Relevant bibliographies by topics / Formations (Geology)

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Academic literature on the topic 'Formations (Geology)'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 30 July 2024

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Journal articles on the topic "Formations (Geology)"

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Mayomi, Ikusemoran, Didams Gideon, and Michael Abashiya. "Analysis of the Spatial Distribution of Geology and Pedologic Formations in Gombe State, North Eastern Nigeria." Journal of Geography and Geology 10, no. 1 (February 27, 2018): 83. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/jgg.v10n1p83.

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This paper focused on the mapping and analysis of the spatial distribution of the geology and soils in Gombe State. The ever rapid rise in population of the country has called for the need for expansion of agricultural activities which necessitates an in-depth knowledge of the spatial location of soil types for agricultural related activities. There is also the need to explore the environment for possible endowments of mineral resources which can be exploited to meet the economic demands of the populace. The soil and geology maps of Gombe State were extracted from existing soil and geology maps of Nigeria, obtained from Food and Agricultural Organization (FAO)/United Nations Education, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO)/International Soil Reference and Information Center (ISRIC) and Nigeria Geological Survey Agency (NGSA) respectively. The soil and geology types were digitized as polygon, while other important features such as LGA boundaries, state boundaries were also digitized and overlain on the two generated maps (soils and geology). The clip sub module of the ArcGIS was used to delineate each of the LGAs in both maps, that is, extraction of each LGA as well as the soil and geology units in each of the LGAs. The area in square kilometers of the soils and geology units in the entire state and in each LGA were obtained through the use of the area calculation module of the ArcGIS. The result of the study revealed that Gombe State consists of fourteen (14) geologic units. Among them, the KerriKerri which comprised of sandstone, shale and clay geologic unit covers almost half (42.75%) of the State. Limestone and Shale of the Pindiga formation which are principally used for cement making are found mainly in Funakaye LGA which is the home of Ashaka Cement. It was also found out that there are eleven soil units in the state with Nitisols almost covering half of the state. It was recommended that the generated soil and geologic maps of the State are expected to be considered for mineral exploration and crop suitability assessments in order to reduce time, cost and energy that would likely be incurred if the entire state is assessed.
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Zagorchev, Ivan. "Introduction to the geology of SW Bulgaria." Geologica Balcanica 31, no. 1-2 (June 30, 2001): 3–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.52321/geolbalc.31.1-2.3.

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The geologic structure of Southwest Bulgaria is characterized by a complex Mid Cretaceous pile of thrust sheets, a complex system of horsts and grabens of Palaeogene age, and a neotectonic (Neogene - Quaternary) pattern dominated by the Strouma rift system and the Serbo-Macedonian neotectonic swell. Amphibolite-facies metamorphic rocks belong to the Ograzhdenian (Prerhodopian) and Rhodopian Supergroup and the Osogovo “Formation”. The last intensive metamorphic event is proven to be of Cadomian age, and later superimposed metamorphic and deformation events have had a local occurrence. The greenschist-facies Frolosh Formation (Vendian - Lower Cambrian) has a diabasephyllitoid composition and is typical for the Strouma tectonic superunit. The basement of the latter Ograzhdenian Supergroup, Osogovo “Formation”, Frolosh Formation) is covered with a major depositional unconformable contact by sedimentary complexes of Ordovician (only in the Bosilegrad District in Yugoslavia) and Permian and Triassic age. Palaeozoic formations of Ordovician to Devonian age are present only in the thrust sheets of the Morava superunit, and in parts of the southern edge of the Srednogorie zone. Permian formations (mostly continental red beds) have a restricted occurrence. The Triassic (only in the Strouma superunit and parts of the Srednogorie) consists of the Petrohan Terrigenous Group (continental red beds), the Iskur Carbonate Group (marine) and the Moesian Group (marine red beds). After folding, uplift and erosion, the transgressive Jurassic formations have been formed in several different environments, in latest Jurassic - earliest Cretaceous times represented by the carbonate platform to the North, and the Nish-Troyan flysch trough. The principal orogenesis occurred in Mid Cretaceous times, and Upper Cretaceous sedimentary formations are present only in parts of the Srednogorie zone. Late Cretaceous intrusive rocks are known from the Srednogorie (of mantle origin) and in Pirin (crustal granitoids). The Late Cretaceous orogenesis formed the Srednogorie superunit (to the North) and the Morava-Rhodope superunit (to the South). Thus, the Alpine structure consists of the following principal tectonic units: Late Cretaceous Srednogorie superunit (with fragments from the Mid-Cretaceous Lyubash, Golo-burdo, Melovete, Radomir and Verila units) and Morava-Rhodope superunit with the Mid-Cretaceous Morava superunit and Ograzhden unit (allochthonous), Strouma superunit (Louzhnitsa-Trun and Osogovo-Vlahina unit), Rhodope and Pirin-Pangaion superunit. The Palaeogene and Neogene formations have the character of a neoautochthone that is controlled by the Late Alpine and neotectonic block movements.
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Solihin, Cece, Arizal Taufik, Firman Hadi Muhamad, and Rena Denya. "Studi Geofisika Untuk Menentukan Batas Formasi Jampang dan Formasi Ciletuh di Kawasan Geopark Ciletuh." Wahana Fisika 2, no. 2 (December 28, 2017): 31. http://dx.doi.org/10.17509/wafi.v2i2.9373.

