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Santoso, Adi, Adi Yuwono, A. R. M. Renwarin, and Paribotro Sutigno. "PENGARUH PELABURAN AMONIUM HIDROKSIDA TERHADAP EMISI FORMALDEHIDA KAYU LAPIS DAN PAPAN PARTIKEL." Jurnal Sains Natural 1, no. 2 (November 25, 2017): 140. http://dx.doi.org/10.31938/jsn.v1i2.23.
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The effect of spreading by ammonium hydroxide on formaldehyde emission of plywood and particleboardThe formaldehyde emmision from panel products such as plywood and particleboard bonded with urea formaldehyde (UF) can have negative effects to human health, especially if used in a room with limited ventilation. To reduce formaldehyde emission, chemical agents can be applied to the product. In this exsperiment report, the effect of ammonium hydroxide 25% application on formaldehyde emission of UF on to wards the bonded plywood and particleboard was described. Application of ammonium hydroxide on plywood and particleboard significantly affected UF emission. The higher amount of application of ammonium hydroxide, the lower formaldehyde emission from plywod and particleboard. The effect of ammonium hydroxide to UF emission level differed according to type of panel and examination standard. Application of ammonium hydroxide of 0.009 ml/cm2 and 0.015 ml/cm2, the formaldehyde emission of plywood and particleboard could meet Japanese Standard; while spreading on particleboard of 0,003 ml/cm2and on plywood of 0,014 ml/cm2, the formaldehyde emission could conform to American Standard.Key words : Plywood, particleboard, formaldehyde emission, spreading, ammonium hydroxide ABSTRAKEmisi formaldehida dari produk panel seperti kayu lapis dan papan partikel yang direkat dengan urea formaldehida (UF) dapat mengganggu kesehatan, terutama jika digunakan di dalam ruangan dengan ventilasi terbatas. Untuk mengurangi emisi formal-dehida, produk tersebut dapat dilburi dengan suatu bahan kimia. Dalam tulisan ini dikemukakan pengaruh dari penggunaan pelaburan dengan amonium hidroksida 25 % terhadap emisi formaldehida kayu lapis dan papan partikel yang masing-masing direkat dengan UF. Pengaruh pelaburan dengan amonium hidroksida terhadap emisi formaldehida kayu lapis dan papan partikel masing-masing sangat nyata. Semakin banyak amonium hidroksida yang dilaburkan, emisi formaldehida dari kayu lapis dan papan partikel sema-kin rendah. Pengaruh amonium hidroksida terhadap tingkat penurunan emisi formaldehida berbeda menurut jenis panel dan standar pengujian. Pada pelaburan dengan amonium hidroksida sebanyak 0,009 ml/cm2 dan 0,015 ml/cm2, kayu lapis dan papan partikel memenuhi persyaratan emisi formaldehida Standar Jepang. Sedangkan pelaburan pada papan partikel sebanyak 0,003 ml/cm2, dan pada kayu lapis sebanyak 0,014 ml/cm2, emisi formaldehidanya memenuhi Standar Amerika.Kata kunci : Kayu lapis, papan partikel, emisi formaldehida, pelaburan, amonium hidroksida
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Athariqa, Dila, Selvi Mayangsari Oktapia, and Dicky Dermawan. "Urea-Formaldehid Konsentrat Sebagai Bahan Baku Resin Urea-Formaldehid." Jurnal Rekayasa Hijau 6, no. 1 (July 11, 2022): 11–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.26760/jrh.v6i1.11-21.
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ABSTRAKPanel kayu merupakan produk yang terbuat dari bahan kayu yang direkatkan dengan menggunakan resin, bahan perekat yang digunakan dalam produksi kayu lapis merupakan resin urea-formaldehid (UF). Resin UF adalah resin thermosetting yang terbuat dari urea dan formaldehid yang akan mengeras jika dipanaskan dan dapat dicetak ulang. Pada penelitian ini, pembuatan resin UF menggunakan bahan baku dari Urea Formaldehyde Concentrate (UFC). Tujuan dari penelitian ini mempelajari pengaruh perubahan sifat dan kinerja resin UF dari UFC, pengaruh rasio molar pada tahap metilolasi dan kondensasi, dan menguji efektivitas resin UF melalui aplikasi pembuatan panel kayu dengan cara menguji Internal Bonding (IB) Strength dan emisi formaldehid. Berdasarkan penelitian yang telah dilakukan maka didapatkan bahwa pembuatan resin UF dengan bahan baku UFC memiliki gel time yang lebih panjang sehingga menurunkan IB Strength, dan free formaldehyde yang rendah sehingga emisi formaldehid akan menurun dibandingkan dengan nilai IB Strength maupun emisi formaldehid dari resin UF dari urea dan formaldehid.ABSTRACTWood panel are a product made of a wood inggriidients glued together by using resin. The main adhesive used in plywood production is urea-formaldehyde resin (UF). UF resin is a thermosetting resin made from urea and formaldehyde, where this resin to be hardened if heated and reprinted. The purpose of this research is affects changes in properties and performance from UF resin made from UFC, effects of molar ratio at the metylolation and condentation stage, and tests the effectiveness of UF resin with a wooden paneling application by testing Internal Bonding (IB) Strength, and formaldehyde emission. According to this research it has been obtained that UF resin with UFC material has a lengthly gel time therefor lower IB Strength value, and low free formaldehyde so that formaldehyde emission will decreased when compared with IB Strength value as well as formaldehyde emissions from UF resin with urea and formaldehyde materials.
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Santoso, Adi. "PEMANFAATAN LIGNIN KRAFT DARI LINDI HITAM SEBAGAI PEREKAT KAYU KOMPOSIT." Jurnal Sains Natural 1, no. 2 (November 25, 2017): 135. http://dx.doi.org/10.31938/jsn.v1i2.22.
