Relevant bibliographies by topics / Formaldehyde

Academic literature on the topic 'Formaldehyde'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 1 August 2024

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Journal articles on the topic "Formaldehyde"

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Santoso, Adi, Adi Yuwono, A. R. M. Renwarin, and Paribotro Sutigno. "PENGARUH PELABURAN AMONIUM HIDROKSIDA TERHADAP EMISI FORMALDEHIDA KAYU LAPIS DAN PAPAN PARTIKEL." Jurnal Sains Natural 1, no. 2 (November 25, 2017): 140. http://dx.doi.org/10.31938/jsn.v1i2.23.

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The effect of spreading by ammonium hydroxide on formaldehyde emission of plywood and particleboardThe formaldehyde emmision from panel products such as plywood and particleboard bonded with urea formaldehyde (UF) can have negative effects to human health, especially if used in a room with limited ventilation. To reduce formaldehyde emission, chemical agents can be applied to the product. In this exsperiment report, the effect of ammonium hydroxide 25% application on formaldehyde emission of UF on to wards the bonded plywood and particleboard was described. Application of ammonium hydroxide on plywood and particleboard significantly affected UF emission. The higher amount of application of ammonium hydroxide, the lower formaldehyde emission from plywod and particleboard. The effect of ammonium hydroxide to UF emission level differed according to type of panel and examination standard. Application of ammonium hydroxide of 0.009 ml/cm2 and 0.015 ml/cm2, the formaldehyde emission of plywood and particleboard could meet Japanese Standard; while spreading on particleboard of 0,003 ml/cm2and on plywood of 0,014 ml/cm2, the formaldehyde emission could conform to American Standard.Key words : Plywood, particleboard, formaldehyde emission, spreading, ammonium hydroxide ABSTRAKEmisi formaldehida dari produk panel seperti kayu lapis dan papan partikel yang direkat dengan urea formaldehida (UF) dapat mengganggu kesehatan, terutama jika digunakan di dalam ruangan dengan ventilasi terbatas. Untuk mengurangi emisi formal-dehida, produk tersebut dapat dilburi dengan suatu bahan kimia. Dalam tulisan ini dikemukakan pengaruh dari penggunaan pelaburan dengan amonium hidroksida 25 % terhadap emisi formaldehida kayu lapis dan papan partikel yang masing-masing direkat dengan UF. Pengaruh pelaburan dengan amonium hidroksida terhadap emisi formaldehida kayu lapis dan papan partikel masing-masing sangat nyata. Semakin banyak amonium hidroksida yang dilaburkan, emisi formaldehida dari kayu lapis dan papan partikel sema-kin rendah. Pengaruh amonium hidroksida terhadap tingkat penurunan emisi formaldehida berbeda menurut jenis panel dan standar pengujian. Pada pelaburan dengan amonium hidroksida sebanyak 0,009 ml/cm2 dan 0,015 ml/cm2, kayu lapis dan papan partikel memenuhi persyaratan emisi formaldehida Standar Jepang. Sedangkan pelaburan pada papan partikel sebanyak 0,003 ml/cm2, dan pada kayu lapis sebanyak 0,014 ml/cm2, emisi formaldehidanya memenuhi Standar Amerika.Kata kunci : Kayu lapis, papan partikel, emisi formaldehida, pelaburan, amonium hidroksida
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Athariqa, Dila, Selvi Mayangsari Oktapia, and Dicky Dermawan. "Urea-Formaldehid Konsentrat Sebagai Bahan Baku Resin Urea-Formaldehid." Jurnal Rekayasa Hijau 6, no. 1 (July 11, 2022): 11–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.26760/jrh.v6i1.11-21.

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ABSTRAKPanel kayu merupakan produk yang terbuat dari bahan kayu yang direkatkan dengan menggunakan resin, bahan perekat yang digunakan dalam produksi kayu lapis merupakan resin urea-formaldehid (UF). Resin UF adalah resin thermosetting yang terbuat dari urea dan formaldehid yang akan mengeras jika dipanaskan dan dapat dicetak ulang. Pada penelitian ini, pembuatan resin UF menggunakan bahan baku dari Urea Formaldehyde Concentrate (UFC). Tujuan dari penelitian ini mempelajari pengaruh perubahan sifat dan kinerja resin UF dari UFC, pengaruh rasio molar pada tahap metilolasi dan kondensasi, dan menguji efektivitas resin UF melalui aplikasi pembuatan panel kayu dengan cara menguji Internal Bonding (IB) Strength dan emisi formaldehid. Berdasarkan penelitian yang telah dilakukan maka didapatkan bahwa pembuatan resin UF dengan bahan baku UFC memiliki gel time yang lebih panjang sehingga menurunkan IB Strength, dan free formaldehyde yang rendah sehingga emisi formaldehid akan menurun dibandingkan dengan nilai IB Strength maupun emisi formaldehid dari resin UF dari urea dan formaldehid.ABSTRACTWood panel are a product made of a wood inggriidients glued together by using resin. The main adhesive used in plywood production is urea-formaldehyde resin (UF). UF resin is a thermosetting resin made from urea and formaldehyde, where this resin to be hardened if heated and reprinted. The purpose of this research is affects changes in properties and performance from UF resin made from UFC, effects of molar ratio at the metylolation and condentation stage, and tests the effectiveness of UF resin with a wooden paneling application by testing Internal Bonding (IB) Strength, and formaldehyde emission. According to this research it has been obtained that UF resin with UFC material has a lengthly gel time therefor lower IB Strength value, and low free formaldehyde so that formaldehyde emission will decreased when compared with IB Strength value as well as formaldehyde emissions from UF resin with urea and formaldehyde materials.
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Santoso, Adi. "PEMANFAATAN LIGNIN KRAFT DARI LINDI HITAM SEBAGAI PEREKAT KAYU KOMPOSIT." Jurnal Sains Natural 1, no. 2 (November 25, 2017): 135. http://dx.doi.org/10.31938/jsn.v1i2.22.