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Kawasan Ciletuh memiliki struktur geologi yang khas dan unik serta memiliki aneka ragam batuan yang tersebar. Pandangan umum dari ilmu kebumian kawasan ini sangat menarik untuk dipelajari karena geologi kawasan ini terbentuk tidak lepas dari aktivitas tektonik regional Jawa Barat. Studi geofisika sangat berguna dalam menganalisa struktur geologi bawah permukaan tanah di kawasan Ciletuh. Metode geofisika yang digunakan bertujuan untuk mengamati dan menganalisis struktur geologi batuan permukaan. Serta, tujuan utama dari penelitian ini untuk menentukan batas formasi Jampang dengan formasi Ciletuh. Penelitian ini digunakan pengambilan data dengan metode Geolistrik, Magnetik dan Ground Penetrating Radar (GPR) di daerah Tamanjaya, kawasan Ciletuh dengan lintasan yang berbeda. Berdasarkan interpretasi geolistrik pada software Res2Dinv 2D diperoleh struktur bawah permukaan berupa lapisan batuan pasir. Pada hasil interpretasi metode GPR pola perambatan serta kecepatan rambat gelombang elektromagnetik untuk dua lintasan GPR memiliki perbedaan struktur batuan yaitu batuan pasir kasar, kerikil dan endapan. Sedangkan hasil interpretasi magnetik mengindikasi perbedaan struktur batuan dalam bawah permukaan berdasarkan anomali magnetik. Berdasarkan geologi regional formasi Jampang bawah didominasi oleh batuan pasir halus. Sedangkan formasi Ciletuh didominasi oleh batuan pasir kasar yang berumur lebih tua. Sehingga batas formasi Jampang dengan batas formasi Ciletuh dapat diperkirakan pada lintasan GPR dan Magnetik. Kata Kunci : Formasi Jampang; Formasi Ciletuh; Geolistrik; GPR dan MagnetikThe Ciletuh region has a distinctive and unique geological structure and also has a various of rocks scattered. The general view of the geography of this region is very interesting to learn because the geology of this region formed can not be sparated from the regional tectonic activity of west java. Geophysical studies are very useful in analyzing the subsurface geological structures in the Ciletuh region. The geophysical methods used aims to observe and analyze the geological structure of surface rocks. As well, the main purpose of this research is to determine the boundary of Jampang formation with Ciletuh formation. This research used data retrieval using Geoelectric, Magnetic and Ground Penetrating Radar (GPR) methods in Tamanjaya area, Ciletuh area with a different trajectory. Based on the geoelectric interpretation from Res2Dinv of software, there is obtained a subsurface structure in the form of sandstone layer. The results of the interpretation of GPR methods, propagation patterns and electromagnetic wave velocity for 2 trajectories have structural abnormalities, ie sandstone rock, gravel and sediment. Whereas the results of magnetic interpretation indicate difference in surface rocks structure based on magnetic anomlies. Base on the regional geology of the lower Jampang formation is dominated by fine sand rock while the formation of Ciletuh is dominated by Rugged Sandstone rocks that was older. So the boundary of formation Jampang with baoundary formations Ciletuh can be estimate at GPR and Magnetic trajectory.Keywords : Jampang Formations; Ciletuh Formations; Geoeletric; GPR; and Magnetic
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Abdullah, Wan Hasiah, and Say Gee Sia. "Geology, resource potential and organic petrography of the Neogene coals in the Miri area of Northwest Sarawak, Malaysia." Warta Geologi 48, no. 2 (August 30, 2022): 66–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.7186/wg482202202.

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There are three coal-bearing geological formations in the Miri area, viz. the Belait Formation, the Lambir Formation, and the Liang Formation. Of the three coal-bearing geological formations, only the sub-bituminous B Tutoh coals from the Belait Formation, with an estimated resource of 203 million tonnes, are believed to be of economic potential. The Tutoh coals are dominated by vitrinite group, especially desmocollinite. The sub-bituminous B from the Lambir Formation and the lignite from Liang Formation are of low economic potential due to the limited area of the hosting formations.
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Ochoa, Carlos G., William Todd Jarvis, and Jesse Hall. "A Hydrogeologic Framework for Understanding Surface Water and Groundwater Interactions in a Watershed System in the Willamette Basin in Western Oregon, USA." Geosciences 12, no. 3 (February 25, 2022): 109. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/geosciences12030109.

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A broad understanding of local geology and hydrologic processes is important for effective water resources management. The objectives of this project were to characterize the hydrogeologic framework of the Oak Creek Watershed (OCW) geographical area and examine the connections between surface water and groundwater at selected locations along the main stem of Oak Creek. The OCW area comprises the Siletz River Volcanic (SRV) Formation in the upper portion of the watershed and sedimentary rock formations in the valley. Past hydrologic and geologic studies and our field measurement data were synthesized to create a hydrogeologic framework of the watershed, including a geologic interpretation and a conceptual model of shallow, deep, and lateral groundwater flow throughout the OCW. The highly permeable geology of the SRV formation juxtaposed against the Willamette Basin’s sedimentary geology creates areas of opposing groundwater flow characteristics (e.g., hydraulic conductivity) in the watershed. The Corvallis Fault is the primary interface between these two zones and generally acts as a hydraulic barrier, deflecting groundwater flow just upstream of the fault interface. The extreme angle of the Corvallis Fault and adjacent less permeable sedimentary geology might facilitate subsurface bulk water storage in selected locations. The stream-aquifer relationships investigated showed gaining conditions are prominent in the upper watershed’s northern volcanic region and transition into neutral and losing conditions in the downstream southern sedimentary region in the valley. Agriculture irrigation seepage in the valley appeared to contribute to streamflow gaining conditions. Results from this case study contribute critical information toward enhancing understanding of local hydrogeologic features and potential for improved SW-GW resources management in areas near coastal ranges such as those found in the Pacific Northwest, USA.
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Scharf, Andreas, Frank Mattern, Mohammed Al-Wardi, Gianluca Frijia, Daniel Moraetis, Bernhard Pracejus, Wilfried Bauer, and Ivan Callegari. "Chapter 2 Tectonostratigraphy of the eastern part of the Oman Mountains." Geological Society, London, Memoirs 54, no. 1 (2021): 11–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1144/m54.2.

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AbstractThis chapter provides comprehensive descriptions of 52 numbered formations/rock units of the Southeastern Oman Mountains, based on available literature. The oldest eight siliciclastic and carbonate formations are positioned below the ‘Hercynian’ Unconformity. The overlying formation (9–16) mostly represent carbonates which accumulated in a passive margin platform setting during or after the opening of the Neo-Tethys Ocean. The passive margin slope and platform collapsed during the late Cretaceous because of the obduction of the Semail Ophiolite along with the deep marine Hawasina sedimentary rocks. The collapsing passive margin interval was recorded within the syn-obductional Aruma Group (17; Muti Formation). Above this formation are the allochthonous units (18–42) of the tectonically lower Hawasina deep-sea basin and the structurally overlying Semail Ophiolite. The former contains Permian to Upper Cretaceous formations, while the latter is Cenomanian in age. Above the allochthonous rocks, the Neo-autochthonous formations were deposited, starting with the post-obductional uppermost Cretaceous Aruma Group (43; Al-Khod Formation) until the Quaternary deposits (52). All these formations/rock units are depicted on an accompanying map and stratigraphic chart.
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Mina, Chrokhan, and Rzger Abdula. "Palaeoenvironment Conditions During Deposition of Sargelu, Naokelekan, and Najmah Formations in Zey Gawara Area, Kurdistan Region, Iraq: Implications from Major and Trace Elements Proportions." Iraqi Geological Journal 56, no. 2B (August 31, 2023): 263–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.46717/igj.56.2b.21ms-2023-8-30.

