Dissertations / Theses: 'Formations (Geology)'

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O'Connell, Jeffrey I. "A stratigraphic and sedimentary analysis of the Purslane Formation of western Maryland." Morgantown, W. Va. : [West Virginia University Libraries], 2002. http://etd.wvu.edu/templates/showETD.cfm?recnum=2266.

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Thesis (M.S.)--West Virginia University, 2002.
Title from document title page. Document formatted into pages; contains ix, 298 p. : ill. (some col.), maps. Includes abstract. Includes bibliographical references (p. 104-113).

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Black, Dawn Ebony. "Stratigraphic characterisation of the Collingham formation in the context of shale gas from a borehole (SFT 2) near Jansenville, Eastern Cape, South Africa." Thesis, Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10948/d1021148.

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This study is an extensive lithological, petrographical, mineralogical and geochemical description of fresh Collingham Formation core samples collected from borehole SFT 2, located on the farm Slangfontein, south of Jansenville in the Eastern Cape, South Africa. The borehole, drilled to 295 m on the northerly limb of a shallow westerly plunging syncline, intersected the lower Ecca Group rocks of the Ripon, Collingham, Whitehill and Prince Albert Formations and terminated in the upper Dwyka Group. A comprehensive log and stratigraphic column were compiled for the Collingham Formation and fresh core samples were analysed using X-Ray Diffraction (“XRD”), X-Ray Fluorescence (“XRF”), mercury porosimetry, and Total Organic Carbon (“TOC”). Thin section microscopy and Scanning Electron Microscopy (“SEM”) analyses were carried out on selected samples of core from borehole SFT 2. The matrix supported, massive to laminated lithological units of the Collingham Formation are interpreted as detrital, terrigenous sediments. These sediments are composed of intercalated fine-grained, poorly sorted, non-fissile mudstone; fine- to very fine-grained, predominantly pyroclastic airfall tephra; and less common fine-grained sandstones. Sediments of the Collingham Formation are considered to be immature, composed primarily of clay and aluminosilicates. The predominance of a clay fraction and aluminosilicates in mudstone samples is indicated by elevated K2O/Al2O3 ratio values, and the relationship of Zr, Al2O3 and TiO2. The presence of glauconite within the Collingham Formation indicates deposition in a mildly alkaline, slightly reducing marine environment. Rb/K ratio values (1.9 – 2.3 x 10-3) indicate brackish to slightly marine conditions, while low Zr/Rb ratio values indicate a low hydro-energy environment, with stable bottom water conditions. Hf and Nb concentrations indicate that detrital input was greatest during the deposition of tuffaceous units; while stable mineral assemblages and a low Fe2O3/K2O ratio values indicate deposition close to the source. A variation in Si/Ca values indicate times when sediments were affected by turbidity, interspersed with times of relative quiescence. The predominance of K2O over Na2O indicates that the Collingham Formation is alkali-rich, while SiO2/Al2O3 ratio values and the relationship of Zr, Al2O3 and TiO2 indicate that sediments are immature. In the lower portion of the formation, non-sulphidic, anoxic conditions are indicated by Mn/Al, V/(V+Ni), V/Cr ratio values, the Fe-Mn- V content, and the correlation between V and TOC. The upper portion of the formation is considered dysoxic, due to the presence and distribution of pyrite framboids, which indicate a fluctuating O2 level, likely indicating deposition at the interface between anoxic and slightly more oxic conditions. V/Cr ratio values indicate that the O2 regime was lowest during the deposition of the mudstones. The Chemical Index of Alteration (“CIA”) indicates a consistent weathering regime throughout the deposition of the Collingham Formation, associated with a temperate climate on the interface between glacial and tropical conditions. Although an anoxic and low hydro-energy environment is generally favourable for hydrocarbon accumulation, the Collingham Formation contains low levels of Total Organic Carbon (well below 0.9 per cent) and low porosities (ranging from 0.35 per cent to a maximum of 2.22 per cent), both of which are characteristic of a poor source for gas accumulation. Due to the laminate nature, permeability and fracturability of the Collingham Formation, there is the potential that the formation may form a good sealing sequence to the potentially gas-rich Whitehill Formation below. The metamorphic impact related to the Cape Orogeny (± 250 Ma), and reflected in the textures of the minerals making up the sediments of the Collingham Formation, suggests the enhancement in the sealing efficiency of this formation.

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Armin, Richard Alan. "RED CHERT-CLAST CONGLOMERATE IN THE EARP FORMATION (PENNSYLVANIAN-PERMIAN), SOUTHEASTERN ARIZONA: STRATIGRAPHY, SEDIMENTOLOGY, AND TECTONIC SIGNIFICANCE." Diss., The University of Arizona, 1986. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/187538.

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A single interval of red chert-clast conglomerate and associated strata (RCC/CRCC interval) occur within the Earp Formation (pennsylvanian-Permian) at many localities in southeastern Arizona, southwestern New Mexico, and northern Mexico, and record a middle Wolfcampian erosional event in the Pedregosa shelf and northern basin. The RCC and CRCC intervals are respective proximal and distal braidplain deposits, in contrast to the Earp Formation exclusive of the RCC/CRCC interval, which consists of interbedded carbonate and fine-grained siliciclastic strata that were deposited in mostly shallow- and marginalmarine environments. Deposition of stream channel, gravel bar, and interfluvial shale beds of the RCC/CRCC interval occurred on a broad, low-lying surface with negligible local topography. Paleocurrents were generally southward. Biostratigraphic evidence suggests that lower Wolfcampian strata below the RCC/CRCC interval were beveled northward. Much of the chert present- in the RCC/CRCC interval is probably residual material from the beveled strata, as well as from a region just north of the Pedregosa shelf. The evolution of the Pedregosa shelf and northern basin during depoSition of the Earp Formation is illuminated by identification of facies belts for three time intervals: (1) restricted shelf, inner shelf, and open-marine shelf facies belts during Virgilian through early Wolfcampian ttme, (2) proximal and distal braidplain facies belts during middle Wolfcampian time, and (3) restricted shelf, estuarine-marginal marine, and tidal-flat facies belts during middle through late(?) Wolfcampian time . The middle Wolfcampian erosional event caxnpanying the deposition of the RCC/CRCC interval was probably related to the Ouachita orogeny. Stratigraphic evidence suggests that the southern Pedregosa basin in Chihuahua, Mexico, evolved rapidly to a deep foreland basin during early or middle Wolfcarrpian tine because of downflexure under northward overthrusts during the Ouachita orogeny. Flexural subsidence of the Pedregosa foreland basin was accanpanied by peripheral forebulging, causing subaerial exposure of large parts of the Pedregosa shelf and northern basin. Deposition of the FCC/CFfX interval probably occurred on the subaerially exposed forebulge. Flexural mxlels predicting the deflection of the lithosphere under isostatic thrust and secliIrent loads agree satisfactorily with the forebulge concept for the origin of the RCC/CRCC interval.

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Rader, Dennis Lawrence 1959. "The depositional environment of the Permian Scherrer Formation in southeastern Arizona." Thesis, The University of Arizona, 1986. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/558045.

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Carrigan, William J. "Stable isotope ratios of carbonate and sulfide minerals from the Gunflint Formation: Evidence for the origin of iron formations." Thesis, University of Ottawa (Canada), 1990. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/5785.

