Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Formation atmosphérique'
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Duporte, Geoffroy. "Formation et devenir de l’aérosol organique secondaire : étude expérimentale de formation d’organosulfates à l’interface gaz-particules." Thesis, Bordeaux, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014BORD0262/document.
Full textThis work deals with the formation and aging processes of secondary organic aerosol (SOA). More precisely, the objective was to document organosulfate formation, recently identified in ambient aerosol. Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) such as monoterpenes have been recognized as potentially important precursors of organosulfates in the atmosphere. However, organosulfate formation is not yet well understood. Reliable chemical mechanisms can only be accessible when studying individual reactions at the molecular level. In this work, organosulfate formation was studied for the reactions of α-pinene and associated oxidized species (α-pinene oxide, myrtenal, isopinocampheol and pinanediol) with acidified ammonium sulfate particles. On-line quantification of VOCs was carried out using proton-transfer-reaction mass spectrometry. Identification of products in the particulate phase has been performed using liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry. Experiments from quasi-static reactor and atmospheric simulation chamber experiments are compared and discussed, allowing to propose chemical mechanisms explaining organosulfate formation for the heterogeneous reactions of interest
Boulon, Julien. "Approche multi-échelle de la formation des particules secondaires." Phd thesis, Université Blaise Pascal - Clermont-Ferrand II, 2011. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00697022.
Full textCoddeville, Patrice. "Formation de l'ozone, polluant de la troposphère : étude expérimentale dans l'environnement et par modélisation lagrangienneévaluation de l'impact de l'heure d'été sur la pollution photooxydante." Lille 1, 1989. http://www.theses.fr/1989LIL10078.
Full textLekouch, Imad. "Production d’eau potable par condensation passive de l’humidité atmosphérique (rosée)." Paris 6, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010PA066638.
Full textLekouch, Imad. "Production d'eau potable par condensation passive de l'humidité atmosphérique (rosée)." Phd thesis, Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris VI, 2010. http://pastel.archives-ouvertes.fr/pastel-00547593.
Full textFèvre-Nollet, Valérie. "Simulation numérique des facteurs validants pour la formation des polluants photochimiques de la troposphère : application à la conception de deux nouveaux types de stratégies de contrôle." Lille 1, 1992. http://www.theses.fr/1992LIL10049.
Full textMakke, Laurent. "Modélisation tridimensionnelle du rayonnement infrarouge atmosphérique utilisant l'approximation en émissivité : application à la formation du brouillard radiatif." Thesis, Paris Est, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015PESC1061/document.
Full textThe Atmospheric Radiation field has seen the development of more accurate and faster methods to take into account absorption. Modelling fog formation, where Infrared Radiation is involved, requires accurate methods to compute cooling rates. Radiative fog appears with clear sky condition due to a significant cooling during the night where absorption is the dominant processus. Thanks to High Performance Computing, multi-spectral approaches of Radiative Transfer Equation resolution are often used. Nevertheless, the coupling of three-dimensional radiative transfer with fluid dynamics is very computationally expensive. Radiation increases the computation time by around fifty percent over the pure Computational Fluid Dynamics simulation. To reduce the time spent in radiation calculations, a new method using the broadband emissivity has been developed to compute an equivalent absorption coefficient (spectrally integrated). Only one resolution of Radiative Transfer Equation is needed against $N_{text{band}} times N_{text{gauss}}$ for an $N_{text{band}}$ model with $N_{text{gauss}}$ quadrature points on each band. A comparison with simulation data has been done and the new parameterization of Radiative properties shows the ability to handle variations of gases concentrations and liquid water. A dynamical study through the coupling between the infrared radiation model and Code_Saturne has been done to validate our parametrization. Finally the model was tested on a 3-D domain with idealized buildings to catch 3-D infrared radiative effects due to horizontally inhomogenities of the liquid water content field and buildings
Berhanu, Tesfaye. "Caractérisations isotopiques des voies de formation du nitrate atmosphérique et de la photochimie du nitrate dans la neige." Phd thesis, Université de Grenoble, 2013. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00934489.
Full textRiva, Matthieu. "Caractérisation d’une nouvelle voie de formation des aérosols organiques secondaires (AOS) dans l’atmosphère : rôle des précurseurs polyaromatiques." Thesis, Bordeaux 1, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013BOR14942/document.
Full textThis work deals with the secondary organic aerosol (SOA) formation from gas phase oxidation of volatile organic compounds in the presence of atmospheric oxidants (ozone, hydroxyl radical, chlorine and nitrate radical). Among them, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) have been proposed as an important potential source of anthropogenic SOA. The oxidation of 4 main gaseous PAHs (naphthalene, acenaphthylene, acenaphthene and phenanthrene) in the presence of main atmospheric oxidants has been performed in order to investigate the SOA formation. Characterization of both gas and particulate phases has been carried out using mass spectrometry and optical spectroscopy allowing the identification of products in both phases. Then, chemical mechanisms have been proposed in order to explain SOA formation. SOA yields have been also determined to evaluate the impact of the gas phase oxidation of PAHs in SOA formation. Experiments have been carried out using flow tube and atmospheric simulation chambers. SOA fate has been investigated to determine the different oxidation processes involved in SOA aging
Petit, Jean-Eudes. "Compréhension des sources et des processus de formation de la pollution particulaire en région Ile-de-France." Thesis, Versailles-St Quentin en Yvelines, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014VERS0034/document.
Full textRiva, Matthieu. "Caractérisation d'une nouvelle voie de formation des aérosols organiques secondaires (AOS) dans l'atmosphère : rôle des précurseurs polyaromatiques." Phd thesis, Université Sciences et Technologies - Bordeaux I, 2013. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00952636.
Full textLannuque, Victor. "Formation de l’aérosol organique secondaire dans les modèles de qualité de l’air : développement d’une paramétrisation sur la base de simulations explicites." Thesis, Paris Est, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017PESC1129.
