Journal articles: 'Formality'

1

Bernhardt, Deborah. "Formality." Tikkun 25, no. 3 (May 2010): 79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1215/08879982-2010-3026.

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Saleh, Bashar. "Noncommutative formality implies commutative and Lie formality." Algebraic & Geometric Topology 17, no. 4 (August 3, 2017): 2523–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.2140/agt.2017.17.2523.

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Kaufman, Eleanor. "Extreme Formality." Angelaki 15, no. 1 (April 2010): 77–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/0969725x.2010.496171.

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Campos, Ricardo, and Benjamin C. Ward. "Gravity formality." Advances in Mathematics 331 (June 2018): 439–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.aim.2018.04.019.

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Campos, Ricardo. "BV formality." Advances in Mathematics 306 (January 2017): 807–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.aim.2016.10.034.

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Hoogerwoord, Rob R. "Formality works." Information Processing Letters 77, no. 2-4 (February 2001): 137–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0020-0190(00)00210-6.

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Tannen, Deborah. "Folk Formality." Annual Meeting of the Berkeley Linguistics Society 12 (May 15, 1986): 246. http://dx.doi.org/10.3765/bls.v12i0.1851.

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8

Davis, Whitney. "Subjectivity and Objectivity in High and Historical Formalism." Representations 104, no. 1 (2008): 8–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/rep.2008.104.1.8.

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High formalism (often identified with the criticism of modern arts) can be defined by the reification of pure formality, the promotion of close looking, and the decontextualization of "the object," its disaggregation from the archaeological and architectural assemblages in which all artifacts are usually found. It is avowedly subjective. By contrast, historical formalism (often identified with the archaeology of art in premodern and non-Western traditions) attempts a hermeneutics of integrated aspect-seeing in the past——including the constitutive historical subjectivity of formality produced by the makers of the artifacts in question——that proceeds methodologically from the formalities we can see when we organize artifacts according to explicit morphological typologies and series. It is provisionally objective.

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Kay, Louise. "Standing on formality." Early Years Educator 22, no. 10 (May 2, 2021): 28–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.12968/eyed.2021.22.10.28.

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In the first of a three part series Louise Kay examines the historical development of the school readiness agenda. With EYFS reforms now seeming to support a further ‘push-down’ of formal schooling into the Reception year, she asks if this is really best for children?

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Hendricks, Vincent. "No mere formality." Philosophers' Magazine, no. 35 (2006): 35–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.5840/tpm20063544.

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Hochenegger, Andreas, and Andreas Krug. "Formality of -objects." Compositio Mathematica 155, no. 5 (May 2019): 973–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1112/s0010437x19007218.

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We show that a$\mathbb{P}$-object and simple configurations of$\mathbb{P}$-objects have a formal derived endomorphism algebra. Hence the triangulated category (classically) generated by such objects is independent of the ambient triangulated category. We also observe that the category generated by the structure sheaf of a smooth projective variety over the complex numbers only depends on its graded cohomology algebra.

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Yan, Ruoh‐Nan, Jennifer Yurchisin, and Kittichai Watchravesringkan. "Does formality matter?" International Journal of Retail & Distribution Management 39, no. 5 (April 26, 2011): 346–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/09590551111130775.

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Pratt, Andy. "Formality as exception." Urban Studies 56, no. 3 (December 20, 2018): 612–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0042098018810600.

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In this commentary piece, we are reminded that naming (in-formality) is an inherently political act. Informality is discussed through a number of dimensions: conceptually in relation to the term ‘formal’; considering its (ordinary) presence in the city; discussing the recognition and devaluation of the informal economy; and pointing to the contribution it makes to the global economy. Analytically, it is argued that informality requires a balancing concept of the formal; politically, informality is ‘the Other’, bound into a teleological relationship with the formal, but unable to ever achieve it. As such, informality is tied to and legitimates the ‘formal’. By reviewing the ontological critique and epistemological diversions deployed by some of the articles of this special issue, the commentary shows that the informal economy is not a ‘residual’ category but one that encompasses the majority of the human experience (urban and non-urban). In this sense, it puts forward the suggestion of viewing formality as exception and informality as the norm, for it is difficult to imagine a totally formal activity with no informality. Informality, then, should be interpreted as a hybrid of what is termed formal and informal. In all its varieties, it is shown that informality constitutes the everyday of the city. Yet, this commentary also calls to resist generalisations so as to be able to ‘see’ particular timed and placed informalities that exist in relation to a wider (local) social, political and economic setting, as well as a global one.

