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Journal articles on the topic 'Formamidinium'

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Author: Grafiati

Published: 6 September 2023

Last updated: 7 September 2023

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1

Ahlawat, Paramvir, Alexander Hinderhofer, Essa A. Alharbi, Haizhou Lu, Amita Ummadisingu, Haiyang Niu, Michele Invernizzi, et al. "A combined molecular dynamics and experimental study of two-step process enabling low-temperature formation of phase-pure α-FAPbI3." Science Advances 7, no. 17 (April 2021): eabe3326. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abe3326.

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It is well established that the lack of understanding the crystallization process in a two-step sequential deposition has a direct impact on efficiency, stability, and reproducibility of perovskite solar cells. Here, we try to understand the solid-solid phase transition occurring during the two-step sequential deposition of methylammonium lead iodide and formamidinium lead iodide. Using metadynamics, x-ray diffraction, and Raman spectroscopy, we reveal the microscopic details of this process. We find that the formation of perovskite proceeds through intermediate structures and report polymorphs found for methylammonium lead iodide and formamidinium lead iodide. From simulations, we discover a possible crystallization pathway for the highly efficient metastable α phase of formamidinium lead iodide. Guided by these simulations, we perform experiments that result in the low-temperature crystallization of phase-pure α-formamidinium lead iodide.

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2

Fan, Zhicheng, Chuwu Xing, Yi Tan, Jinxia Xu, Lingyun Liu, Yuanming Zhou, and Yan Jiang. "The effect of CO₂-doped spiro-OMeTAD hole transport layer on FA_(1−x)Cs_xPbI₃ perovskite solar cells." Journal of Chemical Research 46, no. 6 (November 2022): 174751982211360. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/17475198221136079.

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Black-phase formamidinium lead iodine with 1.48 eV bandgap is considered to be the most promising material for improving the near-theoretical limit efficiency of perovskite solar cells, but at room temperature, black-phase formamidinium lead iodine easily transforms into the yellow non-perovskite phase formamidinium lead iodine. Here, different ratios of Cs+-incorporated formamidinium lead iodine prepared by one-step processing with the stability and power conversion efficiency of formamidinium lead iodine perovskite solar cells are investigated. FA0.85Cs0.15PbI3 shows the highest power conversion efficiency of 10.63% (Voc = 1.04 V, Jsc = 16.81 mA cm−2, and fill factor = 0.60), and the unencapsulated device maintained 60% of the initial power conversion efficiency after storage in air with 40% humidity for 186 h with an active area of 0.1 cm2, when the ratios of Cs+ reached 15% ( x = 0.15) in formamidinium lead iodine. However, the efficiency of perovskite solar cell–based formamidinium lead iodine is still low. In this work, a simple but an effective strategy was carried out to rapidly and fully oxidize hole transport layer solution by doping CO2 or O2 under ultraviolet light irradiation to increase the conductivity of hole transport layer, thereby improving the power conversion efficiency of solar cells. The results show that FA0.85Cs0.15PbI3 solar cells by CO2-doped hole transport layer for 90 s exhibited the highest power conversion efficiency of 16.11% (VOC = 1.11 V, JSC = 19.73 mA cm−2, and fill factor = 0.74). The improved photovoltaic performance is attributed to CO2-doped spiro-OMeTAD increasing charge carrier density and accelerating charge separation, thereby inducing higher conductivity. CO2 or O2 doped can rapidly and fully oxidize spiro-OMeTAD, and reduce the solar cell fabrication time; it is beneficial to the commercial use of perovskite solar cells.

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3

Sukmas, Wiwittawin, Piyanooch Nedkun, Udomsilp Pinsook, Prutthipong Tsuppayakorn-aek, and Thiti Bovornratanaraks. "Effect of formamidinium cation on electronic structure of formamidinium lead iodide." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 1380 (November 2019): 012080. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/1380/1/012080.

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4

Demant, Udo, Elke Conradi, Ulrich Müller, and Kurt Dehnicke. "Formamidinhim-Hexachloroferrat(III) Synthese und Kristallstruktur / Formamidinium-Hexachloroferrate(III) Synthesis and Crystal Structure." Zeitschrift für Naturforschung B 40, no. 3 (March 1, 1985): 443–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/znb-1985-0324.