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Palaeoenvironment conditions during deposition of Jurassic Sargelu, Naokelekan, and Najmah formations were studied based on samples from well Z1 in Zey Gawara area, Kurdistan region, Iraq. For the purpose of determining the palaeoredox, palaeoclimate conditions as well as palaeoweathering, tectonic setting, and provenance indices, the inorganic geochemical analysis to indicate the number and amount of different elements were performed. Based on the occurrence and proportionalities of trace elements e.g., V, Ni, Cu, Sr, the Sargelu Formation was probably accumulated in suboxic to anoxic conditions, while the Naokelekan and Najmah formations were deposited under the suboxic to dysoxic conditions. Relatively semiarid condition have suggested for Sargelu and Naokelekan formations, and relatively semi humid condition for Najmah Formation. The chemical index of alteration and the high plagioclase index of alteration suggest for modest to intense weathering source area for the Sargelu and Naokelekan formations. The index of chemical variability (<1) implies that the Sargelu, Naokelekan, and Najmah formations are probably immature sediments and deposited inside a tectonically active setting. Based on the tectonic indicators, the Sargelu and Naokelekan formations were deposited in an active continental margin, and the Najmah Formation was deposited in an oceanic island arc. The felsic for the Sargelu and Naokelekan and the felsic- intermediate igneous rocks were proposed as plausible source rocks for the Najmah Formation.
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Clausen, C. Heilmann, O. B. Nielsen, and F. Gersner. "Lithostratigraphy and depositional environments in the Upper Paleocene and Eocene of Denmark." Bulletin of the Geological Society of Denmark 33 (February 28, 1985): 287–323. http://dx.doi.org/10.37570/bgsd-1984-33-26.

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The Upper Paleocene and Eocene deposits of Denmark are described lithologically and are formally re­ferred to six formations. The Upper Paleocene includes the Holmehus (new), 01st (new) and the Fur For­mations. The Eocene comprises the R0snres Clay, Lillebrelt Clay and S0vind Marl Formations. The 01st Formation is divided into Haslund and Vrerum Members. The R0snres Clay Formation and the Lillebrelt Clay Formation are divided into twelve informal lithological units. The biostratigraphy (mainly calcareous nannoplankton and dinoflagellate zonations) of each formation is briefly outlined. Previously unknown volcanic ash layers are recognized in the Holmehus, R0snres Clay and the Lillebrelt Clay Formations, and a tephrachronology is established for the upper part of this ash sequence. The petrography and geochemistry of the formations are described and regional and vertical variations in the parameters are related to changes in terrigeneous supply and depositional environment. Variations in the thickness of the formations are related to differential subsidence. The depositional environment was marine to probably brackish and well below wave base. The sedi­ments are mainly pelagic-like clays. Five major depositional phases are recognized, each represented by a formation (01st and Fur Formations being deposited during one phase). Phases of submarine non-deposi­tion are identified at the base and top of the 01st Formation. The R0snres Clay and Lillebrelt Clay For­mations include many widely distributed and regionally uniform, almost isochronous beds, each of a dis­tinct lithology. They show that several widespread, rather sudden changes took place in a probably deep shelf environment with little regional variation. The changes are mainly ascribed to alterations in the ma­rine circulation pattern.
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Yousif, Samir, and Ghalib Nouman. "Jurassic Geology of Kuwait." GeoArabia 2, no. 1 (January 1, 1997): 91–110. http://dx.doi.org/10.2113/geoarabia020191.

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ABSTRACT Until the late 1970s only one well penetrated the entire Jurassic section of Kuwait. A few other scattered wells partially penetrated it. During the 1980s an appreciable number of deep wells revealed that the Jurassic sequence is inverted with respect to the Cretaceous sequence and that the main Cretaceous arches were sites of Jurassic sedimentary troughs. This new interpretation marks a revolution in the existing concepts for Jurassic oil exploration in Kuwait. One of the most effective methods for defining of Jurassic structures is the isopach of the Upper Jurassic Gotnia Formation. The main Jurassic reservoirs include the Najmah, Sargelu and Marrat formations which were detected as a result of the exploration activities during the 1980s. Selective stratigraphic and structural cross-sections reveal the stratigraphic relationships of the Jurassic sediments.
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Bahr, Fadel, and Dave Keighley. "Chemostratigraphy of Cumberland Group (Pennsylvanian) strata influenced by salt tectonics, Joggins Fossil Cliffs UNESCO World Heritage Site, eastern Canada." Journal of Sedimentary Research 91, no. 9 (September 23, 2021): 969–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.2110/jsr.2020.152.

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ABSTRACT The Pennsylvanian stratigraphy of the western Cumberland Basin has been influenced by salt tectonics, specifically the formation of the Minudie Anticline, a salt wall. South of the Minudie Anticline, along the shoreline of the Joggins Fossil Cliffs UNESCO World Heritage Site, the post–Boss Point Formation succession comprises an ∼ 3 km succession of strata assigned to the Little River, Joggins, Springhill Mines, and Ragged Reef formations. North of the Minudie anticline, the Grande Anse Formation lies in angular unconformity on the Boss Point and basal Little River formations. Biostratigraphic studies have not been able to discern whether the Grande Anse Formation is equivalent to all, or just one, of the Joggins to Ragged Reef units south of the salt wall (the Minudie Anticline). To further investigate the relationship of the Grande Anse Formation with the units along the Joggins shoreline, forty sandstone samples from the post–Boss Point Fm strata were selected for a chemostratigraphic study, using inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) to determine major-element compositions. Transformed ICP-MS data, subjected to a Kruskal-Wallis test and post-hoc tests, show that there is no significant difference between Grande Anse and Ragged Reef formations in the mean values of almost all analyzed elements. In contrast, there are significant differences when comparing these two units and the older Little River, Joggins, and Springhill Mines formations in the case of elements usually encountered in detrital mineral phases (Si, Al, Ti, Na, and Fe). Sandstones of the Grande Anse and Ragged Reef formations show greater compositional maturity than the Little River, Joggins, and Springhill Mines formations. This trend is explained by a gradual overall change in paleoclimate from semiarid conditions during deposition of the Little River Formation to humid conditions during deposition of the Grande Anse and Ragged Reef formations, causing greater chemical weathering of the sediment. These findings indicate that &gt; 2 km of sediment (Little River, Joggins, and Springhill Mines formations) accumulated south of the salt wall during the major episode of salt diapirism, followed by erosion of any topographic high associated with the salt wall, and accumulation of a further &gt; 500 m of sediment (the laterally equivalent Ragged Reef and Grand Anse formations), all within a timespan of only ∼ 2 Myr.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Formations (Geology)"

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O'Connell, Jeffrey I. "A stratigraphic and sedimentary analysis of the Purslane Formation of western Maryland." Morgantown, W. Va. : [West Virginia University Libraries], 2002. http://etd.wvu.edu/templates/showETD.cfm?recnum=2266.

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Thesis (M.S.)--West Virginia University, 2002.
Title from document title page. Document formatted into pages; contains ix, 298 p. : ill. (some col.), maps. Includes abstract. Includes bibliographical references (p. 104-113).
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Black, Dawn Ebony. "Stratigraphic characterisation of the Collingham formation in the context of shale gas from a borehole (SFT 2) near Jansenville, Eastern Cape, South Africa." Thesis, Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10948/d1021148.