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Dessne, Karin. "Formality and Informality." International Journal of Knowledge Management 9, no. 4 (October 2013): 17–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/ijkm.2013100102.

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An organisation and its work are formed by social structures in the form of relationships. The aim of this paper is to explore the nature of relationships and its impact on learning with a qualitative approach. A case study focusing on the Land Warfare Centre (LWC) of the Swedish Armed Forces (SwAF) was conducted. The main target of the study was learning from experiences in training and field action. The analysis shows that relationships are characterised by and contributing to 1) local and oral learning, 2) confusion in the formal design of concepts and processes and 3) issues of power, status and trust. The results of this research support and clarify the viewpoint that the nature of relationships – with various degrees of formality/informality – impacts on learning in an organisation. The relationships are formed and re-formed by their preconditions and may be altered through conscious and unconscious changes of the preconditions.

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15

Robinson, Elizabeth. "Silences of Formality." American Book Review 27, no. 5 (2006): 10–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/abr.2006.0094.

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Pramitha, Asi Intan. "Formal Translation On Indonesian President Speech." Buletin Al-Turas 21, no. 2 (January 28, 2020): 385–404. http://dx.doi.org/10.15408/bat.v21i2.3848.

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Abstract This research analyzes President Speech Script from “State Address by President of the Republic of Indonesia on the Occasion of the 65th Anniversary of Independence of the Republic Indonesia which contains two languages. The purpose of this research is to discover the language expressions to know which the level of formality used in President Speech in translation of Indonesian into English. The writer analyzes the President speech as the unit of analysis. The method of this research is descriptive qualitative by comparing two text of President Speech, the Source Language (Indonesian) and Target Language (English). It uses the level of formality theory to analyze the language expressions used in translation of Indonesian into English. In this research the writer finds that there are some words, phrases, and sentences which those expressions show the formality. Based on this research, the formality mostly showed from the diction or word order and tone. Also, there are some expressions which are generally used by a President in his Speech. So, the result of translation is formal based on the analysis which has been done. ---tentang pidato president Indonesia pada kegiatan peringatan hari kemerdekaan bangsa Indonesia yang ke-65 tahun. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui tingkat formalitas penerjemahan ungkapan bahasa yang digunakan oleh president Indonesia dalam menyampaikan pidatonya dalam bahasa Indonesia yang kemudian diterjemahan ke dalam bahasa Inggris. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode kualitatif deskriptif dengan membandingkan dua teks naskah pidato, bahasa Indonesia dan hasil terjemahannya dalam bahasa Inggris. Dalam melakukan penelitian ini, peneliti menggunakan teori formalitas berdasarkan sumber acuan buku teori penerjemahan. Penelitian ini, menympulkan bahwa hasil penerjemahan teks naskah pidato dari bahasa Indonesia ke dalam bahasa Inggris banyak menggunakan ungkapan-ungkapan bahasa formal. Hasil dari penelitian ini diharapkan dapat memberikan kontribusi bagi para pembaca dan pemerhati penerjemahan.

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17

Pavlick, Ellie, and Joel Tetreault. "An Empirical Analysis of Formality in Online Communication." Transactions of the Association for Computational Linguistics 4 (December 2016): 61–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/tacl_a_00083.

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This paper presents an empirical study of linguistic formality. We perform an analysis of humans’ perceptions of formality in four different genres. These findings are used to develop a statistical model for predicting formality, which is evaluated under different feature settings and genres. We apply our model to an investigation of formality in online discussion forums, and present findings consistent with theories of formality and linguistic coordination.

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Tomassini, Adriano, and Sara Torelli. "On Dolbeault formality and small deformations." International Journal of Mathematics 25, no. 11 (October 2014): 1450111. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0129167x14501110.

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19

Lin, Daomi, Jiangyong Lu, Peter Ping Li, and Xiaohui Liu. "Balancing Formality and Informality in Business Exchanges as a Duality: A Comparative Case Study of Returnee and Local Entrepreneurs in China." Management and Organization Review 11, no. 2 (June 2015): 315–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/mor.2014.2.

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ABSTRACTThe management paradigms in the West mainly rely on legal contracts and explicit rules (formality), while the management traditions in the East emphasize social relationships and implicit norms (informality). In an era of ‘West-meets-East’, balancing formality and informality is becoming critical for firms, especially those facing institutional differences in transnational contexts and institutional transitions. In this research, we conducted a comparative multicase study on returnee entrepreneurs and local entrepreneurs in China. We found that at the early stage of venturing, returnee entrepreneurs emphasized formality more than informality, while local entrepreneurs stressed informality more than formality. However, the formality-informality balance among both returnee and local entrepreneurs converged over time in line with the institutional transition in China. Returnee entrepreneurs increased the emphasis on informality (but kept the dominant position of formality), whereas local entrepreneurs gradually shifted from informality to formality. The spatial pattern of asymmetrical balancing and the temporal pattern of transitional balancing are both rooted in the Chinese philosophy of Yin-Yang balancing.

