentro da universidade e analisar a potencialidade de pensamentos existente em diversos formatos de pensar. Inicialmente apresentamos as contribuições de uma abordagem inter/multidisciplinar para a Filosofia, de modo a apontar o paradigma da complexidade como um recurso apropriado para investigar problemas filosóficos da contemporaneidade. Entendemos que o paradigma da complexidade tem se delineado de forma a proporcionar uma virada na Filosofia que extrapola o domínio da linguagem verbal. Como um estudo de caso, discutimos características centrais da Filosofia brasileira no contexto da universidade pública. A partir da caracterização da Filosofia na universidade brasileira, analisamos os limites da linguagem verbal como forma de expressão de pensamentos. Por fim, discutimos o potencial de formas não verbais na reflexão filosófica, analisando suas contribuições e limites para o desenvolvimento de um filosofar genuíno.<br>This thesis investigates the relation between philosophy and the practice of writing texts, in order to examine the following issues: Are there alternative ways of expression and development in philosophy, beyond those related to the resources of verbal language? If so, through what forms could philosophy express itself? As there seems to be a necessary connection between philosophy and verbal language in the Western philosophical tradition, we aim to rethink philosophical practices within the university and to analyze the existing potential of various formats of thinking. Initially, we present the contributions of an inter/multidisciplinary approach to philosophy, pointing to the paradigm of complexity as an appropriate resource for investigating contemporary philosophical problems. We understand that the complexity paradigm has been designed to provide a shift in philosophy that takes it beyond the realm of verbal language. As a case study, we discuss the central features of Brazilian philosophy in the context of the public university. In this context, we analyze the limits of verbal language as an expression of thoughts. Finally, we discuss the potential of non-verbal forms in philosophical reflection, analyzing their contributions and limits for the development of genuine philosophizing.

Submitted by Edileide Reis (leyde-landy@hotmail.com) on 2013-05-13T15:46:03Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Maria da Conceicao Helio Silva.pdf: 1026063 bytes, checksum: f57e32680fae0961f5c7194d0825aad0 (MD5)<br>Approved for entry into archive by Alda Lima da Silva(sivalda@ufba.br) on 2013-05-27T21:41:46Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 Maria da Conceicao Helio Silva.pdf: 1026063 bytes, checksum: f57e32680fae0961f5c7194d0825aad0 (MD5)<br>Made available in DSpace on 2013-05-27T21:41:46Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Maria da Conceicao Helio Silva.pdf: 1026063 bytes, checksum: f57e32680fae0961f5c7194d0825aad0 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009<br>Esta tese busca identificar outras possibilidades de formas verbais que coocorrem com a indeterminação do agente, que efetivamente estão registradas nos documentos analisados dos séculos XIX e XX, além das previstas nas gramáticas normativas (GNs) daqueles séculos. As análises se concentram em estabelecer as diferenças de traços semânticos entre essas formas, considerando que essas GNs não previam outras possibilidades de formas verbais com a função de co-ocorrerem com a indeterminação do agente. Alguns estudos fazem referência à reanálise do se passivo em indeterminador e ao apagamento desse clítico junto às formas verbais, o que levou a verificar que formas estariam assumindo o sentido expresso pelo clítico indeterminador nessas construções, além de verificar indícios de gramaticalização de formas verbais que co-ocorrem com a indeterminação do agente. Portanto, esta Tese se fundamenta na teoria funcionalista, na perspectiva da gramaticalização, respaldando-se em pressupostos da Linguística Histórica. Para isso, foram constituídos corpora de textos escritos dos séculos XIX e XX do português brasileiro, baiano, para verificar a continuidade e estabilidade sintática e semântica de formas verbais nessa função. Visando atender aos objetivos propostos, são analisadas as formas verbais levando-se em consideração os seguintes fatores linguísticos: tipo de verbo, grau de indeterminação do agente, traços morfológicos, sintáticos, semânticos e discursivos dessas