Journal articles: 'Formal parameters of discursive and contextual analysis'

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Dziuba, Elena V., and Irina Y. Ryabova. "Formal and Semantic Organization of Hybrid Literary-Legal Discourse." RUDN Journal of Language Studies, Semiotics and Semantics 13, no. 2 (July 14, 2022): 433–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.22363/2313-2299-2022-13-2-433-454.

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The research is carried out through cognitive-discursive paradigm in language learning using the methods of cognitive-discursive, conceptual, contextual, structural-semantic, component, definitional and etymological analysis. The article defines the concept of situational equivalence and sets its parameters in a hybrid literary-legal discourse, which is formed in the narrativedocumentary space, dealing with the content of the novel by I. McEwan “The Children Act” and the real law of 1989, adopted by the British Parliament. At the same time, the hybrid literary-legal discourse, marked - due to the interpenetration of two conceptual spaces - by intertextuality and interdiscursivity, is considered to be a special socio-cultural practice designed to reveal urgent social problems and highlight them not only from a legal, but also from a humanistic aspect. The narrative model of literary-legal discourse is emphasized to generalize the elements of five levels of its formal and meaningful organization: 1) the surface structure of the text (event series, factual information); 2) the “semantic core” of the content; 3) detailing or generalization of the description of the situation; 4) grammatical means of expressing the meaning; 5) proto-text (non-literary text that formed the basis of a literary work; here - “The Children Act”). The concept of situational equivalence is interpreted taking into account three parameters: the identity of the main essential properties of conceptual spaces and their functions; the equivalence of situations from a legal point of view (constant parameters); the presence of additional connotations (variable parameter). The subject of this research is the linguistic markers of legal discourse and the units of a literary text, considered in a comparative aspect from the point of view of their situational equivalence. We also speak about full and partial situational equivalence from the point of view of the presence or absence of the connotative potential of the studied thematic units. The presented conceptual theory is demonstrated by the example of the concept REASONABLENESS, which explicates the idea of rightness (seriousness, correctness, rationality) of professional actions of judicial representatives and their decisions. It is noted that the interpretative potential of this concept is significantly expanded due to the integration of language markers of legal discourse into the narrative space of a literary text; reliance on prototext allows us to identify thematic units of hybrid literary-legal discourse that make up the “semantic core” of the analyzed conceptual space. Due to the fact that the concept obtains additional connotations in the semantic structure of the literary text, thus, the corresponding fragment of the conceptual space of the legal document is also enriched. The study of the concept REASONABLENESS as a special dynamic complex of specific properties and characteristics shows the process of modeling a cognitive phenomenon in the process of hybridization of two conceptual spaces (literary and legal).

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Kovtunenko, Inna V. "Reference and its Cohesive Potential in the Blog Text." Proceedings of Southern Federal University. Philology 2021, no. 1 (March 30, 2021): 100–111. http://dx.doi.org/10.18522/1995-0640-2021-1-100-111.

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Reference as a logical-semantic category is implemented in the blog text based on a variety of lexical and grammatical means (personal, demonstrative and possessive pronouns, definite article, nominative phrases). At the same time, we consistently differentiate the functional and formal level of analysis (connectivity relations – means of expressing connectivity). The conceptual difference between the functional category and the formal implementation of this category reveals some implications that are important for our study. First, the noun or nominative phrase that acts as a segment of the propositional stimulus message is repeatedly replaced by a certain range of formal (and contextual) anaphoric means. Responding to this message, the interlocutor constructs a mental representation of the relationship of formal or contextual connectivity between the antecedent and the substitute. At the same time, the connectivity tool performs a specific referential function in the mental map of blog communication participants. If the referential interdependence between the antecedent and the substitute becomes contextual, the blogger and respondents identify the similarity of the concepts manifested by these components of the stimulus and reaction, establish not only formal equivalence, but also semantic and pragmatic similarity of the conceptual meanings of the associated language units. In the developed blog, there is a contextual relationship between the indicators of connectivity of thematically correlated constituents and the pragmatic consistency of messages of participants in computermediated communication. In the blogosphere, lexical and grammatical tools that function in an anaphoric or cataphoric function are endowed with such semantics that acquire relevant meaning for the interlocutors only taking into account the previous or subsequent messages. These messages, in turn, turn out to be the context against which these units are identified and interpreted by the blogger and respondents. The relationship of connectedness is manifested not so much in the blog text, but at the moment of perception by the interlocutors of each other’s discursive works. The category of connectedness is a value proportional to the communicative ability of the interlocutors to compare and coordinate the semantics of discursive elements, taking into account the referential schemes activated in their minds.

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Movchun, L. "DISCURSIVE TYPES OF RHYMES." Comparative studies of Slavic languages and literatures. In memory of Academician Leonid Bulakhovsky, no. 35 (2019): 293–305. http://dx.doi.org/10.17721/2075-437x.2019.35.29.

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The article raises the problem of the rhyme classification, in particular, in the matter of supplementing it with actual parameters. Interpretation of the rhymed text as a creative process determines its analysis in two diametrically opposite aspects: individualauthorial and general-cultural. In the discourse of author’s creativity, the rhyme is analyzed in terms of the stability of the component composition, the compliance with the completed text, the mandatory employment. In the discourse of national and world culture, rhymes are analyzed on the basis of intertextuality. The rhyme transformation is described in the direction from the original rhyming compound to the result of its development in the new text. Intertextual rhymes are analyzed according to their perceptual potential, the accuracy of the reproduction of the original rhyme, as well as the contextual parameter.

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Aboh, Romanus, and Chuka Fred Ononye. "The Discursive Mechanisms of Nigerianisms and “Trancultured” Identities in Mary Specht’s Migratory Animals." International Journal of Applied Linguistics and English Literature 8, no. 5 (September 30, 2019): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.7575/aiac.ijalel.v.8n.5p.1.