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Utilization of Kraft Lignin from black liquor as adhesives in the wood composite. The lignin in the sulphate black liquor (known as kraft lignin) has a strong affinity when being reacted with formaldehyde to form lignin formaldehyde adhesives. To increase the bonding strength, the lignin is co-polymerized with phenol or resorcinol to form lignin phenol formaldehyde or lignin resorcinol formaldehyde resins. The resins can be applied in of reconstituted wood products manufacturing such as plywood, finger-jointed wood assembly and glue laminated lumber. The research result showed that each type of lignin based adhesives had specific characters which met Indonesian standard. The test result on plywood which glued by lignin formaldehyde (LF) and lignin phenol formaldehyde (LPF) indicated that bonding strength of the products were 8.0-27.0 kg/cm2, for a while on laminated wood which glued by lignin resorcinol formaldehyde (LRF) indicated that bonding strength of the products were 36.9-88.0 kg/cm2, modulus of rupture and modulus of elasticity was 372-637kg/cm2 and47,164-60,237 kg/cm2, respectively. The formaldehyde emissions were about 0.05-0.14 mg/L. The efficiency of lignin based adhesives on finger joint application reach at 35.4-73.6%. Therefore, the synthesis of lignin based adhesives, an unique wood adhesive with good resin characteristics and met bonding strength and formaldehyde emission requirement as stated in Japanese standard. Keywords : Kraft lignin, composite wood, adhesives ABSTRAK Lignin dalam lindi hitam (dikenal sebagai lignin kraft) memiliki afinitas yang kuat bila direaksikan dengan formaldehida membentuk perekat lignin formaldehida. Guna meningkatkan daya rekatnya, lignin dikopolimerisasi dengan phenol atau resorsinol sehingga terbentuk resin lignin phenol formaldehida atau lignin resorsinol formaldehida. Resin tersebut dapat diaplikasikan dalam pembuatan produk kayu rekonstitusi seperti kayu lapis, papan sambung dan kayu lamina. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa setiap jenis perekat berbasis lignin memiliki karakter yang spesifik yang memenuhi persyaratan standar Indonesia. Hasil pengujian terhadap kayu lapis yang direkat dengan lignin formaldehida (LF) dan lignin phenol formaldehida (LPF) menunjukkan bahwa keteguhan rekat produk tersebut berkisar antara 8,0-27,0 kg/cm2, sementara untuk kayu lamina yang direkat dengan lignin resorsinol formaldehida (LRF) berkisar antara 36,9-88,0 kg/cm2, dengan modulus of rupture dan modulus of elasticity berturut-turut sekitar 372 - 637kg/cm2 dan47,164 - 60,237 kg/cm2. Emisi formaldehida produk berkisar antara 0,05-0,14 mg/L. Efisiensi perekat berbasis lignin pada aplikasi papan sambung mencapai 35,4 - 73,6%. Produk yang menggunakan perekat berbasis lignin ini memenuhi persyaratan Jepang.Kata kunci : Lignin Kraft, kayu majemuk, perekat
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Kulikauskaitė, Dovilė, and Dainius Paliulis. "FORMALDEHYDE REMOVAL FROM WASTEWATER APPLYING NATURAL ZEOLITE / FORMALDEHIDO ŠALINIMAS IŠ NUOTEKŲ PANAUDOJANT GAMTINĮ CEOLITĄ." Mokslas – Lietuvos ateitis 7, no. 4 (September 29, 2015): 443–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.3846/mla.2015.808.

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Formaldehyde is one of the most chemically active compounds which is discharged with untreated or just partially treated industrial wastewater. It is hazardous for environment and humans. Formaldehyde vapors can strongly irritate skin, can cause damage to eyes and harm respiratory tract. As long as formaldehyde causes a toxic effect on environment and living organisms, it is necessary to remove it from wastewater which is directed to natural water. There are many methods used for formaldehyde removal from wastewater: biological method, evaporation, membrane separation method. Most of them have disadvantages. Adsorption method has many advantages: it is fast, cheap, and universal, and can be widely used, therefore it was chosen for this research. Experiment was carried out with natural zeolite in different contact time with different concentration formaldehyde solutions. Concentration of formaldehyde was determined applying the Photocolorimetric Method. Method is based on reaction of formaldehyde with chromotropic acid and determination of formaldehyde concentration. Determined average sorption efficiency was highest when formaldehyde concentration was lowest, e. g. 2 mg/l (45.94%) after eight hours of contact time with adsorbent. Sorption efficiency was increasing when the contact time increased, but when the contact time increased to 12 hours, sorption efficiency stayed the same because of the saturation of zeolite. Formaldehidas yra vienas iš aktyviausių junginių, kuris išleidžiamas į aplinką kartu su nevalytomis ar iš dalies išvalytomis gamybinėmis nuotekomis. Jis yra pavojingas tiek aplinkai, tiek žmonėms. Formaldehido garai stipriai dirgina akis ir kvėpavimo sistemą. Kadangi formaldehidas yra pavojingas žmonėms ir visiems gyviems organizmams, jis turi būti šalinamas iš gamybinių nuotekų. Sorbcijos metodas turi daug privalumų: jis yra greitas, pigus ir universalus, todėl vienas iš labiausiai perspektyvių vandens valymo metodų – sorbcija. Tai pagrindinė priežastis, kodėl sorbcinis metodas buvo pasirinktas eksperimentiniams tyrimams. Eksperimentiniai tyrimai buvo atlikti naudojat gamtinį ceolitą, buvo parinktas skirtingas formaldehido tirpalo kontakto laikas su adsorbentu ir matuojama teršalų koncentracija po kontakto su adsorbentu. Šis metodas yra paremtas formaldehido reakcija su chromotropine rūgštimi. Sorbcijos efektyvumas augo ilgėjant kontakto su ceolitu laikui, tačiau po 12 valandų efektyvumas nebedidėjo dėl to, kad sorbentas įsisotino.
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Yulianti, Cicik Herlina, Vika Ayu Devianti, and M. A. Hanny Ferry Fernanda. "Validasi Metode Spektrofotometri Visible Untuk Penentuan Kadar Formaldehida Pada Pembalut Wanita Yang Beredar Di Pasaran." Journal of Pharmacy and Science 2, no. 1 (January 7, 2017): 9–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.53342/pharmasci.v2i1.60.