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[HC(NH2)2]3FeCl6 was obtained together with other products from the reaction of S4N4 with HCl in H2CCl2 in the presence of FeCl3. Its crystal structure was determined from X-ray diffraction data (473 independent observed reflexions, R = 0.047). Lattice constants: a = 961.6, c = 876.4 pm; tetragonal, space group P42/m, Z = 2. Of the two crystallographically independent formamidinium ions HC(NH2)2⊕, one exhibits positional disorder; the other one has C-N bond lengths of 128 pm. The FeCl63⊖ ions have symmetry C2h, but the deviation from Oh is small.

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5

Marchenko, Anatoliy, Georgyi Koidan, Anastasiya Hurieva, Eduard Rusanov, Alexander B. Rozhenko, and Aleksandr Kostyuk. "Dichlorophosphoranides Stabilized by Formamidinium Substituents." Heteroatom Chemistry 2020 (February 13, 2020): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2020/9856235.

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Dichlorophosphoranides featuring N,N-dimethyl-N′-arylformamidine substituents were isolated as individual compounds. Dichlorophosphoranide 9 was prepared by the multicomponent reaction of C-trimethylsilyl-N,N-dimethyl-N′-phenylformamidine and N,N-dimethyl-N′-phenylformamidine with phosphorus trichloride. Its molecular structure derived from a single-crystal X-ray diffraction was compared to the analogous dibromophosphoranide prepared previously by us by the reaction of phosphorus tribromide with N,N-dimethyl-N′-phenylformamidine. It was shown that a chlorophosphine featuring two N,N-dimethyl-N′-mesitylformamidine substituents reacted with hydrogen chloride to form dichlorophosphoranide 11. Its molecular structure was also determined by X-ray analysis and compared with that of closely related dichlorophosphoranide C.

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6

Jeong, Jaeki, Haeyeon Kim, Yung Jin Yoon, Bright Walker, Seyeong Song, Jungwoo Heo, Song Yi Park, Jae Won Kim, Gi-Hwan Kim, and Jin Young Kim. "Formamidinium-based planar heterojunction perovskite solar cells with alkali carbonate-doped zinc oxide layer." RSC Advances 8, no. 43 (2018): 24110–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c8ra02637h.

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7

Enomoto, Ayu, Atsushi Suzuki, Takeo Oku, Sakiko Fukunishi, Tomoharu Tachikawa, and Tomoya Hasegawa. "First-principles calculations and device characterizations of formamidinium-cesium lead triiodide perovskite crystals stabilized by germanium or copper." Japanese Journal of Applied Physics 62, SK (April 14, 2023): SK1015. http://dx.doi.org/10.35848/1347-4065/acc6d8.

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Abstract To avoid formation of the photo-inactive δ-phase of formamidinium-cesium lead triiodide, copper or germanium was added to the perovskite compounds to stabilize the photoactive α-phase. It was found that the substitution of lead by germanium (Ge) or copper (Cu) provided the stabilization of the α-phase in the present work. The first-principles molecular dynamics calculations indicated that displacements of formamidinium molecules were suppressed by the Ge doping. X-ray diffraction results indicated that the Ge or Cu doping of the perovskite compounds could be effective for suppression the phase transition from α- to δ-phase.

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8

Szostak, Rodrigo, Paulo Ernesto Marchezi, Adriano dos Santos Marques, Jeann Carlos da Silva, Matheus Serra de Holanda, Márcio Medeiros Soares, Hélio Cesar Nogueira Tolentino, and Ana Flávia Nogueira. "Exploring the formation of formamidinium-based hybrid perovskites by antisolvent methods: in situ GIWAXS measurements during spin coating." Sustainable Energy & Fuels 3, no. 9 (2019): 2287–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c9se00306a.

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9

Koh, Teck Ming, Thirumal Krishnamoorthy, Natalia Yantara, Chen Shi, Wei Lin Leong, Pablo P. Boix, Andrew C. Grimsdale, Subodh G. Mhaisalkar, and Nripan Mathews. "Formamidinium tin-based perovskite with low Eg for photovoltaic applications." Journal of Materials Chemistry A 3, no. 29 (2015): 14996–5000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c5ta00190k.