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Utilization of Kraft Lignin from black liquor as adhesives in the wood composite. The lignin in the sulphate black liquor (known as kraft lignin) has a strong affinity when being reacted with formaldehyde to form lignin formaldehyde adhesives. To increase the bonding strength, the lignin is co-polymerized with phenol or resorcinol to form lignin phenol formaldehyde or lignin resorcinol formaldehyde resins. The resins can be applied in of reconstituted wood products manufacturing such as plywood, finger-jointed wood assembly and glue laminated lumber. The research result showed that each type of lignin based adhesives had specific characters which met Indonesian standard. The test result on plywood which glued by lignin formaldehyde (LF) and lignin phenol formaldehyde (LPF) indicated that bonding strength of the products were 8.0-27.0 kg/cm2, for a while on laminated wood which glued by lignin resorcinol formaldehyde (LRF) indicated that bonding strength of the products were 36.9-88.0 kg/cm2, modulus of rupture and modulus of elasticity was 372-637kg/cm2 and47,164-60,237 kg/cm2, respectively. The formaldehyde emissions were about 0.05-0.14 mg/L. The efficiency of lignin based adhesives on finger joint application reach at 35.4-73.6%. Therefore, the synthesis of lignin based adhesives, an unique wood adhesive with good resin characteristics and met bonding strength and formaldehyde emission requirement as stated in Japanese standard. Keywords : Kraft lignin, composite wood, adhesives ABSTRAK Lignin dalam lindi hitam (dikenal sebagai lignin kraft) memiliki afinitas yang kuat bila direaksikan dengan formaldehida membentuk perekat lignin formaldehida. Guna meningkatkan daya rekatnya, lignin dikopolimerisasi dengan phenol atau resorsinol sehingga terbentuk resin lignin phenol formaldehida atau lignin resorsinol formaldehida. Resin tersebut dapat diaplikasikan dalam pembuatan produk kayu rekonstitusi seperti kayu lapis, papan sambung dan kayu lamina. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa setiap jenis perekat berbasis lignin memiliki karakter yang spesifik yang memenuhi persyaratan standar Indonesia. Hasil pengujian terhadap kayu lapis yang direkat dengan lignin formaldehida (LF) dan lignin phenol formaldehida (LPF) menunjukkan bahwa keteguhan rekat produk tersebut berkisar antara 8,0-27,0 kg/cm2, sementara untuk kayu lamina yang direkat dengan lignin resorsinol formaldehida (LRF) berkisar antara 36,9-88,0 kg/cm2, dengan modulus of rupture dan modulus of elasticity berturut-turut sekitar 372 - 637kg/cm2 dan47,164 - 60,237 kg/cm2. Emisi formaldehida produk berkisar antara 0,05-0,14 mg/L. Efisiensi perekat berbasis lignin pada aplikasi papan sambung mencapai 35,4 - 73,6%. Produk yang menggunakan perekat berbasis lignin ini memenuhi persyaratan Jepang.Kata kunci : Lignin Kraft, kayu majemuk, perekat
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Kulikauskaitė, Dovilė, and Dainius Paliulis. "FORMALDEHYDE REMOVAL FROM WASTEWATER APPLYING NATURAL ZEOLITE / FORMALDEHIDO ŠALINIMAS IŠ NUOTEKŲ PANAUDOJANT GAMTINĮ CEOLITĄ." Mokslas – Lietuvos ateitis 7, no. 4 (September 29, 2015): 443–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.3846/mla.2015.808.
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Formaldehyde is one of the most chemically active compounds which is discharged with untreated or just partially treated industrial wastewater. It is hazardous for environment and humans. Formaldehyde vapors can strongly irritate skin, can cause damage to eyes and harm respiratory tract. As long as formaldehyde causes a toxic effect on environment and living organisms, it is necessary to remove it from wastewater which is directed to natural water. There are many methods used for formaldehyde removal from wastewater: biological method, evaporation, membrane separation method. Most of them have disadvantages. Adsorption method has many advantages: it is fast, cheap, and universal, and can be widely used, therefore it was chosen for this research. Experiment was carried out with natural zeolite in different contact time with different concentration formaldehyde solutions. Concentration of formaldehyde was determined applying the Photocolorimetric Method. Method is based on reaction of formaldehyde with chromotropic acid and determination of formaldehyde concentration. Determined average sorption efficiency was highest when formaldehyde concentration was lowest, e. g. 2 mg/l (45.94%) after eight hours of contact time with adsorbent. Sorption efficiency was increasing when the contact time increased, but when the contact time increased to 12 hours, sorption efficiency stayed the same because of the saturation of zeolite. Formaldehidas yra vienas iš aktyviausių junginių, kuris išleidžiamas į aplinką kartu su nevalytomis ar iš dalies išvalytomis gamybinėmis nuotekomis. Jis yra pavojingas tiek aplinkai, tiek žmonėms. Formaldehido garai stipriai dirgina akis ir kvėpavimo sistemą. Kadangi formaldehidas yra pavojingas žmonėms ir visiems gyviems organizmams, jis turi būti šalinamas iš gamybinių nuotekų. Sorbcijos metodas turi daug privalumų: jis yra greitas, pigus ir universalus, todėl vienas iš labiausiai perspektyvių vandens valymo metodų – sorbcija. Tai pagrindinė priežastis, kodėl sorbcinis metodas buvo pasirinktas eksperimentiniams tyrimams. Eksperimentiniai tyrimai buvo atlikti naudojat gamtinį ceolitą, buvo parinktas skirtingas formaldehido tirpalo kontakto laikas su adsorbentu ir matuojama teršalų koncentracija po kontakto su adsorbentu. Šis metodas yra paremtas formaldehido reakcija su chromotropine rūgštimi. Sorbcijos efektyvumas augo ilgėjant kontakto su ceolitu laikui, tačiau po 12 valandų efektyvumas nebedidėjo dėl to, kad sorbentas įsisotino.
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Yulianti, Cicik Herlina, Vika Ayu Devianti, and M. A. Hanny Ferry Fernanda. "Validasi Metode Spektrofotometri Visible Untuk Penentuan Kadar Formaldehida Pada Pembalut Wanita Yang Beredar Di Pasaran." Journal of Pharmacy and Science 2, no. 1 (January 7, 2017): 9–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.53342/pharmasci.v2i1.60.
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ABSTRAKPembalut menjadi kebutuhan wanita yang sangat penting karena digunakan untuk menyerap cairan darah ketika mengalami menstruasi. Pada pembuatan pembalut wanita dimungkinkan adanya pemakaian formaldehida. Oleh karena itu, pembalut wanita termasuk salah satu alat kesehatan yang kandungan dan bahan penyusunnya diatur oleh pemerintah. Pada penelitian ini menggunakan metode spektrofotometri visibel untuk penentuan kadar formaldehida dalam pembalut wanita sekali pakai. Sebelum digunakan, maka metode spektrofotometri visibel ini harus divalidasi terlebih dahulu untuk memastikan bahwa metode spektrofotometri yang digunakan dapat memberikan hasil yang akurat. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah melakukan validasi metode spektrofotometri visibel untuk penetapan kadar formaldehida dalam pembalut wanita sekali pakai menggunakan pereaksi nash sebagai reagen spesifik. Metode penelitian yang digunakan adalah pembuatan dan pembakuan larutan baku formaldehida, menentukan panjang gelombang maksimal, pembuatan kurva kalibrasi, melakukan uji linieritas, uji LOD dan LOQ, serta uji kesesuaian dan kecermatan, dan menentukan kadar formaldehida pada pembalut wanita. Hasil dari penelitian ini adalah bahwa metode spektrofotometri visibel memiliki selektifitas, linieritas,batas deteksi dan kuantitasi, presisi dan akurasi yang baik. Kadar rata-rata formaldehida pada ke lima sampel pembalut sebesar 2,88 mg/kg - 4,05 mg/kg.Kata kunci: pembalut, formaldehida, validasi, spektrofotometri visibelABSTRACTSanitary napkins are a very important woman’s need to absorb blood fluids when menstruating. In the manufacture of sanitary napkins may contain formaldehyde additives. Therefore, sanitary napkins are one of the medical devices whose composition is regulated by the government. In this study to identify the use of formaldehyde in sanitary napkins was carried out by visible spectrophotometry using nash reagent. This method should be validated in advance to ensure that the method used can provide accurate data. The aim of this research is to validate visible spectrophotometry method for determination of formaldehyde content indisposable sanitary napkins using nash reagent as specific reagent. Validation of UV – Vis spectrophotometry method for determination of formaldehyde showed that Nash reagent was suitable to determine formaldehyde. This method is linear with correlation coefficient (r2) of 0,99967. The validation characteristics include accuracy and precision, linearity, limit of detection, and limit of quantitation. The acceptance validation criteria were found in all case. Qualitative determination in five sanitary napkins samples showed positive results and the quantitative analysis confirmed that the average content of formaldehyde in five sanitary napkins samples was 2,88 mg/kg – 4,05 mg/kg.Keywords: sanitary napkins, formaldehyde, validation, visible spectrophotometry
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Wardoyo, Supriyono Eko, Adi Santoso, and Sri Wuryani Sugiarti. "EMISI FORMALDEHIDA DARI PAPAN LANTAI LAMINA KOMBINASI DENGAN BATANG KELAPA YANG MENGGUNAKAN TANIN RESORSINOL FORMALDEHIDA." Jurnal Sains Natural 1, no. 2 (November 25, 2017): 190. http://dx.doi.org/10.31938/jsn.v1i2.28.