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ABSTRAKPembalut menjadi kebutuhan wanita yang sangat penting karena digunakan untuk menyerap cairan darah ketika mengalami menstruasi. Pada pembuatan pembalut wanita dimungkinkan adanya pemakaian formaldehida. Oleh karena itu, pembalut wanita termasuk salah satu alat kesehatan yang kandungan dan bahan penyusunnya diatur oleh pemerintah. Pada penelitian ini menggunakan metode spektrofotometri visibel untuk penentuan kadar formaldehida dalam pembalut wanita sekali pakai. Sebelum digunakan, maka metode spektrofotometri visibel ini harus divalidasi terlebih dahulu untuk memastikan bahwa metode spektrofotometri yang digunakan dapat memberikan hasil yang akurat. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah melakukan validasi metode spektrofotometri visibel untuk penetapan kadar formaldehida dalam pembalut wanita sekali pakai menggunakan pereaksi nash sebagai reagen spesifik. Metode penelitian yang digunakan adalah pembuatan dan pembakuan larutan baku formaldehida, menentukan panjang gelombang maksimal, pembuatan kurva kalibrasi, melakukan uji linieritas, uji LOD dan LOQ, serta uji kesesuaian dan kecermatan, dan menentukan kadar formaldehida pada pembalut wanita. Hasil dari penelitian ini adalah bahwa metode spektrofotometri visibel memiliki selektifitas, linieritas,batas deteksi dan kuantitasi, presisi dan akurasi yang baik. Kadar rata-rata formaldehida pada ke lima sampel pembalut sebesar 2,88 mg/kg - 4,05 mg/kg.Kata kunci: pembalut, formaldehida, validasi, spektrofotometri visibelABSTRACTSanitary napkins are a very important woman’s need to absorb blood fluids when menstruating. In the manufacture of sanitary napkins may contain formaldehyde additives. Therefore, sanitary napkins are one of the medical devices whose composition is regulated by the government. In this study to identify the use of formaldehyde in sanitary napkins was carried out by visible spectrophotometry using nash reagent. This method should be validated in advance to ensure that the method used can provide accurate data. The aim of this research is to validate visible spectrophotometry method for determination of formaldehyde content indisposable sanitary napkins using nash reagent as specific reagent. Validation of UV – Vis spectrophotometry method for determination of formaldehyde showed that Nash reagent was suitable to determine formaldehyde. This method is linear with correlation coefficient (r2) of 0,99967. The validation characteristics include accuracy and precision, linearity, limit of detection, and limit of quantitation. The acceptance validation criteria were found in all case. Qualitative determination in five sanitary napkins samples showed positive results and the quantitative analysis confirmed that the average content of formaldehyde in five sanitary napkins samples was 2,88 mg/kg – 4,05 mg/kg.Keywords: sanitary napkins, formaldehyde, validation, visible spectrophotometry
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Wardoyo, Supriyono Eko, Adi Santoso, and Sri Wuryani Sugiarti. "EMISI FORMALDEHIDA DARI PAPAN LANTAI LAMINA KOMBINASI DENGAN BATANG KELAPA YANG MENGGUNAKAN TANIN RESORSINOL FORMALDEHIDA." Jurnal Sains Natural 1, no. 2 (November 25, 2017): 190. http://dx.doi.org/10.31938/jsn.v1i2.28.

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Formaldehyde Emissions from Floor Boards Lamina Combination with The Coconut Bar Using Tanin Resorcinol Formaldehyde Trunks of coconut (Cocos nucifera L.) has been widely used as both structural and non structural materials, including home furnishings, furniture, toys, crates, and so on. In the utilization of coconut trunks required special handling to produce a high quality product. How to handle it needs through the process of densification or impregnation by using a copolymer of Tanin Resorcinol Formaldehyde (TRF) in the vacuum press. In the case to reduce the scarcity of the wood, modification between coconut wood with other wood species in laminated floor board products is needed. The research was done by the method of vacuum press in the Laboratory for Products Compound and Wood Preservation, Center Research and Development for Forest Products, Bogor. The tests were performed the physical properties consist of specific gravity and moisture content or the chemical properties of formaldehyde emissions by using Spectrophotometer. The results indicated that by using TRF copolymer (1: 0.5: 2) and viscosity 0.88 centripoise, formaldehyde emissions of the combination of the wood was very well and meet the requirements ( 0.30 to 0.40 mg / L) and were included in the category of very safe.Keywords : Emissions of formaldehyde, Laminated boards, Trunks of coconut, Tanin resorcinol formaldehyde ABSTRAK Batang kelapa (Cocos nucifera L.) telah banyak digunakan baik sebagai bahan struktural maupun non structural, seperti perkakas rumah tangga, mebel, mainan, peti dan lain sebagainya. Dalam pemanfaatannya batang kelapa tersebut diperlakukan penanganan khusus untuk menghasilkan suatu produk yang berkualitas tinggi. Adapun cara penanganannya adalah dapat melalui proses densifikasi ataupun impregnaasi dengan menggunakan suatu kopolimer Tanin Resorsinol Formaldehida menggunakan metode vakum tekan. Dalam hal ini untuk mengurangi kelangkaan dari kayu tersebut maka dilakukan modifikasi antara kayu kelapa dengan jenis kayu lainnya pada produk papan lantai lamina. Untuk itu dilakukan penelitian pengujian dengan metode vakum tekan di Laboratorium Produk Majemuk dan Pengawetan Kayu, Pusat Penelitian dan Pengembangan Hasil Hutan, Bogor . Adapun pengujian yang dilakukan adalah sifat fisika terdiri atas bobot jenis, kadar air, dan sifat kimia emisi formaldehida yang diuji dengan menggunakan Spectrophotometer. Hasil penelitian ini menunjukan bahwa dengan menggunakan kopolimer TRF (1 : 0,5 : 2) dengan kekentalan 0,88 centripoise, emisi formaldehida yang dihasilkan dari kombinasi kayu tersebut sangat baik dan memenuhi persyaratan (0,30 - 0,40 mg/L) dan termasuk dalam kategori sangat aman.Kata kunci : Emisi formaldehida, Papan lamina, Batang kelapa, Tanin resorsinol formaldehida
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Utami, Riza Dwi, Nur Endah Wahyuningsih, and Budiyono Budiyono. "Kemampuan Hidrogen Peroksida dan Formaldehid dalam Menurunkan Bakteri Pseudomonas aeruginosa pada Limbah Jarum Suntik di RS X Kota Semarang." MEDIA KESEHATAN MASYARAKAT INDONESIA 19, no. 1 (January 7, 2020): 68–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.14710/mkmi.19.1.68-76.