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10

Ruan, Shuai, Rong Fan, Narendra Pai, Jianfeng Lu, Nathan A. S. Webster, Yinlan Ruan, Yi-Bing Cheng, and Christopher R. McNeill. "Incorporation of γ-butyrolactone (GBL) dramatically lowers the phase transition temperature of formamidinium-based metal halide perovskites." Chemical Communications 55, no. 78 (2019): 11743–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c9cc05753f.

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11

Hills-Kimball, K., Y. Nagaoka, C. Cao, E. Chaykovsky, and O. Chen. "Synthesis of formamidinium lead halide perovskite nanocrystals through solid–liquid–solid cation exchange." Journal of Materials Chemistry C 5, no. 23 (2017): 5680–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c7tc00598a.

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12

Mencel, K., P. Durlak, M. Rok, R. Jakubas, J. Baran, W. Medycki, A. Ciżman, and A. Piecha-Bisiorek. "Widely used hardly known. An insight into electric and dynamic properties of formamidinium iodide." RSC Advances 8, no. 47 (2018): 26506–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c8ra03871f.

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13

Shin, Mingue, Joonyun Kim, Young-Kwang Jung, Tero-petri Ruoko, Arri Priimagi, Aron Walsh, and Byungha Shin. "Low-dimensional formamidinium lead perovskite architectures via controllable solvent intercalation." Journal of Materials Chemistry C 7, no. 13 (2019): 3945–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c9tc00379g.

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14

Juarez-Perez, Emilio J., Luis K. Ono, and Yabing Qi. "Thermal degradation of formamidinium based lead halide perovskites into sym-triazine and hydrogen cyanide observed by coupled thermogravimetry-mass spectrometry analysis." Journal of Materials Chemistry A 7, no. 28 (2019): 16912–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c9ta06058h.

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15

Aharon, Sigalit, Alexander Dymshits, Amit Rotem, and Lioz Etgar. "Temperature dependence of hole conductor free formamidinium lead iodide perovskite based solar cells." Journal of Materials Chemistry A 3, no. 17 (2015): 9171–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c4ta05149a.

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16

Franz, Alexandra, Daniel M. Többens, Frederike Lehmann, Martin Kärgell, and Susan Schorr. "The influence of deuteration on the crystal structure of hybrid halide perovskites: a temperature-dependent neutron diffraction study of FAPbBr3." Acta Crystallographica Section B Structural Science, Crystal Engineering and Materials 76, no. 2 (March 20, 2020): 267–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/s2052520620002620.

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This paper discusses the full structural solution of the hybrid perovskite formamidinium lead tribromide (FAPbBr3) and its temperature-dependent phase transitions in the range from 3 K to 300 K using neutron powder diffraction and synchrotron X-ray diffraction. Special emphasis is put on the influence of deuteration on formamidinium, its position in the unit cell and disordering in comparison to fully hydrogenated FAPbBr3. The temperature-dependent measurements show that deuteration critically influences the crystal structures, i.e. results in partially-ordered temperature-dependent structural modifications in which two symmetry-independent molecule positions with additional dislocation of the molecular centre atom and molecular angle inclinations are present.

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17

Aynehband, Samaneh, Maryam Mohammadi, Rana Poushimin, Jean-Michel Nunzi, and Abdolreza Simchi. "Efficient FAPbI3–PbS quantum dot graphene-based phototransistors." New Journal of Chemistry 45, no. 34 (2021): 15285–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d1nj03139b.

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18

Li, Wen-Guang, Hua-Shang Rao, Bai-Xue Chen, Xu-Dong Wang, and Dai-Bin Kuang. "A formamidinium–methylammonium lead iodide perovskite single crystal exhibiting exceptional optoelectronic properties and long-term stability." Journal of Materials Chemistry A 5, no. 36 (2017): 19431–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c7ta04608a.

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19

Saliba, Michael, Taisuke Matsui, Ji-Youn Seo, Konrad Domanski, Juan-Pablo Correa-Baena, Mohammad Khaja Nazeeruddin, Shaik M. Zakeeruddin, et al. "Cesium-containing triple cation perovskite solar cells: improved stability, reproducibility and high efficiency." Energy & Environmental Science 9, no. 6 (2016): 1989–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c5ee03874j.