Full textThe gaseous oxidation of organic compounds emitted into the atmosphere leads to the formation of thousands of secondary organic compounds (SOC). A fraction of these SOC is low volatile, and can partition between the gaseous phase and the particulate phase, forming secondary organic aerosols (SOA). The SOA are a main component of the particles, representing between 20% and 80% of the total mass of fine aerosols. Therefore, SOA contribute to the impact of aerosols on the environment, in particular air quality and climate. The quantification of the SOA impacts is estimated using chemical-transport models (CTM). Comparisons with in situ measurements show that the spatial and temporal variations of SOA mass are not correctly simulated by CTM. In these models, the SOA formation is represented in a simplified way, using empirical parameterizations developed on the basis of observations performed in atmospheric simulation chambers. Improving the representation of organic aerosols in CTM is therefore required to diagnose the origin of air pollution by fine particles, improve the reliability of pollution episode prediction and assess the impact of aerosols on the environment. The objectives of this thesis are :• to explore the influence of environmental conditions on SOA formation and properties,• to develop a new parameterization of SOA formation based on a deterministic representation of atmospheric chemistry,• to evaluate this parameterization in CTM by comparison with in-situ measurements. Deterministic models represent the non-linearity of SOA formation processes. The model GECKO-A (Generator for Explicit Chemistry and Kinetics of Organics in the Atmosphere) is a numerical modelling tool that integrates the elementary data (kinetics and thermodynamics) from laboratory studies. In this thesis, oxidation scenarios representative of various environmental conditions were developed and GECKO-A was used to study the impact of environmental factors (temperature, NOx concentrations, solar radiations, etc.) on the formation and the properties of the SOA. On the basis of these simulations, a new parameterization for SOA formation was developed: VBS-GECKO. The evaluation of the VBS-GECKO in box model has shown a good reproduction of the organic aerosol (OA) concentrations with RMSE lesser than 20%.The VBS-GECKO was integrated into the CHIMERE CTM to simulate summer concentrations of OA over Europe. Simulated OA are significantly improved compared to the reference parameterization used in CHIMERE. The VBS-GECKO was also used to study (i) the sources and properties of SOA and (ii) different representations of emissions of semi-volatile and intermediate volatility organic compounds by road traffic
Petit, Jean-Eudes. "Compréhension des sources et des processus de formation de la pollution particulaire en région Ile-de-France." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Versailles-St Quentin en Yvelines, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014VERS0034.
Full textBugajny, Christine. "Quantification des émissions polluantes d'origine automobile et modélisation des processus de formation de l'ozone dans la ville de mexico." Lille 1, 1995. http://www.theses.fr/1995LIL10037.
Full textLa, Yuyi. "Formation des aérosols organiques secondaires : évaluation d'un modèle explicite par la comparaison à des observations de chambre de simulation atmosphérique." Thesis, Paris Est, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016PESC1129.
Full textSecondary organic aerosols (SOAs) represent a large fraction of fine particle matter, and contribute therefore to their impacts on human health, environment and climate. Understanding the sources, the evolution and the properties of SOAs is a challenge for the scientific community. These SOAs are produced by condensation onto preexisting aerosols of low volatility compounds formed during the progressive oxidation of gaseous organic matter. The objective of this thesis is to assess our knowledge of SOA formation processes. The methodology aims at (i) representing the processes in a deterministic and explicit model, (ii) comparing the modeling results with SOA measurements performed in controlled environments and (iii) examining the sensitivity of simulated results to poorly constrained parameters. The GECKO-A model (Generator for Explicit Chemistry and Kinetics of Organics in the Atmosphere) developed at LISA generates explicit chemical schemes on the basis of fundamental principles and provides the related kinetic and thermodynamic constants. Its ability to represent SOA formation was evaluated by comparisons with experiments performed in environmental chambers. The comparisons between modeled and measured final SOA yields show that the GECKO-A tool accurately reproduces the influence of molecular structure on the SOA formation. However, quantitative analysis shows that these yields are systematically overestimated. This suggests that processes are missing or misrepresented in the model, in particular the loss of gaseous organic compounds on the chamber walls. The implementation of this process into the model leads to (i) a decrease of the simulated final yields up to a factor 2, (ii) a change on SOA composition with a high sensitivity for the first generation species (nitrates, hydroxynitrates and carbonylesters) and (iii) a decrease in the SOA production rate when the mass transfer rate to the wall is increased. The model fails however to reproduce the dynamic of SOA formation. The results show that the uncertainties on particle surface accommodation and wall losses allow to encompass the experimental data. However, no unique configuration of these two parameters can be selected for all of the experiments
Champeau, François. "Paramétrisation des processus physico-chimiques de formation des nuages et étude de leurs impacts sur l'évolution de la composition chimique atmosphérique." Phd thesis, Université Blaise Pascal - Clermont-Ferrand II, 2007. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00717866.
Full textChampeau, François. "Paramétrisation des processus physico-chimiques de formation des nuages et étude de leurs impacts sur l'évolution de la composition chimique atmosphérique." Phd thesis, Clermont-Ferrand 2, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007CLF21748.
Full textAusset, Patrick. "Approche expérimentale de la formation de croûtes noires sulfatées sur les matériaux pierreux en atmosphère urbaine polluée." Paris 12, 1996. http://www.theses.fr/1996PA120035.
Full textLiu, Yao. "Etudes des impacts de la réactivité en phase aqueuse atmosphérique sur la formation et le vieillissement des Aérosols Organiques Secondaires sous conditions simulées." Thesis, Aix-Marseille 1, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011AIX10030/document.
Full textThis work focused on the impacts of aqueous phase OH-oxidation of methacrolein, methyl vinyl ketone on the SOA formation, and impacts of aqueous phase OH-oxidation on aging of SOA that are formed by isoprene, -pinene and 1,3,5-trimethylbenzene in gas phase. The chemical characterization of aqueous phase was performed by different analytical techniques. The results show the formation of small primary and secondary reaction products that were explained by suitable chemical reaction mechanisms. The formation of oligomers with high molecular mass (compared with their precursors) has also been observed during the OH-oxidation. These oligomers might be low volatile compounds that induce the formation of SOA during water evaporation. Their capacity to form SOA was experimentally demonstrated by nebulizing the aqueous phase solution at different reaction times. The results show that at least a part of oligomers remains in the particle phase during water evaporation, and contributes to the SOA formation. All of these results highlight that aqueous phase reactivity could induce important effects on the formation and aging of atmospheric SOA, which can induce modification of physico-chemical properties of SOA
Vancassel, Xavier. "Modélisation microphysique de la formation et de l'évolution d'aérosols et de leurs précurseurs dans les sillages d'avions." Université Louis Pasteur (Strasbourg) (1971-2008), 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003STR13023.