formas verbais. Como fatores extralinguísticos foram considerados: o período de tempo e o gênero de texto. Computadas as frequências desses dados em cada gênero- ata e carta, as formas verbais acompanhadas de se indeterminador ainda são frequentes, mas em declínio nesses gêneros textuais, em consequência do apagamento do clítico junto a essas formas, dando oportunidade a que outras formas verbais ocupem a posição antes considerada ambiente de se indeterminador. O fato de formas verbais co-ocorrerem com a indeterminação do agente, inclusive sem a presença do se indeterminador, decorrente do apagamento desse clítico e também o fato de formas ambíguas, como gerúndio e particípio co-ocorrerem com a indeterminação do agente em textos escritos, além das demais formas verbais encontradas nos corpora, configura indícios de gramaticalização, como a especialização e a estratificação.<br>Salvador

La thèse consiste en une comparaison entre deux types de français parlé par des locuteurs gabonais ayant le français comme langue seconde (d'ailleurs unique langue officielle du Gabon) : des locuteurs âgés et peu ou non scolarisés et des jeunes gens entre 17 et 25 ans, avec un niveau scolaire de troisième. La différence du nombre d'années de scolarisation des locuteurs induirait des compétences différentes en langue française. Le niveau sociolinguistique conditionnerait le niveau linguistique des locuteurs, ce qui les classerait dans des catégories clivées et imperméables, aux pôles inférieur et médian, selon la répartition sociolinguistique des locuteurs communément admise. Cette comparaison étudiée à partir de la morphologie du verbe et de l'utilisation du matériau morphologique à travers les concepts de personne, d'époque et d'aspect va permettre de vérifier cette hypothèse. Elle mettra également en avant les différentes variétés de français en présence, rendra compte du degré de la variation du français pour chaque locuteur et tentera d'établir des liens linguistiques entre les locuteurs sur le continuum linguistique.

Em uma metacontingência, respostas de dois ou mais indivíduos interagindo (denominadas um culturante) produzem estímulos (denominados de consequências culturais) capazes de afetar a recorrências daquelas respostas. Resultados de experimentos sobre metacontingência têm sido tratados como demonstrações de um tipo de seleção cultural. Além de sugerir a importância de interações verbais entre participantes, alguns desses experimentos têm empregado tarefas baseadas no dilema do prisioneiro repetido (iterated prisoners dilemma, IPD) interpretando-o, porém, como a programação apenas de contingências operantes. O Experimento 1 avaliou se um IPD com mais de 200 tentativas produziria escolhas cooperativas simultâneas de modo fidedigno e se a interação verbal entre participantes aumentaria a cooperação. 4 quartetos de universitários utilizaram 4 computadores conectados em rede (sem contato visual) e foram expostos a condições com ou sem permissão para usar uma sala de bate-papo pelo computador (chat) em um delineamento de linhas de base múltiplas entre quartetos. Os resultados demonstraram claramente que escolhas cooperativas unânimes podem ocorrer fidedignamente em um IPD e que a interação verbal entre participantes aumenta rapidamente tais escolhas. Esses resultados destacam a semelhança entre estudos sobre IPD e sobre metacontingências, nos quais são programadas consequências para comportamentos inter-relacionados de vários indivíduos. No Experimento 2, uma consequência cultural foi sobreposta às consequências já programadas pelo IPD: os quartetos podiam produzir pontos iguais para todos os participantes (feedback do mercado) contingentes a diferentes números de escolhas cooperativas. Como no Experimento 1, condições nas quais o uso do chat eram ou não permitidos foram arranjadas em um delineamento de linhas de base múltiplas entre quartetos. A interação verbal promoveu rápida e marcadamente a seleção cultural pelo feedback do mercado. Um quarteto apresentou algum controle dos culturantes pelo feedback do mercado antes das interações verbais, mas após o uso do chat a produção das consequências culturais aumentou substancialmente. O Experimento 3 replicou o Experimento 2 apresentando o feedback do mercado da mesma forma que os pontos do IPD, i.e., sem diversos estímulos verbais que sugerem a sua produção pelo quarteto como um todo. A interação verbal promoveu ao menos algum controle das escolhas