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The $\sim$1.9 Ga Gunflint Formation is a Lake Superior type iron-formation, located in the Thunder Bay district of northwestern Ontario, that was deposited on a shallow shelf analogous to modern carbonate environments. Carbonate minerals in the iron-rich lithofacies of the Gunflint Formation include siderite, ankerite, and calcite. Petrographic evidence indicates that siderite precipitation initiated either within the water column or at the sediment/water interface and continued during very early diagenesis. Ankerite and calcite formed during early to late diagenesis as pore-filling cements and as replacements of other minerals. The iron-poor limestone facies contains very early diagenetic dolomite and early to late diagenetic calcite. $\delta\sp $C values of carbonate minerals from unmetamorphosed rocks range between 0 and $-6\perthous$ (PDB). The values near 0$\perthous,$ which are considered to be representative of the basin water composition, indicate that the primary source of carbon was marine bicarbonate. The lighter values indicate that a minor component of oxidized organic carbon was added during early diagenesis. The heaviest $\delta\sp $O values for unmetamorphosed carbonate minerals range between $-$5 and $-7\perthous$ (PDB), which is the same range of values observed for many early Proterozoic marine carbonates. $\delta\sp $O values of carbonate minerals are the result of isotopic exchange with pore waters, originally of marine composition, at increasing temperatures and/or are the result of isotopic exchange with $\sp $O-depleted meteoric water during early diagenesis. Disseminated fine-grained, very early diagenetic pyrite is widespread throughout the formation, usually in amounts less than about 2%. However, pyrite is locally observed as laminae or thin layers, suggesting that some pyrite may have formed at or above the sediment/water interface. Low S/C ratios indicate that dissolved sulphate was the limiting factor in pyrite formation. $\delta\sp{34}$S values between +5 and +12$\perthous$ (CDT) imply that sulfide formed by bacterial sulphate reduction under closed system conditions. In the lower part of the Gunflint Formation coarse-grained pyrite and pyrite concretions are associated with syndepositional faults. High S/C ratios and highly variable $\delta\sp{34}$S values ($-$33 to +35$\perthous)$ suggest an external source of sulphate was introduced by fluids moving upward along these faults. The Gunflint basin is best characterized by a stratified water column with high concentrations of dissolved ferrous iron below the redox boundary. Volcanic activity or rifting within this basin contributed a high flux of reducing hydrothermal solutions to the seawater. Hydrothermal activity was probably the dominant source of iron, although reduction of detrital ferric iron may have contributed significant amounts of dissolved iron. During periods of increased tectonic activity, the expansion of the redox boundary to shallower water allowed the transport of iron to the shallow shelf. Ferric iron-bearing minerals would have been precipitated on the shelf by oxidation in surface waters whereas ferrous iron-bearing minerals would have been precipitated under more reducing conditions either in deeper water or in sheltered environments. The transition to the iron-poor limestone member resulted from a lowering of the redox boundary. (Abstract shortened by UMI.)

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Sumpter, Lawrence Thomas 1957. "Stratigraphy and sedimentology of the Willow Canyon Formation, southeastern Arizona." Thesis, The University of Arizona, 1986. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/558050.

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Li, Bo. "Tidal channel meandering and salt marsh development in a marine transgressed incised valley system the Great Marsh at Lewes, Delaware /." Access to citation, abstract and download form provided by ProQuest Information and Learning Company; downloadable PDF file, 710 p, 2006. http://proquest.umi.com/pqdweb?did=1208133431&sid=9&Fmt=2&clientId=8331&RQT=309&VName=PQD.

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Hoffman, Cory Lane. "Evidence for Milankovitch orbital forcing in the Cretaceous upper Glen Rose Formation of the East Texas Basin and the Fort Terrett Formation of the Central Texas platform /." Digital version accessible at:, 2000. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/utexas/main.

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Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Texas at Austin, 2000.
Vita. Five folded charts in pocket. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 316-324). Available also in a digital version from Dissertation Abstracts.

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Evans, James Erwin. "Depositional environments, basin evolution and tectonic significance of the Eocene Chumstick Formation, Cascade Range, Washington /." Thesis, Connect to this title online; UW restricted, 1988. http://hdl.handle.net/1773/6736.

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Sari, Jack Kahorera. "A comparative geological study of toro formation in Papuan and northern Australian basins." Thesis, Queensland University of Technology, 1991. https://eprints.qut.edu.au/37190/1/37190_Sari_1991.pdf.

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The Toro Formation of the Papuan Basin is the older diachronous fades correlative of the upper part of the Gilbert River Formation of the Carpentaria and Laura Basins. In the Carpentaria Basin the upper Gilbert River Formation is composed of the Coffin Hill Member which occurs in the southern part of the basin, and the Gleanie and Briscoe Members which occur in the Olive River area within the northern part of the basin. The Toro Formation is of Early Berriasian to Early Kimmeridgian age, and the Gilbert River Formation is of Late Barremian to Late Tithonian age. Surface sedimentologic data and subsurface core and wireline log interpretations are supportive of a revised Toro Formation to incorporate all shallow marine reservoir quality sandstones. A subdivision of the Toro Formation into an upper and a lower member is proposed, based on the amount of sandstones. The upper member is composed dominantly of sandstones and minor siltstones and mudstones. The lower member is highly variable and consists of sandstones, siltstones and mudstones. Sandstones in both the Toro Formation and the Gilbert River Formation are composed predominantly of plutonic monocrystalline quartz (85-95%), and minor feldspars and muscovite mica (<15%). They are classified as quartz arenites and quartz wackes based on the predominant amount of quartz and minor feldspar, and variable matrix content. The detrital constituents of quartz, feldspar and mica indicate that the provenance was a mixed terrain of intrusive igneous and high grade gneissic metamorphic rocks. Fades analysis of the Toro Formation indicates a total of twelve subfades that were deposited in three major environments within a shallow marine wave dominated prograding barrier bar to beach environment: (1) Lower shoreface, (2) Middle shoreface, and (3) Upper shoreface-beach. From the lower shoreface toward the upper shoreface to beach fades, there is an increase in grain-size, decrease in the intensity of burrowing activity, and improvement in reservoir quality. Fades analysis of the Gilbert River Formation indicates a total of six subfades that were deposited in five subenvironments within a fluvio-deltaic to shallow marine environment: (1) Fluvial channel/point-bar, (2) Fluvial flood plain, (3) Distributary channel/mouth bar, (4) Pro-delta, and (5) Barrier bar to beach. The Gilbert River Formation fades generally becomes more marine in ascending stratigraphic order. Reservoir quality sandstones in the Toro Formation are present in the barrier bar to beach fades. Optimum areas where reservoir sandstones in the upper member may have accumulated are the northern and northeastern margins of the basin. Potential areas where the lower member reservoir sandstones may have accumulated are the northeastern and southeastern margins of the basin. Reservoir quality sandstones in the Gilbert River Formation are present in the fluvial channel/point-bar fades, delta front distributary mouth bar fades, and the prograding barrier bar to beach fades.

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Díaz, Viviana Díaz. "Late cretaceous SR isotopic and sequence stratigraphy of the Dixon Core, Outer Coastal Plain, North Carolina." View electronic thesis (PDF), 2009. http://dl.uncw.edu/etd/2009-1/rp/diazv/vivianadiaz.pdf.

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Singh, Peterson Lila Physics Faculty of Science UNSW. "Modelling secondary organic aerosol formation :from chemical mechanistic modelling to empirical modelling." Awarded by:University of New South Wales. Physics, 2007. http://handle.unsw.edu.au/1959.4/40466.