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This study is an extensive lithological, petrographical, mineralogical and geochemical description of fresh Collingham Formation core samples collected from borehole SFT 2, located on the farm Slangfontein, south of Jansenville in the Eastern Cape, South Africa. The borehole, drilled to 295 m on the northerly limb of a shallow westerly plunging syncline, intersected the lower Ecca Group rocks of the Ripon, Collingham, Whitehill and Prince Albert Formations and terminated in the upper Dwyka Group. A comprehensive log and stratigraphic column were compiled for the Collingham Formation and fresh core samples were analysed using X-Ray Diffraction (“XRD”), X-Ray Fluorescence (“XRF”), mercury porosimetry, and Total Organic Carbon (“TOC”). Thin section microscopy and Scanning Electron Microscopy (“SEM”) analyses were carried out on selected samples of core from borehole SFT 2. The matrix supported, massive to laminated lithological units of the Collingham Formation are interpreted as detrital, terrigenous sediments. These sediments are composed of intercalated fine-grained, poorly sorted, non-fissile mudstone; fine- to very fine-grained, predominantly pyroclastic airfall tephra; and less common fine-grained sandstones. Sediments of the Collingham Formation are considered to be immature, composed primarily of clay and aluminosilicates. The predominance of a clay fraction and aluminosilicates in mudstone samples is indicated by elevated K2O/Al2O3 ratio values, and the relationship of Zr, Al2O3 and TiO2. The presence of glauconite within the Collingham Formation indicates deposition in a mildly alkaline, slightly reducing marine environment. Rb/K ratio values (1.9 – 2.3 x 10-3) indicate brackish to slightly marine conditions, while low Zr/Rb ratio values indicate a low hydro-energy environment, with stable bottom water conditions. Hf and Nb concentrations indicate that detrital input was greatest during the deposition of tuffaceous units; while stable mineral assemblages and a low Fe2O3/K2O ratio values indicate deposition close to the source. A variation in Si/Ca values indicate times when sediments were affected by turbidity, interspersed with times of relative quiescence. The predominance of K2O over Na2O indicates that the Collingham Formation is alkali-rich, while SiO2/Al2O3 ratio values and the relationship of Zr, Al2O3 and TiO2 indicate that sediments are immature. In the lower portion of the formation, non-sulphidic, anoxic conditions are indicated by Mn/Al, V/(V+Ni), V/Cr ratio values, the Fe-Mn- V content, and the correlation between V and TOC. The upper portion of the formation is considered dysoxic, due to the presence and distribution of pyrite framboids, which indicate a fluctuating O2 level, likely indicating deposition at the interface between anoxic and slightly more oxic conditions. V/Cr ratio values indicate that the O2 regime was lowest during the deposition of the mudstones. The Chemical Index of Alteration (“CIA”) indicates a consistent weathering regime throughout the deposition of the Collingham Formation, associated with a temperate climate on the interface between glacial and tropical conditions. Although an anoxic and low hydro-energy environment is generally favourable for hydrocarbon accumulation, the Collingham Formation contains low levels of Total Organic Carbon (well below 0.9 per cent) and low porosities (ranging from 0.35 per cent to a maximum of 2.22 per cent), both of which are characteristic of a poor source for gas accumulation. Due to the laminate nature, permeability and fracturability of the Collingham Formation, there is the potential that the formation may form a good sealing sequence to the potentially gas-rich Whitehill Formation below. The metamorphic impact related to the Cape Orogeny (± 250 Ma), and reflected in the textures of the minerals making up the sediments of the Collingham Formation, suggests the enhancement in the sealing efficiency of this formation.
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Armin, Richard Alan. "RED CHERT-CLAST CONGLOMERATE IN THE EARP FORMATION (PENNSYLVANIAN-PERMIAN), SOUTHEASTERN ARIZONA: STRATIGRAPHY, SEDIMENTOLOGY, AND TECTONIC SIGNIFICANCE." Diss., The University of Arizona, 1986. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/187538.

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A single interval of red chert-clast conglomerate and associated strata (RCC/CRCC interval) occur within the Earp Formation (pennsylvanian-Permian) at many localities in southeastern Arizona, southwestern New Mexico, and northern Mexico, and record a middle Wolfcampian erosional event in the Pedregosa shelf and northern basin. The RCC and CRCC intervals are respective proximal and distal braidplain deposits, in contrast to the Earp Formation exclusive of the RCC/CRCC interval, which consists of interbedded carbonate and fine-grained siliciclastic strata that were deposited in mostly shallow- and marginalmarine environments. Deposition of stream channel, gravel bar, and interfluvial shale beds of the RCC/CRCC interval occurred on a broad, low-lying surface with negligible local topography. Paleocurrents were generally southward. Biostratigraphic evidence suggests that lower Wolfcampian strata below the RCC/CRCC interval were beveled northward. Much of the chert present- in the RCC/CRCC interval is probably residual material from the beveled strata, as well as from a region just north of the Pedregosa shelf. The evolution of the Pedregosa shelf and northern basin during depoSition of the Earp Formation is illuminated by identification of facies belts for three time intervals: (1) restricted shelf, inner shelf, and open-marine shelf facies belts during Virgilian through early Wolfcampian ttme, (2) proximal and distal braidplain facies belts during middle Wolfcampian time, and (3) restricted shelf, estuarine-marginal marine, and tidal-flat facies belts during middle through late(?) Wolfcampian time . The middle Wolfcampian erosional event caxnpanying the deposition of the RCC/CRCC interval was probably related to the Ouachita orogeny. Stratigraphic evidence suggests that the southern Pedregosa basin in Chihuahua, Mexico, evolved rapidly to a deep foreland basin during early or middle Wolfcarrpian tine because of downflexure under northward overthrusts during the Ouachita orogeny. Flexural subsidence of the Pedregosa foreland basin was accanpanied by peripheral forebulging, causing subaerial exposure of large parts of the Pedregosa shelf and northern basin. Deposition of the FCC/CFfX interval probably occurred on the subaerially exposed forebulge. Flexural mxlels predicting the deflection of the lithosphere under isostatic thrust and secliIrent loads agree satisfactorily with the forebulge concept for the origin of the RCC/CRCC interval.
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Rader, Dennis Lawrence 1959. "The depositional environment of the Permian Scherrer Formation in southeastern Arizona." Thesis, The University of Arizona, 1986. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/558045.

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Carrigan, William J. "Stable isotope ratios of carbonate and sulfide minerals from the Gunflint Formation: Evidence for the origin of iron formations." Thesis, University of Ottawa (Canada), 1990. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/5785.