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Latar belakang:Pada limbah jarum suntik ditemukan jumlah koloni bakteri Pseudomonas aeruginosa sebanyak 1,3x103 dan 2,1x103 CFU/ml. Desinfeksi dengan Hidrogen Peroksida dan Formaldehiddapat digunakanuntuk menurunkan mikroorganisme pathogen. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui efektifitas desinfektan Hidrogen Peroksida dan Formaldehid dengan variasi dosis dan lama waktu kontak terhadap penurunan jumlah koloni bakteri Pseudomonas aeruginosa pada limbah jarum suntik.Metode:Jenis penelitian ini adalah quasi experimental dengan rancangan non equivalent control group design. Analisis statistikmenggunakan uji Repeated ANOVA (α=5%).Hasil:Hasil penelitian pada sampel sebelum diberikan perlakuan pada desinfektan Hidrogen Peroksida dan formaldehid masing-masing adalah 2,2x103 dan 2,0x103 CFU/ml. Dosis Hidrogen Peroksida diberikan sebanyak 0,75% dan 1,5% (v/v). Dosis Formaldehid sebanyak 0,0185% dan 0,037%(v/v), masing-masing menggunakan variasi lama waktu kontak 1 menit, 5 menit, 10 menit dengan 4 kali pengulangan. Hidrogen Peroksida dapat menurunkan jumlah koloni bakteri Pseudomonas aeruginosa dosis 1,5% (p=0,032), waktu kontak 10 menit (p=0,024). Sedangkan Formaldehid menurunkan jumlah koloni bakteri Pseudomonas aeruginosa dosis 0,037% (p=0,027), waktu kontak 10 menit (p=0,049).Simpulan:Hidrogen Peroksida dan Formaldehid mampu menurunkan jumlah koloni bakteri Pseudomonas aeruginosapada limbah jarum suntik meskipun belum semuanya hilang. Kata kunci: Hidrogen Peroksida, Formaldehid, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Limbah jarum suntik ABSTRACT Title: The Ability of Hydrogen Peroxide and Formaldehyde in Reducing Pseudomonas aeruginosa Bacteria in Syringe Waste in X Hospital Semarang City Background:In needle syringe waste, the number of colonies of Pseudomonas aeruginosa was 1,3x103 and 2,1x103 CFU/ml. Disinfection with Hydrogen Peroxide and Formaldehyde can be used to reduce pathogenic microorganisms. The purpose of this study was to determine the effectiveness of Hydrogen Peroxide and Formaldehyde disinfectants with variations in dosage and contact time to decrease the number of colonies of Pseudomonas aeruginosa bacteria in needle syringe waste. Method:This type of research is quasi experimental with a non equivalent control group design. Statistical analysis using Repeated ANOVA test (α=5%). Result:The results of the study on the sample before being given treatment for disinfecting Hydrogen Peroxide and formaldehyde were 2,2x103 and 2,0x103 CFU/ml. The dose of Hydrogen Peroxide is given as much as 0.75% and 1.5% (v/v). Formaldehyde dosages are 0.0185% and 0.037% (v/v), each using a variation of the duration of contact time 1 minute, 5 minutes, 10 minutes with 4 repetitions. Hydrogen Peroxide can reduce the number of colonies of Pseudomonas aeruginosa bacteria by 1.5% (p=0.032), contact time 10 minutes (p=0.024). Whereas Formaldehyde reduced the number of colonies of Pseudomonas aeruginosa bacteria by a dose of 0.037% (p=0.027), contact time of 10 minutes (p=0.049). Conclusion:Hydrogen Peroxide and Formaldehyde can reduce the number of colonies of Pseudomonas aeruginosa bacteria in syringe waste even though not all of them are lost. Keywords: Hydrogen Peroxide, Formaldehyde, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Syringe waste
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Kariuki, Stephen Warui, Jackson Wachira, Millien Kawira, and Genson Murithi. "Formaldehyde Use and Alternative Biobased Binders for Particleboard Formulation: A Review." Journal of Chemistry 2019 (October 13, 2019): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2019/5256897.

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Formaldehyde-based resins are conventionally used as a binder in formulation of particleboard. Epidemiologic studies have shown that formaldehyde is carcinogenic. Efforts to reduce the health hazard effects of the fomaldehyde-based resin in the particleboard formulation have included use of scavengers for formaldehydes and use of an alternative binder. Use of scavengers for the formaldehyde increases the cost and maintenance of particleboard formulation. There is no proof that scavengers eliminate the emission of formaldehyde from particleboard. Use of biobased binders in particleboard formulation provides an alternative for eliminating use of the formaldehyde-based resin. However, the alternative is hindered by challenges, which include limitations of physical and mechanical properties. The challenge has continuously been acted upon through research. The paper presents an overview of the use of starch as an alternative binder. Improvement over time of the starch and limitations thereof requires to be addressed. Use of the modified starch has shown increased particleboard performance. Mechanical strength, such as modulus of rupture, modulus of elasticity, and internal bonding in particleboards, however, remains to be a challenge.
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Adriani, Adriani, Abdul Karim, and Seniwati Dali. "ANALYSIS OF FORMALDEHYDE PRESERVATIVES IN WET ANCHOVY (Stolephorus Sp.) FROM TRADITIONAL MARKETS IN MAKASSAR CITY, SOUTH SULAWESI." Jurnal Akta Kimia Indonesia (Indonesia Chimica Acta) 11, no. 1 (May 30, 2019): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.20956/ica.v11i1.6399.