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The work presented in this thesis is primarily concerned with modelling the formation of secondary organic aerosols (SOAs). SOAs cannot easily be measured with direct analytical chemical methods; indirect methods like applying organic carbon to elemental carbon ratios and utilising computer models have been employed to provide an estimate of the SOA mass concentrations in ambient air. The five models presented in this work were either developed or assessed using environmental chamber data. Chamber experiments were undertaken using initial isoprene concentrations in the range of 22 ppb to 343 ppb, with the reactive organic carbon (ROC) to NOx ratios in the range of 2.0 to about 18. Chamber experiments were also performed for the a-pinene / NOx system with initial a-pinene concentrations ranging from 79 ppb to 225 ppb, with ROC/NOx ratios varying from 5.5 to about 41. All of the experiments were performed without the addition of propene or seed aerosol. Background aerosol levels were very low for the experiments presented in the thesis and so homogeneous nucleation processes were considered to occur in the chamber in addition to absorption and oligomerisation formation processes. Initial nucleation events resulting from the photooxidation of isoprene could be detected once the aerosol diameter was greater than 12 nm. In the a-pinene system,new particles formed via homogeneous nucleation processes were detectable in the 100-200nm diameter range. The models presented range in complexity from the near explicit Master Chemical Mechanism to an empirical model whose key feature is its simplicity. The mechanistic model provides an insight into the SOA formation pathways and the influence of varying the initial experimental conditions and the duration of photooxidation on the simulated SOA composition. The aim of the empirical model is to simulate the SOA mass concentration produced during a chamber experiment. The development of the model is intentionally simple so that it can be applied to any hydrocarbon and has been applied successfully to isoprene and a-pinene chamber experiments. In this way, the empirical model is presented as an alternative approach to predicting the temporal variation in SOA mass concentrations. An analysis of the partitioning absorption models developed by Odum et al. (1996) and Hoffmann et al. (1997) has informed the development of the SOA module which has been coupled to a 3D atmospheric model. Embodied within the SOA module is the gas / aerosol partitioning theory which includes the model proposed initially by Pankow et al. (1994) and by Odum et al. (1996).

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Miller, Madison. "Investigation of Fluid Migration in the Austin Chalk and Eagle Ford Formations." Thesis, University of Louisiana at Lafayette, 2019. http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/#viewpdf?dispub=10928888.

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The Upper Cretaceous Austin Chalk is a tremendous hydrocarbon reservoir. The Austin Chalk is partly self-sourced,but is primarily sourced by the underlying Eagle Ford Formation. There have been numerous studies investigating the fracture network in the Austin Chalk to understand hydrocarbon migration and maximize recovery. However, limited research has been conducted to investigate the natural fracture system of the Eagle Ford formation, and to constrain migration pathway to the overlying Austin Chalk. Such research would reveal hydrocarbons pathways through the Eagle Ford and into the Austin Chalk.

This study investigates the fracture system of the Eagle Ford Formation that potentially served as migration pathways for hydrocarbons to the overlying Austin Chalk. The geochemistry of fracture fill is used to constrain fluid composition and source, and condition and timing of fluid migration. This project focuses on outcrops along U.S. Highway 90 north of Del Rio, as well as various quarries near Del Rio, San Antonio, and Waco in order to characterize the natural fracture system of the Eagle Ford Formation. Thin sections of fracture fill were collected for microstructural analysis to constrain paleostress, and vein crack and sealing mechanism over time. Geochemistry of the vein fill, Rock-Eval, and X-ray fluorescence are analyzed to constrain fluid-rock interaction and hydrocarbon migration.

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Belazi, Hadi S. "Sedimentology of Middle-Upper Eocene formations, Nafoora-Augila field, Libya (SPLAJ)." Thesis, Imperial College London, 1986. http://hdl.handle.net/10044/1/8580.

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Scarpone, Gregory S. "The subsurface geology of the Fort Atkinson formation in Indiana." Virtual Press, 1997. http://liblink.bsu.edu/uhtbin/catkey/1041920.

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The purpose of this study was to define the lithofacies and areal extent of the Fort Atkinson Formation (Maquoketa Group, Upper Ordovician) in the subsurface in Indiana. Two distinct lithologic facies (Members) of the Fort Atkinson Formation can be distinguished in the subsurface. The upper Shoaling Member consists of coarse grained crinoid-bryzoan grainstone deposited in a high energy depositional environment. Beneath the Shoaling Member is the Transition Member of the Fort Atkinson. This Member consists of alternating beds of shale and limestone which were deposited in depositional environments that varied from high to low energy. The Fort Atkinson is an important stratigraphic marker used to define four depositional provinces within the Maquoketa Group in Indiana. The four depositional provinces include the Maquoketa Shelf, the Overlap Ramp. the Cincinnati Shelf, and Michigan Shelf.
Department of Geology

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Gangopadhyay, Amitava. "An experimental petrologic study of basalts from selected formations of the deccan traps, India." FIU Digital Commons, 1999. http://digitalcommons.fiu.edu/etd/3450.

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Crystallization experiments were performed at one-atmosphere pressure and Quartz- Fayalite-Magnetite (QFM) buffer conditions on tholeiitic basalts from Ambenali and Bushe formations of the Deccan Traps. The sequence and chemistry of the experimentally produced phase assernblages are in general agreement with the observed petrographic and geochemical variation of the natural Ambenali samples. When Bushe and Ambenali basalts are plotted on a cpx-ol-qz diagram, Ambenali plots close to the ol+aug+pl+l pseudo-cotectic whereas Bushe basalts define the pigeonite liquidus field which is somewhat different from that inferred by Grove and Bryan (1983) for midoceanic ridge basalts (MORBs). The difference can be ascribed to the different bulk composition of the starting materials used in the present experiments. Although ol → ol+ aug are near liquidus assemblages in the experiments on Neral at QFM, natural samples from this formation are rnostly aphyric. This may indicate that (1) the within-chamber crystal sorting processes were extremely efficient so that the crystals were totally removed from the melt prior to their eruption, or (2) the lavas erupted at super-liquidus temperatures (i.e., carried superheat).

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Swart, Rosemary Helen. "Environmental protection of geological monuments in South Australia /." Title page, contents and abstract only, 1992. http://web4.library.adelaide.edu.au/theses/09ENV/09envs973.pdf.

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Fung, Ting. "Magnetostratigraphy of Lower Cretaceous and Oligocene formations in the UK and northwest Belgium." Thesis, University of Southampton, 1991. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.358887.

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Sherry, Colleen Theresa. "An upper Carboniferous shelf-to-basin transect: Nansen and Hare Fiord Formations, NW Ellesmere Island." Thesis, University of Ottawa (Canada), 1995. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/9814.

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An ancient transition from shallow marine platform to deep basin is preserved in the Upper Carboniferous strata of the Sverdrup Basin on northwestern Ellesmere Island. The shelf break is delineated by an approximately 200 km long discontinuous reef tract extending from Audhild Bay to the head of Hare Fiord within the Nansen Formation. The reef tract is marked by a series of massive, coalesced shelf edge buildups which developed during a major second order regression within the Sverdrup Basin. The shelf edge buildups are largely composed of phylloid alga-rich boundstones with abundant early marine synsedimentary cement. Fenestellid bryozoans, however, dominate buildups that grew in deeper slope settings. Shoreward of the reef tract lie cyclic, shallowing-upward carbonate shelf deposits, also of the Nansen Formation. The outer shelf deposits include bedded oolitic and foraminiferal grainstones representing a shallow water sand apron located immediately behind the reef tract. Basinward of the shelf edge reef tract lie correlative slope-to-basin rhythmic mixed deposits of the Hare Fiord Formation. The upper slope deposits are dominated by fine grained calcisiltites while the lower slope/basin facies comprise calcisiltites, siltstones and shales interbedded with abundant turbidities and debrites. The massive prograding shelf edge buildups reach stratigraphic thicknesses up to 1 km. The Nansen reef tract appears to be a reef complex in which the reefal rim remained relatively deeply submerged, but still within the photic zone, through much of its growth. The carbonate buildups on the shelf, shelf edge and slope all represent potential petroleum-bearing stratigraphic traps within the Sverdrup Basin. If these occur in the subsurface they would be likely exploration targets but unfortunately within the study area little porosity remains. Where the buildups are extensively dolomitized, higher porosity and permeability create excellent potential hydrocarbon reservoirs. (Abstract shortened by UMI.)