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The $\sim$1.9 Ga Gunflint Formation is a Lake Superior type iron-formation, located in the Thunder Bay district of northwestern Ontario, that was deposited on a shallow shelf analogous to modern carbonate environments. Carbonate minerals in the iron-rich lithofacies of the Gunflint Formation include siderite, ankerite, and calcite. Petrographic evidence indicates that siderite precipitation initiated either within the water column or at the sediment/water interface and continued during very early diagenesis. Ankerite and calcite formed during early to late diagenesis as pore-filling cements and as replacements of other minerals. The iron-poor limestone facies contains very early diagenetic dolomite and early to late diagenetic calcite. $\delta\sp $C values of carbonate minerals from unmetamorphosed rocks range between 0 and $-6\perthous$ (PDB). The values near 0$\perthous,$ which are considered to be representative of the basin water composition, indicate that the primary source of carbon was marine bicarbonate. The lighter values indicate that a minor component of oxidized organic carbon was added during early diagenesis. The heaviest $\delta\sp $O values for unmetamorphosed carbonate minerals range between $-$5 and $-7\perthous$ (PDB), which is the same range of values observed for many early Proterozoic marine carbonates. $\delta\sp $O values of carbonate minerals are the result of isotopic exchange with pore waters, originally of marine composition, at increasing temperatures and/or are the result of isotopic exchange with $\sp $O-depleted meteoric water during early diagenesis. Disseminated fine-grained, very early diagenetic pyrite is widespread throughout the formation, usually in amounts less than about 2%. However, pyrite is locally observed as laminae or thin layers, suggesting that some pyrite may have formed at or above the sediment/water interface. Low S/C ratios indicate that dissolved sulphate was the limiting factor in pyrite formation. $\delta\sp{34}$S values between +5 and +12$\perthous$ (CDT) imply that sulfide formed by bacterial sulphate reduction under closed system conditions. In the lower part of the Gunflint Formation coarse-grained pyrite and pyrite concretions are associated with syndepositional faults. High S/C ratios and highly variable $\delta\sp{34}$S values ($-$33 to +35$\perthous)$ suggest an external source of sulphate was introduced by fluids moving upward along these faults. The Gunflint basin is best characterized by a stratified water column with high concentrations of dissolved ferrous iron below the redox boundary. Volcanic activity or rifting within this basin contributed a high flux of reducing hydrothermal solutions to the seawater. Hydrothermal activity was probably the dominant source of iron, although reduction of detrital ferric iron may have contributed significant amounts of dissolved iron. During periods of increased tectonic activity, the expansion of the redox boundary to shallower water allowed the transport of iron to the shallow shelf. Ferric iron-bearing minerals would have been precipitated on the shelf by oxidation in surface waters whereas ferrous iron-bearing minerals would have been precipitated under more reducing conditions either in deeper water or in sheltered environments. The transition to the iron-poor limestone member resulted from a lowering of the redox boundary. (Abstract shortened by UMI.)
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Sumpter, Lawrence Thomas 1957. "Stratigraphy and sedimentology of the Willow Canyon Formation, southeastern Arizona." Thesis, The University of Arizona, 1986. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/558050.

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Li, Bo. "Tidal channel meandering and salt marsh development in a marine transgressed incised valley system the Great Marsh at Lewes, Delaware /." Access to citation, abstract and download form provided by ProQuest Information and Learning Company; downloadable PDF file, 710 p, 2006. http://proquest.umi.com/pqdweb?did=1208133431&sid=9&Fmt=2&clientId=8331&RQT=309&VName=PQD.

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Hoffman, Cory Lane. "Evidence for Milankovitch orbital forcing in the Cretaceous upper Glen Rose Formation of the East Texas Basin and the Fort Terrett Formation of the Central Texas platform /." Digital version accessible at:, 2000. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/utexas/main.

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Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Texas at Austin, 2000.
Vita. Five folded charts in pocket. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 316-324). Available also in a digital version from Dissertation Abstracts.
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Evans, James Erwin. "Depositional environments, basin evolution and tectonic significance of the Eocene Chumstick Formation, Cascade Range, Washington /." Thesis, Connect to this title online; UW restricted, 1988. http://hdl.handle.net/1773/6736.

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Sari, Jack Kahorera. "A comparative geological study of toro formation in Papuan and northern Australian basins." Thesis, Queensland University of Technology, 1991. https://eprints.qut.edu.au/37190/1/37190_Sari_1991.pdf.

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The Toro Formation of the Papuan Basin is the older diachronous fades correlative of the upper part of the Gilbert River Formation of the Carpentaria and Laura Basins. In the Carpentaria Basin the upper Gilbert River Formation is composed of the Coffin Hill Member which occurs in the southern part of the basin, and the Gleanie and Briscoe Members which occur in the Olive River area within the northern part of the basin. The Toro Formation is of Early Berriasian to Early Kimmeridgian age, and the Gilbert River Formation is of Late Barremian to Late Tithonian age. Surface sedimentologic data and subsurface core and wireline log interpretations are supportive of a revised Toro Formation to incorporate all shallow marine reservoir quality sandstones. A subdivision of the Toro Formation into an upper and a lower member is proposed, based on the amount of sandstones. The upper member is composed dominantly of sandstones and minor siltstones and mudstones. The lower member is highly variable and consists of sandstones, siltstones and mudstones. Sandstones in both the Toro Formation and the Gilbert River Formation are composed predominantly of plutonic monocrystalline quartz (85-95%), and minor feldspars and muscovite mica (<15%). They are classified as quartz arenites and quartz wackes based on the predominant amount of quartz and minor feldspar, and variable matrix content. The detrital constituents of quartz, feldspar and mica indicate that the provenance was a mixed terrain of intrusive igneous and high grade gneissic metamorphic rocks. Fades analysis of the Toro Formation indicates a total of twelve subfades that were deposited in three major environments within a shallow marine wave dominated prograding barrier bar to beach environment: (1) Lower shoreface, (2) Middle shoreface, and (3) Upper shoreface-beach. From the lower shoreface toward the upper shoreface to beach fades, there is an increase in grain-size, decrease in the intensity of burrowing activity, and improvement in reservoir quality. Fades analysis of the Gilbert River Formation indicates a total of six subfades that were deposited in five subenvironments within a fluvio-deltaic to shallow marine environment: (1) Fluvial channel/point-bar, (2) Fluvial flood plain, (3) Distributary channel/mouth bar, (4) Pro-delta, and (5) Barrier bar to beach. The Gilbert River Formation fades generally becomes more marine in ascending stratigraphic order. Reservoir quality sandstones in the Toro Formation are present in the barrier bar to beach fades. Optimum areas where reservoir sandstones in the upper member may have accumulated are the northern and northeastern margins of the basin. Potential areas where the lower member reservoir sandstones may have accumulated are the northeastern and southeastern margins of the basin. Reservoir quality sandstones in the Gilbert River Formation are present in the fluvial channel/point-bar fades, delta front distributary mouth bar fades, and the prograding barrier bar to beach fades.
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Books on the topic "Formations (Geology)"

1

Uitterdijk, Appel Peter W., and LaBerge Gene L, eds. Precambrian iron-formations. Athens, Greece: Theophrastus, 1987.