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The study of literary texts from the purely formal-sentence linguistics is less helpful because it undermines contextual effects on the use of language in literature. Discourse analysis, unlike formal sentence-level linguistics, is more robust in its analysis of literary texts since it provides insights into how sociocultural and historical factors influence, to a large extent, writers’ use of language. Against this backdrop, we examine Mary Specht’s use of “Nigerianisms” in her novel, Migratory Animals (Migratory), to account for the context-specific ways through which language has been used, and how these articulate transcultural identity. The analysis draws deeply from the theoretical provisions of literary discourse analysis (LDA), a branch of discourse analysis devoted to the analysis of literary texts. From the analysis, three major forms of Nigerianisms which play up specific transcultured identities have been identified: code-switching, semantic shift/extension and Nigerian pidgin (NP) expressions. Code-switching, for example, allows characters in Migratory to switch from one code to another, thereby providing information about their “multiple” selves. By broadening different communicative contexts, semantic extension transforms the characters’ settings, drawing attention to their fragmented identities. Through NP expressions, Specht showcases the different linguistic backgrounds manifest in the English community in the text, which reflects the different the socio-cultural identities in Nigeria. From these, we argue that Specht’s use of “Nigerianisms” in her novel discursively depicts the present reality of existence – people’s “transcultured selves”. Hence, Nigerianisms are exquisite examples of how contextualised uses of language reveal the very polygonal cultural existence of humanity.

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Kardashova, Olena V., and Tetiana F. Filchuk. "METAPHOR AS A FACTOR OF DISCURSIVE CREATION (USING THE EXAMPLE OF THE LEXEME ВКУСНЫЙ – TASTY)." Alfred Nobel University Journal of Philology 2, no. 26/1 (December 20, 2023): 205–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.32342/2523-4463-2023-2-26/1-15.

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This article attempts a comprehensive discourse analysis of the metaphor using the lexeme “вкусный” (tasty) as an example. Considering that metaphor can be viewed from the perspective of its ability to create social reality, and that reality images are discursively conditioned, the authors explore metaphor as a discursive agent that implies information about the basic parameters of discursive instances: metasubject, metaobject, and meta-addressee. The tasks of discourse analysis of metaphor in the article include: 1) consecutive explication of metaphorically conditioned components of meaning; 2) reconstruction of the constitutive parameters of discursive instances of subject, object, and addressee, based on these components; 3) reconstruction of the worldview and articulatory possibilities of the speaker who occupies the position of discursive subject. The study was conducted on the material of the National Corpus of the Russian Language using descriptive, contextual, interpretative methods, and the method of component analysis. Discourse analysis of linguistic material allows for the reconstruction of two possible types of discursive subject. The first one (nominally designated as DS1) represents the subject as a prepared listener, viewer, appreciator, or expert. Its discursive orientation realizes such intentions as: recognition of the complexity and intrinsic value of objects in the surrounding world; readiness to expend one`s own resources to interact with them; existential needs to act as a subject of love, care, and knowledge; and transfer of the value center from one`s own “self” to the surrounding world. With such a focus, the source of positive emotions (“satisfaction”) becomes the discursive subject itself, which is characterized by the ability to valorize objects and endow them with meaning. These constitutive parameters of discursive subject DS1 are implicated in such metaphorical constructions as “tasty music”, “tasty picture”, “tasty space”, “tasty design solution”, “tasty movie”, “tasty goal”, “tasty opponent”, and so on. The second type of discursive subject (DS2) can be reconstructed based on metaphors like “tasty assets”, “tasty prices”, “tasty discounts”, “tasty offer”, “tasty text”, “tasty position”, “tasty option”, “tasty life”. Unlike DS1, its attitude towards things, phenomena, and events in the surrounding world is determined by the ratio of “resources spent – satisfaction received”, which characterizes the subject of this type as a consumer. The main intentional characteristics of DS2 are: a primary desire for satisfaction of their own needs and desires (receiving positive emotions, material benefits, achieving an attractive social status); the devaluation of the sovereign value of objects and the unwillingness to make an effort to interact with them; the devaluation of all qualities and properties inherent in an object, except for the consumer ones (capable of bringing satisfaction to the speaker); a fundamental unwillingness to expend their own resources, avoidance of novelty, and a desire to maintain the stability of their own internal and external space. These two configurations of discursive subject allow the speaker to articulate almost diametrically opposed attitudes towards the surrounding world. In general terms, they correspond to two worldviews: modernist and postmodernist.

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Tsakona, Villy. "Irony beyond criticism." Pragmatics and Society 2, no. 1 (May 23, 2011): 57–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/ps.2.1.04tsa.

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Taking into account recent pragmatic and sociolinguistic approaches to irony, the present study investigates irony as a discursive resource Greek parliamentarians employ to fulfill their institutional roles and to negotiate verbal rules of conduct in highly institutionalized and confrontational debates. It is suggested that, besides criticism, parliamentary irony is used to sharpen attacks against the Opposition, to elicit vivid reactions from the audience and disaffiliate from, or align with, participants, to restore parliamentary order, and to establish cohesive ties between successive parliamentary speeches. Moreover, the recorded reactions to irony reveal that irony is considered a common and ‘legitimate’ discursive practice in the Greek parliament and is not negatively evaluated by Greek MPs. Such findings highlight the significance of contextual parameters for the sociolinguistic analysis of pragmatic phenomena and lead to a critical evaluation of those previous results which are based on the study of decontextualized and/or fictional ironical utterances and exchanges.

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Kuchyk, Halyna, Oleksandr Nazarchuk, Tetiana Siroshtan, Olha Yanyshyn, and Vita Sternichuk. "The place and role of political advertising in the system of manipulative technologies: the linguistic dimension." Revista Amazonia Investiga 12, no. 64 (May 30, 2023): 315–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.34069/ai/2023.64.04.33.

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Issues of language and political discourse form a very dense framework for theories and studies of argumentation, the new rhetoric. The political discourse analysis is gaining in scope and epistemological precision. However, discursive effects remain largely understudied regarding linguistic means as manipulative tactics. This phenomenon shapes the relevance of this study. It also analyses how linguistic traces of political discourse affect the population in terms of psychosociology and manipulative tactics. The ideology of discursive persuasion reveals issues in cognitive activity (meaning, intentionality, and strategy) that the speaker performs, as well as the impact on a known target. The study focuses on the norms and use of language, image, text, and sound in political advertising. It also analyses scholarly works related to the topic, offering an analysis based on observations on political communication and its media staging of the functioning of sociolinguistic variation regarding the norms and representations that operate in this official/dominant language market and specific to the language of politics. Research related to advertising and advertising language in relatively recent studies is still approached with some caution. Therefore, this paper attempts to deal with them from the perspective of linguistics in its broader discussion. To do so, the article focuses on studying linguistic means specific to political advertising on billboards during political campaigns. The most peculiar aspects of the contextual and formal expression of political advertising on billboards are identified.