Full textCivil aviation has known for years and mainly in the developed countries an exceptional growth. This one has unfortunately been followed by an increase in the associated harmful effects, especially polluting emissions. Aircraft as any vehicle propelled by a system with combustion emits various residues such as carbon dioxide, nitrogen and sulphur oxides, water etc. The main interest carried to these gas emissions, in particular within the framework of "the greenhouse effect" studies tends to mask less direct consequences, in particular the potential effects of the aerosols formed in plumes. The low temperatures reached at typical altitudes of flight (approximately 10000 m) cause indeed a fast condensation of certain species in gas phase which, in an expanding plume, are likely to form new particles having potentially chemical and radiative impacts which could modify the stratospheric equilibrium. In order to determine the features of these particles (size distribution, concentration etc. ) and to make predictions, the main processes of formation and evolution of aerosols (nucleation, growth etc. ) have been considered in a model, based on collision mechanisms. The system we have studied has been simplified by considering a gas phase water and sulphuric acid binary mixture and a primary aerosol (soot particles). The model has thus been applied to real aircraft plumes (Concorde for instance) but also to a combustion chamber on a test rig. The results, coming in particular from many sensitivity studies, should improve our understanding of the microphysical processes occurring in a plume and should also make us contribute to establish correlations between aircraft emissions and their impacts on the atmospheric equilibrium
Bertrand, Amélie. "Vieillissement atmosphérique de l'aérosol de combustion de biomasse : du potentiel de formation d'aérosol organique secondaire à la modification de l'empreinte chimique à l'échelle moléculaire." Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017AIXM0149/document.
Full textBiomass burning is in winter a main source of air pollution by particulate matter, especially in France. While primary emissions have been characterized extensively before, few studies have addressed the aging of these emissions in the atmosphere and large uncertainties remain. Therefore, the objectives of this thesis was to study in a smog chamber the aging of the aerosol emitted by 3 different woodstoves used for residential heating (fabricated from between 2000 and 2010, and representative of the policy engaged by the French environmental agency to renew the appliances across the country), with a specific focus on the Secondary Organic Aerosol (SOA) production potential and the modification of the chemical fingerprint of the emissions at the molecular level during their transport in the atmosphere. The experiments showed the SOA production potential can be significant. The OA concentration can be increased by up to a factor of 7 (1.5 – 7.1) after being aged in the smog chamber with a time equivalent to 5 hours in the atmosphere. The study also further demonstrated the influence of the combustion efficiency on the emissions and implicitly the role of the operator. The study of the composition of the aerosol at the molecular level showed the formation of compounds, likely to serve as markers for aged biomass burning, mainly nitrocatechols. Finally, the work also illustrates the influence of the volatilization of levoglucosan, main marker of biomass burning, during the dilution process occurring in the atmosphere, and challenge the pertinence of the degradation rate constant determined previously in smog chamber
Brégonzio, Lola. "Formation d'aérosols organiques secondaires au cours de la photooxydation multiphasique de l'isoprène." Thesis, Paris Est, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013PEST1182/document.
Full textIsoprene is the most abundant volatile organic compound in global scale. Despite its low secondary organic aerosol (SOA) yields, it has been recently shown that isoprene can significantly contribute to total particulate organic mass due to its large emissions. SOA are known to have various impacts on the environment, especially on climate. However, lacks in the comprehension of the SOA formation pathways, particularly via cloud droplets, are still important. The aim of the present work is to study SOA formation from isoprene (or methacrolein, one of isoprene major oxidation products) photooxidation, in dry condition, as well as in the presence of cloud. The chemistry occurring in the gaseous, particulate and aqueous phases, and the exchange between these phases were investigated through an original multiphase approach in the CESAM simulation chamber. Gaseous and particulate phases during isoprene photooxidation without hydrometeor were first characterized. While the SOA yields in the literature exhibit a general dispersion, the SOA yields obtained during the experiments are consistent with the lowest values found in the literature. This characterization in dry condition was completed by a simulation approach using a 0D photochemical box model. SOA yields obtained from explicit and detailed models show important disagreement with those measured: an incompatibility of the chemical codes with the isoprene chemistry cannot be dismissed. For the first time, protocols have been developed to study photochemistry in cloud phase in a simulation chamber. A specific methodology allowing the production of a cloud with an important lifetime was set up. The impact of cloud evapo-condensation cycles on the photooxidation of isoprene and its oxidation products was finally investigated. The impact of the cloud generation on the gaseous and particulate phases has been highlighted, suggesting a significant production of SOA from isoprene photooxidation by interactions with cloud droplets
Lamkaddam, Houssni. "Etude en atmosphère simulée de la formation d'Aérosol Organique Secondaire issue de la photooxydation du n-dodécane : impact des paramètres environnementaux." Thesis, Paris Est, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017PESC1128/document.
Full textSecondary Organic Aerosol (SOA), the major fraction of the submicron aerosol, plays a key role on health, environment and climate. The evaluation of its impacts is a real challenge for the scientific community. Our current knowledge of SOA formation processes and chemical composition is still very deficient and limit the development of atmospheric models to quantify the impacts of SOA on air quality and climate system. Therefore, the aim of this work is to produce a set of experimental data to use to constrain and improve the models. To do that, the SOA formation has been studied from the photooxidation of a model precursor, n-dodecane, in the CESAM environmental chamber. The chemical composition has been investigated by spectrometric and chromatographic techniques which allowed us to identify the reaction products constituting the gaseous and particulate phases. In particular, new condensed phase mechanisms have been proposed to explain the formation of carboxylic acids and lactones, identified for the first time. These could be implemented in the models. A wide variety of environmental conditions, such as temperature, relative humidity and the presence/absence of preexisting particles, have been taken into account in this work. The study of the temperature influence has shown a low sensitivity of this parameter on the SOA production. While the study relative humidity effect has shown that adding water to the reaction system beyond 5% lowers SOA yields by almost a factor of 2 in comparison to dry conditions. The SOA formation potential, under these conditions, has been evaluated, and resulted in parameterizations which could be useful for modelers. Furthermore, a characterization of the wall effects in CESAM, i.e. gas and particulate phase wall losses, has been carried out
Bregonzio, Lola, and Lola Bregonzio. "Formation d'aérosols organiques secondaires au cours de la photooxydation multiphasique de l'isoprène." Phd thesis, Université Paris-Est, 2013. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00985377.