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Formaldehyde Emissions from Floor Boards Lamina Combination with The Coconut Bar Using Tanin Resorcinol Formaldehyde Trunks of coconut (Cocos nucifera L.) has been widely used as both structural and non structural materials, including home furnishings, furniture, toys, crates, and so on. In the utilization of coconut trunks required special handling to produce a high quality product. How to handle it needs through the process of densification or impregnation by using a copolymer of Tanin Resorcinol Formaldehyde (TRF) in the vacuum press. In the case to reduce the scarcity of the wood, modification between coconut wood with other wood species in laminated floor board products is needed. The research was done by the method of vacuum press in the Laboratory for Products Compound and Wood Preservation, Center Research and Development for Forest Products, Bogor. The tests were performed the physical properties consist of specific gravity and moisture content or the chemical properties of formaldehyde emissions by using Spectrophotometer. The results indicated that by using TRF copolymer (1: 0.5: 2) and viscosity 0.88 centripoise, formaldehyde emissions of the combination of the wood was very well and meet the requirements ( 0.30 to 0.40 mg / L) and were included in the category of very safe.Keywords : Emissions of formaldehyde, Laminated boards, Trunks of coconut, Tanin resorcinol formaldehyde ABSTRAK Batang kelapa (Cocos nucifera L.) telah banyak digunakan baik sebagai bahan struktural maupun non structural, seperti perkakas rumah tangga, mebel, mainan, peti dan lain sebagainya. Dalam pemanfaatannya batang kelapa tersebut diperlakukan penanganan khusus untuk menghasilkan suatu produk yang berkualitas tinggi. Adapun cara penanganannya adalah dapat melalui proses densifikasi ataupun impregnaasi dengan menggunakan suatu kopolimer Tanin Resorsinol Formaldehida menggunakan metode vakum tekan. Dalam hal ini untuk mengurangi kelangkaan dari kayu tersebut maka dilakukan modifikasi antara kayu kelapa dengan jenis kayu lainnya pada produk papan lantai lamina. Untuk itu dilakukan penelitian pengujian dengan metode vakum tekan di Laboratorium Produk Majemuk dan Pengawetan Kayu, Pusat Penelitian dan Pengembangan Hasil Hutan, Bogor . Adapun pengujian yang dilakukan adalah sifat fisika terdiri atas bobot jenis, kadar air, dan sifat kimia emisi formaldehida yang diuji dengan menggunakan Spectrophotometer. Hasil penelitian ini menunjukan bahwa dengan menggunakan kopolimer TRF (1 : 0,5 : 2) dengan kekentalan 0,88 centripoise, emisi formaldehida yang dihasilkan dari kombinasi kayu tersebut sangat baik dan memenuhi persyaratan (0,30 - 0,40 mg/L) dan termasuk dalam kategori sangat aman.Kata kunci : Emisi formaldehida, Papan lamina, Batang kelapa, Tanin resorsinol formaldehida
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Utami, Riza Dwi, Nur Endah Wahyuningsih, and Budiyono Budiyono. "Kemampuan Hidrogen Peroksida dan Formaldehid dalam Menurunkan Bakteri Pseudomonas aeruginosa pada Limbah Jarum Suntik di RS X Kota Semarang." MEDIA KESEHATAN MASYARAKAT INDONESIA 19, no. 1 (January 7, 2020): 68–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.14710/mkmi.19.1.68-76.
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Latar belakang:Pada limbah jarum suntik ditemukan jumlah koloni bakteri Pseudomonas aeruginosa sebanyak 1,3x103 dan 2,1x103 CFU/ml. Desinfeksi dengan Hidrogen Peroksida dan Formaldehiddapat digunakanuntuk menurunkan mikroorganisme pathogen. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui efektifitas desinfektan Hidrogen Peroksida dan Formaldehid dengan variasi dosis dan lama waktu kontak terhadap penurunan jumlah koloni bakteri Pseudomonas aeruginosa pada limbah jarum suntik.Metode:Jenis penelitian ini adalah quasi experimental dengan rancangan non equivalent control group design. Analisis statistikmenggunakan uji Repeated ANOVA (α=5%).Hasil:Hasil penelitian pada sampel sebelum diberikan perlakuan pada desinfektan Hidrogen Peroksida dan formaldehid masing-masing adalah 2,2x103 dan 2,0x103 CFU/ml. Dosis Hidrogen Peroksida diberikan sebanyak 0,75% dan 1,5% (v/v). Dosis Formaldehid sebanyak 0,0185% dan 0,037%(v/v), masing-masing menggunakan variasi lama waktu kontak 1 menit, 5 menit, 10 menit dengan 4 kali pengulangan. Hidrogen Peroksida dapat menurunkan jumlah koloni bakteri Pseudomonas aeruginosa dosis 1,5% (p=0,032), waktu kontak 10 menit (p=0,024). Sedangkan Formaldehid menurunkan jumlah koloni bakteri Pseudomonas aeruginosa dosis 0,037% (p=0,027), waktu kontak 10 menit (p=0,049).Simpulan:Hidrogen Peroksida dan Formaldehid mampu menurunkan jumlah koloni bakteri Pseudomonas aeruginosapada limbah jarum suntik meskipun belum semuanya hilang. Kata kunci: Hidrogen Peroksida, Formaldehid, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Limbah jarum suntik ABSTRACT Title: The Ability of Hydrogen Peroxide and Formaldehyde in Reducing Pseudomonas aeruginosa Bacteria in Syringe Waste in X Hospital Semarang City Background:In needle syringe waste, the number of colonies of Pseudomonas aeruginosa was 1,3x103 and 2,1x103 CFU/ml. Disinfection with Hydrogen Peroxide and Formaldehyde can be used to reduce pathogenic microorganisms. The purpose of this study was to determine the effectiveness of Hydrogen Peroxide and Formaldehyde disinfectants with variations in dosage and contact time to decrease the number of colonies of Pseudomonas aeruginosa bacteria in needle syringe waste. Method:This type of research is quasi experimental with a non equivalent control group design. Statistical analysis using Repeated ANOVA test (α=5%). Result:The results of the study on the sample before being given treatment for disinfecting Hydrogen Peroxide and formaldehyde were 2,2x103 and 2,0x103 CFU/ml. The dose of Hydrogen Peroxide is given as much as 0.75% and 1.5% (v/v). Formaldehyde dosages are 0.0185% and 0.037% (v/v), each using a variation of the duration of contact time 1 minute, 5 minutes, 10 minutes with 4 repetitions. Hydrogen Peroxide can reduce the number of colonies of Pseudomonas aeruginosa bacteria by 1.5% (p=0.032), contact time 10 minutes (p=0.024). Whereas Formaldehyde reduced the number of colonies of Pseudomonas aeruginosa bacteria by a dose of 0.037% (p=0.027), contact time of 10 minutes (p=0.049). Conclusion:Hydrogen Peroxide and Formaldehyde can reduce the number of colonies of Pseudomonas aeruginosa bacteria in syringe waste even though not all of them are lost. Keywords: Hydrogen Peroxide, Formaldehyde, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Syringe waste
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Kariuki, Stephen Warui, Jackson Wachira, Millien Kawira, and Genson Murithi. "Formaldehyde Use and Alternative Biobased Binders for Particleboard Formulation: A Review." Journal of Chemistry 2019 (October 13, 2019): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2019/5256897.