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Bień, Janusz. "Objectivité et dépersonnalisation dans le discours scientifique." Roczniki Humanistyczne 67, no. 5 (July 24, 2019): 79. http://dx.doi.org/10.18290/rh.2019.67.5-4.

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In this paper the term objectivity refers to a discursive phenomenon, mostly defined like distance of the arguments toward meanings expressed by predicates and so toward a whole text’s content. Its impact depends on the frequency of any formal parameters, lacking grammatical information in the text: agentless passives, impersonal structures, nominalizations, and, on the other hand, to a low frequency of deictic pronouns. Our detailed, corpus-based analysis confirms its high and pragmatic importance in scientific texts. Inside scientific-academic discourse the phenomenon suffers a numerical variability that may be related to three criterions: type of text, part of text and scientific discipline.

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Stockfelt, Ola, Ansa Lønstrup, and Torben Sangild. "Radiolab - three different approaches." SoundEffects - An Interdisciplinary Journal of Sound and Sound Experience 2, no. 1 (April 13, 2012): 113–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.7146/se.v2i1.6281.

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The three papers in this ‘suite’ have a special background and context. At the 2010 conference SoundActs in Aarhus the three panellists were each given the task to provide a paper with an analysis of the same sound object, thus exhibiting and contrasting different scholarly approaches to sound studies. The object was selected by Torben Sangild, who was familiar with the chosen context: the signature of the US radio programme and podcast Radiolab. The two other participants did not know the context and chose to analyse the sound object without further contextual investigation. This object was chosen for several reasons. First of all, it is brief (less than 17 seconds), which meant that it was possible to make a detailed analysis; at the same time, though, it is relatively complex, which means that it can accommodate three different analyses. It is a sound object with a global audience, taken from one of the most popular podcasts worldwide, accessible on the internet. Finally, it is a piece of functional sound design, rather than a work of art, which raises the question of context more clearly. The result is three rather different approaches: 1) a process analysis, observing analytical listening strategies towards the constructed object, 2) a vocal analysis, regarding the sound object as a polyphony of voices, and 3) a contextual analysis, framing the sound object as a radio signature. Ola Stockfelt analyses the sound object as something that is constructed via his own repeated listening process – as a scholarly-analytical analysis of the subjective act of creating meaning. He draws on presumptions and prejudices, demonstrating the impossibility of a purely structural listening. The analysis relates these hermeneutical reflections to formal musicological observations of harmony, timbre, space and rhythm in some detail. Ansa Lønstrup’s paper analyses the sound object as a polyphony of voices. Her analysis is inspired by two phenomenologists: Don Ihde, whose notion of ‘voice’ is understood in a more general sense as the voices of all things, and Lawrence Ferrara, who methodologically operates within tree levels of investigation: 1) the syntax, 2) the semantic and 3) the ontology level. Accordingly, this analysis is conducted, as if the sound object was performed by a vocal ensemble oscillating ‘between a musical and a speech act’. Torben Sangild’s paper focuses on the concrete function of the sound object as a radio signature. This prompts a generic analysis and a semantic model of radio signatures in general, eclectically employing formal, indexical, gestural, discursive and contextual levels of meaning. The analysis of the Radiolab signature focuses on the overall gesture of tension and release as well as the semantic elements in a constellation with the content and style of the radio programme. After the three individual contributions, a brief summary and conclusion will follow, answering any questions that may arise in the process.

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Zibrov, Dmitrii Anatol'evich, Lyudmila Valentinovna Sludneva, Tat'yana Anatol'evna Skopintseva, and En Ok Kim. "The emblematization of the discursive markers of the new ethics." Филология: научные исследования, no. 12 (December 2024): 153–60. https://doi.org/10.7256/2454-0749.2024.12.72245.

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The subject of the study is the functional and semantic features of emotive vocabulary. Based on a review of works on related topics, it is concluded that the neologism "new ethics" correlates with linguistic material, which is the rhetorical antipode of the rational mode of discourse. The object of the study is represented by statements and lexemes conveying the ideas of the new ethics as a denial of the practice of discrimination based on gender, nationality, appearance, religious affiliation, self-identification and others. The article provides examples of discursive markers that function in the texts of news articles, as well as occur in network communication in the form of posts and comments. The hypothesis is presented that the new ethics has a certain linguistic expression and has discursive emblems that act as indicators of the specifics of discourse and perform certain functions. During the work on the article, the continuous sampling method was used to collect empirical material. The units that actualize the semantic field of ethics and shaming were selected. The fragments extracted from the texts were analyzed using the linguistic stylistic method and contextual analysis to identify the formal and expressive content of the text units. The main conclusions of the conducted research are the conclusions that the discursive emblems of the new ethics are easily recognizable signs that have the following functions: unification, polarization, mobilization of society. These signs, being correlated with existing classifications of emblems, are presented in the work as open sign phenomena. Their belonging to historical, cultural, moral and other values is shown. The novelty of the research lies in the fact that the criteria of the language of new ethics are proposed and described in the form of inclusivity, sensitivity to context, trigger, virality of content. A special contribution of the authors to the study of the topic of influencing in communication is the description of the linguistic symbols of the new ethics in the media discourse, which receive an emblematic interpretation. An intermediate conclusion is that emblems can serve as a kind of codes that convey certain ideas or values, both negative and positive properties.

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Rahayu, Eka Listianing. "Critical Discourse Analysis: English as It Is Learned and Treated in Asia." English Learning Innovation 4, no. 1 (February 17, 2023): 32–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.22219/englie.v4i1.24848.