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20

Carignano, M. A., Y. Saeed, S. Assa Aravindh, I. S. Roqan, J. Even, and C. Katan. "A close examination of the structure and dynamics of HC(NH2)2PbI3 by MD simulations and group theory." Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics 18, no. 39 (2016): 27109–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c6cp02917e.

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21

Kim, Hongki, Yoon Ho Lee, Taecheon Lyu, Jong Heun Yoo, Taiho Park, and Joon Hak Oh. "Boosting the performance and stability of quasi-two-dimensional tin-based perovskite solar cells using the formamidinium thiocyanate additive." Journal of Materials Chemistry A 6, no. 37 (2018): 18173–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c8ta05916k.

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22

Kogo, Atsushi, and Masayuki Chikamatsu. "Electron band tuning of organolead halide perovskite materials by methylammonium and formamidinium halide post-treatment for high-efficiency solar cells." Chemical Communications 56, no. 8 (2020): 1235–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c9cc09002a.

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23

Li, Hongcui, Yebin Xue, Bo Zheng, Jiaqi Tian, Haiyue Wang, Chunxiao Gao, and Xizhe Liu. "Interface modification with PCBM intermediate layers for planar formamidinium perovskite solar cells." RSC Advances 7, no. 48 (2017): 30422–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c7ra04311b.

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24

Fu, Fan, Stefano Pisoni, Quentin Jeangros, Jordi Sastre-Pellicer, Maciej Kawecki, Adriana Paracchino, Thierry Moser, et al. "I2 vapor-induced degradation of formamidinium lead iodide based perovskite solar cells under heat–light soaking conditions." Energy & Environmental Science 12, no. 10 (2019): 3074–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c9ee02043h.

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25

Braddock, Isabel H. B., Maya Al Sid Cheikh, Joydip Ghosh, Roma E. Mulholland, Joseph G. O’Neill, Vlad Stolojan, Carol Crean, Stephen J. Sweeney, and Paul J. Sellin. "Formamidinium Lead Halide Perovskite Nanocomposite Scintillators." Nanomaterials 12, no. 13 (June 22, 2022): 2141. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nano12132141.

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While there is great demand for effective, affordable radiation detectors in various applications, many commonly used scintillators have major drawbacks. Conventional inorganic scintillators have a fixed emission wavelength and require expensive, high-temperature synthesis; plastic scintillators, while fast, inexpensive, and robust, have low atomic numbers, limiting their X-ray stopping power. Formamidinium lead halide perovskite nanocrystals show promise as scintillators due to their high X-ray attenuation coefficient and bright luminescence. Here, we used a room-temperature, solution-growth method to produce mixed-halide FAPbX3 (X = Cl, Br) nanocrystals with emission wavelengths that can be varied between 403 and 531 nm via adjustments to the halide ratio. The substitution of bromine for increasing amounts of chlorine resulted in violet emission with faster lifetimes, while larger proportions of bromine resulted in green emission with increased luminescence intensity. By loading FAPbBr3 nanocrystals into a PVT-based plastic scintillator matrix, we produced 1 mm-thick nanocomposite scintillators, which have brighter luminescence than the PVT-based plastic scintillator alone. While nanocomposites such as these are often opaque due to optical scattering from aggregates of the nanoparticles, we used a surface modification technique to improve transmission through the composites. A composite of FAPbBr3 nanocrystals encapsulated in inert PMMA produced even stronger luminescence, with intensity 3.8× greater than a comparative FAPbBr3/plastic scintillator composite. However, the luminescence decay time of the FAPbBr3/PMMA composite was more than 3× slower than that of the FAPbBr3/plastic scintillator composite. We also demonstrate the potential of these lead halide perovskite nanocomposite scintillators for low-cost X-ray imaging applications.

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26

Mishra, Aditya, Paramvir Ahlawat, George C. Fish, Farzaneh Jahanbakhshi, Marko Mladenović, Masaud Almalki, Marco A. Ruiz-Preciado, et al. "Naphthalenediimide/Formamidinium-Based Low-Dimensional Perovskites." Chemistry of Materials 33, no. 16 (August 11, 2021): 6412–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acs.chemmater.1c01635.