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Formaldehyde-based resins are conventionally used as a binder in formulation of particleboard. Epidemiologic studies have shown that formaldehyde is carcinogenic. Efforts to reduce the health hazard effects of the fomaldehyde-based resin in the particleboard formulation have included use of scavengers for formaldehydes and use of an alternative binder. Use of scavengers for the formaldehyde increases the cost and maintenance of particleboard formulation. There is no proof that scavengers eliminate the emission of formaldehyde from particleboard. Use of biobased binders in particleboard formulation provides an alternative for eliminating use of the formaldehyde-based resin. However, the alternative is hindered by challenges, which include limitations of physical and mechanical properties. The challenge has continuously been acted upon through research. The paper presents an overview of the use of starch as an alternative binder. Improvement over time of the starch and limitations thereof requires to be addressed. Use of the modified starch has shown increased particleboard performance. Mechanical strength, such as modulus of rupture, modulus of elasticity, and internal bonding in particleboards, however, remains to be a challenge.
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Adriani, Adriani, Abdul Karim, and Seniwati Dali. "ANALYSIS OF FORMALDEHYDE PRESERVATIVES IN WET ANCHOVY (Stolephorus Sp.) FROM TRADITIONAL MARKETS IN MAKASSAR CITY, SOUTH SULAWESI." Jurnal Akta Kimia Indonesia (Indonesia Chimica Acta) 11, no. 1 (May 30, 2019): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.20956/ica.v11i1.6399.
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Food preservatives are very important ingredients in improving the quality and production of processed foods. However there are various presenvatives and such preservatives such as formaldehide are not allowed. This study aims to determine the content of preservatives in fresh anchovy (stolephorus sp.) from the traditional market of Makassar City South Sulawesi. Formaldehyde preservatives is identified by qualitative and quantitative test, qualitative formaldehyde was tested using Schryver reagent using UV-Vis Spectrophotometer analysis method. The result of qualitative analysis showed that all samples contained formaldehyde, with the concentration value of 0.2702ppm; 0.1307ppm; 0.0871ppm in Daya Market A; Daya Market B; Daya Market C samples, respectively. The content of 0.1612ppm; 0.2223ppm; 0,1525ppm in Antang Market A; Antang Market B; Antang Market C samples, respectively. The content of 0,1918ppm;0,0087ppm; 0.2877ppm in Terong Market A; Terong Market B; Terong Market C, samples, respectively and the content of 0.1394ppm; 0.1961ppm; 0,0043, in Pa’baeng-baeng Market A; Pa’baeng-baeng Market B; Pa’baeng-baeng Market C samples, respectively. The lowest formaldehyde level was found in Terong Market C with level of 0.0087ppm and the highest formaldehyde level was in Pa’baeng-baeng Market C with the level of 0.2877ppm.
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Dapson, Dick. "A Comment on Formalin Safety." Microscopy Today 8, no. 4 (May 2000): 34–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1551929500063458.
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For several months there have been recurring threads on microscopy-related internet listservers concerning health and safety issues that have troubled us greatly at Anatech Ltd. The general theme has been to make light of toxicity claims, provide anecdotal comments about having survived many decades of working in labs, and giving the impression that current health and safety regulations are at best a pain and probably are the cunning products of misguided governmental agencies.The great hazard of formaldehyde is not its proven carcinogenicity. Anyone interested in formaldehyde's effects on humans should read the preamble to OSHA's Formaldehyde Standard (Federal Register 52(233):46168-46312; December 4, 1987). According to studies cited therein, formaldehyde has been directly implicated in causing tumors in the lungs, nasoand oro-pharynx and nasal passages of humans occupationally exposed to levels of formaldehyde not unlike conditions existing in histology laboratories a few decades ago. Repeated and prolonged exposure increases the risk.
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Retnaningsih, Evi, and Helzi Angelina. "Penentuan Kadar Formaldehida pada Baju Bayi dengan Metode Ekstraksi Air menggunakan Spektrofotometri Uv-Vis Sesuai SNI ISO 14184-1:2015." JRSKT - Jurnal Riset Sains dan Kimia Terapan 10, no. 1 (July 14, 2024): 91–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.21009/jrskt.101.01.