Full textBianco, Angelica. "Formation photoinduite du radical hydroxyle dans la phase aqueuse du nuage : impact sur les acides carboxyliques et les acides aminés." Thesis, Clermont-Ferrand 2, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016CLF22746/document.
Full textClouds represent a multiphase complex and reactive medium in which gases, liquid particles and aerosols are in continuous interaction. A large fraction of atmospheric chemical compounds present in the particulate and gaseous phases can be transferred to the cloud droplets where can undergo chemical, photochemical and microbiological transformations. Cloud waters were sampled at the puy de Dôme station. The first part of my PhD work is focused on the photoreactivity of cloud water. Formation of a reactive species such as hydroxyl radical, by direct photolysis of inorganic sources was investigated, as well as the correlation between the concentration of sources and the hydroxyl radical formation rate. The spectroscopic proprieties and fate of tartronic acid, were investigated under cloud water conditions. Moreover, photochemical experiments were performed using continuous irradiation (direct and hydroxyl radical mediated photolysis) and nanosecond flash photolysis in order to assess the reactivity of this compound in cloud aqueous phase. The second part of my work is centered on the characterization of organic matter in clouds. Two studies are presented: i) Detection and quantification of tryptophan by fluorescence spectroscopy and the assessment of its reactivity; ii) detection and quantification of amino acids. Amino acids are detected for the first time in cloud water using a derivatization method and this work show that they represent the 9% of the dissolved organic matter in cloud. Their reactivity with hydroxyl radical was compared to the reactivity of carboxylic acids and dissolved organic matter. These results clearly demonstrate that amino acids represent a major sink of hydroxyl radicals in cloud water
Ayouz, Mehdi Adrien. "Étude théorique de la dynamique de systèmes quantiques à petit nombre de corps : structure et dynamique de formation de la molécule H3¯ dans l'espace." Paris 11, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010PA112361.
Full textThe H3¯ molecule, considered as the simplest negative triatomic molecular ion, is a benchmark system because it allows testing theoretical and numerical methods due to its weak particle mass, prior to be applied to heavier species. To study this molecule and describe its dynamics, we have determined the ground potential energy and permanent dipole moment surfaces. Using the potential energy surface we established the structure of this molecule and its isotopologues. We have developed a theory of radiative association (RA) of H2 + H¯ → H3¯ + hbar ω which could occur in cold and dense interstellar medium (ISM). The obtained permanent dipole moment surface allows us to calculate the formation rate of this molecule in this medium. It appears that the formation is possible for H¯ and para H2 collisions. An eventual observation of H3¯ would be a proof for the presence of H¯ in the interstellar medium. This ion is known to play a role in ISM chemistry especially in the formation process of negative ions. Finally a methodological and numerical developments have been also carried out in order to describe the dynamics of H3¯ in collectives coordinates and compute cross sections for exchange nuclei in its isotopologues
Le, Crâne Jean-Paul. "Etude expérimentale de la réactivité de radicaux issus de l'oxydation troposphérique des aldéhydes : application aux réactions de terminaison des processus de formation en chaîne de l'ozone." Bordeaux 1, 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005BOR13012.
Full textJouan, Caroline. "Les nuages de glace en arctique : mécanismes de formation." Phd thesis, Université Blaise Pascal - Clermont-Ferrand II, 2013. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00843520.
Full textAttafi, Yosra. "Étude des effets des collisions dans les spectres infrarouges de CH₃I, molécule d’intérêt atmosphérique." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université Paris Cité, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020UNIP7086.
Full textThe work presented in this manuscript is devoted to the study of the effects of collisions in the infrared spectra of CH₃I, which is an important source of iodine, which is a catalyst for ozone destruction. Good modelling of its absorption spectrum is therefore essential for atmospheric concentration measurements. In international databases, the band ν6 is not mentioned due to the lack of spectroscopic parameters. Being very intense and localized in the atmospheric window of 11 μm, the ν6 band could be used for future IR detection of CH₃I, by instruments probing in the IR, such as the IASI-NG instrument under preparation. But first, it is necessary to provide the spectroscopic parameters of CH₃I, using laboratory spectroscopy. It is in this context that our work has been carried out. The manuscript consists of five parts. The first part concerns the spectroscopic properties of the CH3I molecule. The second part is dedicated to the apparatus, with a description of the Bruker IFS125HR FTIR spectrometer. In the third part, we present the results of the line intensities and self-broadening coefficients that are extracted from the recorded spectra. The fourth part presents the results obtained on N₂, O₂ broadening and shift coefficients. The last part is devoted to the interpretation of the collisional widening measurements, previously obtained using theoretical calculations. The dependence of these parameters on the quantum numbers J and K has been studied
Roveretto, Marie. "Formation et vieillissement des aérosols : impact de la photochimie hétérogène." Thesis, Lyon, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019LYSE1346.
Full textInterfaces are ubiquitous in the environment, and in addition many key atmospheric processes, such as gas deposition, aerosol and cloud formation are, at one stage or the other, strongly affected by physical and chemical processes occurring at interfaces. Unfortunately, these heterogeneous reactions are not fully understood to date and limit our ability to simulate and quantify the impact of aerosols due to large uncertainties in their formation and their evolution in the troposphere. This thesis aims to improve our knowledge about photochemical reactions at the air/liquid interfaces, which could be crucial for the assessment of their atmospheric impacts. Firstly, the reactivity of stearic acid at the air/water interface under irradiation was studied in different matrices thanks to a very sensitive tool, the Langmuir trough. We observed that monolayers of stearic acid undergo degradation under irradiation, even in the absence of photosensitizers. Experiments with monolayers in different surface states indicate that surface pressure influences this reactivity. APCI-Orbitrap coupling was used to detect and identify halogenated compounds produced from an irradiated solution containing a photosensitizer, 4-benzoylbenzoic acid. The effects of octanol as a surfactant and citric acid as a proton donor on these photosensitized reactions were also examined. In addition, the formation of secondary aerosols and their aging in the marine environment (at Cape-Verde) were studied in different conditions. The experiments clearly demonstrate the existence of photosensitized processes at the air/sea interface as a source of marine secondary aerosols. Finally, work on the photochemistry of organic matter from phytoplanktons gave information on their reactivity in the liquid phase. Overall, the results obtained during this thesis show that the photochemistry studied here can have a significant impact on the superficial microlayer of the oceans and, by extension, on marine aerosols
Sklaveniti, Sofia. "Développement et déploiement sur le terrain d’un analyseur pour la mesure de la vitesse de formation d’ozone dans la troposphère." Thesis, Lille 1, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016LIL10121/document.