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27

Yu, Chenyang, Jianqi Huang, Ji Qi, Peng Liu, Da Li, Teng Yang, Zhidong Zhang, and Bing Li. "Giant barocaloric effects in formamidinium iodide." APL Materials 10, no. 1 (January 1, 2022): 011109. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/5.0073381.

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28

Baxter, Amanda F., Igor Martin, Karl O. Christe, and Ralf Haiges. "Formamidinium Nitroformate: An Insensitive RDX Alternative." Journal of the American Chemical Society 140, no. 44 (October 15, 2018): 15089–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/jacs.8b10200.

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29

Hong, Li, Jovana V. Milić, Paramvir Ahlawat, Marko Mladenović, Dominik J. Kubicki, Farzaneh Jahanabkhshi, Dan Ren, et al. "Guanine‐Stabilized Formamidinium Lead Iodide Perovskites." Angewandte Chemie International Edition 59, no. 12 (February 3, 2020): 4691–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/anie.201912051.

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30

Hong, Li, Jovana V. Milić, Paramvir Ahlawat, Marko Mladenović, Dominik J. Kubicki, Farzaneh Jahanabkhshi, Dan Ren, et al. "Guanine‐Stabilized Formamidinium Lead Iodide Perovskites." Angewandte Chemie 132, no. 12 (February 3, 2020): 4721–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ange.201912051.

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31

Protesescu, Loredana, Sergii Yakunin, Sudhir Kumar, Janine Bär, Federica Bertolotti, Norberto Masciocchi, Antonietta Guagliardi, et al. "Dismantling the “Red Wall” of Colloidal Perovskites: Highly Luminescent Formamidinium and Formamidinium–Cesium Lead Iodide Nanocrystals." ACS Nano 11, no. 3 (March 3, 2017): 3119–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acsnano.7b00116.

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32

Liu, Guozhen, Haiying Zheng, Xiaoxiao Xu, Liangzheng Zhu, Ahmed Alsaedi, Tasawar Hayat, Xu Pan, and Songyuan Dai. "Efficient solar cells with enhanced humidity and heat stability based on benzylammonium–caesium–formamidinium mixed-dimensional perovskites." Journal of Materials Chemistry A 6, no. 37 (2018): 18067–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c8ta04936j.

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33

Zhang, Caiyun, Fan Zhang, Shichang Lv, Min Shi, and Jun Zhang. "Facile syntheses of N-heterocyclic carbene precursors through Cu(ii)- or Ag(i)-catalyzed amination of N-alkynyl formamidines." New Journal of Chemistry 41, no. 5 (2017): 1889–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c6nj03276a.

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34

Ma, Fusheng, Jiangwei Li, Wenzhe Li, Na Lin, Liduo Wang, and Juan Qiao. "Stable α/δ phase junction of formamidinium lead iodide perovskites for enhanced near-infrared emission." Chemical Science 8, no. 1 (2017): 800–805. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c6sc03542f.

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35

Hu, Min, Linfeng Liu, Anyi Mei, Ying Yang, Tongfa Liu, and Hongwei Han. "Efficient hole-conductor-free, fully printable mesoscopic perovskite solar cells with a broad light harvester NH2CHNH2PbI3." J. Mater. Chem. A 2, no. 40 (2014): 17115–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c4ta03741c.

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36

Thampy, Sampreetha, Boya Zhang, Jong-Goo Park, Ki-Ha Hong, and Julia W. P. Hsu. "Bulk and interfacial decomposition of formamidinium iodide (HC(NH2)2I) in contact with metal oxide." Materials Advances 1, no. 9 (2020): 3349–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d0ma00624f.

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37

Gupta, Vivek, Vedhagiri Karthik, and Ganapathi Anantharaman. "Cyclic six-membered palladium complexes derived from palladium mediated C–N coupling of organonitrile and formamidine." Dalton Transactions 44, no. 2 (2015): 758–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c4dt02721c.

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Synthesis and structural characterizations of neutral, cationic and anionic six-membered palladium complexes obtained through palladium mediated C–N bond coupling between organonitrile and formamidinium salt are reported.