pelo feedback do mercado em 2 dos 3 quartetos, sugerindo que a forma de apresentação da consequência cultural é irrelevante para os efeitos de uma consequência cultural. Os resultados dos 3 experimentos destacam a importância da interação verbal para a seleção cultural. Além disso, sugerem que um IPD programa uma situação análoga à programada em estudos sobre metacontingência, esclarecendo as diferenças entre os procedimentos empregados no estudo do IPD e de metacontingências e permitindo que avanços em uma área possam ser aproveitados pela outra<br>In a metacontingency, responses of two or more interacting individuals (a culturant) produce stimuli (called cultural consequences) that affect the recurrence of those responses. Results of metacontingency experiments are said to demonstrate a kind of cultural selection. Besides suggesting the importance of verbal interactions between participants, some of these experiments have used tasks based on the iterated prisoner\'s dilemma (IPD) interpreting it, however, as programming only operant contingencies. Experiment 1 examined whether an IPD with 200-plus trials would produce simultaneous cooperative choices reliably and whether verbal interaction between participants would increase cooperation. 4 quartets of undergraduate and graduate students used 4 networked computers (without visual contact), and were exposed to conditions with or without permission to use the computer chat room in a multiple baseline design between quartets. Results clearly demonstrate that unanimous cooperative choices can occur reliably in an IPD, and that verbal interaction between participants rapidly increases such choices. These results highlight the similarity between IPD and metacontingencies studies, both of which program consequences for inter-related behaviors of many individuals. In Experiment 2, a cultural consequence was superimposed on the consequences already programmed by the IPD: quartets could produce equal points for all participants (market feedback) contingent on different numbers of cooperative choices. As in Experiment 1, we arranged conditions in which chat use were or not allowed in a multiple baseline design between quartets. Verbal interaction quickly and markedly promoted cultural selection by the market feedback. One quartet presented some control of culturants by the market feedback before verbal interactions, but production of cultural consequences increased substantially after using the chat. Experiment 3 replicated Experiment 2 presenting the market feedback the same way that the IPD points, i.e., without several verbal stimuli that suggest its production by the quartet as a whole. Verbal interaction promoted at least some control of the choices by the market feedback in 2 of the 3 quartets, suggesting that the form of cultural consequence presentation is irrelevant for the effects of a cultural consequence. The results of the three experiments highlight the importance of verbal interaction for cultural selection. Furthermore, they suggest that an IPD program a situation analogous to the one employed in metacontingency studies, clarifying differences between procedures used in the study of IPD and of metacontingencies, and allowing advances in one area be employed by another

Menee dans le cadre methodologique de l'approche pronominale, la these propose une analyse syntaxique des structures nominales integrant une forme verbale de type une etude a faire. Ces structures sont generalement analysees comme de simples complements du nom (ou du verbe ou de l'adjectif). Notre analyse distingue au moyen de criteres syntaxiques plusieurs types et sous-types. La valence de certains verbes, noms ou adjectifs est constitutee non pas seulemebt par un complement infinitif autonome, mais par la relation meme qui unit l'infinitif et un autre element 'c'est-a-dire diverses sortes de "nexus"). Derriere ces structures "superficielles" en apparence simples se revele une grande complexite relationnelle, comme par exemple dans les structures suivantes : - un etudiant long a comprendre les problemes - une etude longue a faire - un spectacle triste a mourir cette description est fondee sur un corpus de plus de 15 000 exemples oraux et ecrits. Une etude contrastive des strucutres de ce type dans trois autres langues romanes a permis de montrer que la frequence et l'extension des structures a v-er est specifique au francais et que les autres langues. . .