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The English language teaching in Indonesia and some other ASEAN countries seem problematic. It can be seen from the low English proficiency of many school graduates despite years of learning English. Therefore, in the recent years, there has been a need of a new breakthrough in the English curriculum by considering local cultures and values so the English taught in schools is more contextual, practical and suits the local needs and usage. The curriculum is expected to reflect the English norms as a lingua franca in Asia, and not imposing native speakerism. This paper analyzes a newspaper article discussing how English is learned and treated in Asia, which was published in the Jakarta Globe, a popular local English newspaper. The analysis seeks further understanding on the discursive field of English, particularly in Asian context. Using Fairclough’s (2001) framework encompassing three stages (description - interpretation – explanation), this paper analyzes both macro and microstructure of the texts. The macrostructure is dealing with the ideology constructed in the texts, while the microstructure comprises the formal property or linguistic components. With these definitions, this critical discourse analysis (CDA) looks to find connections between microstructures of the text and the macro structures of social institutions and societies where the texts are distributed and consumed. From these three stages of critical discourse analysis, it was found that English is often portrayed as a prestigious language by using specific labels and metaphors. Besides, the ideology of “standard” and “monolithic view” of English is commonly imposed, and thus influences the English language teaching in Asia.

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Berezin, D., and T. Golikova. "Communicative Tactics and Strategies in Divorce Proceedings: The Legal Linguistic Aspect." Scientific Research and Development. Modern Communication Studies 12, no. 6 (December 29, 2023): 86–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/2587-9103-2023-12-6-86-93.

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The article investigates the relationship between communicative motives and the process of divorce from a jurislinguistic perspective. The article examines how communicative factors influence the decision to dissolve a marriage. The aim of the article is to identify the primary communicative motives that lead to the dissolution of marriage and to understand their interaction with the legal aspects of the divorce process. Exploring these interactions can help improve communication in such situations, as well as increase the effectiveness of legal interventions related to marital dissolution. Methodology, methods and techniques. The article applies discursive, lexico-semantic, contextual method of analyzing communicative tactics and strategies. The legal-linguistic analysis of divorce discourse implies the use of argumentation methodology, methodology of cognitive interpretation of legal text and discourse, methodology of analyzing the formal and semantic structure of linguistic elements and text-forming categories. Results. In the process of jurislinguistic analysis we have identified the primary and auxiliary strategies and tactics in divorce proceedings. The primary strategy of judicial communication is persuasion as the most significant strategy in terms of motives and goals, since it is the court that decides the outcome of the dispute in divorce proceedings. Auxiliary strategies are: deconstruction strategy, strategy of interpreting reality, emotionally attuning strategy, rhetorical strategy, dialog strategy and others. Communicative-psychological motives for the dissolution of marriage can be the loss of interest of spouses (communicative conflicts, misunderstanding, indifference, aggression), infidelity, beatings, lack of care for joint children and many others. We consider it necessary to develop a special jurislinguistic methodology, using the communicative-discursive potential, which would declare a strict mechanism for taking into account the motives of action of all parties and would implement an algorithm of correlating communicative tactics and strategies in order to successfully reconcile the parties. The scientific novelty of the study consists in addressing the jurislinguistic discourse of divorce proceedings in order to identify communicative tactics and strategies as a basis for the development of jurislinguistic methodology that uses the communicative and discursive potential. The practical significance of the study lies in the use of the primary findings to create a communicative toolkit that improves the results of the judicial process.

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Basovets, Irina. "Raylike Subject Model of Text Deauthorization in Media Genres (in English and Belarusian)." Izvestia of Smolensk State University, no. 1 (65) (September 13, 2024): 90–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.35785/2072-9464-2024-65-1-90-102.

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The purpose of the article is to construct a raylike subject model of text deauthorization based on the material of English and Belarusian media texts of information genres with the identification of common and distinctive features. In the result of analysis of the ways in which the subject components of deauthorization structures are located in news articles and interviews using the modeling method, methods of semantic and contextual analysis, the raylike subject model of text deauthorization is constructed, which exhibits similar and distinctive features in the compared English and Belarusian media texts. The characteristics of the analyzed model that are common to the compared media cultures are established: structural and semantic parallelism of deauthorization structures, the presence of similar narrating subject groups, the dichotomy of opinions of specialists and non-specialists. Different features of the analyzed model in the compared media cultures are identified, which relate to the nature of the dominant pragmatic marking and the formal-referential characteristics of the subject components in deauthorization structures. The genre specificity of the studied model in the interview texts is revealed, where a new version of raylike subject model is discovered, in which two collective opinions are contrasted on the principle of «we» vs «strangers», while a number of fortifying discursive signals are used to strengthen the we-position.

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Larionova, Marina V., and Anastasia V. Demkina. "Hashtag as a Linguocognitive Unit of Spanish Political Discourse." RUDN Journal of Language Studies, Semiotics and Semantics 12, no. 3 (October 3, 2021): 774–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.22363/2313-2299-2021-12-3-774-788.

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The article presents an analysis of the discursive features of the hashtags functioning in the current Spanish political discourse which are retrieved from Spanish government, ministries and bodies web publications dedicated to combating coronavirus infection. The purpose of the research is to understand and treat hashtags as a discursive unit in terms of theoretical linguistics, discourse theory, cognitive science and pragmalinguistics. The paper reveals significant linguo-cognitive parameters of the hashtags functioning in Spanish political communication and determines the impact of their verbal and pragmatic influence as a tool for structuring the political agenda in the interests of the sender and manipulative means influencing the consciousness and behavior of the addressee. The interdisciplinary approach is applied together with a set of systemic linguistic research methods - cognitive, pragmalinguistic, comparative, semantic, contextual and discourse analysis. The article clarifies the status of hashtags as an independent category of discourse, in other words, a unit of meaningful information that seamlessly conveys the designed content in the Internet communication, which includes political discourse. In accordance with the functional criterion, the following taxonomic classification of hashtags is substantiated: hashtags-prototypes of a situation or event, hashtags-concepts, hashtags-metaphors, hashtags-imperatives and hashtags-performatives. Key cognitive-pragmatic and linguistic characteristics of hashtags include: metatext structure, semiotic polycode, hypertextuality, interactive essence, intentionality, manipulative potential, simplified syntax, frequent use of performative and imperative verbs to intensify a call to action, emotionality, empathy, use of a language game mechanism to facilitate memorization of a key message, repetitions, rhythm.