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Food preservatives are very important ingredients in improving the quality and production of processed foods. However there are various presenvatives and such preservatives such as formaldehide are not allowed. This study aims to determine the content of preservatives in fresh anchovy (stolephorus sp.) from the traditional market of Makassar City South Sulawesi. Formaldehyde preservatives is identified by qualitative and quantitative test, qualitative formaldehyde was tested using Schryver reagent using UV-Vis Spectrophotometer analysis method. The result of qualitative analysis showed that all samples contained formaldehyde, with the concentration value of 0.2702ppm; 0.1307ppm; 0.0871ppm in Daya Market A; Daya Market B; Daya Market C samples, respectively. The content of 0.1612ppm; 0.2223ppm; 0,1525ppm in Antang Market A; Antang Market B; Antang Market C samples, respectively. The content of 0,1918ppm;0,0087ppm; 0.2877ppm in Terong Market A; Terong Market B; Terong Market C, samples, respectively and the content of 0.1394ppm; 0.1961ppm; 0,0043, in Pa’baeng-baeng Market A; Pa’baeng-baeng Market B; Pa’baeng-baeng Market C samples, respectively. The lowest formaldehyde level was found in Terong Market C with level of 0.0087ppm and the highest formaldehyde level was in Pa’baeng-baeng Market C with the level of 0.2877ppm.
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Dapson, Dick. "A Comment on Formalin Safety." Microscopy Today 8, no. 4 (May 2000): 34–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1551929500063458.

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For several months there have been recurring threads on microscopy-related internet listservers concerning health and safety issues that have troubled us greatly at Anatech Ltd. The general theme has been to make light of toxicity claims, provide anecdotal comments about having survived many decades of working in labs, and giving the impression that current health and safety regulations are at best a pain and probably are the cunning products of misguided governmental agencies.The great hazard of formaldehyde is not its proven carcinogenicity. Anyone interested in formaldehyde's effects on humans should read the preamble to OSHA's Formaldehyde Standard (Federal Register 52(233):46168-46312; December 4, 1987). According to studies cited therein, formaldehyde has been directly implicated in causing tumors in the lungs, nasoand oro-pharynx and nasal passages of humans occupationally exposed to levels of formaldehyde not unlike conditions existing in histology laboratories a few decades ago. Repeated and prolonged exposure increases the risk.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Formaldehyde"

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Dingle, Peter Wayne. "Personal exposure to formaldehyde." Thesis, Dingle, Peter Wayne (1995) Personal exposure to formaldehyde. PhD thesis, Murdoch University, 1995. https://researchrepository.murdoch.edu.au/id/eprint/51327/.

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The primary objective of this research was to investigate exposure to formaldehyde. There has been very little research on personal exposure to pollutants in the community and none on personal exposure to formaldehyde. In Australia, there are very little data on indoor formaldehyde concentrations. This is despite the fact that in Europe and in the United States, formaldehyde is one of the most frequently found indoor air contaminants, and is known to cause both acute and chronic health effects. The results of this research generally support the hypothesis that fixed site monitoring in indoor environments is able to explain a substantial portion of the personal exposure to formaldehyde. However, the study also provided results in cabinet making factories which are not consistent with this hypothesis. The results did not support the hypothesis that time weighted models will improve the accuracy of personal exposure predictions relative to linear regression models of indoor and outdoor concentrations. The research was divided into two areas. Firstly, the spatial and temporal changes in concentrations of formaldehyde in indoor environments, and the factors affecting these levels were investigated. This resulted in a comprehensive documentation of the concentrations found in typical indoor environments, and in indoor environments likely to experience elevated concentrations of formaldehyde. Secondly, an assessment of personal exposure to formaldehyde, and a comparison of these results to formaldehyde concentrations recorded at fixed sites was conducted. This enabled the comparison of different models to understand personal exposure. Formaldehyde exposure assessment was conducted in 186 Australian homes and 60 occupied caravans and indoor measurements recorded in 132 unoccupied caravans. There were no significant differences between levels recorded in winter or summer for conventional homes monitored during different seasons, however a significant seasonal difference occurred in concentrations recorded in caravans. The highest concentrations were recorded in winter. In conventional homes a significant decrease in formaldehyde concentrations was found in levels recorded 6 months after the initial monitoring. The decrease was greatest in homes less than 10 years of age. In 13 multi-storey office buildings, levels ranged from 4 ppb to 90 ppb, with the highest concentrations being recorded in new buildings. A new four floor building was assessed for formaldehyde over fourteen months. Formaldehyde concentrations increased as the building progressed through its construction phase, and with the introduction of furnishings and carpet. After occupation, fluctuations in formaldehyde concentrations in the building were closely correlated with outdoor temperatures. The results from 24 hour personal exposure of people, non-occupationally exposed to formaldehyde, in conventional homes and caravans suggest that the home environment is the most important predictor of formaldehyde exposure. Measurements in conventional homes were able to account for between 54% and 61% of the variation of personal exposure. Measurements in caravans were able to account for 71% of the variation in personal exposure. For people occupationally exposed to elevated concentrations of formaldehyde, personal exposure in the workplace is the most significant exposure in accounting for variation in 24 hour personal exposure. Time weighted models were not found to improve the explanation of variation in personal exposure. This research derived models of formaldehyde exposure for people occupationally exposed to formaldehyde and identified concentrations in the home as the major determinant of personal exposure to people nonoccupationally exposed to formaldehyde. It also highlighted the complexity of personal exposure and the need to use time weighted models with some caution. The next step in research should be aimed at expanding these tests with different population sub-groups and the use of real time personal monitoring when the equipment is developed. This would facilitate a more complete description of personal exposure to formaldehyde and more accurate exposure models to assess the potential impact of formaldehyde on public health.
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Chongcharoen, Rotsaman. "Biodegradation of formaldehyde by methylotrophs." Thesis, University of Warwick, 2002. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.269080.

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Smith, Carina Alice. "The atmospheric photochemistry of formaldehyde." Thesis, University of Bristol, 2006. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.432746.

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Zhao, Xiaomin. "Formaldehyde mass-transfer properties study." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/51597.