Cette these a pour objet d'etudier d'un point de vue contrastif, dans le cadre de la theorie des operations enonciatives, l'aoriste grec (aor) et trois formes verbales par lesquelles il est represente en francais: le passe simple (ps), le passe compose (pc) et l'imparfait (imp). Apres avoir presente l'opposition aspectuelle qui regit le systeme verbal du grec moderne (ch. I), nous avons vu que l'aoriste (de l'indicatif) releve d'un caractere purement aspectuel (ch. Ii). Ce caractere permet d'expliquer toutes les valeurs de l'aor. L'aor releve d'une operation de qualification (aoristique) car il ne distingue aucun moment du proces; celuici est envisage en bloc. Le proces entretient avec l'origine enonciative une relation de type rupture; il se situe sur un plan different (aoristique) du plande l'origine enonciative. Ainsi, il n'est pas pertinent de parler de l'aor en termes d'anteriorite par rapport a l'origine enonciative. Quant aux formes verbales du francais, des trois formes en question celle qui a le fonctionnement le plus proche du fonctionnement de l'aor est le pc et non pas le ps. Cela tient au fait que le pc, comme l'aor, est indetermine du point de vue temporel. Le ps (ch. Iii), en revanche, bien qu'il conserve plusieurs caracteristiques de la configuration d'aoristique, est determine du point de vue temporel. Cela a entraine l'emploi du ps dans des contextes particuliers, tandis que l'aor et le pc (ch. Iv) ont un champ d'emploi beaucoup plus vaste. Cela n'est pas sans incidence sur le passage du grec vers le francais: la traduction de l'aor est orientee vers le pslorsque le sujet enonciateur prend ses distances par rapport a l'enonce. Dans le cas contraire l'aor est traduit par le pc ou l'imp. Le pc traduit la plupart des valeurs de l'aor grace au caractere commun des deux formes (aoristique pur). Enfin, la traduction est orientee vers l'imp (ch. V) surtout lorsque le proces n'est pas fortement determine, comme dans le cas des proces compacts ou denses.

This study seeks to explicate the impact of sex and gender in the relationships among attachment, romantic jealousy, and aggression. Attachment theory (e.g., Bowlby, 1969) posits that unique attachment styles develop based on experiences with primary caregiver(s). These attachment styles (e.g., secure, preoccupied, dismissing, and fearful) are enduring, and come to define attachment in adult romantic relationships (Bartholomew & Horowitz, 1992; Hazan & Shaver, 1987). Attachment theory argues that differences in jealousy in adult romantic relationships are a function of attachment style (e.g., Guerrero, 1998). Similarly, attachment frameworks explain aggression (e.g., physical, verbal, and indirect/social/relational) as a function of attachment style, suggesting that these constructs (both aggression and jealousy) are borne from early childhood experiences. Theories that posit sex and gender differences, however, argue that aggression and jealousy are rooted in biological (i.e., sex-linked), evolutionary (i.e., adaptive), and social (i.e., learned) explanations of how men and women differ.This study aims to examine these theoretical perspectives in an attempt to further understand how differences between the two (attachment and sex/gender theories) can be explained. Results from this study indicate that sex and gender are unique, and do have differential effects on the relationships among attachment, aggression, and romantic jealousy in romantic relationships. Though the moderating effects of sex and gender are not always strong, findings from this study suggest that biology, evolution, and socialization likely interact and influence variability in attachment, aggression, and romantic jealousy.