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Laflamme, Andre K. "Replacement dolomitization in the Upper Devonian Leduc and Swan Hills formations, Caroline area, Alberta, Canada." Thesis, McGill University, 1990. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=59892.

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Replacement matrix dolomite (RMD) is present throughout the Leduc/Cooking Lake Formation, but is restricted to the bank margin in the Swan Hills Formation. RMD has an average crystal size of 140$ mu$m and fluoresces yellow in the Leduc/Cooking Lake Formation but has an average crystal size of 250$ mu$m and fluoresces green in the Swan Hills Formation. RMD formed before the onset of stylolitization. It has abundant inclusions, a homogeneous red cathodoluminescent response, and similar trace element concentrations in both formations. $ delta sp{18}$O values overlap for the most part, but some Swan Hills dolomites are 1 to 2$ perthous$ lighter in $ delta sp{18}$O. The Leduc/Cooking Lake dolomite has a slightly greater range in $ delta sp{13}$C, with several samples lighter than +1.5$ perthous$. Diagenetic fluids derived from seawater are supported by average $ delta sp{13}$C, $ delta sp{18}$O (1.77$ perthous$, $-$4.19$ perthous$; 2.81$ perthous$, $-$4.95$ perthous$), and $ sp{87}$Sr/$ sp{86}$Sr (.7082;.7086) values in the Leduc/Cooking Lake and Swan Hills dolomite respectively. Yellow fluorescence and pyrolysis parameters in the Leduc/Cooking Lake dolomite could be caused by the presence of mature organic compounds.

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Murphy, Sheldon J. "Influence of the West Virginia Dome on paleocurrent patterns in the Upper Devonian-Lower Mississippian Price Formation in the central Appalachians." Morgantown, W. Va. : [West Virginia University Libraries], 2001. http://etd.wvu.edu/templates/showETD.cfm?recnum=2241.

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Thesis (M.S.)--West Virginia University, 2001.
Title from document title page. Document formatted into pages; contains xix, 315 p. : ill. (some col.), maps (some col.). Includes abstract. Includes bibliographical references (p. 85-92).

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Bastekin, A. H. "Scottish limestones : An investigation into the geotechnical properties of certain formations and their aggregates." Thesis, University of Glasgow, 1985. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.374508.

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Green, Darryl G. "Dolomitization and burial diagenesis of the Devonian west-central Alberta deep basin : Kaybob South and Fox Creek (Swan Hills Formation) and Pine Creek fields (Leduc and Wabamun Formations)." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1999. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk1/tape8/PQDD_0016/NQ50178.pdf.

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Gamba, Charle A. "Sedimentology and tectonic implications of the Pointe la Nim and Campbellton formations, western Chaleur Bay, maritime Canada." Thesis, University of Ottawa (Canada), 1990. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/5859.

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The middle to late Emsian clastic succession of the western Chaleur Bay region comprises the newly defined Pointe la Nim Formation and the overlying Campbellton Formation. The type and orientations of the fluvial systems present in the succession lends insight into the larger scale basin configurations and the nature and timing of major allocyclic events. The succession documents a transition from synvolcanic to syntectonic fluvial sedimentation related to a transition from subduction related island arc volcanism to uplift and dissection of the volcanic arc during the early stages of the Acadian Orogeny. The middle Emsian Pointe la Nim Formation is composed of interbedded extrusive volcanics, pyroclastics, and a wide range of fluvial deposits which exhibit a southwestwards to northeastwards proximal to distal trend. The mid to late Emsian Campbellton Formation overlies the Pointe la Nim Formation with local discordance, and can be subdivided into four distinct members: the lacustrine Atholville Member and the fluvial Pointe a la Garde, Pointe a Bourdeau, and Restigouche Members. (Abstract shortened by UMI.)

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Tan, Wenbin. "Origins of replacement dolomites, upper Devonian Leduc, Nisku and Wabamun formations, southeastern Alberta western Canada sedimentary basin." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1998. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk1/tape11/PQDD_0021/NQ44607.pdf.

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Smith, Valerie L. "Modeling natural fracture networks establishing the groundwork for flow simulation at Teapot Dome, Wyoming /." Morgantown, W. Va. : [West Virginia University Libraries], 2008. https://eidr.wvu.edu/etd/documentdata.eTD?documentid=5987.

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Thesis (M.S.)--West Virginia University, 2008.
Title from document title page. Document formatted into pages; contains ix, 147 p. : ill. (some col.), maps (some col.). Includes abstract. Includes bibliographical references.

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Dalton, Edward. "Sedimentary facies and diagenesis of the Lower Devonian Temiscouata and Fortin Formations, Northern Appalachians, Quebec and New Brunswick." Thesis, McGill University, 1987. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=63856.

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Malhame, Pierre. "Quartz arenites of the uppermost Cambrian-lowermost Ordovician Kamouraska Formation, Québec, Canada : gravity flow deposits of eolian sand in the deep sea." Thesis, McGill University, 2007. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=101868.

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The uppermost Cambrian-Lower Ordovician Kamouraska Formation in the external Humber Zone of the Quebec Appalachians consists of dominant thick massive to graded quartz arenite beds, subordinate pebble conglomerate and intercalated thin shale and siltstone beds. It was deposited by hyperconcentrated to concentrated density flows in a meandering submarine canyon on the continental slope bordering the Iapetus Ocean. Turbidity currents deposited beds with turbidite structure divisions. The sandstones consist of well sorted, well rounded quartz sand with frosted grains. Scanning electron microscopy reveals the presence of textures supporting eolian transport before redeposition in the deep sea. The Kamouraska quartz arenites are considered an ancient equivalent of Pleistocene eolian-sand turbidites on an abyssal plain off West Africa consisting of Sahara sand. Sand provenance is attributed to eolian equivalents of the Cairnside Formation of the Potsdam Group. The quartz arenites of the Kamouraska Formation provide a variant to tectonic sandstone provenance proposed in the scheme of Dickinson and Suczek (1979).

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Hill, Robert E. (Robert Einar). "Stratigraphy and sedimentology of the Middle Proterozoic Waterton and Altyn Formations, Belt-Purcell Supergroup, southwest Alberta." Thesis, McGill University, 1985. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=63330.

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30

Harrington, Jason E. M. "Sequence stratigraphy and sedimentology of uppermost Southesk and Sassenach formations (Upper Denovian), Boule and Bosche Ranges, Jasper National Park." Thesis, McGill University, 1998. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=20570.