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Formaldehyde, an important feedstock in industrial processes and manufacture, is widely present in numerous consumer products. Emitted by many types of consumer products and indoor materials, indoor air can contain high concentrations of formaldehyde. Exposure to formaldehyde is hazardous to human health. Thus knowledge of formaldehyde mass-transfer properties is critical to efforts to reduce formaldehyde emissions and establish related standards and regulations. The primary objectives of this project include: 1) documenting and validating procedures and methods for analyzing and measuring formaldehyde mass-transfer characteristics; 2) evaluating and comparing formaldehyde mass-transfer properties in different materials using micro-balance sorption/desorption tests; 3) investigating observed formaldehyde mass-transfer irreversibility and the recently developed formaldehyde polymerization theory. The procedures and methods for analyzing and measuring formaldehyde mass-transfer characteristics were developed in an effort to minimize experimental variability and were strictly followed during the research. The formaldehyde mass-transfer properties of five polymer materials (polycarbonate, polystyrene, poly(methyl methacrylate), polyethylene and polypropylene) were measured through sorption/desorption testing. Results indicated that formaldehyde solubility was highest in polyethylene while the rate of diffusion was the highest in polypropylene. Results also showed that the diffusion process in the selected polymer materials was irreversible in all cases. Furthermore, additional testing showed no detectable polyformaldehyde formation on polymer surfaces after exposure to formaldehyde. The causes of observed mass-transfer irreversibility need further study.
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Weiler, Michael D. "Formaldehyde Exposure During Cadaver Transport." University of Toledo Health Science Campus / OhioLINK, 2016. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=mco1481306849010601.

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Kalet, Brian T. "Doxorubicin and its formaldehyde conjugates." Connect to online resource, 2008. http://gateway.proquest.com/openurl?url_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info:ofi/fmt:kev:mtx:dissertation&res_dat=xri:pqdiss&rft_dat=xri:pqdiss:3303814.

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HANSMAENNEL, GERARD. "Exposition au formaldehyde et cancer." Lille 2, 1988. http://www.theses.fr/1988LIL2M258.

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Zaza, Philippe. "Déshydrogénation catalytique du méthanol en formaldehyde /." [S.l.] : [s.n.], 1994. http://library.epfl.ch/theses/?nr=1200.

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Fleming, Robert W. "Radinox process applied to formaldehyde oxidation." Thesis, Georgia Institute of Technology, 1988. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/10923.

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Adeosun, Ekundayo K. "Formaldehyde oxidation in Methylococcus capsulatus (Bath)." Thesis, University of Warwick, 2000. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.364622.

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Books on the topic "Formaldehyde"

1

Turoski, Victor, ed. Formaldehyde. Washington, D.C.: American Chemical Society, 1985. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ba-1985-0210.

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Bundesgesundheitsamt, Germany (West), Bundesanstalt für Arbeitsschutz (Germany), and Germany (West) Umweltbundesamt, eds. Formaldehyde. München: MMV Medizin, 1985.

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R, Liteplo, World Health Organization, International Labour Organisation, United Nations Environment Programme, Inter-Organization Programme for the Sound Management of Chemicals., and International Program on Chemical Safety., eds. Formaldehyde. Geneva: World Health Organization, 2002.

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Canada. Environmental Protection Programs Directorate. Technical Services Branch., ed. Formaldehyde. Ottawa, Ont. Canada: Environmental Protection Service, 1985.

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He, Rongqiao. Formaldehyde and Cognition. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-024-1177-5.

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U.S. Consumer Product Safety Commission, ed. An Update on formaldehyde. Washington, DC: U.S. Consumer Product Safety Commission, 1997.

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United States. Dept. of Labor., ed. Occupational exposure to formaldehyde. [Washington, D.C.?: U.S. Dept. of Labor, 1995.

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Carr, Edward. Formaldehyde concentration in air. Manchester: UMIST, 1996.

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IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans. Wood dust and formaldehyde. Lyon: World Health Organization, International Agency for Research on Cancer, 1995.

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E, Feinman Susan, ed. Formaldehyde sensitivity and toxicity. Boca Raton, Fla: CRC Press, 1988.

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Book chapters on the topic "Formaldehyde"

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de Groot, Anton, and Mari-Ann Flyvholm. "Formaldehyde and Formaldehyde-Releasers." In Kanerva’s Occupational Dermatology, 1–32. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-40221-5_37-2.

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Flyvholm, M. A. "Formaldehyde and Formaldehyde Releasers." In Handbook of Occupational Dermatology, 474–78. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-07677-4_60.

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de Groot, Anton C., and Mari-Ann Flyvholm. "Formaldehyde and Formaldehyde-Releasers." In Kanerva’s Occupational Dermatology, 521–42. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-68617-2_37.

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de Groot, Anton C., and Mari-Ann Flyvholm. "Formaldehyde and Formaldehyde-Releasers." In Kanerva's Occupational Dermatology, 397–413. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-02035-3_37.

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Flyvholm, Mari-Ann. "Formaldehyde." In Management of Positive Patch Test Reactions, 29–35. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-55706-4_6.

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Kowatsch, Stefan. "Formaldehyde." In Phenolic Resins: A Century of Progress, 25–40. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-04714-5_3.

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Cleaves, Henderson James. "Formaldehyde." In Encyclopedia of Astrobiology, 1–7. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-27833-4_585-3.

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Cleaves, Henderson James. "Formaldehyde." In Encyclopedia of Astrobiology, 867–72. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-44185-5_585.

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Cleaves, Henderson James. "Formaldehyde." In Encyclopedia of Astrobiology, 595–99. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-11274-4_585.

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Hallenbeck, William H., and Kathleen M. Cunningham-Burns. "Formaldehyde." In Pesticides and Human Health, 63–64. New York, NY: Springer New York, 1985. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4612-5054-8_42.

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Conference papers on the topic "Formaldehyde"

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Ribeiro, J. C. M., T. Ohta, and T. Aoyama. "Study on Formaldehyde Generation Mechanism and Formaldehyde Reducing Items." In SAE Brasil. 400 Commonwealth Drive, Warrendale, PA, United States: SAE International, 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.4271/921435.

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Klamt, T., and E. Bechir. "Formaldehyde-free varnishing on stator core sheets to prevent formaldehyde emissions." In 2015 IEEE Electrical Insulation Conference. IEEE, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icacact.2014.7223546.