Full textGround level ozone (O3) is a major environmental concern due to its detrimental impacts on human health, vegetation and climate. The photochemical formation of ozone follows a complex nonlinear chemistry that makes strategies for ozone reduction difficult to implement. Governments rely on atmospheric chemistry models to develop emission regulations, but there are still uncertainties associated with the chemical mechanisms used in these models. Direct measurements of ozone production rates, P(O3), is a new technique that can help validating current atmospheric chemical mechanisms and provide real-time data for emission regulations of ozone precursors. The main objective of this thesis was (i) to advance the understanding of P(O3) measurements and (ii) to investigate the ozone production chemistry in ambient air. In this context, an instrument capable of P(O3) measurements was developed, characterized in the laboratory and deployed in the field. The principle of the instrument is based on differential Ox (=O3+NO2) measurements between two sampling reactors, one acting as a “reference” reactor with no O3 production, and the other one reproducing the same O3 production chemistry than in ambient air. The characterization of this instrument was performed through laboratory and modelling experiments to assess the accuracy of P(O3) measurements. Finally, the instrument was deployed during the IRRONIC campaign to investigate the P(O3) sensitivity to NO in a forested area. Comparison between measured and modeled P(O3) values allowed to assess the performances and limitations of this new instrument and evaluate the feasibility of direct P(O3) measurements
Layssac, Yohann. "Formation de molécules organiques complexes par des processus radicalaires." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Aix-Marseille, 2022. http://www.theses.fr/2022AIXM0489.
Full textIn order to better understand the chemistry of the interstellar medium (ISM), we have simulated in the laboratory the thermal and energetic processes taking place in star-forming regions by means of a physical chemistry experiment, called RING (reactivity in INterstellar grains), which allows us to generate interstellar ice analogues on a cold finger (11 K) and under vacuum (10^-9 mbar). We use a hydrogen plasma lamp to reproduce the UV radiation (Lyman-alpha: 121.6 nm) of surrounding stars and to initiate radical reactivity processes within the sample. Three analytical techniques allow us to follow the chemical evolution of our interstellar ice analogues: infrared and electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopies and mass spectrometry. Thanks to the joint use of these techniques, many products relevant to the ISM chemistry such as sugars (glyceraldehyde), polyols (glycerol), carboxylic acids (formic acid) and polymers (polyoxymethylene) have been characterized. The precise reaction schemes leading to the formation of these molecules were also studied, in particular by isolating the radical intermediates in cryogenic rare gas matrices
Petitjean, Mélanie. "Interactions des composés organiques volatils avec des surfaces de glace pure ou dopée représentatives des conditions atmosphériques rencontrées dans la moyenne et la haute troposphére : application à la chimie des nuages mixtes et des cirrus." Strasbourg, 2010. https://publication-theses.unistra.fr/public/theses_doctorat/2010/PETITJEAN_Melanie_2010.pdf.
Full textThe upper troposphere (UT) is characterized by its low temperatures, from 188 to 233 K and the presence of cirrus clouds. These clouds, composed of ice crystals, can cover up to 25% of the Earth's surface. Mixed and cirrus clouds may be a potential sink for many gaseous species and can promote heterogeneous or photochemical reactions. In this work, the establishment of the adsorption isotherms on pure or doped ice surfaces between 253 and 203 K, provides quantitative information on the partitioning of organic species between the gas and condensed phases at temperatures encountered at medium altitudes and in the UT. The presence of Oxygenated Volatile Organic Compounds (OVOC) such as alcohols, aldehydes, ketones and carboxylic acids, in the UT is well established. As carbonyl compounds are involved in the formation of photooxidants such as ozone, this work has been focused on the study of these compounds. In addition, other molecules (aromatic hydrocarbons) have been studied to better understand the relationships between the structure of the molecule and its ability to be adsorbed on ice surfaces. Besides, computer simulations have led to some details at the molecular level on the three dimensional structure of the adsorption layer. This work has also allowed the determination of the vapor pressure of both hydroxyacetaldehyde and hydroxyacetone ,providing reference values for future laboratory studies and permitting estimation of their partitioning between the gas and particle atmospheric phases
Rzeplinski, Igor. "Implications de la chimie du xénon sur les contextes planétaire et nucléaire." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Sorbonne université, 2022. http://www.theses.fr/2022SORUS268.
Full textXenon (Xe) is the heaviest element among the stable noble gases series. This element undergoes a geochemical paradox involving its elemental abundance and its isotopic fractionation. Several theories has been proposed as solutions. Here we investigate the hypothesis of Xe incorporation in silicates at moderate pressure. Samples are made from natural mineral powders loaded with Xe-enriched gas, heated up to a temperature between 800 and 1,400 °C under 3.5 GPa. A significant isotopic fractionation is observed for 11 samples showing a maximum value d(Xe) = 2.30 ± 0.19 ‰ per atomic mass unit. Based on these results, we propose a scenario as the Xe paradox solution (Rzeplinski et al., 2022). It consists firstly in the incorporation of Xe in crystals solidifying from successive magma oceans within the 100 first million years of Earth existence. This incorporation favors the heaviest isotopes retention within minerals. Then, each planetesimal impact generating a new magma ocean triggers the escape of a significant part of the atmosphere, which is lost to space. Finally, Xe contained into silicates progressively degas and overprints the chondritic signature of the secondary atmosphere until reaching nowadays observed value. This scenario can be extended to Mars. In addition, our work provides us phases containing up to 0.318 ± 0.016 n%Xe. Those materials could have a potential application in nuclear industry. By delaying the appearance of Xe bubbles in the fuel, its burnup could be increased
Auger, Anne-Thérèse. "Formation et évolution des morphologies de surface des petits corps du système solaire, à partir des images de la sonde spatiale Rosetta." Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016AIXM4721/document.