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Devonian Winterburn strata in the Boule and Bosche Ranges of eastern Jasper National Park consist of two unconformity bounded, 45 m thick carbonate dominated depositional sequences, the Arcs Member (Nisku) and the Ronde Member (Calmar/Blue Ridge). Earliest Famennian clastics of the Sassenach Formation directly overlie the Ronde and this contact forms the Frasnian/Famennian boundary. Sampling for conodont biostratigraphy in three sections indicates that the Arcs and Ronde are Upper rhenana in age.
Arcs, Ronde, and Sassenach strata were deposited on a gently sloping carbonate ramp to platform ranging from shallow subtidal to peritidal depositional environments. Argillaceous limestones and shales are the dominate lithotype of the Mount Hawk Formation. Shallow subtidal limestones consisting of floatstones and rudstones interbedded with packstones and wackestones comprise most of the Arcs Member. Arcs strata consist of at least 4 depositional cycles and represent a shallowing upward sequence from outer shallow slope fossiliferous limestones to back reef lagoonal grainstones. Two previously undocumented Arcs patch reefs were described, the limestone Brule reef or bank in the southern Boule Range and the dolomitized Moosehorn reef in the central region of the Bosche Range. The Ronde Member is comprised of shallow subtidal limestones and siltstones with intertidal silty limestones occurring less frequently and predominately at the top. The Ronde consists of two carbonate shallowing upward cycles. FA 6 A intertidal limestones and fine grained sandstones comprise the Sassenach Formation which consists of two main depositional cycles and ranges from 20 m thick in the Bosche Range to less than 5 m thick in the Boule Range. (Abstract shortened by UMI.)

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Sheehan, Laura R. "Sedimentary and petrologic analysis of the Mississippian Price Formation at Sherwood Lake, West Virginia." Morgantown, W. Va. : [West Virginia University Libraries], 2002. http://etd.wvu.edu/templates/showETD.cfm?recnum=2544.

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Thesis (M.S.)--West Virginia University, 2002.
Title from document title page. Document formatted into pages; contains ix, 132 p. : ill. (some col.), maps (some col.). Includes abstract. Includes bibliographical references (p. 106-109).

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32

Hughes, Colin Robert. "The composition and origin of layer silicates in iron-formations and ironstones : a preliminary analytical transmission electron microscopical study." Thesis, University of Sheffield, 1987. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.267583.

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33

Browning, Claire. "A preliminary investigation and photographic atlas of nodules found in the Bokkelveld group (Gydo formation), Steytlerville district, South Africa." Thesis, Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10948/927.

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Nodules within the lower Bokkeveld shales often contain well-preserved invertebrate fossil material. The aim of this study was to describe some characteristics seen at various scales (macro-, micro- and ultra -) within nodules that might contribute to an understanding of aspects of nodule formation and the reasons for the excellent preservation of the fossil material within these nodules. Detailed, high quality macro-photographs were taken of sliced and whole nodule surfaces and a catalogue was produced to tentatively identify fossils present and illustrate the variations seen within nodules. Selected nodules were then subjected to petrographic, ultra-structural (SEM) and some chemical (EDS, XRD & XRF) analysis to investigate the possible reasons for these variations. The chemical results have indicated that nodules are enriched with quartz compared to the surrounding shale. Quartz is also the dominant mineral replacing trilobite carapace material within nodules, while trilobite material within shales is replaced with equal proportions of hematite, biotite and quartz. It appears that the higher resistance of quartz to weathering is the dominant factor leading to the preservation of both nodules within the shales and trilobite material within the nodules examined. A comparison with some Western Cape nodules highlighted possible variations in overall nodule chemical composition along strike. Western Cape nodules are predominantly composed of apatite whereas the Cockscomb nodules are mainly composed of quartz. This quartz-apatite compositional variation in nodules occurring within a single formation has been reported from nodules found in the Armorican Massif of France which are very similar in a number of respects to the Bokkeveld nodules described in this study. Based on various features of the fossils present and the structure of nodules they were probably formed during early diagenesis within an epeiric marine deposit greatly affected by sea level fluctuations.

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Foley, Derek J. "Analysis of the Point Pleasant/Lexington/Trenton Formations: Sulfides, Mineralogy, and Trace Elements as Geochemical Proxies." The Ohio State University, 2016. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1461333436.

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35

Maywood, Paul S. "Stratigraphic model of the southern portion of the Jim Bridger coal field, Sweetwater County, Wyoming." PDXScholar, 1987. https://pdxscholar.library.pdx.edu/open_access_etds/3719.

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Uppermost Lance and lowermost Fort Union Formation sediments are found in outcrop in the southern portion of the Jim Bridger coal field, located on the northeast flank of the Rock Springs Uplift in Sweetwater County, Wyoming. Twenty-nine surface sections and 581 subsurface (borehole) sections were evaluated and used to construct a stratigraphic model. Stratigraphic correlations with economically mineable coal seams in the Fort Union Formation north and south of the study area combined with definition of questionable local formational boundary locations are significant objectives in this investigation.

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36

Chidlaw, Nicholas. "The sedimentology of the Marlstone Rock Bed and Dyrham Silt Formations (Pliensbachian, Lower Jurassic) of the Cotswold Hills." Thesis, University of Gloucestershire, 1987. http://eprints.glos.ac.uk/3393/.

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The formations were examined along the Cotswold scarp (160km), and subcrop data were also utilised. The spatial and temporal characteristics of the formations allow sedimentological patterns to be related to structures in the pre-Permian basement and in the overlying Middle Jurassic strata. Sedimentation was strongly controlled by an actively subsiding block faulted basement, which formed part of the North Atlantic Rift system. The generalised Pliensbachian-Bajocian model of Sellwood and Jenkyns (1975) is supported by evidence in the Cotswolds. Both formations show cyclic sedimentation characterised by upward changes in grain size, mineralogy, thickness, sedimentary structures and fauna. Spatial patterns reflect the N-S structures of the basement. Primary controls on the cyclicity are shown to be tectonic rather than eustatic. Five facies are recognised in the Marlstone Rock Bed Formation. The stratigraphic interpretation of the formations is refined. There was a break in sedimentation at the end of the Pliensbachian. The base of both formations is diachronous, and spread from the centre of the basin outwards to both E and W margins. Randomly-interstratified illite-smectite in these rocks is interpreted as a weathering product of illite, while smectite was produced by alteration of air-fall volcanic ash. Both were derived from adjacent land areas. Ferruginous ooids probably formed through mechanical and/ or. algal accretion in temporary reducing conditions on the sea bed. The iron-rich sediments were formed at the boundary between siliciclastic and carbonate regimes. True ironstones are virtually absent as a result of rapidly changing patterns of sedimentation within the rift. Widespread 'wavy' bedding is shown to be mostly diagenetic pseudo-bedding, although some appears to have been produced by wave rippling or by compaction alone.

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Wirtz, Yannick. "Strain Variation between the Monterey and Sisquoc Formations, Southern Santa Maria Basin, California, USA| Implications for Structural Assessment of Fold and Thrust Belts." Thesis, California State University, Long Beach, 2017. http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/#viewpdf?dispub=10606342.

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Analysis of variation of fold strain at map-scale and outcrop-scale of the siliceous Monterey and Sisquoc formations in the southern Santa Maria basin, California provides insight into limitations of strain determination by construction of area-conservative balanced cross-sections. Diagenetic modification of these rocks allows strain quantification of rock intervals with high competence contrasts. Detailed strain analysis at map-scale shows significant variation in fold strain between rock types with shortening values ranging from 5.5% to 21.1%. Apparent shortening in the competent Monterey Formation is twice as high as in the overlying highly porous Sisquoc Formation. The large difference in apparent shortening suggests that the same amount of actual strain was accommodated by folding in the Monterey and horizontal compaction in the Sisquoc Formation, since there is no evidence of a detachment fault or major unconformity between the units. Strain analysis at outcrop-scale provides insight into how both units express such different shortening ratios without having an unconformity, or detachment fault between them.

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Isbell, John L. "Fluvial sedimentology and basin analyses of the Permian Fairchild and Buckley Formations, Beardmore Glacier Region, and the Weller Coal Measures, Southern Victoria Land, Antarctica /." The Ohio State University, 1990. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1487684245468595.

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39

Keene, David G. "An analysis of fracture systems, lithologic character and kinematic history of Paleozoic rock formations in a portion of southeastern Indiana." Virtual Press, 1989. http://liblink.bsu.edu/uhtbin/catkey/722793.