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20

Dinata, Ruri Octari, Gugus Irianto, and Aji Dedi Mulawarman. "MENYINGKAP BUDAYA PENYEBAB FRAUD: STUDI ETNOGRAFI DI BADAN USAHA MILIK NEGARA." Jurnal Economia 14, no. 1 (April 1, 2018): 66. http://dx.doi.org/10.21831/economia.v14i1.18453.

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Abstrak: Menyingkap Budaya Penyebab Fraud: Studi Etnografi di Badan Usaha Milik Negara. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menyingkap budaya penyebab fraud di BUMN dengan studi etnografi sebagai metodologi penelitiannya. Data diperoleh dari observasi langsung ke situs penelitian di BUMN X yang terletak di Kota Medan Sumatera Utara dan melakukan wawancara dengan informan di situs penelitian tersebut. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan adanya budaya “semua bisa diatur” serta budaya “prosedur hanya formalitas” yang akhirnya dapat menjadi pemicu terjadinya fraud. Kata kunci: fraud, BUMN, etnografi, budaya semua bisa diatur, budaya prosedur hanya formalitas Abstract: Revealing Cultural Causes of Fraud: An Ethnographic Study in Public Company. This ethnographic study aimed to reveal the cultural causes of fraud in public company. The data was obtained from direct observation and interview to the research site at Public Company X, located in Medan City of North Sumatra. This study found that existence of a culture of "all can be arranged" as well as a culture of "procedure only formality" can ultimately lead to fraud. Keywords: fraud, public company, ethnography, culture of all can be arranged, culture of procedure only formality.

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21

Andrzejewski, Wojciech, and Aleksy Tralle. "Fat bundles and formality." Annales Polonici Mathematici 65, no. 2 (1997): 105–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.4064/ap-65-2-105-118.

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22

Drummond-Cole, Gabriel C., and Geoffroy Horel. "Homotopy transfer and formality." Annales de l'Institut Fourier 71, no. 5 (March 15, 2022): 2079–116. http://dx.doi.org/10.5802/aif.3444.

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23

NAGASAKI, IWAO. "Ceremony, Formality and Dress." Sen'i Gakkaishi 75, no. 6 (June 10, 2019): P—311—P—311. http://dx.doi.org/10.2115/fiber.75.p-311.

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24

Cleaveland, Rance. "Formality and software design." ACM Computing Surveys 28, no. 4es (December 1996): 117. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/242224.242376.

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25

Miller, Matthew, and Max Wakefield. "Formality of Pascal arrangements." Proceedings of the American Mathematical Society 139, no. 12 (December 1, 2011): 4461–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1090/s0002-9939-2011-11009-8.

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26

Stewart, M. "Science Education: Flouting Formality." Science 329, no. 5993 (August 12, 2010): 749–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.329.5993.749-c.

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27

Eckert, Claudia, Martin Stacey, and Christopher Earl. "Formality in design communication." Artificial Intelligence for Engineering Design, Analysis and Manufacturing 27, no. 2 (April 18, 2013): 91–103. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0890060413000073.

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AbstractHow designers communicate within design teams, and with users, suppliers, and customers, differs in formality both between industries and between different situations within one project. This paper identifies three layers of structure in design communication, each of which can be more or less formal: the design process, the interaction between participants, and the representations of design information that are constructed and used. These layers can be formal across a spectrum from explicit rules to habitual conventions. The paper draws on a range of contrasting case studies in mechanical engineering and knitwear design, as well as a larger corpus of cases comparing design domains more generally, to analyze how formality affects design interaction in different situations and process contexts. Mismatches in the understanding of formality can lead to misunderstandings, in particular across expertise boundaries and between designers and their clients or customers. Formality can be modulated in the mannerism of communication, the rhetoric employed, and how representations are constructed, to make communication more effective. The effort and skill put into modulating formality is greater in domains where designers work with end users, like architecture, than it is in companies where designers interact mainly with other professionals.

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Levin, Harry, and Peter Garrett. "Sentence structure and formality." Language in Society 19, no. 4 (December 1990): 511–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0047404500014792.