Full textResiduals from the accretion disk in which planets formed, asteroids and comets provide important constraints on the solar system formation and evolution processes. Based on the images from the Rosetta mission, the main objectives of this thesis are to characterize the morphologies at the surface of these small bodies and to study the processes responsible for their formation and evolution.On asteroid (21) Lutetia, the relief is controlled by impacts, forming craters, ejecta blankets, fractures and boulders.On the nucleus of comet 67P, the Imhotep region, located at the equator of the nucleus, presents smooth terrains and consolidated terrains, heavily fractured. It is the only region that shows tens of circular features less than 60 m in size, probably ancient, which we find associated with layers of several meters thick. During the passage at perihelion, major changes occurred in smooth terrains ; they may be linked to mechanical stresses acting in the nucleus subsurface. A particular type of fractures observed at the surface of 67P has also been studied in detail. These fractures join each other in polygons of roughly 3 m in size. These polygons probably result from the strong variations of temperature at the surface and subsurface. More generally, the observations and their interpretation from Rosetta data show that the morphologies at the surface of 67P can result from its formation and endogeneous processes, as well as from exogeneous and evolutionary processes such as the sublimation of ices or thermal stresses
Zhang, Shaoliang. "Etudes cinétiques de l'oxydation radicalaire en phase gazeuse d'iodures organiques et de la formation de particules d'oxydes d'iode sous conditions simulées de l'enceinte d'un réacteur nucléaire en situation d'accident grave." Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012AIXM4820/document.
Full textWithin the framework of the research in the nuclear reactor safety field, the iodine oxides formation by organic iodides destruction in the containment has been studied with the means of the atmospheric chemistry field. The destruction kinetics and their activation energy of organic iodides by OH and O radical has been quantified by a Flash Photolysis system able to monitor the oxidant radicals by resonance fluorescence. Those results have been published and some of them for the first time in the literature. The mechanisms leading to the organic iodides destruction are either by a hydrogen atom abstraction, either by the formation of a complex, depending on the organic iodide involved. Then, certain kinetics reactions have been updated in the IODAIR code. Other reactions have been added based on the recent literature available. A comparison of the kinetics destruction of CH3I by OH and O with IODAIR and the global kinetics of destruction in ASTEC/IODE showed a difference of about 2 which shows the importance of these two radicals (and mainly O) in those destruction processes. The other main path of destruction would be by electron radiation. Other radicals like H and N would not contribute significantly to organic iodides destruction. A sensitivity analysis highlighted that organic iodides would mostly be destroyed into iodine oxides with a almost complete conversion within a few hours. Finally, an atmospheric chamber has been used to quantify iodine oxides growth, density and composition. Under the conditions studied, their formation is fast. Particles sizes of about 200- 400 nm are formed within a few hours
Ringuet, Johany. "Dérivés oxygénés et nitrés des hydrocarbures aromatiques polycycliques (OHAP/NHAP) en phase particulaire : granulométrie et devenir dans l’atmosphère (formation/dégradation)." Thesis, Bordeaux 1, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012BOR14504/document.
Full textPolycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbon (PAH) concentrations are regulated in ambient air because of theirmutagenic and carcinogenic properties. They are largely emitted by combustion processes and may react withmain atmospheric oxidants to form oxygenated (OPAH) and nitrated (NPAH) derivatives, which can be moretoxic than their parent PAHs. In this work, PAH derivatives were studied using the combination of twocomplementary approaches: laboratory reactivity experiments in controlled conditions and field studies, inorder to better understand their source and fate in the atmosphere. Reactivity study of PAHs adsorbed onnatural particles was carried out by exposing ambient particles to atmospheric oxidants (O3, OH and NO2/O3)in appropriate reactors. Large decays of PAH concentrations were observed, benzo[a]pyrene (B[a]P, which isthe only regulated PAH in Europe), appearing as the most reactive. The formation of OPAHs and NPAHs wasshowed. Nevertheless, quantities of both NPAHs and OPAHs formed were not sufficient to explain the totalamount of PAHs that react, highlighting the formation of other compounds, not detected in this work. PAHdegradation may occur in the atmosphere during the transport of air masses or directly on the filter during thesampling. The study of the major degradation processes was performed during field studies, using two highvolume samplers, one being equipped with an ozone scrubber. Even if, results were not enough to clearlyconclude about the relative importance of both degradation processes, the significant formation of some PAHderivatives on the sampling filter was observed. Then, field campaigns were led on different typologies ofsampling sites around Paris. PAH, OPAH and NPAH concentrations were about ten times higher at traffic sitethan at the suburban one. Moreover, for both OPAHs and PAHs, the major compounds were similar at bothsites, in contrary to the case of NPAHs that appeared different. The traffic site appeared strongly influenced byprimary emissions, whereas high amounts of secondary species were quantified at suburban site. Particle sizedistribution of OPAHs and NPAHs showed their strong association to the finest part of aerosols (Dp < 2.5 μm),highlighting the strong interest of this study considering sanitary impacts. Finally, the study of the particle sizedistribution of primary and/or secondary identified compounds, combined with chemical NPAH and OPAHprofiles, allowed to provide indications about the major origin of PAH derivatives in the atmosphere
Hallemans, Elise. "Étude de la formation, du vieillissement et de la composition chimique de l'aérosol organique secondaire dans le bassin méditerranéen." Thesis, Paris Est, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016PESC1122/document.
Full textSecondary Organic Aerosol or « SOA » is formed in the atmosphere by oxidative process of volatile organic compounds (VOC). Gaps in knowledge of SOA formation and evolution pathways and of molecular characterization still exist. These aspects are an important source of uncertainties and can explain the underestimation of SOA budget calculated by models. In order to give new insights on these issues, the Mediterranean basin appears like an ideal area to study SOA. Actually, this region is characterized by high photochemistry, above all during summer season, and by intense VOC biogenic and anthropogenic emissions implying the formation of SOA in the atmosphere. In this context, two field campaigns have been performed in the frame of Canopée and ChArMEx projects.Thanks to a sampling and analyzing method by TD-GC/MS, the characterization of organic fraction enables one to determine more than one hundred compounds from C2 to C18 in gaseous and particulate phases. In combination with traditional datasets (PTR-MS, AMS), new insights were brought in reactivity of gaseous oxygenated compounds with OH radical, in chemical composition of organic material in particulate phase and about the contribution of various precursors to the capacity to form SOA. The determination of experimental and theoretical partitioning coefficients gives new information on SOA representation in models
Kammer, Julien. "LANDEX : étude des aérosols organiques secondaires (AOS) générés par la forêt des Landes." Thesis, Bordeaux, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016BORD0402/document.