O objetivo deste trabalho é ampliar o conhecimento translinguístico sobre a categoria modo estudando-a em uma língua indígena brasileira. A motivação deste estudo se dá principalmente porque pouco se sabe a respeito dessa categoria em línguas não pertencentes ao tronco indo-europeu (Palmer, 2001). O objeto de estudo desta pesquisa é a língua Karitiana (família Tupi, subfamília Arikém) e o corpus analisado é formado por dados provenientes dos mitos e narrativas dessa língua e de dados coletados pelo autor da pesquisa com falantes nativos. A metodologia de coleta de dados foi a elicitação contextualizada defendida por Matthewson (2004) e Mendes (2014). Modo em Karitiana foi primeiramente analisado por Storto (2002). A autora afirma que a língua possui um sistema de modo bastante desenvolvido, porém, ainda pouco compreendido. Para ela, essa língua possui seis morfemas de modo: na(ka)-/ta(ka)- (declarativo), pyt- (assertivo), pyn- (deôntico), iri- (citativo), jy- (condicional) e a/-/-y (imperativo). Esses morfemas ocorrem entre o morfema de pessoa e a raiz verbal como observado em yn a-taka-hit-ø kat (glosa: eu 2p-dec-dar-nfut isso, tradução: eu te dei isso (Storto, 1999)). Nessa primeira análise, Storto (com. pess.) classifica esses morfemas como modo porque, segundo ela, eles marcam diferentes tipos de sentença na língua. A semântica e a pragmática formal foram utilizadas como embasamento teórico da pesquisa. Alguns trabalhos assumem que modo é um morfema que marca modalidade (Bybee, 1985; Palmer, 1986). Para a semântica formal modalidade é uma categoria do significado que está relacionada à expressão de necessidades e possibilidades (Kratzer, 1981; von Fintel, 2006; Hacquard, 2011). Outros trabalhos consideram que modo é um morfema que marca tipos de sentença. Na pragmática tipos sentenciais estão relacionados à força ilocucionária da sentença (Saeed, 2009; Portner, 2011). Seguindo a terminologia de Portner (2011), esta dissertação se refere aos morfemas de modo que estiverem relacionados à expressão de modalidade como modo verbal e os morfemas de modo que estiverem relacionados ao tipo sentencial são chamados modos sentenciais. A análise dos morfemas do Karitiana classificados como modo mostrou que essa língua possui dois lugares na estrutura morfossintática do verbo para marcar a categoria \'modo\' e não apenas um como assumido anteriormente como ilustrado por a-ta-jy-hit-ø celula-ty (glosa: 2p-dec-con-dar-nfut celular-obl tradução: eu te daria um celular). Esta pesquisa assume que cada posição marca um tipo específico de modo: os morfemas que ocorrem na primeira posição (e.g. na(ka)-/ta(ka)-) marcam tipos sentenciais, ou seja, são modos sentenciais e os morfemas que ocorrem na segunda posição (e.g. pyn- e jy-) marcam modalidade, ou seja, são modos verbais. Modos verbais e modos sentenciais podem coocorrer o que é uma evidência da existência de duas posições. O estudo da categoria modo em Karitiana possibilitou um melhor entendimento dessa categoria translinguisticamente. Segundo Sadock & Zwicky (1985) morfemas de modo não coocorrem e esta dissertação mostra que eles podem ocorrer se não estiverem ambos relacionados a força ilocucionária ou modalidade.<br>This research aims to increase the crosslinguistic knowledge about the categories mood within a study in a Brazilian indigenous language. The reason for this study is that there are not many reliable studies of this category in unfamiliar languages (Palmer, 2001). The object of study of this research is Karitiana language (Tupi family, Arikém subfamily) and the corpus analyzed here is composed by data from the miths and stories of this language as well as data collected by the author of the research from native speakers. We used contextualized data elicitation proposed by Matthewson (2004) and Mendes (2014). Mood in Karitiana was firstly analyzed by Storto (2002) who states that this language has a quite developed mood system that is at the same time not well understood. For her, this language has six mood morphemes: na(ka)-/ta(ka)- (declarative), pyt- (assertive), pyn- (deontic), iri- (citative), jy- (conditional) and a/-/-y (imperative). These morphemes occurs between the person morpheme and the verbal root as can be seen in yn a-taka-hit-ø kat (gloss: I 2p-dec-give-nfut that, translation: I gave you that (Storto, 1999)). In this first analysis, Storto (p.c.) assumes that those morphemes mark different types of sentence, being sentential mood morphemes. We used formal semantics and pragmatics as the theoretical background for the research. Some studies assume that mood is a morpheme which marks modality (Bybee, 1985; Palmer, 1986). In formal semantics modality is a category related to the expressions of possibilities and necessities (Kratzer, 1981; von Fintel, 2006; Hacquard, 2011). Other studies consider that mood is a morpheme which marks sentential types. In pragmatics the types of sentences are related to the illocutionary force of the sentence (Saeed, 2009; Portner, 2011). We follow the terminology used by Portner (2011) and call mood morphemes related to modality verbal mood and morphemes related to sentential type are called sentential mood. The analysis of the morphemes in Karitiana classified as mood has shown that this language has two positions in the morphosyntactical structure of the verb to the mood category and not only one as previously proposed. This can be seen in a-ta-jy-hit-ø celula-ty (gloss: 2p-dec-con-give-nfut cellphone-obl translation: I would give you a cellphone). This research proposes that each position mark a specific type of mood: Morphemes of the first position (e.g. na(ka)-/ta(ka)-) mark types of sentence, therefore, they are sentential moods and morphemes that occur in the second position (e.g. pyn- e jy-) mark modality, therefore, they are verbal moods. Verbal and sentential moods can co-occur what is an evidence for the existence of two positions. The study of mood done by this research allowed a better understanding of mood category crosslinguistically. For Sadock&Zwicky (1985), mood morphemes should not co-occur and this research has shown that they can co-occur if they are not both related to illocutionary force or modality.