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ABSTRACTThe evidence is practically unequivocal that left-branching (LB) sentences are more difficult to process than right-branching (RB) sentences. In this study, the hypothesis was tested that LB sentences are judged to be more formal than RB ones and that center-branching (CB) sentences would behave like LB ones. Three groups of subjects, university students in England, Wales, and the United States, ordered three versions of 18 sentences in terms of their formality. LB and CB sentences were considered more formal than RB ones by all three groups of students. LB and CB types did not differ from each other. In a second study, American students choose from the group of three sentences the one they would say to a formal listener (professer/employer) or to an informal listener (brother/sister or close friend). RB sentences were attributed to informal listeners and LB and CB sentences, to formal listeners. (Grammar, formality, sociolinguistics)

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Calaque, Damien. "Formality for Lie Algebroids." Communications in Mathematical Physics 257, no. 3 (May 4, 2005): 563–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00220-005-1350-5.

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Willwacher, Thomas, and Damien Calaque. "Formality of cyclic cochains." Advances in Mathematics 231, no. 2 (October 2012): 624–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.aim.2012.04.032.

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Bressler, Paul, Alexander Gorokhovsky, Ryszard Nest, and Boris Tsygan. "Formality theorem for gerbes." Advances in Mathematics 273 (March 2015): 215–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.aim.2014.11.025.

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Arnal, Didier, Najla Dahmene, and Khaled Tounsi. "Poisson Action and Formality." Letters in Mathematical Physics 82, no. 2-3 (September 27, 2007): 177–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11005-007-0184-9.

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Fern�ndez, Marisa, and Vicente Mu�oz. "Formality of Donaldson submanifolds." Mathematische Zeitschrift 250, no. 1 (January 7, 2005): 149–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00209-004-0747-8.

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Fernández, Marisa, and Vicente Muñoz. "Formality of Donaldson submanifolds." Mathematische Zeitschrift 257, no. 2 (June 30, 2007): 465–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00209-007-0208-2.

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35

Lupton, Gregory, and John Oprea. "Symplectic manifolds and formality." Journal of Pure and Applied Algebra 91, no. 1-3 (January 1994): 193–207. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0022-4049(94)90142-2.

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36

Grivaux, Julien. "Formality of derived intersections." Documenta Mathematica 19 (2014): 1003–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.4171/dm/471.

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Rüdiger, Sofia, and Susanne Mühleisen. "Introduction." Formality and Informality in Online Performances 5, no. 1 (February 2, 2022): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/ip.00078.rud.

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Abstract This editorial introduction establishes the theoretical basis for the special issue Formality and Informality in Online Performances with a focus on (in)formality, Goffman’s (1959) notion of front– and backstage and the internet as a stage, as well as the performance of self. Further attention is given to notions of self-branding, micro-celebrity, and self-disclosure. Explicit discussion of the linguistic construction of formality and informality in performative online settings has been rare and the articles in this issue aim at investigating the complex interplay between context, (in)formality, and performance on different digital platforms (ranging from rather traditional web forums to YouTube, Reddit, Instagram, and WeChat Moments). The contributions thus shed light on some of the intricate performative processes which are at the heart of online communication and offer manifold perspectives on (in)formality online.

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Phan, Hong Mai, and Phan Thi Thu Hien. "Formality and investments: Evidence of Vietnamese SMEs." International Journal of ADVANCED AND APPLIED SCIENCES 8, no. 3 (March 2021): 63–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.21833/ijaas.2021.03.009.

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Business formality is considered a key driver in the development of the private sector in developing countries, which can contribute to enhancing the capacity and competitiveness of firms. The purpose of this paper is to investigate the impact of formality on investments of small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) in Vietnam. Different from previous work, we apply a two-stage method with random-effects Probit and Tobit regressions to control for endogeneity surrounding formality and investments. Results show that formality measured by having a tax code fosters all types of investments. However, formality proxied by having a full set of business registration documents decreases total and fixed investments but increases non-fixed investments. Our findings suggest that relaxing complex procedures, enhancing the knowledge of the owner, and improving the ease of doing business play a crucial role in the formalization of Vietnamese SMEs.

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Ojong, Nathanael. "Gender, the state, and informal self-employment." International Journal of Social Economics 44, no. 11 (November 6, 2017): 1456–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijse-03-2016-0095.

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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to examine the intersection of formality, informality, structures of power, gender, and social norms in the mobile telecommunication industry in Cameroon, and to investigate the reasons for the over-representation of informal self-employed women at the base of the mobile telecommunication industry in the country. Design/methodology/approach This is a qualitative study using interviews and observations. Findings Cameroon’s mobile telecommunication industry is a “spaghetti bowl” where formality, informality, gender, structures of power, and social norms are intertwined. In Cameroon’s mobile telecommunication industry, there is no static division between formality and informality, rather, there is a connection between formality and informality to ensure the unity and totality of the airtime credit distribution system. Self-employment in the mobile telecommunication industry is gendered. Originality/value Analysing the intersection of gender, class, formality, informality, social norms, and structures of power in the functioning of the mobile telecommunication industry in the Cameroon is original.