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This is an analysis of fractures occurring within the Paloezoic sedimentary rocks in a portion of southeastern Indiana. Fifteen hundred seventy-two fractures were used in analysis of distribution, orientation, pervasiveness, persistence, and intensity. The data collected is representative of eight counties and seventeen different collection sites.All fracture data were given an associated numerical value identifying each variable used for analysis and recorded into computer data files. A computer program was used for statistical analysis and construction of equal area nets which graphically displayed the distribution of variables. The compilation of the fracture data allowed for close interpretative analyses of variables and correlation of the orientation and distribution of the fractures within the study area.This study revealed that two orthogonal fracture systems exist in southeastern Indiana. The fracture set containing the largest percentage of those measured is oriented N11W with its compliment oriented N73W. The orientation of the second largest fracture set is N8E with its compliment oriented N82°W.The effects of the tectonic history as well as contemporary stress on the area are discussed relative to their effects on the overall distribution of fracture sets.Evidence is presented to substantiate a reactivation of the Cincinnati Arch as indicated in the Devonian-Mississippian lithologic units from data collected in the southeastern portion of the study area. Fracture data correlating to these units displays a rotation of the major fracture set maxima 90w. This data is supported by radiometric dates from the Belfast member of the Brassfield Limestone in which Laskouski, et.al., correlated a reactivation of the arch.Also within this study are lithologic descriptions of all the Paleozoic formations used for data collection. These descriptions were developed over a three year period from extensive field observation.A map of the study area is presented displaying the distribution and orientation of the fractures recorded at each data collection site.
Department of Geology

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40

Quick, Nathan. "Subsurface Mapping and Seismic Modeling from Resistivity Data to Tie Locally Productive Formations of the Wilcox Group in LaSalle Parish, Louisiana to a High-Resolution Shallow Imaging Seismic Dataset." Thesis, University of Louisiana at Lafayette, 2019. http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/#viewpdf?dispub=10846457.

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Located in LaSalle Parish, Louisiana, the area of interest for this study encompasses portions of the Tullos-Urania and Olla oil fields, with their hydrocarbon accumulation stemming from the Wilcox Group. The overall objective of this study is threefold; first, generate structure maps of the strata within this area of investigation and identify the productive formations. Second, utilize seismic modeling from local wells defining the most accurate resistivity-to-sonic transform. The last goal is to generate an accurate seismic-to-well tie employing the most accurate sonic log generated at the wells bounding the high-resolution shallow imaging seismic data. This study must use resistivity data to model sonic logs for the bounding wells which have no sonic logs available. The modeled sonic logs are then used to create time- depth relationships between the acquired seismic data and the wells bounding the seismic line. To use resistivity logs to model a sonic log, this study will compare three equations (Faust, 1953; Kim, 1964; Smiths, 1968) to determine their relative accuracies for a one-step resistivity-to-sonic transform. Accuracy is measured by the absolute average deviation of the modelled sonic data from the measured sonic data from wells within the study area, but distant from the seismic line, which have recorded sonic logs. The results of this study indicate that the one-step resistivity-to- sonic equation proposed by Faust (1953) generates the least amount of error when applied to the short resistivity curve. Throughout the modeled logs, the Faust (1953) equation generates an absolute average deviation of 6.0% for the short resistivity curves while Kim’s (1964) and Smiths (1968) equations produce 9.7% and 12.8% absolute average deviation. By understanding the variability of these models, future studies can ascertain the best fit model for further investigation of shallow hydrocarbon bearing formations within, or similar to, the Paleocene-Eocene aged strata in Central Louisiana.

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Arthur, Andrew John. "Mesozoic stratigraphy and paleontology of the west side of Harrison Lake, southwestern British Columbia." Thesis, University of British Columbia, 1987. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/27794.

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A well preserved, fossiliferous Middle Triassic to Early Cretaceous section lies on the west side of Harrison Lake in the southern Coast Mountains. The study of this area involves a re-evaluation of the stratigraphic nomenclature first described by Crickmay (1925, 1930a) together with a lithologic description of the units and age determinations based on collected, identified and described fossils by the writer. Discussions on the biostratigraphy, paleogeography, regional correlations and structure of the thesis area and an overview of the regional tectonics of southwestern British Columbia and northwestern Washington, help to better understand the relation of this Mesozoic section to other rock assemblages in this geologically complex region. The oldest unit, the Middle Triassic Camp Cove Formation, comprises conglomeratic sandstone, siltstone and minor volcanic rock. Unconformable7 overlying this unit is the Toarcian to Early(?) Bajocian Harrison Lake Formation, divided into four distinct members by the writer, Celia Cove Member (basal conglomerate), West Road Member (siltstone, shale), Weaver Lake Member (flows, pyroclastic rocks, minor sediments) and Echo Island Member (interbedded tuff, siltstone, sandstone). Thickness of this formation is estimated at 3000 m. A hiatus probably is present between this unit and overlying shale, siltstone and sandstone of the Early Callovian Mysterious Creek Formation which is 700 m thick. Conformably above this are 230 m of sandstone and volcaniclastic rock of the Early Oxfordian Billhook Creek Formation. Late Jurassic fluvial conglomerate, sandstone and siltstone of the Kent Formation, perhaps 1000 m thick south of Harrison River, unconformably(?) overlies the last two units mentioned. Berriasian to Valanginian conglomerate and sandstone, 218 m thick, of the Peninsula Formation overlies the Billhook Creek Formation with slight angular unconformity. The Peninsula Formation is conformably overlain by tuffaceous sandstone, volcanic conglomerate, crystal tuff and flows of the Valanginian to Middle Albian Brokenback Hill Formation which is several km thick. Nine Jurassic ammonite genera are identified and described in this report. Triassic radiolaria and conpdonts and Cretaceous ammonites and bivalves are also present in the section. The most significant structure in the thesis area is the post-Albian to pre-Late Eocene Harrison Fault which strikes north-northwest through Harrison Lake, separating the Mesozoic section along the west side from the northern extension of the Cascade Metamorphic Core on the east side of the lake. A strong sub-horizontal stretching lineation within the fault zone may indicate right-lateral strike-slip movement.
Science, Faculty of
Earth, Ocean and Atmospheric Sciences, Department of
Graduate

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42

Kappus, Eric J. "Middle cretaceous dinosaur tracks at Cerro de Cristo Rey, Sunland Park, New Mexico and a comparison with other paleocoastal tracksites of the Southwestern US." To access this resource online via ProQuest Dissertations and Theses @ UTEP, 2007. http://0-proquest.umi.com.lib.utep.edu/login?COPT=REJTPTU0YmImSU5UPTAmVkVSPTI=&clientId=2515.

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43

Bozetti, Guilherme. "Stratigraphy and architecture of a coarse-grained deep-water system within the Cretaceous Cerro Toto formation, Silla Syncline area, southern Chile." Thesis, University of Aberdeen, 2017. http://digitool.abdn.ac.uk:80/webclient/DeliveryManager?pid=235577.