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Khattach, D. Paléomagnétisme de formations paléozoïques du Maroc. Rennes, France: Centre armoricain d'étude structurale des socles, LP CNRS no 4661, Université de Rennes I, 1989.

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Jean-Jacques, Chauvel, ed. Ancient banded iron formations: Regional presentations. Athens, Greece: Theophrastus Publications, 1990.

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Owen, M. Geological monuments in the Australian Capital Territory. [Canberra]: Australian Heritage Commission, 1987.

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Barclay, W. J. Geology of the country between Hereford and Ross-on-Wye: A brief explanation of the geological map Sheet 215 Ross-on-Wye. Keyworth, Notts: British Geological Survey, 2002.

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Geological Survey (U.S.), ed. Geology of the Devils Hole area, Nevada. Denver, Colo: Dept. of the Interior, U.S. Geological Survey, 1988.

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W, Moore David. Preliminary report and map of the geology of Smithsonian Butte quadrangle, Washington County, Utah. Denver, Colo: Dept. of the Interior, U.S. Geological Survey, 1992.

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Petrovich, Orlov Viktor, and T͡S︡entralʹnyĭ nauchno-issledovatelʹskiĭ geologorazvedochnyĭ muzeĭ im. F.N. Chernysheva., eds. Geologicheskie pami͡a︡tniki prirody Rossii: K 300-letii͡u︡ gorno-geologicheskoĭ sluzhby Rossii (1700-2000). Sankt-Peterburg: Lorien, 1999.

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V, Makarikhin V., Medvedev P. V, Rychanchik D. V, and Institut geologii (Rossiĭskai︠a︡ akademii︠a︡ nauk. Karelʹskiĭ nauchnyĭ t︠s︡entr), eds. Geologicheskie pami︠a︡tniki prirody Karelii =: Geological sites of Karelia. Petrozavodsk: Karelii︠a︡, 2007.

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Floyd, J. D. Geology of the Leadhills district: A brief explanation of the geological map Sheet 15E Leadhills. Keyworth, Notts: British Geological Survey, 2003.

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Book chapters on the topic "Formations (Geology)"

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Smith, Albertus J. B. "The Iron Formations of Southern Africa." In Regional Geology Reviews, 469–91. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-68920-3_17.

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Papanikolaou, Dimitrios I. "Molasse Formations in the Hellenides." In The Geology of Greece, 95–105. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-60731-9_6.

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Olobaniyi, Samuel B., and Arno Mücke. "The Nigerian Iron Formations." In Geology and Natural Resources of Nigeria, 40–55. Boca Raton: CRC Press, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781003454908-3.

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Rosière, Carlos Alberto, Adriana Heimann, Pedro Oyhantçabal, and João Orestes Schneider Santos. "The Iron Formations of the South American Platform." In Regional Geology Reviews, 493–526. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-68920-3_18.

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Al-Helal, Anwar, Yaqoub AlRefai, Abdullah AlKandari, and Mohammad Abdullah. "Subsurface Stratigraphy of Kuwait." In The Geology of Kuwait, 27–50. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-16727-0_2.

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AbstractThis chapter reviews the subsurface stratigraphy of Kuwait targeting geosciences educators. The lithostratigraphy and chronostratigraphy of the reviewed formations (association of rocks whose components are paragenetically related to each other, both vertically and laterally) followed the formal stratigraphic nomenclature in Kuwait. The exposed stratigraphic formations of the Miocene–Pleistocene epochs represented by the Dibdibba, Lower Fars, and Ghar clastic sediments (Kuwait Group) were reviewed in the previous chapter as part of near-surface geology. In this chapter, the description of these formations is based mainly on their subsurface presence. The description of the subsurface stratigraphic formations in Kuwait followed published academic papers and technical reports related to Kuwait’s geology or analog (GCC countries, Iraq and Iran) either from the oil and gas industry or from different research institutions in Kuwait and abroad. It is also true that studies related to groundwater aquifer systems also contribute to our understanding of the subsurface stratigraphy of Kuwait for the shallower formations. The majority of the published data were covered the onshore section of Kuwait. The subsurface stratigraphic nomenclature description is based on thickness, depositional environment, sequence stratigraphy, the nature of the sequence boundaries, biostratigraphy, and age. The sedimentary strata reflect the depositional environment in which the rocks were formed. Understanding the characteristics of the sedimentary rocks will help understand many geologic events in the past, such as sea-level fluctuation, global climatic changes, tectonic processes, geochemical cycles, and more, depending on the research question. The succession of changing lithological sequences is controlled by three main factors; sea-level change (eustatic sea level), sediment supply, and accommodation space controlled by regional and local tectonics influences. Several authors have developed theoretical methods, established conceptual models, and produced several paleofacies maps to interpret Kuwait’s stratigraphic sequence based on the data collected over time intervals from the Late Permian to Quaternary to reconstruct the depositional history of the Arabian Plate in general and of Kuwait to understand the characteristics of oil and gas reservoirs.
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Papanikolaou, Dimitrios I. "Post-Alpine Formations in the Hellenic Region." In The Geology of Greece, 81–94. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-60731-9_5.

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Hirsch, Francis, Howard R. Feldman, Fayez Ahmad, Mena Schemm-Gregory, and Mark A. Wilson. "Correlation of the Middle Jurassic (Callovian) Formations Across the Dead Sea Rift." In Springer Geology, 659–63. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-04364-7_126.

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Afanas’ev, Victor V., Alexey V. Uba, Alexander I. Levitsky, and Oleg A. Korablev. "Rates of Organic Carbon Accumulation in March Formations of Lagoons of Sakhalin." In Springer Geology, 247–52. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-16575-7_23.

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Papanikolaou, Dimitrios I. "Alpine and Pre-Alpine Formations of the Hellenides." In The Geology of Greece, 107–40. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-60731-9_7.

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Nieuwenhuis, Jan Dirk, and Arnold Verruijt. "Tunnelling Problems in Older Sand Formations." In Engineering Geology for Infrastructure Planning in Europe, 538–48. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-39918-6_60.

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Conference papers on the topic "Formations (Geology)"

1

Rabie, A., R. Husain, and M. Al-Mukhaizeem and A.M. Al-Fares. "Integrated Formation Evaluation and Production Potential of Pre-Jurassic Formations in Kuwait." In Third Arabian Plate Geology Workshop. Netherlands: EAGE Publications BV, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.3997/2214-4609.20144086.

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Dernaika, M., S. Koronfol, O. Al Jallad, J. Walls, and G. Sinclair. "Variations of Shale Rock Properties from Different Formations in the Middle East." In Sixth Arabian Plate Geology Workshop. Netherlands: EAGE Publications BV, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.3997/2214-4609.201602390.

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Hollis, C. "Diagenesis of the Albian-Turonian Formations of the Middle East." In Second Arabian Plate Geology Workshop 2010. Netherlands: EAGE Publications BV, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.3997/2214-4609.20145355.