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Vihman, Marilyn May, and Lorraine McCune. "When is a word a word?" Journal of Child Language 21, no. 3 (October 1994): 517–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0305000900009442.

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ABSTRACTAlthough adult-based words co-occur in the period of transition to speech with a variety of non-word vocalizations, little attention has been given to the formidable problem of identifying these earliest words. This paper specifies explicit, maximally ‘inclusive’ identification procedures, with criteria based on both phonetic and contextual parameters. A formal system for evaluating phonetic match is suggested, as well as a set of child-derived functional categories reflecting use in context. Analysis of word use across two samples of 10 children each, followed from 0;9 to 1;4, provides evidence to suggest that context-bound words can be ‘trained’ by focusing on eliciting language, but that the timing of context-flexible word use remains independent of such training.

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Povietkina, Oleksandra. "Cognitive semantics and polysemy of the verb predicate верить (on the material of religious and common discourse contexts)." Journal of V. N. Karazin Kharkiv National University, Series "Philology", no. 92 (August 15, 2023): 111–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.26565/2227-1864-2023-92-16.

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This article is devoted to the study of the polysemy of the verb predicate верить in the cognitive-discursive methodology. The relevance of the research is due to the irrelevance of the traditional approach, the impossibility of describing the mechanisms of the development of word meanings as metaphorical, metonymic, or functional transference, as well as the need to understand and explain the contradictions in the semantics of the verbal predicate that arise in the contexts of various discourses. As a result of the analysis, a system of parameters was determined, which constitutes a single analytical apparatus of the cognitive-discursive methodology. On the basis of the analysis, we explicated cognitive features, which in our opinion, embodies the gestalt script of the religious conceptual space of Faith, determined the internal form of the concept of Faith, which acts as a cognitive script and induces all the contextual meanings of the verb predicate верить; compiled typology of the contexts of usage of the verb and differentiated several of its meanings. The subject of our attention was the meaningful difference between the contexts of religious discourse (я верю в бога) and common (я верю в тебя/ прогресс компьютерной техники). The use of terms gestalt, background-figure, focusing-defocusing made it possible to compare the semantics of the verbal predicate in the contexts of religious and common discourses, as well as to trace the distribution of attention in the semantic-syntactic organization of different contexts and the game of cognitive focus at the conceptual level (gestalt scenario). Focusing the interlocutor's attention on the meanings required in the course of religious/common communication, as well as obscuring the background meanings ensures the polysemy of the verb predicate верить.

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Bystrov, Nikita Aleksandrovich. "Verbal-representative characteristics of «Civil War» conceptual field as a linguistic analysis (textual level)." Litera, no. 8 (August 2024): 69–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.25136/2409-8698.2024.8.71463.

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Political discourse is an extremely dynamic and constantly changing phenomenon, the main purpose of which is to convince the recipient of his own rightness, as well as to create a system of emotional images in addressee’s mind that affects the interpretation of the surrounding world and, accordingly, his or her behavior. These images are hidden behind conceptual structures, which, interacting with each other within the framework of discourse, create conceptual complexes aimed at solving a common conceptual problem. This discourse’s feature actualizes the task of studying the communicative and pragmatic parameters of conceptual structures verbal representation. The purpose of this work is to analyze the verbal-representative characteristics of the “Civil War” concept verbalization at textual level in contemporary American political discourse, utilizing methods of discursive, contextual, conceptual and definitional analysis to identify the features of the context given and to analyze conceptual structures functioning within this context. The study demonstrated that concepts can find their representation in separate structural and substantive elements of a text aimed at achieving a single communicative and pragmatic task to influence the process of interpretation by the addressee of such a text. The novelty of the research is due to the involvement of conceptual analysis elements in the study of the communicative and pragmatic potential of the text and an attempt to consider the textual whole as a representative of the content area of the concept. The further development of linguopragmatic and conceptual approaches to the study of national political discourses is the theoretical significance of the study. The results of the research can also be used in the development of textbooks on text linguistics for philology students, as well as specialized language learning manuals for students of translation and political science profiles.

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Ferdiansyah, Ferdiansyah, Kusno Kusno, and Ahmad Ansyari Siregar. "Judicial Discretion in Sentencing Perpetrators of Aggravated Assault: An Analysis of Decision Number 221/Pid.B/2024/PN Rhl." Al-Ishlah: Jurnal Ilmiah Hukum 28, no. 1 (December 19, 2024): 15–28. https://doi.org/10.56087/aijih.v28i1.529.

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This research aims to analyze judicial discretion in sentencing perpetrators of aggravated assault resulting in serious bodily injury. The research method employed is normative legal research with a statute approach and a case study approach, which is analyzed qualitatively through content analysis. The results show that the defendant was charged alternatively with a primary indictment of attempted murder, a subsidiary indictment of aggravated assault resulting in serious bodily injury, and a lesser subsidiary indictment of simple assault. The charges by the Public Prosecutor were in line with the subsidiary indictment of aggravated assault resulting in serious bodily injury as supported by the Visum et Repertum. Conversely, the judge’s verdict, based on the lesser subsidiary indictment of simple assault, emphasizes judicial discretion. Judicial discretion is an effort to balance the enforcement of positive law and the achievement of substantive justice by considering the values that live in society (living law). The decision reflects the struggle between formal legality and contextual substantive justice. Therefore, more precise guidelines are needed regarding the limits and parameters of judicial discretion, especially in cases that intersect with living law. Improving the quality of the Visum et Repertum and strengthening judges’ capacity to understand living law are also important to strive for in order to achieve a responsive and just judicial system.

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Shevel, Sviatoslav. "Sentence Typology: Communicative Purpose Approach. Tradition and Novelties." Ukrainian Linguistics, no. 50 (2020): 42–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.17721/um/50(2020).42-75.