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The Upper Cretaceous Cerro Toro Formation, southern Chile, is characterised by thinbedded turbidites that envelope a series of coarse-grained, confined slope complex systems, interpreted as part of the Lago Sofia Member. This deep-water slope system overlies basin floor sheets of the Punta Barrosa Formation, and is overlain by the sand-filled slope channels of the Tres Pasos Formation. Particularly distinctive beds, known as TEDs (transitional event deposits), are up to 40 m thick, laterally extensive, have prominent fluted bases, and have a vertical fabric starting with (1) a thin, inversely-graded, clast-supported base; then (2) a normally-graded and clastsupported interval; (3) an increasingly sand and clay matrix-supported conglomerate, with (4) a progressive upwards increase in matrix and normally grading, both in the floating gravel clast and matrix grain sizes, towards the top; and (5) a co-genetic sandstone on top. In the Cerro Toro formation, these TEDs tend to occur as multiple beds in the initial phases of deposition of each channel complex system. The TEDs are highly aggradational, slightly more amalgamated in the channel-axis, and more layered towards the margins. The fabric of these spectacular event beds is described in some detail from measured sections, combined with petrographic analysis and high-resolution field mapping. The 4 km x 200 m channel systems are contained within topographically irregular bathymetric lows that formed sediment pathways, interpreted to be either the result of slope deformation, or contained by poorly preserved, tectonically disrupted or slumped external levee. Syn-sedimentary tectonism is interpreted to be responsible for sharp changes in the system's architecture from channels to ponds, marked by a sharp change in lithofacies from dominantly conglomerates to dominantly sandstones. A refined architectural analysis is proposed, focusing on the recurrent pattern of at least 5 cycles of conglomerate-filled channel systems – ponded sheet sandstones.

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44

Rogers, Daniel T. "Petrology of the Middle Cambrian Langston and Ute Formations in Southeastern Idaho." DigitalCommons@USU, 1987. https://digitalcommons.usu.edu/etd/5773.

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The Middle Cambrian Langston and Ute formations were studied in the northern portion of the Bear River Range and the south-central part of the Portneuf Range in southeastern Idaho. The rocks of the Langston and Ute formations were divided into 17 different rock types. The 17 rock types were formed within four recognizable lithofacies: I) Shoal - or Coastal -Peritidal Carbonate Complex; 2) Agitated Shoal; 3) Inner Marine Shelf; and 4) Outer Marine Shelf. Clastic sediments belonging to the Spence Shale Member of the Langston Formation (outer marine shelf) were deposited over the carbonate complex . A transgressive sequence marks the base of both formations. Paleomagnetic evidence suggests that during the time of the deposition of the two formations, the study area was located near the outer reaches of an equatorial epeiric sea. Clay mineralogy of insoluble residues suggests a warm, humid, tropical climate. Eogenetic diagenetic features include compaction, cementation, aggrading, and degrading neomorphism, birdseye structures, and initiation of dolomitization . Mesogenetic diagenetic features include dolomitization and pressure solution. Telogenetic diagenetic features are confined to fracturing and subsequent calcite infilling, and the oxidation of pyrite. Massive dolomitization in the northernmost section is believed to be the result of a downward flux of fluids originating as hypersaline brines. The nonconformable lower contact, conformable upper contact, the vertical and lateral extent of dolomitization, and the general association with coastal-peritidal facies have led to this conclusion. Two other subordinate types of dolomite are believed to be the result of: 1) the release of magnesium caused by the decomposition of magnesium-rich organic matter; and 2) the formation of a secondary ferroan dolomite as Fe/Mg ratios in the precipitating fluids increased under reducing conditions.

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Pickett, Clarence. "A sedimentary facies analysis of the >2.8 Ga Beniah and Bell Lake formations, Slave Province, Northwest Territories." Thèse, Chicoutimi : Université du Québec à Chicoutimi, 2002. http://theses.uqac.ca.

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46

McIntire, Michael Christopher. "Rare earth elements (REE) in crude oil in the Lansing-Kansas City formations in central Kansas: potential indications about their sources, locally derived or long-distance derived." Thesis, Kansas State University, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/2097/17388.

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Master of Science
Department of Geology
Matthew Totten
There are some who hold the view that liquid hydrocarbons in the upper Paleozoic formations in Kansas are being locally derived. It has been the long held belief that the liquid hydrocarbons found in Kansas have come from distant sources in Oklahoma. To shed further light on this issue about the origin of hydrocarbons in the upper Paleozoic formations in Kansas, a study was conducted to analyze the geochemical characteristics of REE in Lansing-Kansas City oils that were collected from several locations in a small area within Rooks County, Kansas. The total REE contents in these oils ranges from about 3.1 ng (or 10-12 gram) per Liter of oil to about 131 ng per Liter of oil. The pattern of relative distribution of the REEs for each oil sample has been constructed from values that were obtained by dividing the individual REE concentrations of a given oil sample by the respective concentrations of the REEs in a standard or a reference sample (such as PAAS, a representation of average argillaceous sediments in the crust that is commonly used for the analyses of a variety of crust originated sedimentary products). A standard- normalized relative distribution pattern of an oil sample can reveal an important history of chemical evolution of the oil of interest. The PAAS-normalized patterns of relative distribution of the REEs in the Lansing-Kansas City oils from Rooks County, Kansas are significantly diverse. Although nearly all oil samples investigated in this study have varied degrees of light REE-enrichment across the REE series from La to Sm, they differed in their relative Ce abundances. Some samples have positive Ce anomalies; some have negative Ce anomalies, and some others with the absence of any Ce anomaly. The oils also differed in their PAAS-normalized relative distribution of the middle rare earth elements (MREEs), ranging from Sm to Tb. All oil samples were relatively enriched in the MREEs, but with varied degrees of enrichment from a prominent one to almost a barely noticeable one. The oils differed in their relative distributions of Eu, as some were with a positive Eu anomaly, some with a negative Eu anomaly, and some with the absence of any Eu anomaly. The trends of the heavy rare earth elements (HREEs) from Tb to Lu among the oils ranged from nearly flat for the most oils to a progressive depletion across the series for few samples. Furthermore, the oils were varied in having prominently anomalous relative distributions, in some cases with a positive anomaly and in others with negative anomaly, for such elements as Tb, Ho, and Tm (MM-JS-04, MM-MC-3A, and MM-MC-01). The anomalies for Tb, Ho, Tm are reflections of enzyme activity of source material during its primary (growth) environment. The metals are known to be preferentially located at the active sites of the enzymes. The oils not only differed significantly in their REE-geochemical characteristics, they also had a wide range of K/Rb weight ratios from about 877 to about 2000. These high values are typically the ones that can be assigned to organic materials, well exceeding the range of values that are associated with common silicate minerals and rocks, having an average value of 250-350ppm. Different zones in the Lansing-Kansas City formations also show distinct REE distribution patterns. There are four broadly classified distribution patterns. MREE enrichment can be observed in samples with production from the middle Lansing-Kansas City zones (G-I). In samples with comingling Lansing-Kansas City zones, amplification of anomalies from differing source materials can be observed. The diversity in the REE distribution patterns and K/Rb ratios in oils collected from central Kansas makes a strong argument against long distance transportation from a distant source in Oklahoma

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47

Gollop, Alison. "Structural controls on the seismic sequence stratigraphy of the Ben Nevis, Avalon, and Eastern Shoals formations, Terra Nova field, Jeanne D'Arc Basin, offshore Newfoundland /." Internet access available to MUN users only, 2003. http://collections.mun.ca/u?/theses,76559.

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48

Seyoum, Wondwosen. "HYDRAULIC RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN BURIED VALLEY SEDIMENTS AND ADJACENT BEDROCK FORMATIONS." Kent State University / OhioLINK, 2012. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=kent1336439133.

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49

Tremblay, James Vincent. "Trilobites and strata of the Lower and Middle Cambrian Peyto, Mount Whyte and Naiset Formations, Alberta and British Columbia /." *McMaster only, 1996.

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50

Slabber, Nina. "The geology and geochemistry of the Bridgetown Formation of the Malmesbury Group, Western Cape Province." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 1995. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/54889.