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Al-Sahlan, G., C. Strohmenger, P. Patterson, R. Wellner, H. Feldman, J. Mitchell, P. Lehmann, et al. "Regional Sequence Stratigraphic Correlation of the Burgan and Mauddud Formations (Lower Cretaceous), Kuwait." In Second Arabian Plate Geology Workshop 2010. Netherlands: EAGE Publications BV, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.3997/2214-4609.20145632.

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Al-Mansoori, A., and C. J. Strohmenger. "Sequence Stratigraphy and Sedimentology of the Upper Jurassic Arab and Hith Formations, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates." In Fourth Arabian Plate Geology Workshop. Netherlands: EAGE Publications BV, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.3997/2214-4609.20142803.

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Obermaier, M., and T. Aigner. "The Triassic Sudair and Jilh Formations in Outcrops of the Oman Mountains." In Fifth EAGE Arabian Plate Geology Workshop 2015. Netherlands: EAGE Publications BV, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.3997/2214-4609.201411937.

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Kadar, A. P., S. Crespo de Cabrera, K. A. Karam, and G. Al-Sahlan. "Biostratigraphy and Palaeoenvironments of the Middle Jurassic Dhruma and Sargelu Formations, Onshore Kuwait." In Fifth EAGE Arabian Plate Geology Workshop 2015. Netherlands: EAGE Publications BV, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.3997/2214-4609.201411954.

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H. Negra, M., B. Mardassi, and S. Melk. "Sedimentary Characters Changes in Fractured Micritic Reservoirs - Example of the Abiod-Bou Dabbous Formations in Northern Tunisia." In EAGE Conference on Geology and Petroleum Geology of the Mediterranean and Circum-Mediterranean Basins. European Association of Geoscientists & Engineers, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.3997/2214-4609.201406047.

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Al-Muraikhi, H. R., D. Dutta, S. N. Al-Anezi, B. Vincent, J. Garland, and P. Gitteridge. "Distribution of the Reservoir Properties in the Minagish and Rawati Formations (Kuwait): A Complex Interplay of Sedimentation, Depositional Architecture and Diagenesis." In Fourth Arabian Plate Geology Workshop. Netherlands: EAGE Publications BV, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.3997/2214-4609.20142792.

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Osman, M., O. Abdullatif, and M. Yassin. "Digital Outcrop Modeling of Minjur, Marrat and Dhurma Formations: Integrating Sedimentology, Stratigraphy and LiDAR data." In Fifth EAGE Arabian Plate Geology Workshop 2015. Netherlands: EAGE Publications BV, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.3997/2214-4609.201411950.

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Reports on the topic "Formations (Geology)"

1

Lane, L. S., and M. P. Cecile. Bedrock geology, Mount Hare, Yukon, NTS 116-I/9. Natural Resources Canada/CMSS/Information Management, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.4095/290067.

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The Mount Hare map area extends across the western limb of the Richardson anticlinorium in the southern Richardson Mountains, northern Yukon. It is underlain by four Paleozoic sedimentary successions: middle Cambrian Slats Creek Formation, middle Cambrian to Early Devonian Road River Group, Devonian Canol Formation, and Late Devonian to Carboniferous Imperial and Tuttle formations. The Richardson trough depositional setting of the first three successions is succeeded by a deep-marine, turbiditic Ellesmerian orogenic foredeep setting for the Imperial-Tuttle succession. The carbonate-dominated Road River Group defines a west-dipping homocline which is transected by oblique transverse faults in its upper part. In the overlying Imperial-Tuttle succession, map-scale folds can be defined where shales are interbedded with thick persistent sandstone units. The structural geometry reflects Cretaceous-Cenozoic regional Cordilleran tectonism.
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Lane, L. S. Bedrock geology, Mount Raymond, Yukon, NTS 116-I/8. Natural Resources Canada/CMSS/Information Management, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.4095/329963.

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The Mount Raymond map area incorporates the western limb of the Richardson anticlinorium, southern Richardson Mountains, northern Yukon. It is underlain by four Paleozoic sedimentary successions: middle Cambrian Slats Creek Formation, Cambrian to Early Devonian Road River Group, Devonian Canol Formation, and Late Devonian to Carboniferous Imperial and Tuttle formations. The Richardson trough depositional setting of the first three successions is succeeded by a deep-marine, turbiditic, Ellesmerian, orogenic foredeep setting for the Imperial-Tuttle succession. Several major thrust faults and related folds transect the map area from north to south. The carbonate-dominated Road River Group defines a west-dipping homocline, modified by the Mount Raymond thrust fault together with minor folds in its footwall. In the overlying Imperial-Tuttle succession, map-scale folds are defined where shales are interbedded with persistent sandstones. Steep reverse faults in the east may have reactivated Cambrian rift faults. The structural geometry reflects Late Cretaceous-Cenozoic regional Cordilleran tectonism.
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Bélanger, J. R., M. Howard, A. Moore, and A. Prégent. Digital bedrock geology maps of Canada's National Capital Region: bedrock geology, and geotechnical characteristics of rock formations. Natural Resources Canada/ESS/Scientific and Technical Publishing Services, 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.4095/194079.

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Lane, L. S., and S. Zhao. Bedrock geology, Mount Huley and Mount Harbottle, Yukon, NTS 116-G/15 and 16. Natural Resources Canada/CMSS/Information Management, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.4095/329451.

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This map encompasses two 1:50 000 scale map areas at the southw estern margin of Eagle Plain sedimentary basin, in the northern Canadian Cordillera. The eastern part is underlain by the Upper Cretaceous Park in, Fishing Branch, Burnthill Creek , and Cody Creek formations of the Eagle Plain Group, w here shale and sandstone beds dip gently eastw ard to northw ard. The w estern part of the map contains three large anticlinesyncline pairs trending north-northw est-south-southeast that expose Low er Cretaceous W hitestone R iver Formation lying unconformably on Paleoz oic strata of Middle Devonian to Permian age, comprising Ogilvie, Hart R iver, Ettrain, and J ungle Creek formations. The folds define domes and basins reflecting the influence of two orthogonal fold-thrust events during Cretaceous- Paleogene Cordilleran deformation. At the level of the Cretaceous units, the synclines define symmetrical continuous structures, w hereas the anticlines, exposing Paleoz oic strata, define asymmetric en échelon structures suggesting that pre-existing structural or stratigraphic trends influenced their deformation.
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Mayr, U., B. Beauchamp, A. F. Embry, and J. C. Harrison. Geology of Upper Paleozoic and Mesozoic formations of northern Axel Heiberg Island, Nunavut. Natural Resources Canada/ESS/Scientific and Technical Publishing Services, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.4095/213034.

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Hamblin, A. P. Paskapoo-Porcupine Hills formations in western Alberta: synthesis of regional geology and resource potential. Natural Resources Canada/ESS/Scientific and Technical Publishing Services, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.4095/215631.