Full textForest ecosystems affect air quality and climate, especially through the emissions and the reactions of biogenic volatile organic compounds (BVOCs) with the atmospheric oxidants, known to generate Secondary Organic Aerosols (SOAs). This work aims to improve our knowledge on the processes involved in biogenic SOA formation and fate. Two field campaigns have been conducted in the Landes forest. In a first step, the measurement site was characterized by a statistical study of local meteorological conditions. During these campaigns, complementary physical and chemical measurements have been carried out, implying measurements of fluxes and concentrations of particles, BVOCs and oxidants. The results evidenced nocturnal new particle formation, which is an original result as this process was usually only reported during daytime. The strong contribution of BVOCs (dominated by α- and β-pinene) ozonolysis to nocturnal new particle formation has been demonstated. Particle flux measurements suggested that particles are transfered from the canopy to the higher atmospheric surface layer. The comparison between ozone fluxes and a physical ozone deposition model also highlighted an ozone production source. This ozone production might be related to BVOC photooxidation
Sadezky, Alexa. "Ozonolyse d'éthers insaturés : études des mécanismes en phase gazeuse et de la formation d'aérosol organique secondaire." Orléans, 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005ORLE2070.
Full textGuillaume, Bruno. "Les aérosols : émissions, formation d'aérosols organiques secondaires, transport longue distance, zoom sur les aérosols carbonés en Europe." Toulouse 3, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006TOU30260.
Full textChiappini, Laura. "Développement d'une technique d'analyse pour l'étude de la composition chimique et des voies de formation de l'aérosol organique secondaire en atmosphère simulée." Paris 7, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006PA077010.
Full textThe atmosphere is a complex System in which gaseous, liquid and particulate phases coexist. Indeed, it contains particle in suspension, either solid or liquid, called aerosols. Atmospheric photo-oxidation of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) may lead to the formation of particulate matter, also called secondary organic aerosol (SOA). Hence, SOA is nowadays known to play an important role in the radiative balance, linked to climate change. At a local scale, it also reduces visibility and causes health effects. Because these phenomena are associated to SOA chemistry, it is necessary to include it in atmospheric models in order to better assess SOA climate and health impact. This implies to carry out investigations focused on specific precursors and performed in close to real and controlled conditions. Atmospheric simulation chambers are essential tools to achieve this task. Moreover, to elucidate comprehensive mechanism, SOA chemical composition has to be determined at a molecular level. However, no standard technique for SOA analysis exists. In this context, the aim of this work was to develop such a technique based on supercritical fluid extraction directly coupled to gas chromatography and mass spectrometry technique. After the development phase, this technique has been validated by studding SOA formed from a biogenic VOC precursor and used to study SOA formed from three precursors of different origin. In each case, we managed to identify and quantify some SOA components and propose formation pathways. Thus, this work contributes to a better understanding of SOA formation and evolution pathways in the atmosphere and consequently allows to better assess its effects
Chrit, Mounir. "Formation des aérosols organiques et inorganiques en Méditerranée." Thesis, Paris Est, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018PESC1027/document.
Full textThis work aims at understanding the origins and processes leading to the formation of organic aerosols (OA) and inorganic aerosols (IA) over the western Mediterranean Sea during different seasons, using the air-quality model Polyphemus. In the framework of ChArMEx (the Chemistry-Aerosol Mediterranean Experiment), measurements of both aerosol concentrations and properties are performed at a remote site (Ersa) on Corsica Island in the northwestern Mediterranean sea in the summers 2012, 2013 and the winter 2014. This thesis also benefits from measurements performed during flights above the western Mediterranean Sea in the summer 2014. The model is evaluated during these periods, and different processes/parameterizations are added or modified in order to have good model-to-measurements comparisons, not only of aerosol concentrations but also of their properties. Origins of aerosols are assessed through different sensitivity studies to the meteorological model, anthropogenic emissions inventory, sea-salt emissions and different input models. The contribution of marine emissions to inorganic aerosols (IA) is important, and the parameterization of sea-salt emissions is chosen such as having good comparisons to sodium measurements, which is a non-volatile compound emitted mainly by sea salts. Marine organic aerosols (OA), which are added to the model with a parameterization that uses the chlorophyll-a concentration as a proxy parameter to model the marine chemistry, contribute to OA by only 2% at the maximum. The ground-based and airborne model-to-measurements comparisons show the importance of an accurate description of shipping emissions to model sulfate and OA concentrations. However, this is not true for nitrate and ammonium concentrations, which are very dependent on the hypotheses used in the model for condensation/evaporation (thermodynamic equilibrium, mixing state).During the summers 2012 and 2013, OA concentrations are mostly of biogenic origin, which is well reproduced by the model. Measurements show important concentrations of highly oxidized and oxygenated OA. For the model to reproduce not only the concentrations but also the oxidation and hydrophilicity properties of OA, three processes to form secondary organic aerosols (SOA) from monoterpenes are added to the model : the autoxidation process leading to the formation of extremely low volatility organic compounds, the organic nitrate formation mechanism and the second generational ageing. The high oxidation and oxygenation states of OA at Ersa are well modeled when organosulfate formation is also assumed. Winter simulations show that OA are mainly of anthropogenic origin. The influence of the anthropogenic intermediate/semi-volatile organic compound (ISVOC) emissions, which are missing from emission inventories, is low in summer. Nonetheless, the role and the contribution of ISVOC appear very significant during the winter, with a large contribution from residential heating. Different parameterizations to represent the emissions and the ageing of IS-VOC are implemented in the model, namely the volatility distribution of emissions, single-step vs multi-step oxidation scheme and non-traditional volatile organic compounds (NTVOC) chemistry. Sensitivity studies show that the volatility distribution at the emission is a key parameter to improve the modeling of OA concentrations. The model reproduces well the observed concentrations, but the observed organic oxidation and oxygenation states are strongly under-estimated, stressing the potential role of autoxidation and organic nitrate from anthropogenic precursors
Camredon, Marie. "Développement d'un modèle déterministe pour la formation des aérosols organiques secondaires : application à la sensibilité du système AOS/COV/NOx." Paris 12, 2007. https://athena.u-pec.fr/primo-explore/search?query=any,exact,990004071120204611&vid=upec.