L’infinitif est souvent présenté comme un mode qui ne présente ni les marques de temps, ni de personne, ni de nombre. De ce fait, la grammaire traditionnelle le classe parmi les formes non personnelles du verbe avec le gérondif et le participe. Cependant, l’infinitif sert à exprimer un ordre, un conseil, une interdiction, entre autres actes directifs. On le retrouve dans les modes d’emploi de divers produits, dans les recettes de cuisine, dans le code de la route, dans les libellés de conseil, pour ne citer que quelques exemples. Selon les grammaires, dans cet emploi, l’infinitif serait utilisé à la place de l’impératif, dont il serait l’équivalent. Au vu de ces affirmations, cette thèse se propose d’étudier les caractéristiques de l’infinitif injonctif. Pour ce faire, nous nous intéressons à la catégorisation de l’infinitif et aux propriétés de l’injonction. En effet, l’utilisation de l’infinitif injonctif soulève des questions. Le texte injonctif est associé à un acte d’intimation à l’action ; il s’agit d’un acte directif par lequel un locuteur veut agir sur le comportement de son destinataire. Alors comment expliquer qu’une forme qui serait non personnelle et intemporelle puisse être employée dans un genre qui s’inscrit résolument dans une situation de communication où la présence d’un locuteur ne fait pas de doute, et où le message est destiné à un public déterminé ? Notre recherche a permis de montrer que l’infinitif est une forme verbale à part entière, avec des particularités qui lui sont propres. Notre étude sur corpus vient confirmer cette position au vu de l’organisation des constituants très riche de l’infinitif injonctif<br>The infinitive is often described as a mood which does not possess time, person or number markers. Hence, traditional grammars classify it as impersonal, along with the gerund and the participial. However, the infinitive can express an order, an advice, and a prohibition, among other directive speech acts. It is used in instruction manuals, in cooking recipes, in traffic regulation texts, in advisory texts, to name a few. According to grammars, in such cases, the infinitive is used instead of the imperative. It would thus be similar to the imperative. On the basis of these statements, this thesis intends to study the characteristics of the injunctive infinitive. To do this, we consider the categorisation of the infinitive as well as the properties of the injunctive discourse. Indeed, the use of the injunctive infinitive raises questions. The injunctive text relates to a directive speech act through which the speaker attempts to get the addressee to perform the action described. How is it, then, that an impersonal and tenseless verb form can be used in a discourse which is clearly linked to a communication situation where there is no doubt as to the existence of a speaker and where the speech is directed towards a particular audience? Our research shows that the infinitive is a verb form in its own right, with its own unique features. Our corpus-based study confirms this fact, as shown by the rich syntactic possibilities with the injunctive infinitive

Submitted by Cleide Dantas (cleidedantas@ufpa.br) on 2014-05-08T16:22:26Z No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 23898 bytes, checksum: e363e809996cf46ada20da1accfcd9c7 (MD5) Dissertacao_EfeitosRegrasApresentadas.pdf: 484852 bytes, checksum: c4c359cec07917b8ec3c1f40eb45ada7 (MD5)<br>Approved for entry into archive by Ana Rosa Silva (arosa@ufpa.br) on 2014-09-03T14:04:10Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 23898 bytes, checksum: e363e809996cf46ada20da1accfcd9c7 (MD5) Dissertacao_EfeitosRegrasApresentadas.pdf: 484852 bytes, checksum: c4c359cec07917b8ec3c1f40eb45ada7 (MD5)<br>Made available in DSpace on 2014-09-03T14:04:10Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 23898 bytes, checksum: e363e809996cf46ada20da1accfcd9c7 (MD5) Dissertacao_EfeitosRegrasApresentadas.pdf: 484852 bytes, checksum: c4c359cec07917b8ec3c1f40eb45ada7 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010<br>CAPES - Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior<br>O presente estudo investigou os efeitos de regras apresentadas na forma de ordem, de sugestão e de acordo sobre o comportamento não-verbal de adultos. Vinte e quatro universitários foram expostos a um procedimento de