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The paper offers the analytical review of the author’s typologies of sentences based upon the purpose of their expression and presented in the East Slavic grammars from the early XIX century to the present day. The main focus falls on the systematization of the parameters of the author’s classifications, which enabled distinguishing among the main approaches to the typology of sentences based upon the communicative purposes: the content – based approach with the analysis of the sentence expression; a formal-semantic one, which is based upon the formal means of representation of the speaker’s purpose, in particular the order of words in the sentence, the form of the members of the sentence, as well as the methodological semantics of verb forms; an approach that presupposes the analysis of the intentions and ties of speakers and subjective components of speech; intonation-punctuation approach; in particular a modal approach based on the concept of “syntactic modality”; modal-intentional approach, which is dominated by the communicative intention of the speaker and discursive-pragmatic approach to the interpretation of communicative types of sentences, which takes into account the most hefty aspects of the speech acts theory. Such a classification, as well as a detailed review of the author’s typologies proved correct to divide the sentences according to expression purpose into three main types: sentence-information (informative); motivating sentences (directives); sentence-question (quisitive). Sentences of desire (optatives) are more appropriately included in the inter-category modifications of sentences-information and prompting sentences. We also proved that among all it is important to single out the content of the sentence-statement, syntactic models of representation of this content, communicative intentions and purpose of the speaker as well as the cognitive environment of sentences-statements.

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Malenkov, V. V. "Citizenship in the ideas of Tyumen students: the results of a trend study." Discourse-P 21, no. 1 (2024): 172–88. https://doi.org/10.17506/18179568_2024_21_1_172.

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The article discusses the concept of citizenship and its social representations in everyday life. In the frst part, the author outlines the discursive space, within which this concept is defned; he considers its ambiguity and multiple meanings. In the second part, he describes social representations of citizenship characterizing key parameters of the contemporary citizenship regime in the country. The students of Tyumen became an object of his empirical research. The author used a strategy of combining both qualitative and quantitative methods. Based on free associations interviews (n = 206), a conclusion was reached that the respondents share a rather vague conception of citizenship, which expresses itself in diffculties with building minimum of associative series; formal meanings always prevail. This situation becomes even more paradoxical given that more than a half of participants of the experiment have passed the Unifed State Exam in Social Studies. The quantitative approach was implemented through two questionnaire surveys conducted in November-December 2019 (n = 577) and February-March 2023 (n = 554). Along with other questions, these questionnaires included a list of associations to choose from, which were the most suitable for describing citizenship. The analysis of the frequency tables helped the author to identify the core and the periphery of these representations. According to the results, there was a signifcant actualization of some associations (corresponding to the vertical model of citizenship) and a slight deactualization of others with a liberal subtext. Using the analysis of latent classes, the author identifed and described individual clusters with a different structure of ideas concerning the phenomenon under study. The multidimensional approach revealed a slight decrease in the proportion of respondents sharing predominantly formal ideas concerning citizenship in favour of meaningful ideas (increased from 44% to 56%).

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Wołowska, Katarzyna. "Rozmowa pisana. Parametry formalne i pragmatyczne wypowiedzi na forach dyskusyjnych w Internecie." Stylistyka 31 (February 6, 2023): 27–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.25167/stylistyka31.2022.2.

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The aim of the article is to describe formal exponents of discourse on the Internet forum, which is an interactive discourse created in writing, and to define the specificity of this form of communication from a pragmatic perspective. The analysis of the examples taken from Polish discussion fora focuses on three main issues, i.e., the stylistic form of speech (i.e., the method of translating the oral style into a written form), the organisation of the discussion structure (the system of replies, the mode, the order of speaking), as well as the availability of relevant contextual data and contact with the interlocutor. As shown by the analysis, the above-mentioned parameters of a network discussion show significant differences as compared with those related to direct conversation, and this discrepancy generates equally important pragmatic consequences. This leads to the conclusion that the exchange of opinions on an online forum is not only a transfer of a typical face-to-face interaction into a virtual communication space, but also is a separate form of a polylogue combining the features of an oral conversation and a written style in terms of the possibilities offered by both modes and related restrictions.

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Poberezhnyi, D. O. "SMALL STORIES OF BREXIT IN COMMENTS TO POSTS ON THE SOCIAL NETWORK "FACEBOOK"." Opera in linguistica ukrainiana, no. 28 (September 28, 2021): 338–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.18524/2414-0627.2021.28.235563.

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Research into small stories, which is becoming increasingly popular with digital narratologists, has a significant explanatory potential for sociologists and psychologists. This study belongs to the new paradigm of narratological investigations, which is the evidence of its timeliness, enhanced by the social significance of Britain's withdrawal from the European Union. The object matter of the study are small stories of Brexit in the Ukrainian segment of the social network "Facebook", its subject matter being the ways and means of storytelling, indications of the place and time of the story and the participants in the storytelling situation. The aim of the analysis is to examine small stories about Brexit according to these parameters. The analysis proposed in this article is based on the method of A. Georgakopoulou, which consists of three distinguishable and interconnected levels of analysis: 1) ways of telling, 2) sites, 3) tellers. The research methods used here are discursive and contextual analysis. The objectives of the work are: first, to identify verbal and non-verbal means used in small stories about Brexit; second, to determine how the place and time of the story are actualized, and third, to determine what linguistic means are used to actualize tellers. The sample includes 78 small stories of Brexit, which have been obtained by continuous selection from the Ukrainian segment of the social network "Facebook" in 20162021. Small stories of Brexit in the Ukrainian segment of the social network "Facebook" are characterized by a variety of verbal and semiotic means, management of interaction during the story, intertextual links to precedent texts and situations. The most common genre of small stories of Brexit is breaking news, although this subgenre can hybridize by combining breaking news with projections. We see the prospects for further research in the study of the narrator's stance towards Brexit.

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Nikiforidou, Kiki, Sophia Marmaridou, and George K. Mikros. "What's in a dialogic construction? A constructional approach to polysemy and the grammar of challenge." Cognitive Linguistics 25, no. 4 (November 1, 2014): 655–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/cog-2014-0060.