Full textProgressive gas-phase oxidation of volatile organic compounds (VOC) leads to the formation of a myriad of intermediate species. These secondary organics are more functionalized than their parent compounds, and the numbe of functions typically increases as oxidation preceeds. Highly functionalized species have lower vapour pressures and/or higher polarities, allowing substantial gas/particle partioning, thus leading to secondary organic aerosol (SOA) formation. This organic particulate matter constitutes a large and variable fraction of fine particles (Dp <1 μm). Therefore SOA is suspected to modify significantly physical and chemical aerosol properties, such as mass distribution, acidity, reactivity, hygroscopic and optical properties. . . Despite the impacts of SOA on climate, our current understanding of SOA formation, composition and evolution remains incomplete. We develop in thisstudy an explicit SOA formation model enabling (i) to evaluate our understanding of mechanisms involved in SOA formation, (ii) to explore the sensitivity of SOA production to external parameters and (iii) to serve as a benchmark for the systematic development and testing of simplified chemical mechanisms for use in three-dimensional models. The explicit SOA formation model has been used to explore the evolution of the SOA/VOC/NOx system
Guilloteau, Angélique. "Etude multiphasique de polluants organiques aromatiques : répartition des hydrocarbures aromatiques polycycliques dans les suies et formation d’aérosols dans l'ozonolyse du catéchol." Orléans, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007ORLE2065.
Full textMichel, Christelle. "L'aérosol de combustion dans une région en grande mutation, l'Asie." Phd thesis, Université Paul Sabatier - Toulouse III, 2005. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00069797.
Full textMon travail de thèse a eu pour but, tout d'abord, de développer un inventaire d'émissions de gaz et particules issues des feux de biomasse pour les campagnes ACE-Asia (Aerosol Characterization Experiment) et TRACE-P (Transport and Chemical Evolution over the Pacific), de mars à mai 2001. Pour ce faire, j'ai mis en œuvre une méthodologie la plus adaptée à mon étude, qui repose sur la cartographie des surfaces brûlées (projet GBA2000 (Global Burnt Area 2000) [Tansey et al., 2003]).
Les résultats de cette étude, ABBI (Asian Biomass Burning Inventory) [Michel et al., 2005] ont été comparés avec un autre inventaire d'émissions de feux de végétation (ACESS : ACE-Asia and TRACE-P Modelling and Emission Support System) [Streets et al., 2003], construit, non pas à partir des surfaces brûlées, mais à partir des pixels de feux actifs. Cette comparaison illustre les limitations de l'utilisation des pixels de feux dans l'établissement des cartes d'inventaires d'émissions par les feux de biomasse, tout en soulignant l'importance et la pertinence de la méthode retenue dans mon étude. Une comparaison avec les données de l'année 2000, obtenues selon la même procédure, souligne toute l'importance des variations interannuelles.
L'inventaire ABBI a été introduit dans le modèle méso-échelle MésoNH-C couplé au module aérosol ORISAM (ORganic and Inorganic Spectral Aerosol Module) [Bessagnet, 2000]. Une attention particulière a porté sur l'étude du transport des émissions de feux de végétation à travers le continent asiatique. Des comparaisons entre les données simulées et les mesures in-situ et aéroportées ont montré des résultats satisfaisants dans certains cas, mais ont également fait encore apparaître certaines limitations. Des tests de sensibilités ont été effectués pour comprendre l'origine de ces différences, avec tout d'abord une deuxième simulation avec MésoNH-C-ORISAM effectuée avec l'inventaire ACESS pour étudier l'impact des émissions de feux. Le module ORISAM dans sa version 0D a été ensuite utilisé pour mettre en évidence de manière détaillée les paramètres contrôlant la formation de l'aérosol secondaire au sein du modèle.
Au total, tout en faisant ressortir l'importance majeure des inventaires d'émissions gazeuses et particulaires à l'échelle continentale, ce travail va au delà de ce thème, en montrant notamment l'apport du modèle d'aérosol ORISAM à l'analyse et la compréhension des processus de chimie hétérogène dans les épisodes de pollution affectant l'Asie.
Capouet, Manuel J. F. "Modeling the oxidation of alpha-pinene and the related aerosol formation in laboratory and atmospheric conditions." Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/210935.
Full textMaurin, Nicolas. "Formation et devenir de l'aérosol organique secondaire issu de l'ozonolyse de l'alpha-pinène : étude expérimentale en atmosphère simulée et analyse chimique." Paris 7, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013PA077087.
Full textGérard, Violaine. "Surfactants in atmospheric aerosols and their role on cloud formation." Thesis, Lyon, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016LYSE1216/document.
Full textClouds are essential components of the Earth’s hydrological system and climate but some aspects of their formation are still not completely understood. In particular, although Köhler theory predicts that surfactants should enhance cloud droplet activation, current models consider this role negligible. At the time of this PhD work, a few studies had started to demonstrate the contrary but atmospheric evidence for the role of these compounds was still missing and very little was known about their atmospheric concentrations, sources, and mechanism of action. The objective of this PhD work was to investigate these aspects. A method was developed to quantify surfactant concentrations in aerosols. Its application led to the first absolute atmospheric surfactants’ surface tension curves, in coastal PM2.5 aerosols in Sweden, and to the identification of the ratio C/CMC as the key parameter controlling the cloud-forming efficiency of aerosols. A second study revealed strong correlations between cloud occurrence and intrinsic surfactant properties in boreal PM1 aerosols in Finland, demonstrating for the first time the role of surfactants in cloud formation from direct atmospheric observations. The results predicted Cloud Condensation Nuclei numbers four times larger on average than when neglecting surfactant effects, showing the importance of including surfactant effects in cloud predictions models. The role of surfactants inferred from macroscopic measurements was confirmed by laboratory experiments on individual micron-sized droplets showing an increase of droplet growth in the presence of surfactants. Finally, observations from the different field studies indicated a biological origin for the surfactants present in atmospheric aerosols
Priem, dominique. "Applications de la spectroscopique millimétrique : analyse de la forme des raies d'absorption de molécules atmosphériques (ozone, vapeur d'eau...) : détermination de la structure géométrique du chloroforme et du cyanosilane." Lille 1, 1998. https://pepite-depot.univ-lille.fr/LIBRE/Th_Num/1998/50376-1998-163.pdf.
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