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38

Hu, Chen, Yang Bai, Shuang Xiao, Teng Zhang, Xiangyue Meng, Wai Kit Ng, Yinglong Yang, Kam Sing Wong, Haining Chen, and Shihe Yang. "Tuning the A-site cation composition of FA perovskites for efficient and stable NiO-based p–i–n perovskite solar cells." J. Mater. Chem. A 5, no. 41 (2017): 21858–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c7ta07139f.

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39

Zhang, Yongchao, Junyi Wang, Jintong Xu, Weiye Chen, Dangqiang Zhu, Wei Zheng, and Xichang Bao. "Efficient inverted planar formamidinium lead iodide perovskite solar cells via a post improved perovskite layer." RSC Advances 6, no. 83 (2016): 79952–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c6ra15210d.

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In this paper, we demonstrate an optimised formamidinium iodide/isopropyl alcohol (FAI/IPA) modification procedure to improve the photoactive layer for efficient inverted planar FAPbI₃ PSCs.

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40

Jain, Manjari, Arunima Singh, Pooja Basera, Manish Kumar, and Saswata Bhattacharya. "Understanding the role of Sn substitution and Pb-□ in enhancing the optical properties and solar cell efficiency of CH(NH2)2Pb1−x−ySnx□yBr3." Journal of Materials Chemistry C 8, no. 30 (2020): 10362–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d0tc01484b.

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41

Bertasi, Federico, Guinevere A. Giffin, Keti Vezzù, Giuseppe Pace, Yaser Abu-Lebdeh, Michel Armand, and Vito Di Noto. "A lipophilic ionic liquid based on formamidinium cations and TFSI: the electric response and the effect of CO2 on the conductivity mechanism." Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics 19, no. 38 (2017): 26230–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c7cp02304a.

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A new lipophilic ionic liquid tetraoctyl-formamidinium bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl) imide (TOFATFSI) has been synthesized and its interactions with a highly apolar environment of CO₂ are shown.

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42

Xie, Fengxian, Chun-Chao Chen, Yongzhen Wu, Xing Li, Molang Cai, Xiao Liu, Xudong Yang, and Liyuan Han. "Vertical recrystallization for highly efficient and stable formamidinium-based inverted-structure perovskite solar cells." Energy & Environmental Science 10, no. 9 (2017): 1942–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c7ee01675a.

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Formamidinium (FA)-based perovskite materials show an extended absorption spectrum to 840 nm, which enables high power conversion efficiencies of over 20% compared with normal-structure perovskite solar cells (PSCs).

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43

Schueller, Emily C., Geneva Laurita, Douglas H. Fabini, Constantinos C. Stoumpos, Mercouri G. Kanatzidis, and Ram Seshadri. "Crystal Structure Evolution and Notable Thermal Expansion in Hybrid Perovskites Formamidinium Tin Iodide and Formamidinium Lead Bromide." Inorganic Chemistry 57, no. 2 (December 26, 2017): 695–701. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acs.inorgchem.7b02576.

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44

Ibaceta-Jaña, Josefa, Ruslan Muydinov, Pamela Rosado, Sri Hari Bharath Vinoth Kumar, Rene Gunder, Axel Hoffmann, Bernd Szyszka, and Markus R. Wagner. "Hidden polymorphism of FAPbI3 discovered by Raman spectroscopy." Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics 23, no. 15 (2021): 9476–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d1cp00102g.

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Formamidinium lead iodide (FAPbI₃) can exhibit polymorphism at ambient conductions. Three different structural configurations and their thermally activated phase transitions are identified by temperature dependent micro-Raman spectroscopy.

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45

Leyden, Matthew R., Michael V. Lee, Sonia R. Raga, and Yabing Qi. "Large formamidinium lead trihalide perovskite solar cells using chemical vapor deposition with high reproducibility and tunable chlorine concentrations." Journal of Materials Chemistry A 3, no. 31 (2015): 16097–103. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c5ta03577e.

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Formamidinium perovskite films have been prepared by chemical vapor deposition, with cells demonstrating PCEs up to 14.2%, stability up to 155 days, semitransparency, large-area (1 cm²), and tunable chlorine concentrations.