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AbstractIn this paper we address lexical polysemy in a constructional perspective, arguing that each of the conversational meanings we identify for Modern Greek ela (2nd person singular imperative of the verb erxome ‘come’) is appropriately modeled as a conceptual gestalt of formal (including prosodic) and semantic-pragmatic properties. In turn-initial position, ela is used to challenge a preceding utterance; we show that the variations in the kind of challenge expressed are systematically tied to the word that follows ela, the speech act force and the sentence type of the preceding utterance, and finally prosodic and textual cues. To the extent that these varieties of conversational challenge are conditioned by particular contextual features, we treat them as a family of related constructions whose common features can be captured in the form of a generalized ela construction abstracted from the different sub-patterns. Our analysis thus demonstrates the appropriateness of a constructional framework for dealing with the different kinds of parameters involved in dialogic meaning and strongly suggests that at least some of the variation inherent in discourse is amenable to a grammatical description, so that sentence-level and supra-clause patterns can be analyzed in a uniform way.

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Petryanina, Olga Valeryevna, and Elena Vladimirovna Revina. "Contextual euphemisms as a linguistic means of manipulative influence in texts of characteristics (based on the material of the German language)." Philology. Issues of Theory and Practice 17, no. 6 (June 3, 2024): 1773–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.30853/phil20240254.

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The article is devoted to the study of euphemistic units, with the help of which the expression of a positive assessment in the texts of German characteristics from a previous job is achieved. The purpose of our study is to identify the euphemistic nature of individual words and phrases functioning in these texts, as well as the reasons for the appearance of a veiled nomination necessary for the formation of a hidden assessment of the utterance. The scientific novelty of the study lies in the fact that for the first time words and expressions found in characteristics are considered in terms of their use to create a euphemistic effect and improve the formal evaluative orientation of the message. This approach makes it possible to expand the understanding of euphemization as a linguistic method of manipulative influence on the recipient. As a result of the analysis, it was revealed that, first of all, contextually conditioned euphemisms are used in the analyzed documents. These language tools, nominating the professional, business and personal qualities of a subordinate, are characterized mainly by ameliorative or neutral evaluation, which contributes to improving the professional image of an employee. To derive an implicit assessment in the semantic structure of lexical units, it is necessary to involve the cognitive context behind them, taking into account all the pragmatic parameters of the communicative situation.

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Kondratenko, Polina I. "EVALUATIVE (DE)INTENSIFIERS IN THE SERVICE OF POLITE ACADEMIC EXPERT COMMUNICATION: LINGUISTIC AND CULTURAL SPECIFICS." German Philology at the St Petersburg State University 13 (2023): 63–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.21638/spbu33.2023.103.

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The article actualises the connection between the category of politeness and the category of expert evaluation seen as a special discursive evaluation variety in the scientific and expert socio-communicative practice. (De)intensifiers of evaluation — lexical and grammatical means used for strengthening or softening of categorical character of evaluative statements in the academic reviews — are considered as elements of politeness strategies, aimed at maintaining of the reviewer’s and author’s image. The necessity of polite scientific expert communication is explained by the parameters of socio-communicative situation, in which academic journal reviews are embedded, first of all, by the fact that the new scientific knowledge presented in reviews has not yet been verified and is therefore particularly vulnerable to criticism. Due to image risks, reviewers are expected to perform cooperative communicative behavior in order to mitigate the effects of criticism. The study of evaluation (de)intensifiers as politeness markers is embedded in the modern discourse-linguistic and socio-communicative research paradigm. The research relevance is also explained by the insufficient comparative study of (de)intensification in the evaluative language. The qualitative-quantitative content analysis of 50 German- and Russian-language academic reviews in linguistics allows to highlight the means of (de)intensification of expert evaluation and to present them as center-periphery models (depending on the frequency of lexical and grammatical units in the data). In addition, the inclusion of these means into certain strategies of positive and negative politeness is considered. The hypothesis of linguistic and cultural specificity in the use of contextual (de)intensifiers of evaluation is confirmed.

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Derik, Ilona, and Tetyana Druzhyna. "SCIENTIFIC TEXTS IN THE PARADIGM OF TRANSLATION STUDIES." Naukovy Visnyk of South Ukrainian National Pedagogical University named after K. D. Ushynsky: Linguistic Sciences 2020, no. 30 (March 2020): 88–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.24195/2616-5317-2020-30-6.

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The article is dedicated to the study of the specificity of translating scientific texts from English into Ukrainian. In the focus of the research there is the survey of the finding in this field. There is also provided the analysis of the strategies and tactics of translation employed in accordance with the functional-communicative approach to translation studies. The research was carried out on the basis of the scientific texts of different genres (articles, theses, reports) presented in English and their translations into Ukrainian. The objective was formulated as the analysis of the adequacy of the tactics employed to the dominant translation strategy, the search for the grounding of the accuracy of the operations at work as well as the formulation of the assessment criteria. The conclusion was drawn that the employment of such translation transformations as grammatical and functional replacement, transposition and search for translation equivalent are observed while employing the tactic of conveying relevant information. It has been proved that the strategy of communicatively relevant translation is the most appropriate for the translation of the scientific texts. It is realized by means of the following tactics: the tactic of rendering relevant information, the tactic of preserving formal and structural peculiarities, the tactic of the correct presentation of information and rendering the distinctive features of the functional style and genre. The quantitative parameters of the distribution of translation strategies, tactics and operations have revealed the typological commonness of the operations employed. There has been observed the correlation of the transformations of transcoding (transliteration and transcription), contextual replacement and the tactic of linguistic and cultural adaptation. The perspective of the study of the variability of strategies and tactics in translating scientific discourse is seen in researching the distinctive parameters of the translation strategies and tactics and in performing comparative analysis.

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Novikova, Elina. "Linguacultural Determination of German Scientific Linguistic Discourse in the Genre “Scientific Article”." Vestnik Volgogradskogo gosudarstvennogo universiteta. Serija 2. Jazykoznanije, no. 4 (August 2022): 87–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.15688/jvolsu2.2022.4.6.