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Abstrak Pakaian bayi, yang bersentuhan langsung dengan kulit, digunakan untuk bayi dari kelahiran hingga usia 36 bulan, merupakan salah satu faktor yang dapat menimbulkan risiko penyakit seperti iritasi kulit atau ruam pada kulit akibat bahan pakaian tersebut. Salah satu bahan kimia berbahaya yang terdapat dalam pakaian bayi adalah Formaldehida. Formaldehida merupakan alergen kimia yang dapat menyebabkan radang kulit akibat kontak dengan zat yang memicu reaksi alergi pada kulit merupakan. Oleh karena itu, penting untuk menguji kadar formaldehida pada pakaian bayi menggunakan spektrofotometer UV-Vis sesuai dengan SNI ISO 14184-1:2015 untuk menilai keamanan pakaian bayi sebelum dipasarkan. SNI ISO 14184-1:2015 adalah metode standar untuk menentukan jumlah formaldehida dalam tekstil. Metode instrumental yang menjadi salah satu alat yang sering digunakan adalah metode Spektrofotometri dengan menggunakan alat Spektofotometri UV-Vis. Hasil pengujian menunjukkan bahwa sampel pakaian bayi dengan kode KN mengandung formaldehida sebanyak 22,42 mg/kg, melebihi batas aman 16 mg/kg menurut Standar Nasional Indonesia (SNI) 14184-1:2015. Dengan demikian, sampel pakaian bayi dengan kode KN tidak aman untuk dipasarkan. Kata kunci: formaldehida, pakaian bayi, spektrofotometri UV-Vis Abstract Baby clothing, which is in direct contact with the skin, used for babies from birth to 36 months of age, is one of the factors that can increase the risk of diseases such as skin irritation or rashes on the skin due to the clothing material. Formaldehyde is a chemical allergen that can cause skin inflammation due to contact with a substance that triggers an allergic reaction on the skin. Therefore, it is important to test the levels of formaldehyde in baby clothing using UV-Vis spectroscopes in accordance with SNI ISO 14184-1:2015 to assess the safety of baby clothes prior to marketing. SNI ISO 14184-1:2015 is a standard method for determining the amount of formaldehyde in textiles. The Spektrofotometer (Spectrophotometer) method, which uses Spectrophotometry UV-Vis, is a commonly used instrumental method. The test results show that samples of baby clothing with a KN code contain 22.42 mg/kg of formalde, exceeding the safe limit of 16mg/kg according to the Indonesian National Standard (SNI) 14184.1:2015. Thus, samples of baby clothes with KN code are not safe to market. Keyword: baby clothes, formaldehyde, spectrophotometry UV-Vis
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Purwanto, Djoko. "FINISHING KAYU KELAPA (Cocos nucifera, L) UNTUK BAHAN INTERIOR RUANGAN." Jurnal Riset Industri Hasil Hutan 3, no. 2 (December 31, 2011): 32. http://dx.doi.org/10.24111/jrihh.v3i2.1193.
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Finishing of coconut wood use the polyurethane, melamine formaldehyde and ultran vernis with the spraying 1 times and 2 times. Research target for the change of performance of colour and fibre of coconut wood more interesting. Result of research indicate that the use of substance of finishing polyurethane, melamine formaldehyde and ultran vernis can change the colour and fibre. Before coconut wood done finishing have the black chocolate colour and fibre pattern rather dark. After doing finishing colour become the squeezing chocolate, fibre pattern rather look and flatten.Keywords: coconut wood, finishing, interior materi, bahan interior, polyurethane, melamine formaldehide, ultran vernis.
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Yani, Ahmad, Hidayat Hidayat, and Dina Setyawati. "SIFAT FISIK DAN MEKANIK PAPAN ORIENTED STRAND BOARD (OSB) DARI LIMBAH FINIR KAYU LAPIS BERDASARKAN WAKTU KEMPA DAN KONSENTRASI FENOL FORMALDEHIDA." JURNAL HUTAN LESTARI 11, no. 3 (August 29, 2023): 641. http://dx.doi.org/10.26418/jhl.v11i3.69146.
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The waste resulting from the production of the plywood industry is enormous, and until now, it has not been utilized optimally. Reduce the amount of waste, which can be done by processing finir waste into an Oriented Strand Board (OSB), which can reduce the fulfillment of raw wood materials. This study aimed to determine the best compression time and concentration of phenol formaldehyde in manufacturing Oriented Strand Board (OSB) from waste plywood. The research was conducted at the Wood Processing Laboratory and Wood Workshop at the Faculty of Forestry and the PT. Duta Pertiwi Nusantara for 3 months. The experimental method used a completely randomized design with treatment factors in compression time (8 minutes, 10 minutes, and 12 minutes), and phenol formaldehyde adhesive concentration (9% and 10%), three replicates were run for each. The treatment results show OSB with 12 minutes of compression time and 10% phenol formaldehyde concentration as the OSB with the best quality and the most parameters complied with JIS A 5908 (2003).Keywords: concentration of phenol formaldehyde, finir waste, oriented strand board, pressing timeAbstrakLimbah hasil dari produksi industri kayu lapis sangat besar dan sampai saat ini belum dimanfaatkan secara maksimal. Untuk menekan besarnya limbah tersebut dapat dilakukan dengan mengolah limbah finir menjadi papan untai atau Oriented Strand Board (OSB) yang dapat mengurangi besarnya limbah. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk memperoleh waktu kempa dan konsentrasi fenol formaldehida terbaik dalam pembuatan papan Oriented Strand Board (OSB) dari limbah finir kayu lapis. Penelitian dilaksanakan di Laboratorium Pengolahan Kayu dan Wood Workshop Fakultas Kehutanan serta Laboratorium PT. Duta Pertiwi Nusantara selama 3 bulan. Metode penelitin menggunakan rancangan acak lengkap dengan perlakuan waktu kempa (8 menit, 10 menit, dan 12 menit), dan konsentrasi perekat fenol formaldehida (9 % dan 10 %). Yang dilakukan dalam 3 ulangan. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan OSB dengan perlakuan waktu kempa 12 menit dan konsentrasi fenol formaldehida 10% sebagai OSB dengan kualitas terbaik dan memenuhi JIS A 5908 (2003). Kata kunci: konsentrasi fenol formaldehida, limbah finir, oriented strand board, waktu kempa
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Tiven, Nafly Comilo, Lies Mira Yusiati, Rusman (Rusman), and Umar Santoso. "PENGARUH PROTEKSI CPO DENGAN FORMALDEHID TERHADAP KECERNAAN DAN PERFORMA DOMBA EKOR TIPIS." Buletin Peternakan 39, no. 2 (June 1, 2015): 78. http://dx.doi.org/10.21059/buletinpeternak.v39i2.6711.
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<p>The experiment was conducted to determine the effect of CPO protected with formaldehyde on digestibility and performance of thin tail sheeps. Fifteen local male lambs aged 9-12 months, were divided into 3 groups of ration treatment. The first group received only the basal ration (R0), the second group received the basal ration and 3% CPO (R1), while the third group received the basal ration and 3% CPO protected with 2% formaldehyde (R2). The data were analyzed by Completely Randomized Design with oneway pattern. The different of treatments were tested by Duncan’s New Multiple Range Test. The results showed that addition CPO protected with formaldehid (R2) in the sheeps diet did not affect dry matter and organic matter intake, dry matter and organic matter digestibility, average daily gain (ADG), but significantly (P<0.01) increase feed conversion rate. It can be concluded that CPO protected with formaldehyde gives more advantage on feed conversion aspect.</p><p>(Key words: Thin tail sheeps, Crude palm oil (CPO) protected with formaldehyde, Digestibility, Performance)</p>
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Kartika, Siska Ela, and Muhammad Bachri Amran. "Sintesis dan Karakterisasi Poly (Anthranilic Acid-Co-Formaldehyde) untuk Adsorpsi Ion Pb(II)." ALCHEMY 9, no. 1 (March 30, 2021): 15–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.18860/al.v9i1.11476.