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Niu, Xing, and Marine Carpuat. "Controlling Neural Machine Translation Formality with Synthetic Supervision." Proceedings of the AAAI Conference on Artificial Intelligence 34, no. 05 (April 3, 2020): 8568–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1609/aaai.v34i05.6379.

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This work aims to produce translations that convey source language content at a formality level that is appropriate for a particular audience. Framing this problem as a neural sequence-to-sequence task ideally requires training triplets consisting of a bilingual sentence pair labeled with target language formality. However, in practice, available training examples are limited to English sentence pairs of different styles, and bilingual parallel sentences of unknown formality. We introduce a novel training scheme for multi-task models that automatically generates synthetic training triplets by inferring the missing element on the fly, thus enabling end-to-end training. Comprehensive automatic and human assessments show that our best model outperforms existing models by producing translations that better match desired formality levels while preserving the source meaning.1

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Calaque, Damien, Carlo Rossi, and Michel van den Bergh. "Căldăraru's conjecture and Tsygan's formality." Annals of Mathematics 176, no. 2 (September 1, 2012): 865–923. http://dx.doi.org/10.4007/annals.2012.176.2.4.

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42

Willwacher, Thomas. "The homotopy braces formality morphism." Duke Mathematical Journal 165, no. 10 (July 2016): 1815–964. http://dx.doi.org/10.1215/00127094-3450644.

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Green, Cordell. "Formality helps scalability and robustness." ACM Computing Surveys 28, no. 4es (December 1996): 5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/242224.242231.

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BECKHAM, WALTER H. "Juvenile Courts Need Less Formality!" Juvenile Court Judges Journal 7, no. 4 (March 18, 2009): 9–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1755-6988.1956.tb00135.x.

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Biswas, Indranil, Marisa Fernández, Vicente Muñoz, and Aleksy Tralle. "On formality of Sasakian manifolds." Journal of Topology 9, no. 1 (January 8, 2016): 161–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1112/jtopol/jtv044.

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Ranpara, Manish Praful. "Formality in workplace-based assessments." Clinical Teacher 15, no. 2 (March 25, 2018): 182. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/tct.12740.

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Carlson, Jeffrey D., and Chi-Kwong Fok. "Equivariant formality of isotropy actions." Journal of the London Mathematical Society 97, no. 3 (March 28, 2018): 470–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1112/jlms.12116.

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Budur, Nero, and Ziyu Zhang. "Formality conjecture for K3 surfaces." Compositio Mathematica 155, no. 5 (April 23, 2019): 902–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1112/s0010437x19007206.

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We give a proof of the formality conjecture of Kaledin and Lehn: on a complex projective K3 surface, the differential graded (DG) algebra$\operatorname{RHom}^{\bullet }(F,F)$is formal for any sheaf$F$polystable with respect to an ample line bundle. Our main tool is the uniqueness of the DG enhancement of the bounded derived category of coherent sheaves. We also extend the formality result to derived objects that are polystable with respect to a generic Bridgeland stability condition.

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Lillywhite, Steven. "Formality in an equivariant setting." Transactions of the American Mathematical Society 355, no. 7 (February 25, 2003): 2771–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1090/s0002-9947-03-03265-3.

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50

Chappell, Whitney. "Formality strategies in Managua, Nicaragua." Spanish in Context 12, no. 2 (September 28, 2015): 221–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/sic.12.2.03cha.

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Nicaraguan Spanish is characterized by the reduction of coda /s/ to glottal frication, elision, and glottal constriction, but the latter variant has never been explored in depth. The present study fills this void by analyzing the word-final, intervocalic /s/ environment in sociolinguistic interviews, reading tasks, and image identification tasks conducted with 36 Nicaraguans with the goal of detailing the social patterning of glottal constriction. I find that glottal constriction patterns like sibilance, a hyperarticulated variant, and a statistical analysis reveals two distinct hyperarticulation strategies in formal tasks based on age and education. Given their differing responses to formality, I propose that more educated and younger speakers with more exposure to prescriptive norms apply sibilance, a global hyperarticulation strategy, to signal their education and power on an international scale, while less educated and older speakers utilize glottal constriction to construct an identity associated with regional articulateness.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Formality'

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