escolha de acordo com o modelo; a tarefa consistia em apontar para cada um dos três estímulos de comparação, em sequência. Na Fase 1 dos Experimentos I e II eram apresentadas regras na forma de ordem, de sugestão ou de acordo. No Experimento I, a ordem, a sugestão e o acordo descreviam apenas uma das duas sequências de respostas que produziam pontos (trocáveis por dinheiro). No Experimento II, estas regras descreviam as duas sequências de respostas que produziam pontos, sendo uma, a sequência ordenada, sugerida ou acordada e a outra, a sequência alternativa. Na Fase II, dos dois experimentos, havia mudança não sinalizada nas contingências de reforçamento. Os resultados mostraram que a ordem, a sugestão e o acordo estabeleceram comportamentos novos. Adicionalmente, mostraram que os comportamentos estabelecidos pela ordem e pelo acordo são mais prováveis de serem mantidos após a mudança nas contingências, quando comparados com os comportamentos estabelecidos pela sugestão. Discute-se que a manutenção do seguir regras depende, em parte, das propriedades formais das regras.<br>The present study investigated the effects of rules presented in the form of order, suggestion and agreement on non-verbal behavior of adults. Twenty four undergraduate were exposed to a matching-to-sample procedure; the task consisted in pointing to each on of the comparison stimuli in a given sequence. In Phase 1 of Experiments I and II, rules were presented in the form of order, suggestion and agreement. In Experiment I, the order, suggestion or agreement described only one of the two response sequences which produced points (exchangeble for money). In Experiment II, these rules described both response sequences which produced points, one of them being the ordered, suggested or agreed sequence, and the other, the alternative sequence. In Phase 2 ou both experiments, there was unsignalized changes in the contingencies of reinforcement. The results showed that the order, suggestion or agreement produced novel behavior. Additionally, showed that behavior established by order or agreement are more probable of being maitained after changes in the contingencies, when compared to behavior established by suggestion. It is discussed that the maitanance of rule-following is due, in part, to the formal properties of the rules.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-04T18:32:42Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Liana Arrais Serodio.pdf: 933599 bytes, checksum: 09b3bd945c9515359c0ebbf3a7a57a0f (MD5) Previous issue date: 2008-02-12<br>Research about the use of the narrative on the musical educator formation. It is based on the conviction that the verbal argumentation is relevant for the dialog about the music teaching and that this potentially leads to the democratization of the comprehension of its wide and specialized knowledge field. The researcher is implicated on this thematic in triplicate, namely, as a student, as a teacher and as a teacher's educator, and this amplifies the narrative power as content and research style, besides working with narrative data as so. The text created by students of Musical Education at Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP) S?o Paulo as part of a didactic contract, they are pedagogical narratives taken as research data, and result in concepts such as talent, the ability to learn to' other, languages intertwining - verbal and musical -, while they narrate their own histories.<br>Pesquisa sobre o uso da narrativa na forma??o do educador musical. ? baseada na convic??o de que a argumenta??o verbal importa para o di?logo sobre o ensino de m?sica e que este potencialmente leva ? democratiza??o da compreens?o de seu vasto e especializado campo de conhecimento. A pesquisadora ? triplamente implicada na tem?tica, como aluna, professora e formadora, o que amplia a pot?ncia da narrativa como conte?do e forma da pesquisa, al?m de trabalhar com dados igualmente narrativos. Os textos produzidos pelos estudantes de Licenciatura em Educa??o Musical na Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP) -S?o Paulo como parte do contrato did?tico, s?o narrativas pedag?gicas tomadas como dados da pesquisa, e d?o a ver conceitos como o talento, o aprender 'para' outro, o entrela?amento de linguagens - verbal e musical - , enquanto narram as pr?prias hist?rias.