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Thesis (MSc) -- Stellenbosch University , 1995.
ENGLISH ABSTRACT: A number of small greenstone bodies of the Bridgetown Formation are exposed as elongated lenses and dykes within metasediments of the Malmesbury Group in the Western Cape Province, South Africa. The Malmesbury Group is part of the Neoproterozoic to Cambrian (Namibian) Saldania Subprovince which is the southern continuation of a Pan-African mobile belt system. A detailed geological and geochemical study was conducted on the largest outcrop of the Bridgetown Formation, situated 20km east of the town Moorreesburg. The Bridgetown Formation consists of a meta-volcano-sedimentary sequence that experienced polyphase deformation and metamorphism up to the lower greenschist facies. Tectonically, the Bridgetown Formation is included in the Boland tectonic domain, east of the Piketberg-Wel lington fault zone that is suggested to run Skm west of Heuningberg and subparallel to the Berg River. This agrees with Rabie's (1974) original subdivision of the tectonic domains. The Bridgetown Formation consists of: i) A basal unit of poorly differentiated alkaline metabasalt with a within-plate tectonomagmatic fingerprint. ii) An intermediate unit of poorly differentiated tholeiitic metabasalt, intruded by a younger tholeiitic metabasite with a low degree of differentiation. Both members of the intermediate unit have ocean-floor basalt (P-type MORB) and island arc basalt fingerprints. iii) An upper unit of poorly differentiated as well as more evolved alkaline metabasalts, interlayered with metatuff with an alkaline basaltic composition, metasedimentary rocks with a marine origin, and graphitic schists and muscovitequartz schists, both with a continental crust provenance. iv) An overlying metasedimentary sequence including dolomite, massive and oolitic chert, jasper and jaspilite. The Bridgetown Formation probably also comprises a lower metamorphosed ultramafic unit, indicated by the association of Ni- and Cr-rich talc bodies, Ni-and errich banded chert, chlorite schist and small dolomite-talc-chlorite bodies at Spitskop, situated directly northwest of the main greenstone body. The sequence of eruptive stages and the geochemistry of the metavolcanics resemble Hawaiian volcanism , indicated by an initial deep water stage of alkaline magmatism, followed by main tholeiitic edifice and post-caldera alkaline magmatism. Post-caldera alkaline magmatism occurred contemporaneously with deposition . of sediments and chemical precipitates (carbonates and cherts). The Bridgetown metavolcanics have no magmatic association with either the Bloubergstrand volcanics or mafic and intermediate plutonic rocks in the Malmesbury Group. However, some physical and geochemical similarities exist between the Bridgetown Formation and the age related Grootderm Formation of the Marmora Terrane (Gariep Supergroup) which is considered to represent ophiolitic material. The Bridgetown Formation probably represents segments of oceanic crust, including seamounts of oceanic islands, which were tectonically emplaced in an accretionary prism zone during subduction of oceanic crust underneath the Kalahari Craton, 600 to 700 Ma ago. This resulted in the present spatial configuration of various small greenstone bodies in the Malmesbury Group. To date no exploitable mineral deposits have been found 1n the Bridgetown Formation. However, Au and As anomalies in stream sediment and soil samples, taken in the Spitskop area, require further attention. lt is suggested that the gold and arsenic is hosted in brittle deformed clear to milky quartz veins which developed at zones of competency contrasts in all the li tholog ies in the Spitskop area.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: 'n Aantal klein groenskisliggame van die Bridgetown Formasie is blootgestel as verlengde lense en gange binne metasedimente van die Malmesbury Groep in die Wes-Kaap Provinsie, Suid-Afrika. Die Malmesbury Groep is deel van die Neoproterozo·iese tot Kambriese (Namibiese) Saldania Subprovinsie wat die suidelike voortsetting is van 'n Pan-Afrikaanse mobiele gordel sisteem. 'n Gedetaileerde geologiese en geochemiese studie is gedoen op die grootste dagsoom van die Bridgetown Formasie, gelee 20km oos van die dorp Moorreesburg. Die Bridgetown Formasie bestaan uit 'n metavulkanies-sedimentere opeenvolging wat pol ifase vervorming en metamorfisme tot en met die laer groenskis fasies ondergaan het. Die Bridgetown Formasie word hier in die Boland tektoniese domein ingedeel deur die Piketberg-Wellington verskuiwingsone 5km wes van Heuningberg, subparallel a an die Bergrivier, te plaas. Dit stem ooreen met Rabie ( 197 4) se oorspronkl ike verdeling van die tektoniese domeine. Die Bridgetown Formasie bestaan uit: i) 'n Basale eenheid wat hoofsaaklik bestaan uit min gedifferens ieerde alkali-metabasalte met binneplaat tektonomagmatiese eienskappe. ii) 'n lntermediere eenheid wat bestaan uit min gedifferensieerde tholeiitiese metabasalt en 'n jonger intrusiewe tholeiitiese metabasiet wat 'n lae graad van differensias ie ondergaan het. Beide intermediere eenhede het oseaanvloer-basalt (P-t ipe MORB) en eilandboog basaltiese eienskappe. iii) 'n Boonste eenheid wat bestaan uit min gedifferensieerde asook meer gedifferensieerde alkal i-metabasalte, tussengelaagd met metatuf met 'n alka libasaltiese samestelling; metasedimentere gesteentes met 'n mariene oorsprong, en grafitiese ski ste en kwarts-muskoviet skiste, beide met 'n kontinentale kors oorsprong . iv) 'n Oorliggende metasedimentere opeenvolging wat dolomiet, massiewe en ooli tiese chert, jaspis en jaspiliet insluit. Die Bridgetown Formasie slu it moontlik ook 'n onderliggende gemetamorfiseerde ultramafiese eenheid in; aangedui deur die assosiasie van Ni- en Cr-ryke ta lkl iggame, Ni- en Cr-ryke gebande chert, chlorietskis en klein dolomiet-talk-chloriet liggame by Spitskop, gelee direk noordwes van die hoof groensteenliggaam. Die opeenvolg ing van magmatisme en die geochemie van die metavulkaniese gesteentes stem ooreen met Hawaiiese vulkanisme, naamlik 'n diepwater stadium, gekarakteriseer deur alkaliese magmatisme, gevolg deur 'n hoof tholeiitiese opbouing en post-kaldera alkaliese magmatisme. Die post-kaldera alkaliese magmatisme het gelyktydig plaasgevind met afsetting van sedimente en chemiese presipitate (karbonate en cherte ). Die Bridgetown metavulkaniese gesteentes het geen magmatiese assosiasie met 6f die Bloubergstrand vulkaniese gesteentes 6f mafiese en intermediere plutoniese gesteentes in die Malmesbury Groep nie. Fisiese en geochemiese ooreenkomste bestaan egter tussen die Bridgetown Formasie en die Grootderm Formasie van die Marmora Terrein (Gariep Supergroep) wat beskou word as ofiolitiese materiaal. Die Bridgetown Formasie verteenwoordig moontlik segmente van oseaankors, insluitende oseaan-eilande, wat tektonies in 'n melange sone ingeplaas is tydens subduksie van oseaankors onder die Kalahari Kraton in (600 tot 700 Mj gelede). Dit verklaar die huidige ruimte like verspreiding van verske ie klein groensteenliggame in die Malmesbury Groep. Tot en met hede is geen ontginbare mineraalafsettings in die Bridgetown Formasie ontdek nie. Au en As anomalie in stroomsediment- en grondmonsters, geneem in die Spitskop area, behoort egter verdere aandag te geniet. Daar is voorgestel dat die goud en arseen voorkom in brosvervormde helder tot melkerige kwartsare wat ontwikkel het in swak sones in al die litologie in die Spitskop area.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Formations (Geology)'

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