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Besides having a positive impact, rapid industrial development also gives a negative impact in the form of industrial waste causing environmental pollution. Lead is one of the heavy metal ions that become a primary indicator of pollution according to the United States Environmental Protection Agency (US EPA). The determination of lead directly in environmental samples is often difficult because of the very low concentration of metal ions and the matrix interferences. Therefore, preconcentration techniques that can simplify the matrix are required. Ionic exchange resins, functionalized chelating resins, and ion imprinted polymers are mostly used to preconcentrate the trace elements. Poly (anthranilic acid-co-formaldehyde) is polymer synthesized by mixing anthranilic acid, formaldehyde, and HCl. The poly (anthranilic acid-co-formaldehyde) was characterized by FTIR and SEM analysis. Characterization results indicate that polymerization reaction has been formed indicated by the vibration of the CH2 bridge. Poly (anthranilic acid-co-formaldehyde) has a relatively smooth surface with pores. The batch method was applied. The maximum adsorption for Pb(II) ions was 16.37 mg/g at pH 5 with a contact time of 10 minutes. Keywords: poly (anthranilic acid-co-formaldehyde), adsorption, lead Selain memberikan dampak positif, perkembangan industri yang pesat juga dapat memberikan dampak negatif berupa limbah industri penyebab pencemaran lingkungan. Timbal merupakan salah satu ion logam berat yang menjadi indikator primer pencemaran menurut United States Environmental Protection Agency (US EPA). Penentuan konsentrasi timbal secara langsung dalam sampel lingkungan seringkali sulit dilakukan karena terdapat pada konsentrasi renik dengan matriks yang rumit. Oleh karena itu, teknik prakonsentrasi yang dapat menyederhanakan matriks sangat diperlukan. Resin penukar ion, resin pengkhelat, dan ion imprinted polymers banyak digunakan untuk prakonsentrasi unsur renik. Poly (anthranilic acid-co-formaldehyde) merupakan polimer yang disintesis dengan cara mencampurkan asam anthranilat, formaldehida, dan HCl. Karakterisasi poly (anthranilic acid-co-formaldehyde) telah dilakukan menggunakan FTIR dan SEM. Hasil karakterisasi mengindikasikan bahwa reaksi polimerisasi telah terbentuk yang ditunjukkan dengan adanya vibrasi CH2 bridge. Poly (anthranilic acid-co-formaldehyde) memiliki morfologi permukaan yang relatif halus dan berpori. Metode yang digunakan untuk mempelajari kemampuan adsorpsi adalah metode batch. Kapasitas adsorpsi poly (anthranilic acid-co-formaldehyde) terhadap ion Pb(II) adalah 16,37 mg/g pada pH 5 dengan waktu kontak 10 menit. Kata kunci: poly (anthranilic acid-co-formaldehyde), adsorpsi, timbal
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Albayudi, Albayudi, Riana Anggraini, and Kurniati Pasaribu. "PEMANFAATAN SERBUK KAYU KARET (Hevea brasiliensis) DAN SEKAM PADI SEBAGAI PAPAN PARTIKEL." Jurnal Silva Tropika 5, no. 2 (February 2, 2022): 393–410. http://dx.doi.org/10.22437/jsilvtrop.v5i2.14677.
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ABSTRACT
Particle board research continues to be carried out to obtain the right formulation (effective and efficient), both in terms of raw materials and adhesive formulas. The purpose of this study was to determine the nature of particle board from the use of rubber wood powder and rice husk as raw material for particle board with varying levels of phenol formaldehyde adhesive in the manufacture of particle board. This study uses factorial analysis where the first factor is the variation of raw material composition of rubber wood powder and rice husk (75:25%; 50:50%; 25:75%), while the second factor is the variation of phenol formaldehyde adhesive content (6%; 8 %; 10%). This analysis was carried out in a completely randomized design (CRD) with three repetitions. The resulting particleboard was then tested for its physical and mechanical properties according to the JIS A 5908-2003 standard. The results showed that variations in the composition of the raw materials of rubber sawdust and rice husk had a significant effect on moisture content, Modulus of Elasticity, Modulus of Rupture, Internal Bond and screw holding strength. Variations in the adhesive content of phenol formaldehyde have a significant effect on density, moisture content, thickness expansion, water absorption, Modulus of Elasticity, Modulus of Rupture, Internal Bond and screw holding strength. The interaction of variations in the composition of rubber wood sawdust and rice husks has a significant effect on the Modulus of Elasticity, Modulus of Rupture and screw holding strength. Overall, particleboard with the best properties is particleboard with a composition of 75:25% rubber: husk and 10% Phenol Formaldehyde adhesive content, but for the production of 8% phenol formaldehyde adhesive, it is quite good.
Keywords: Particle board; Phenol formaldehyde; Rice husk; Rubber wood
ABSTRAK
Penelitian papan partikel terus dilakukan untuk mendapatkan formulasi yang tepat (efektif dan efisien), baik dari segi bahan baku maupun formula perekat. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui sifat papan partikel dari pemanfaatan serbuk kayu karet dan sekam padi sebagai bahan baku papan partikel dengan variasi kadar perekat phenol formaldehida dalam pembuatan papan partikel. Penelitian ini menggunakan analisis faktorial dimana faktor pertama berupa variasi komposisi bahan baku serbuk kayu karet dan sekam padi (75:25%; 50:50%; 25:75%), sedangkan faktor kedua adalah variasi kadar perekat phenol formaldehida (6%; 8%; 10%). Analisis ini dilakukan dalam rancangan acak lengkap (RAL) dengan tiga kali pengulangan. Papan partikel yang dihasilkan kemudian diuji sifat fisis maupun mekanisnya menurut standar JIS A 5908-2003. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa variasi komposisi bahan baku serbuk kayu karet dan sekam padi memberikan pengaruh nyata terhadap kadar air, Modulus of Elasticity, Modulus of Rupture, Internal Bond dan kuat pegang sekrup. Variasi kadar perekat phenol formaldehida memberikan pengaruh nyata terhadap kerapatan, kadar air, pengembangan tebal, daya serap air, Modulus of Elasticity, Modulus of Rupture, Internal Bond dan kuat pegang sekrup. Interaksi dari variasi komposisi bahan baku serbuk kayu karet dan sekam padi memberikan pengaruh nyata terhadap Modulus of Elasticity, Modulus of Rupture dan kuat pegang sekrup. Secara keseluruhan papan partikel yang memiliki sifat terbaik adalah papan partikel dengan komposisi bahan baku karet:sekam 75:25% dengan kadar perekat phenol formaldehida sebesar 10%, namun untuk produksi kadar perekat phenol formaldehida 8% sudah cukup baik.
Kata Kunci: Kayu karet; Papan partikel; Phenol formaldehida; Sekam padi
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Young, Jay A. "Formaldehyde." Journal of Chemical Education 86, no. 3 (March 2009): 299. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ed086p299.
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Avó, João. "Formaldehyde." Synlett 2011, no. 02 (December 16, 2010): 285–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0030-1259091.
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Pontén, Ann, and Magnus Bruze. "Formaldehyde." Dermatitis 26, no. 1 (2015): 3–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/der.0000000000000075.