This study aims to examine the importance of oral communication in the math classroom. A study on how three teachers in math communicate medally with tools and focusing on speech in a fractional form. Methodologically, the teachers perspectives of oral communicative competence are explored through interviews and observations. Following questions have driven the study:  ”What are the math teachers' perceptions of the importance of oral communication for students focusing on speech in a fractional form?”, ”What mediating tools, such as metaphors, figures, symbols, pictures and characters use three mathematics teachers in grade five in the preparation of oral communication, and how do they succeed in focusing on speech?”, ”What are the similarities and differences between these three year courses regarding the choice of mediating tools and tools by these three teachers in oral form focusing on speech in a fractional form?”  The theoretical foundation of the study includes the ”Sociocultural perspective” as well as ”Mediation”, ”Perception”, ”The concept of brutal verbs in mathematics teaching”. The results presented here support the positive role of oral communication when teachers communicate medally with tools and focusing on speech in a fractional form in Swedish elementary schools.

L’œuvre de Marguerite Duras a un statut problématique parmi les critiques littéraires et cinématographiques. Afin de cerner ce type d’œuvre on explore en premier lieu les rapports qu’entretiennent texte et film dans le discours critique afin de réfléchir sur la notion de “visualité”. En second lieu, on étudie le concept d’hybridité élaboré par les critiques littéraires, concept voué à caractériser l’œuvre de Duras par le biais d’autres notions comme “écriture filmique” et “écriture poético-romanesque”. Enfin, on a jugé indispensable d’analyser à titre d’exemple un texte de Marguerite Duras réputé pour son caractère “hybride”. La notion d’hybridité, que les critiques littéraires appliquent aux textes de Duras afin de cerner cette œuvre marginale, est à double face. Tout d’abord, elle est pensée comme intrusion des “signes poétiques” dans l’écriture romanesque ; ensuite, l’hybridité en tant que signe caractéristique du style “cinématographique” sous-tend la prolifération des effets “visuels”. Cependant l’œuvre de M. Duras déborde les techniques “visuelles” et “poétiques” et crée ses propres valeurs. Le “voir” de ses textes n’est pas descriptif, il ne prédétermine pas l’imaginaire des lecteurs. Ce voir est de nature rythmique, prosodique, orale. Le poème est un terme critique chez Duras : la poésie doit être révolutionnaire, car “il n’y a d’écrit que l’écrit du poème”. La “poésie” des textes de Duras se trouve dans la force critique du langage, dans son inventivité, qui est sa poéticité. C’est pour cette raison que Le Navire Night, texte hybride, est un poème dans le sens que lui donne H. Meschonnic, qui l’emploie pour désigner une invention, une “ethique en acte de langage”<br>Duras’s fictional texts and films have got problematical status among literary and cinematographic critics. To investigate writer’s work we should examine the rapport text/film and analyse visual aspects of literature. We also pay special attention to the concept of “hybridité” invented by literary critics. It is used to characterize Duras’s texts by means of such notions as “cinematographic” and “poetico-narrative” writing. Duras’s writing rejects all visual and poetic techniques, composes, and produces her own criteria of analysis. One of M. Duras’s main concerns was to create images which would liberate the spectator’s imagination. That is why the visual in her works has rhythmical, prosodical nature: the words have unlimited possibilities of proliferating mental images. Poetical force of Durassian texts is in the critical power of the language, of the discourse, in their poeticity. That is why “Le Navire Night” can be regarded as a poem (poème) in A. Meschonnic’s sense of the term, which supposes inventiveness, verbal “activity” of the texts, and personal ethics of creation