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46

Konstandaras, Nicholas, Michelle H. Dunn, Ena T. Luis, Marcus L. Cole, and Jason B. Harper. "The pKa values of N-aryl imidazolinium salts, their higher homologues, and formamidinium salts in dimethyl sulfoxide." Organic & Biomolecular Chemistry 18, no. 10 (2020): 1910–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d0ob00036a.

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The effects of substitution, ring size and cyclisation on the pK_a values of imidazolinium salts, higher homologues and formamidinium salts in DMSO are quantified, considering structural and electronic motifs along with crystallographic analyses.

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47

Alghamdi, Suad, Stephanie Bennett, Carol Crean, Joydip Ghosh, Harry Gibbard, Robert Moss, Justin Reiss, Douglas Wolfe, and Paul Sellin. "Polycrystalline Formamidinium Lead Bromide X-ray Detectors." Applied Sciences 12, no. 4 (February 15, 2022): 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app12042013.

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We have investigated the performance of formamidinium lead bromide (FAPbBr3) perovskite X-ray detectors fabricated from polycrystalline material that is pressed into a pellet at high pressures. FAPbBr3 has been shown to exhibit a remarkable combination of electrical and physical properties, such that mechanically-formed polycrystalline pellets exhibit good charge transport properties suitable for use as X-ray detectors. We characterise the morphology and structure of FAPbBr3 pellets using photoluminescence (PL), electron microscopy (SEM) and X-ray diffraction (XRD), and demonstrate an improvement in the microstructure, density, and charge transport performance of the material as the pressure is increased from 12 MPa to 124 MPa. The use of annealing of the pellets after pressing also improves the stability and charge transport performance of the devices. Using a 40 kV X-ray beam, a maximum X-ray sensitivity of 169 µC Gy−1 cm−2 was measured, and the fast time response of the devices was demonstrated using a chopped X-ray beam.

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48

Petrov, Andrey A., Eugene A. Goodilin, Alexey B. Tarasov, Vladimir A. Lazarenko, Pavel V. Dorovatovskii, and Victor N. Khrustalev. "Formamidinium iodide: crystal structure and phase transitions." Acta Crystallographica Section E Crystallographic Communications 73, no. 4 (March 24, 2017): 569–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/s205698901700425x.

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At a temperature of 100 K, CH5N2+·I−(I), crystallizes in the monoclinic space groupP21/c. The formamidinium cation adopts a planar symmetrical structure [the r.m.s. deviation is 0.002 Å, and the C—N bond lengths are 1.301 (7) and 1.309 (8) Å]. The iodide anion does not lie within the cation plane, but deviates from it by 0.643 (10) Å. The cation and anion ofIform a tight ionic pair by a strong N—H...I hydrogen bond. In the crystal ofI, the tight ionic pairs form hydrogen-bonded zigzag-like chains propagating toward [20-1]viastrong N—H...I hydrogen bonds. The hydrogen-bonded chains are further packed in stacks along [100]. The thermal behaviour ofIwas studied by different physicochemical methods (thermogravimetry, differential scanning calorimetry and powder diffraction). Differential scanning calorimetry revealed three narrow endothermic peaks at 346, 387 and 525 K, and one broad endothermic peak at ∼605 K. The first and second peaks are related to solid–solid phase transitions, while the third and fourth peaks are attributed to the melting and decomposition ofI. The enthalpies of the phase transitions at 346 and 387 K are estimated as 2.60 and 2.75 kJ mol−1, respectively. The X-ray powder diffraction data collected at different temperatures indicate the existence ofIas the monoclinic (100–346 K), orthorhombic (346–387 K) and cubic (387–525 K) polymorphic modifications.

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Seoh, S. A., and D. Busath. "Gramicidin tryptophans mediate formamidinium-induced channel stabilization." Biophysical Journal 68, no. 6 (June 1995): 2271–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0006-3495(95)80409-1.

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Wei, Haotong, Shangshang Chen, Jingjing Zhao, Zhenhua Yu, and Jinsong Huang. "Is Formamidinium Always More Stable than Methylammonium?" Chemistry of Materials 32, no. 6 (March 2, 2020): 2501–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acs.chemmater.9b05101.

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