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Remijan, Anthony, Frank Lovas, Philip Jewell, and Lewis Snyder. "INTERSTELLAR FORMALDEHYDE - A RETROSPECTIVE." In 74th International Symposium on Molecular Spectroscopy. Urbana, Illinois: University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.15278/isms.2019.mg08.

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Cui, Jiansheng, and Hongyan Tang. "Microbial biosensors for formaldehyde." In 2010 3rd International Conference on Biomedical Engineering and Informatics (BMEI). IEEE, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/bmei.2010.5639697.

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Patty, Kira D., and Don A. Gregory. "Optical detection of formaldehyde." In SPIE Defense and Security Symposium, edited by Richard T. Howard and Pejmun Motaghedi. SPIE, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.784409.

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Grossman, E., and J. Martonik. "192. The Impact of Osha'S Formaldehyde Standard on Occupational Exposure to Formaldehyde." In AIHce 2000. AIHA, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.3320/1.2763524.

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Murugan, M., V. K. Kokate, A. A. Athawale, and M. H. M. Alhousami. "Epoxy resin modified urea formaldehyde and silicon urea formaldehyde as microwave absorbers." In 2008 International Conference on Recent Advances in Microwave Theory and Applications (MICROWAVE). IEEE, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/amta.2008.4763183.

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"Ambient Formaldehyde Concentration Prediction from the Relationship of Formaldehyde, Ozone and 1,3-butadiene." In International Conference on Agricultural, Environmental and Biological Sciences. International Institute of Chemical, Biological & Environmental Engineering, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.15242/iicbe.c414024.

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Chen, Yongzhi, and Yubin Li. "Design of Dynamic Formaldehyde Detection Instrument Based on Constant Potential Electrochemical Formaldehyde Analysis." In 2020 35th Youth Academic Annual Conference of Chinese Association of Automation (YAC). IEEE, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/yac51587.2020.9337682.

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Fu, Li, Xiuwei Fu, and Tianhao Zhang. "Design of Portable formaldehyde detector." In Proceedings of the 2018 3rd International Conference on Advances in Materials, Mechatronics and Civil Engineering (ICAMMCE 2018). Paris, France: Atlantis Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.2991/icammce-18.2018.64.

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Reports on the topic "Formaldehyde"

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Timothy J. Donohue. Microbial Formaldehyde Oxidation. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), December 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/834972.

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Rossiter, Walter J. Urea-formaldehyde foam insulations :. Gaithersburg, MD: National Bureau of Standards, 1985. http://dx.doi.org/10.6028/nbs.tn.1210.

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Drayton, Paul, Jeffrey Panek, Tom McGrath, and James McCarthy. PR-312-12206-R01 FTIR Formaldehyde Measurement at Turbine NESHAP and Ambient Levels. Chantilly, Virginia: Pipeline Research Council International, Inc. (PRCI), July 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.55274/r0011014.

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Since formaldehyde is ubiquitous (e.g., naturally formed through atmospheric chemistry even if not directly emitted), there is also the potential that atmospheric levels and atmospheric chemistry are not adequately understood.� That avenue of investigation may provide important information that could be important in assessing formaldehyde health risk, source contribution, and ultimately regulatory criteria for gas-fired combustion sources.� In 2002 and 2003, the pipeline industry conducted turbine formaldehyde testing using refined FTIR methods and a dedicated measurement system, which indicated exhaust formaldehyde below 100 ppb and near the method detection limit.� Anecdotal data from that test program showed ambient levels similar to turbine exhaust in some cases.� For example, during the industry test program, a serendipitous finding observed that ambient formaldehyde concentrations varied and were independent of turbine operation.� Instead, naturally occurring emissions from an adjacent corn field appeared to spike the ambient concentration to levels higher than formaldehyde exhaust levels, depending on whether there was direct sunlight or shading from a cloud (i.e., due to �naturally occurring� formaldehyde from vegetation and/or other organics and ambient photochemistry that forms formaldehyde).� Evidence of �high� ambient formaldehyde levels (relative to turbine exhaust) would be a powerful counterargument to restrictive formaldehyde regulations. If ambient levels are similar to (or higher than) in-stack formaldehyde for turbines, then a NESHAP requiring catalytic control of turbine formaldehyde results in a significant burden without� environmental benefit, while also negatively impacting turbine efficiency and environmental impacts associated with catalyst construction, installation, operation, cleaning, and disposal.� Similarly, if ambient formaldehyde is significantly higher (in at least some circumstances) than currently available ambient data suggests, there could be implications for perceived formaldehyde risk and the basis, need for, and stringency of formaldehyde reductions from turbines or other combustion sources.� In a more far-reaching impact, ambient FTIR data could provide additional insights on atmospheric reactions that not only impact formaldehyde issues, but also ozone (and NOx control issues) because of the importance of formaldehyde and hydrocarbon chemistry in ambient ozone formation. These determinations are challenged by the ability to accurately measure formaldehyde at levels less than 100 parts per billion (ppbv).� Ambient measurements rely on �batch methods� subject to error (due to the inherent instability and reactivity of formaldehyde), and those methods do not provide real-time continuous results.� Extractive Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) methods were developed for combustion exhaust formaldehyde measurement, but measuring the ultra-low levels from turbines, commensurate with the NESHAP standard of 90 ppb, is challenging.� This project was intended assess ambient formaldehyde levels as compared to the NESHAP standard and acquire additional ambient measurement data using FTIR testing.
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Olsen, Mitchell, and Willson. L52248 Investigation of Formaldehyde Chemical Kinetics. Chantilly, Virginia: Pipeline Research Council International, Inc. (PRCI), March 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.55274/r0011246.

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The program is divided into two parts, which are (1) chemical kinetic modeling and (2) plug flow reactor tests. The chemical kinetic modeling focuses on the development of a model that can accurately predict formaldehyde formation and destruction. The most recent version of Chemkin is utilized with various kinetic mechanisms, including GRI-Mech. Numerous kinetic mechanisms are examined in order to select the most accurate one for predicting formaldehyde formation and destruction. The plug flow reactor tests consist of a series of steady state experimental investigations aimed at characterizing formaldehyde. Formaldehyde concentrations in the reactor are measured with an FTIR.
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Wilson. PR-239-9525-E01 Integrated Test Plan. Chantilly, Virginia: Pipeline Research Council International, Inc. (PRCI), January 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.55274/r0011046.