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Bédard, K., A. Marsh, M. Hillier, and Y. Music. 3D geological model of the Western Canadian Sedimentary Basin in Saskatchewan, Canada. Natural Resources Canada/CMSS/Information Management, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.4095/331747.

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The Western Canadian Sedimentary Basin (WCSB) covers a large part of southern Saskatchewan and hosts many resources such as critical mineral deposits (i.e. potash, helium and lithium) as well as oil and gas reservoirs and is also targeted for deep CO2 storage projects. There is also growing interest in the groundwater resources, the geothermal potential and hydrogen recovery potential. These applications require knowledge of the subsurface geology such as formation thickness and depth, relationships with adjacent formations or unconformities and ultimately, distribution of physical properties within the basin. 3D geological models can provide this knowledge since they characterize the geometry of subsurface geological features. In addition, they can be used as a framework for fluid flow simulation and estimating the distribution a variety of properties. The 3D geological model presented in this report consists of 51 geological units of which, 49 are stratigraphic units spanning from Cambrian Deadwood Formation at the base of the sequence to Upper Cretaceous Belly River Formation at the top, plus the undivided Precambrian and a preliminary Quaternary unit. The model is cut by 7 major regional unconformities, including the base of the Quaternary sediments. The regional model was constrained using oil and gas well data interpretations, provincial scale bedrock geology maps and knowledge from the previously interpreted areal extent of the Phanerozoic strata. A hybrid explicit-implicit modelling approach was employed to produce the 3D geological model of the WCSB in Saskatchewan using Gocad/SKUATM geomodelling software.
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Tran, Tut, Alexandra Bonham, Justin Tweet, and Vincent Santucci. Bryce Canyon National Park: Paleontological resource inventory. National Park Service, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.36967/2302804.

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Originally designated as a national monument in 1923, Bryce Canyon National Park (BRCA) is recognized for its exceptional pink-orange hoodoo landscapes. Its iconic hoodoos, consisting of the Paleocene?Eocene Claron Formation, are only part of the geology of BRCA, which includes a nearly uninterrupted sequence of Late Cretaceous Western Interior Seaway evolution and diverse depositional environments from approximately 100 to 77 million years ago. This sequence consists of the coastal Naturita Formation, the marine Tropic Shale, the transitional Straight Cliffs Formation, and the terrestrial Wahweap Formation. These strata, and the Claron Formation, preserve diverse paleontological resources. Fossils at BRCA have received little visibility for most of the park?s history, despite relatively rapid advances in the study of Late Cretaceous and Paleogene paleontology in neighboring public lands, especially Grand Staircase-Escalante National Monument (GSENM) to the east. The best documentation of paleontological resources at BRCA was produced through concerted field inventory of the park conducted by Dr. Jeff Eaton and several cohorts of interns and students from 1988 to 2015. In that time, Eaton?s team documented nearly 200 paleontological localities within the park that yielded clams, snails, fish, frogs, turtles, lizards, snakes, crocodilians, dinosaurs, and mammals from the Straight Cliffs and Wahweap Formations and invertebrates, plants, and trace fossils in the Claron Formation. Eaton?s survey resulted in several publications, including the description of new microvertebrate species from the Straight Cliffs and Wahweap Formations. Despite this body of work, the park did not develop an internal paleontological resources management program. A new paleontological resources program at BRCA was advanced in response to construction activities that impacted several fossil localities in the Wahweap Formation. Newly hired paleontological staff conducted two seasons of field inventory (2022?2023), relocating as many of Eaton?s sites as possible and recording new fossil occurrences along the way. In this timeframe, BRCA paleontologists encountered more than 150 localities. They also conducted detailed literature review, examined the park?s paleontological collections data, and cultivated partnerships with outside researchers to better comprehend the current state and future potential of the park?s paleontological resources. This document synthesizes the total current body of knowledge on paleontological resources at BRCA to create a comprehensive paleontological inventory report. It combines historical data from the scientific literature, previous work conducted in the park, and recent fieldwork to cover BRCA?s geologic history and fossil diversity and the history of paleontological study, education, and resources management in the park.
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Tran, Tut, Alexandra Bonham, Justin Tweet, and Vincent Santucci. Bryce Canyon National Park: Paleontological resource inventory (public version). National Park Service, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.36967/2303710.

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Originally designated as a national monument in 1923, Bryce Canyon National Park (BRCA) is recognized for its exceptional pink-orange hoodoo landscapes. Its iconic hoodoos, consisting of the Paleocene?Eocene Claron Formation, are only part of the geology of BRCA, which includes a nearly uninterrupted sequence of Late Cretaceous Western Interior Seaway evolution and diverse depositional environments from approximately 100 to 77 million years ago. This sequence consists of the coastal Naturita Formation, the marine Tropic Shale, the transitional Straight Cliffs Formation, and the terrestrial Wahweap Formation. These strata, and the Claron Formation, preserve diverse paleontological resources. Fossils at BRCA have received little visibility for most of the park?s history, despite relatively rapid advances in the study of Late Cretaceous and Paleogene paleontology in neighboring public lands, especially Grand Staircase-Escalante National Monument (GSENM) to the east. The best documentation of paleontological resources at BRCA was produced through concerted field inventory of the park conducted by Dr. Jeff Eaton and several cohorts of interns and students from 1988 to 2015. In that time, Eaton?s team documented nearly 200 paleontological localities within the park that yielded clams, snails, fish, frogs, turtles, lizards, snakes, crocodilians, dinosaurs, and mammals from the Straight Cliffs and Wahweap Formations and invertebrates, plants, and trace fossils in the Claron Formation. Eaton?s survey resulted in several publications, including the description of new microvertebrate species from the Straight Cliffs and Wahweap Formations. Despite this body of work, the park did not develop an internal paleontological resources management program. A new paleontological resources program at BRCA was advanced in response to construction activities that impacted several fossil localities in the Wahweap Formation. Newly hired paleontological staff conducted two seasons of field inventory (2022?2023), relocating as many of Eaton?s sites as possible and recording new fossil occurrences along the way. In this timeframe, BRCA paleontologists encountered more than 150 localities. They also conducted detailed literature review, examined the park?s paleontological collections data, and cultivated partnerships with outside researchers to better comprehend the current state and future potential of the park?s paleontological resources. This document synthesizes the total current body of knowledge on paleontological resources at BRCA to create a comprehensive paleontological inventory report. It combines historical data from the scientific literature, previous work conducted in the park, and recent fieldwork to cover BRCA?s geologic history and fossil diversity and the history of paleontological study, education, and resources management in the park.
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Hill, J. R. Follow - Up Geology and Geochemistry of Metacarbonate Formations and Their Contained Mineral Occurrences, Cape Breton Island, Nova Scotia. Natural Resources Canada/ESS/Scientific and Technical Publishing Services, 1989. http://dx.doi.org/10.4095/130726.

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