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Umaningrum, Dewi, Radna Nurmasari, Maria Dewi Astuti, Ani Mulyasuryani, and Diah Mardiana. "Determination of Formaldehyde using Sensor Formaldehyde." International Journal of ChemTech Research 12, no. 03 (2019): 28–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.20902/ijctr.2019.120304.
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de Groot, Anton C., Mari-Ann Flyvholm, Gerda Lensen, Torkil Menné, and Pieter-Jan Coenraads. "Formaldehyde-releasers: relationship to formaldehyde contact allergy. Contact allergy to formaldehyde and inventory of formaldehyde-releasers." Contact Dermatitis 61, no. 2 (August 2009): 63–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0536.2009.01582.x.
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Liu, Yan, Junyin Li, Ronghui Ma, Yanhong Dong, Songjun Huang, Junfei Sao, Yuanmao Jiang, Linna Ma, and Dongdong Cheng. "Determination of Residual Formaldehyde in Urea–Formaldehyde Fertilizer and Formaldehyde Release from Urea–Formaldehyde Fertilizer During Decomposition." Journal of Polymers and the Environment 28, no. 8 (May 19, 2020): 2191–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10924-020-01759-y.
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Amirudin, Tedy, and Bayu Pratama Putra. "Pengawetan Preparat Jaringan Anatomi Plastinasi." Jurnal Ilmiah Ecosystem 23, no. 1 (April 30, 2023): 197–205. http://dx.doi.org/10.35965/eco.v23i1.2526.
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Pengenalan formalin, larutan formaldehida, sebagai desinfektan dan fiksatif merupakan peningkatan penting dalam ilmu anatomi dan histologi. Tulisan ini merupakan garis besar sejarah penggunaan formalin berdasarkan teks sumber primer dan kajian sejarah. Kami menggambarkan bagaimana penemuan asetaldehida pada abad ke-18 mengarah pada pengembangan formalin sebagai bahan yang paling umum dalam cairan pembalseman di abad ke-20 dan masih digunakan sampai sekarang. Kontribusi yang sangat penting untuk proses ini dibuat oleh Justus von Liebig, Alexander Butlerow dan August Wilhelm Hofmann dalam pengembangan teknik preparasi anatomis dan histologis, dan oleh Ferdinand Blum, Ferdinand Julius Cohn, Frederick C. Kenyon dan Victor Wehr dalam penggunaan praktis dari larutan formaldehida dalam pengawetan dan fiksasi jaringan lunak. Namun, formalin bukannya tanpa kekurangan dan karena toksisitasnya semakin dipahami, metode untuk mengurangi efeknya dituntut. Akhirnya teknik preparasi yang lebih aman dikembangkan, termasuk plastinasi Hagens dan Metode Pembalseman Thiel. Teknik-teknik ini suatu hari nanti mungkin sebagian besar menggantikan larutan formalin konsentrasi tinggi tetapi keduanya masih membutuhkan setidaknya sejumlah kecil formaldehida untuk mengawetkan jaringan untuk dipelajari. The introduction of formalin, formaldehyde solution, as a disinfectant and fixative is an important advance in anatomy and histology. This paper is an outline of the history of the use of formalin based on primary source texts and historical studies. We describe how the discovery of acetaldehyde in the 18th century led to the development of formaldehyde as the most common ingredient in embalming fluids in the 20th century and is still used today. Very important contributions to this process were made by Justus von Liebig, Alexander Butlerow and August Wilhelm Hofmann in the development of anatomical and histological preparation techniques, and by Ferdinand Blum, Ferdinand Julius Cohn, Frederick C. Kenyon and Victor Wehr in the practical use of formaldehyde solutions in preservation and fixation of soft tissues. However, formalin is not without drawbacks and as its toxicity is increasingly understood, methods to mitigate its effects are demanded. Eventually safer preparation techniques were developed, including Hagens plastination and Thiel's Method of Embalming. These techniques may one day largely replace high-concentration formalin solutions but both still require at least small amounts of formaldehyde to preserve the tissue for study.
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Wahyuniati, Dwi, Cicik Herlina Yulianti, and Mercyska Suryandari. "Validasi Metode Analisis Formaldehid Pada Tisu Basah." Journal of Pharmacy and Science 3, no. 2 (July 16, 2018): 47–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.53342/pharmasci.v3i2.117.
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ABSTRAKTisu basah merupakan istilah umum untuk menggambarkan sepotong bahan, umumnya ditambahkan dengan komposisi cairan atau semi cair, dimaksudkan untuk membersihkan dan memberikan rasa lembut. Tisu basah memiliki struktur berserat terdiri dari campuran serat selulosa pulp dan regenerasi, seperti rayon dan atau liosel, dengan atau tanpa serat pengikat. Pada proses produksi, komponen-komponen yang sengaja ditambahkan pada pembuatan tisu basah salah satunya adalah formaldehid sebagai penguat keadaan basah. Akan tetapi penggunaan yang berlebihan dapat menyebabkan ruam pada kulit (dermatitis). Pada penelitian ini dilakukan validasi metode analisis formaldehid pada tisu basah dengan menggunakan metode absorpsi uap SNI ISO 14184-2:2015 dengan pereaksi nash menggunakan spektrofotometri UV-Vis. Sampel yang digunakan adalah tisu basah dari satu merek. Validasi metode dilakukan untuk memastikan metode SNI ISO 14184-2:2015 dapat diterapkan, diperoleh hasil valid, dengan nilai R = 0,9993, yang mendekati nilai 1, menghasilkan persamaan regresi linier y = 0,0294x - 0,0317. Pengujian akurasi diperoleh rata-rata persen recovery sebesar 84,54%, 102,05%, dan 106,13%. Nilai RSD sebesar 1,62%. Hasil nilai LOD sebesar 0,040, sedangkan hasil nilai LOQ sebesar 0,136. Hasil validasi terhadap metode SNI ISO 14184 – 2 : 2015 dapat disimpulkan bahwa metode SNI ISO 14184-2:2015 dapat digunakan untuk menguji formaldehid pada tisu basah. Kata kunci: Validasi, Tisu basah, Formaldehid, Pereaksi Nash, Spektrofotometri UV-Vis.ABSTRACT Wet wipes are the general terms to describe a piece of material, generally impregnated with a liquid or semi liquid composition, intended to both cleaning and providing a smooth feeling. Wet wipes has fibrous structures consist of a mixture of pulp and regenerated cellulose fibers, such as rayon and/or lyocell, with or without binding fibers. In product process, one of components expressly added was formaldehyde as strengthener as wet condition. But, excessive use of formaldehyde can cause skin rash (dermatitis). This study was aimed to Analysis Method Validation of Formaldehyde of Wet Wipes used vapour absorption SNI ISO 14184-2:2015 method with Nash Reagents by UV-Vis Spectrophotometry, and used vapour absorption method. The wet wipes sample used was from one brand. Method validation was conducted to definite SNI ISO 14184-2:2015 method can be applied, the result was valid, r value is 0,9993, the linear regression y = 0,0294x – 0,0317, accuracy percent recovery study showed 84,54%, 102,05%, and 106,13%., Related standar deviation showed 1,62%, limit of detection was 0,040, limit of quantitation was 0,136. The validation result of SNI ISO 14184-2:2015 method can be concluded that SNI ISO 14184-2:2015 method can be applied to examine formaldehid on wet wipes.Keywords: Wet wipes, Formaldehyde, Validation, Nash Reagent, UV-Vis Spectrophotometry.