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In order to understand and eventually control formaldehyde emissions, it is necessary to investigate formaldehyde formation mechanisms and evaluate the applicability of these mechanisms to industrial gas engines. An extensive literature review was conducted to identify possible formaldehyde formation mechanisms, factors that favor these chemical mechanisms, and the relationships between various engine operating conditions and engine-out formaldehyde emissions. The literature review provided the following information on formaldehyde emissions: Formation and subsequent destruction of formaldehyde are necessary intermediate steps in the complete combustion of natural gas; Regions within the combustion chamber processed by propagating flames are not likely sources of formaldehyde; Identification of a distinct 'temperature window' where net formaldehyde formation occurs, provided that adequate oxygen and unburned hydrocarbons are present; Above the 'temperature window' formaldehyde is quickly destroyed, and below it formaldehyde mole fractions are frozen; and Emissions of formaldehyde from natural gas fired engines require that partial combustion, to some degree, take place in the cylinder. This finding is supported by results of equilibrium calculations of natural gas combustion product composition, which do not predict significant levels of formaldehyde. A number of publications have been produced from the integrated test plan body of work. Those publications include reports on the formaldehyde literature review, humidity test program, and the high pressure injection project and technical papers on formaldehyde literature review, high pressure injection, the tracer gas method, in-cylinder sampling, and humidity investigations. The work described in the humidity and high pressure injection reports is not covered in detail in this document. However, the results are discussed as needed to support data interpretation and conclusions. Includes a literature review of mixing and humidity effects as well as a spreadsheet of the test data.
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McCarthy, James, Jeffrey Panek, and Tom McGrath. PR-312-12206-R02 FTIR Formaldehyde Measurement at Turbine NESHAP and Ambient Levels. Chantilly, Virginia: Pipeline Research Council International, Inc. (PRCI), April 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.55274/r0011476.

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When natural gas is combusted, formaldehyde is formed as an intermediate product as methane is converted to CO2 during combustion. Formaldehyde is regulated by the U.S. EPA as a hazardous air pollutant (HAP) under National Emission Standards for Hazardous Air Pollutants (NESHAP) regulations, and both turbines and reciprocating engines are listed source categories where EPA is required to develop regulations. NESHAPs have been adopted for natural gas-fired combustion turbines and reciprocating internal combustion engines (RICE), with initial regulations in 2004 that included a 91 parts per billion (ppb) standard for new turbines at "major source" facilities. However, the Turbine NESHAP was "stayed" by EPA as the agency considered whether natural gas-fired turbines should be regulated (i.e., whether those turbines would be "delisted" or removed from the rule). In response to a legal challenge regarding EPA's failure to meet Clean Air Act mandated schedules, EPA recently indicated that it plans to initiate a required periodic review of the Turbine NESHAP and that review will also address the delisting request. The "residual risk and technology review" (RTR) for the Turbine NESHAP will likely be conducted in 2018. Revisions to the regulation may be proposed when that review process is complete. Formaldehyde is ubiquitous (e.g., naturally formed through atmospheric chemistry even if not directly emitted), and there is also the potential that atmospheric levels and atmospheric chemistry are not adequately understood. Earlier pipeline industry testing of turbine formaldehyde emissions using refined methods indicated exhaust formaldehyde below 100 ppb and near the method detection limit. Anecdotal data from that test program showed ambient levels comparable to turbine exhaust in some cases, with naturally occurring emissions from an adjacent corn field resulting in ambient concentrations higher than formaldehyde exhaust levels. Evidence of "high" ambient formaldehyde levels (relative to turbine exhaust) may provide context and a counterargument to restrictive formaldehyde regulations. Understanding turbine formaldehyde emissions as compared to ambient levels is challenged by the ability to measure formaldehyde concentrations less than 100 parts per billion (ppb). Extractive Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) methods were developed for combustion exhaust formaldehyde measurement. However, measuring the ultra-low levels from turbines, commensurate with the NESHAP standard, will likely pose challenges. This project measured ambient formaldehyde levels using FTIR testing for comparison to the NESHAP standard. Significant challenges for conducting such measurements are apparent, which presents technical questions related to the feasibility of implementing emissions tests for the Turbine NESHAP standard.
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7

Silberstein, Samuel. A gypsum wallboard formaldehyde sorption model. Gaithersburg, MD: National Institute of Standards and Technology, 1989. http://dx.doi.org/10.6028/nist.ir.89-4028.

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Taylor, Paul Allen. Hydraulic Permeability of Resorcinol-Formaldehyde Resin. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), January 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/972025.

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Mitchel, Olsen, and Fletcher. L52072 Literature Review - Formaldehyde Formation Mechanisms in Large Bore Natural Gas Engines. Chantilly, Virginia: Pipeline Research Council International, Inc. (PRCI), March 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.55274/r0010950.

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Previous work has shown that the only hazardous air pollutant of significance in the emissions from large natural gas engines is formaldehyde. In consequence, a detailed literature review was carried out in order to assess the current state of knowledge about formaldehyde formation mechanisms and evaluate its applicability to gas engines. Of particular interest was the identification of locations, events and operating conditions in large-bore engines which favor formaldehyde formation or its destruction. To complete the review and create this report, available technical databases were searched, abstracts were reviewed, and key publications were identified and then read thoroughly. The report has four main sections: first, a brief introduction and problem statement; second, an extensive review of possible formaldehyde formation mechanisms and paths to engine-out emissions; third, an evaluation of factors which may affect formaldehyde emissions from large-bore gas engines; and finally a statement of conclusions and suggestions for further work.
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Hubler, T. L., J. A. Franz, W. J. Shaw, M. O. Hogan, R. T. Hallen, G. N. Brown, and J. C. Linehan. Structure/function studies of resorcinol-formaldehyde (R-F) and phenol-formaldehyde (P-F) copolymer ion-exchange resins. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), September 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/402296.

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