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Anderson, Bryan E., Thomas C. Tan, and James G. Marks. "Patch-Test Reactions to Formaldehydes, Bioban, and Other Formaldehyde Releasers." Dermatitis 18, no. 2 (June 2007): 92–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.2310/6620.2007.06012.
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Silaev, Michael M. "FORMALDEHYDE SOLUTIONS." International Journal of Research -GRANTHAALAYAH 8, no. 4 (May 1, 2020): 188–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.29121/granthaalayah.v8.i4.2020.25.
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A mechanism of the initiated nonbranched-chain process of forming 1,2-alkanediols and carbonyl compounds in alcohol–formaldehyde systems is suggested. The quasi-steady-state treatment is used to obtain kinetic equations that can describe the nonmonotonic (with a maximum) dependences of the formation rates of the products on the concentration of free unsolvated formaldehyde. The experimental concentrations of the free unsolvated form of formaldehyde are given at the different temperatures, solvent permittivity, and total concentrations of formaldehyde in water and alcohols. An empirical equation for calculating the free formaldehyde concentration in alcohol–formaldehyde (including water/ethanediol–formaldehyde) systems at various temperatures and total formaldehyde concentrations and an equation for evaluating solvent concentrations in these systems were derived. The experimental dependence of the ethanediol radiation-chemical yields on formaldehyde concentration in γ-radiolysis of methanol–formaldehyde system at 373–473 K is shown.
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Vargha, Viktória. "Urea-Formaldehyde Resins and Free Formaldehyde Content." Acta Biologica Hungarica 49, no. 2-4 (June 1998): 463–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf03543023.
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Wu, Zhigang, Hong Lei, Guanben Du, Ming Cao, Xuedong Xi, and Jiankun Liang. "Urea–formaldehyde resin prepared with concentrated formaldehyde." Journal of Adhesion Science and Technology 30, no. 24 (June 5, 2016): 2655–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01694243.2016.1193963.
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Kizilcan, Nilgün, Oya Galioğlu, and Ahmet Akar. "Modified cyclohexanone–formaldehyde and acetophenone–formaldehyde resins." Journal of Applied Polymer Science 50, no. 4 (October 20, 1993): 577–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1993.070500402.
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Lundov, Michael D., Jeanne D. Johansen, Berit C. Carlsen, Kåre Engkilde, Torkil Menné, and Jacob P. Thyssen. "Formaldehyde exposure and patterns of concomitant contact allergy to formaldehyde and formaldehyde-releasers." Contact Dermatitis 63, no. 1 (June 14, 2010): 31–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0536.2010.01745.x.
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Ke, YJ, XD Qin, YC Zhang, H. Li, R. Li, JL Yuan, X. Yang, and SM Ding. "In vitro study on cytotoxicity and intracellular formaldehyde concentration changes after exposure to formaldehyde and its derivatives." Human & Experimental Toxicology 33, no. 8 (November 12, 2013): 822–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0960327113510538.
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HeLa cells were exposed to formaldehyde and its metabolic derivatives, methanol, formic acid, and acetaldehyde, to investigate that the toxicity of formaldehyde is not caused by the chemical group. After 1 h of treatment with formaldehyde, mitochondrial assays showed that low concentrations (e.g. 10 μmol/L) of formaldehyde promoted growth of the HeLa cells, while higher concentrations (e.g. ≥62.5 μmol/L) inhibited cell growth; while all four chemicals at a concentration of 125 μmol/L affected cell growth, formaldehyde affected the largest. Reactive oxygen species concentration increased with the concentration of the exposure chemical. The endogenous formaldehyde content increased the most in the formaldehyde group, but in other three groups, it did not increase as the exposure concentration increased. Expression of dehydrogenase (formaldehyde dehydrogenase (FDH)) in the formaldehyde (10.40) and methanol (10.60) groups increased significantly compared with the control (1), while it was similar to the control in formic acid (0.90) and acetaldehyde (1.10) groups. Our results suggest that formaldehyde could affect cell activity and even enter cells. Exposure to formaldehyde changes the endogenous formaldehyde concentration in cells within 24 h, and this induces expression of FDH for formaldehyde degradation to maintain the formaldehyde balance. The toxicity of formaldehyde is not caused by the carbon atoms in the aldehyde, hydroxyl, or carboxyl groups. Formaldehyde is hypothesized to be an important signaling molecule in the regulation of cell growth and maintenance of the endogenous formaldehyde level.
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Adamović, Dragan. "Occupational safety in the medical laboratory and formaldehyde exposture." Sigurnost 62, no. 2 (July 8, 2020): 105–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.31306/s.62.2.7.
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SAŽETAK: Opasne kemijske tvari u raznim oblicima narušavaju kakvoću zraka u radnoj okolini. Način unošenja otrovnih tvari u ljudsko tijelo i transformacijski putovi glavni su čimbenici štetnih učinaka. Zbog velike raširenosti formaldehida u mnogim industrijama već nekoliko desetljeća pozornost stručnjaka zaštite na radu usmjerena je na taj fenomen. Studija prikazuje temeljne karakteristike formaldehida i učinke na zdravlje prouzročene izlaganjem različitim koncentracijama te opasne tvari. Težište je na zaposlenima u medicinskim laboratorijima gdje se formaldehid koristi kao sredstvo za dezinfekciju i agens za čuvanje uzoraka tkiva u anatomskim laboratorijima. Eksperimentalni dio studije odrađen je u laboratorijima Odjela za anatomiju, a razine koncentracije formaldehida praćene su u različitim prostorijama kako bi se utvrdila izloženost zaposlenika.
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&NA;. "Formaldehyde poisoning." Reactions Weekly &NA;, no. 317 (September 1990): 5. http://dx.doi.org/10.2165/00128415-199003170-00025.
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Fox, C. H., F. B. Johnson, J. Whiting, and P. P. Roller. "Formaldehyde fixation." Journal of Histochemistry & Cytochemistry 33, no. 8 (August 1985): 845–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/33.8.3894502.
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BARDANAJR, E., and A. MONTANARO. "Formaldehyde asthma." Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology 77, no. 2 (February 1986): 384. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0091-6749(86)80122-1.
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Singer, R. "Formaldehyde neurotoxicity." Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology 5, no. 2 (January 1, 1990): 214. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/arclin/5.2.214a.
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GARCIA, R. "Formaldehyde ingestion." American Journal of Gastroenterology 97, no. 9 (September 2002): S169. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0002-9270(02)04994-8.
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