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The research focuses on the relevant linguistic problem of scientific texts genre organization analysis aimed at identification of their common and distinctive features in different languages, and specifics of their linguistic means determination. The article represents the peculiarities of research paper carried out in the frameworks of German scientific discourse by a native German speaker and a non-native one. The research material is comprised of the German-language scientific articles on linguistics published in the collection of scientific works of an international conference. Three categories of scientific articles underwent the analysis: the article written by a native German speaker; the article written by a non-native German speaker; the co-authored article by native and non-native German speakers. The text array of the considered discourse has been studied in order to identify structural and verbal peculiarities of the text of scientific article, written by the representatives of different linguacultures – a native or a non-native speaker. Similarities and differences in dictum and modus components, thematic affiliation, research paradigm are established. The communicative purpose, the image of the author and the addressee, the elements of formal organization of the scientific text are determined. The most frequent verbal means, which indicate discursive parameters of a scientific article, are revealed. The analysis showed significant divergences in the use of linguistic means. The author argues that the articles of non-native German speakers demonstrate grammatical and genre interference of their native language: the author of a scientific publication in a foreign language applies linguistic means peculiar to the language system of the native language and adjusts their use to the genre conventions of the native language. It signifies linguacultural determination of scientific discourse and holds out prospects for further studies.

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Kovalenko, Natalia Yurevna. "Parameterization of communication content in business discourse (based on the material of the Russian and English languages)." Philology. Issues of Theory and Practice 17, no. 5 (May 17, 2024): 1490–502. http://dx.doi.org/10.30853/phil20240216.

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The aim of the study is to identify the possibility of parameterization of data and the means of parameterization of the multilevel system of business discourse, based on its inherent models of communication, distributive analysis, contextual translations, stereotypes and realities, units of categorical and axiological semantics, the frame structure, and discourse constraints. The article reviews the representation of parameters in terms of the content of business discourse in a comparative-contrastive aspect. The scientific novelty of the research is that for the first time, based on the material of the Russian and English languages, it presents a comprehensive structure of business discourse, describes some of its components, and practically creates an algorithm for working with text or information, which allows, according to formal criteria, provided that the parameters are met, to classify the text as business discourse. In the future, it may be possible to create special software that will be able, in addition to analytics for semantics, sentiment, and content, to process texts, including spoken texts, for compliance with a certain type of discourse. Such algorithms in the form of a set of rules, tasks, and parameters can contribute to the automation of business processes, in particular within the framework of business discourse, generate scenarios for the interaction of actors in it, and search for the most favorable course of discourse for intentional purposes. As a result of the study, a multilevel structure of business discourse was recorded, due to its frame nature; the most important parameters of the discourse space were classified. It has been established that under the influence of changing geopolitical conditions, there is a conscious emotional and evaluative rethinking of business processes and phenomena, which causes changes in the speech activity of communicators in the fields of discourse. It has been proved that discourse as a process of linguistic activity is a system and, like any system, can be modeled and parameterized.

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Shaf, Olga, Nataliia Oliinyk, Oleksandra Goniuk, Kateryna Kornilova, and Iryna Pasko. "Existential Aspect of Ageing: To the Problem of Determining Gerontological Points of Text Poetics (Based on the Ukrainian Literature of the 19th-20th Centuries)." Herança 7, no. 3 (April 11, 2024): 109–19. https://doi.org/10.52152/heranca.v7i3.813.

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The relevance of the study is conditioned by the requirement to clarify understanding of the subject of literary gerontology and specificity of artistic representation of gerontological meanings considering the growing popularity of this area in Ukraine, its focus on (re)interpretation of artistic texts of the past and present in anthropological modus. To reveal the central role of the existential aspect of ageing in the content structure of literary gerontology and the specifics of artistic implementation of existential aspect, in particular, its determinism by (non)literary parameters of the author's conscience. While exploring the existential aspect of aging in Ukrainian literature, it was utilized a blend of interdisciplinary techniques (such as myth criticism, psychoanalysis, and gender analysis) and traditional literary methods (like structural-typological, comparative, and semiotic analyses). Results show that literary gerontology in Ukrainian literature from the 19th-20th century transition primarily depicted aging through external narratives, with a significant emphasis on female experiences and altered maternal archetypes. The study defines the role of the existential aspect of ageing as the main determinant of gerontological orientation of the artistic text. The findings not only expand the theoretical basis of literary gerontology, reveal mechanisms of formal and textual structurization, and its contextual interaction with society, culture, and time, but also cover the social and anthropological, individual, and psychological ageing aspects that can be used to improve the social and psychological support of older people.

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Edler, Stefanie, and Georg Oberdorfer. "Konjunktiv II-Variation im urbanen Sprachgebrauch in Österreich." Linguistik Online 114, no. 2 (March 6, 2022): 67–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.13092/lo.114.8371.

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The city as a social structure has a distinct relationship with its inhabitants. It creates a socio-pragmatic environment that produces communicative characteristics in the form of usage patterns that go hand in hand with conventionalised practices (cf. Gal 1987) and are dependent on everyday-life contextual aspects. Accordingly, research of urban varieties is ideally based on language data that is as authentic as possible and includes socio-demographic and diatopic aspects. Following this idea, the study presented examines the subjunctive II in urban Austria by analysing free conversations in formal and informal contexts (interviews and conversations among friends), and correlating the results with spatial and social parameters. The data used was collected in Vienna and Graz, the two largest cities in Austria, as well as in their respective surrounding areas and was grouped by gender, age and place of residence. The subjunctive II is realised in synthetic as well as periphrastic forms (cf. Merkle 1993: 69–73.; Donhauser 1992; Glauninger 2008). In rural Austria speakers use the entire range of variants (cf. Ziegler/Glantschnig 2013; Breuer/Wittibschlager 2020), while urban speakers exhibit a much narrower range, as we show in our analysis. Striking features in the use of variants can be seen above all in the form of contrasting modes of construction, i. e. synthetic vs. periphrastic realisation. The study reveals that there are hardly any differences between the two urban centres and only minor differences between a city and its surrounding area. However, the inclusion of social parameters provides a more differentiated picture: Here, higher relative frequencies of synthetic forms are found among male and older speakers compared to female and younger speakers. Thus, a preference for more conservative forms among the former contrasts with a preference for more modern (analytical) variants among the latter.

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Zakharova, O. V. "Context WEB-services matching as a means of search query. Ontological approaches." PROBLEMS IN PROGRAMMING, no. 2-3 (September 2020): 039–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.15407/pp2020.02-03.039.

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Matching is integral part of all web services tasks. The effective implementation of the process of matching services with a search query, or with each other, ensures successful resolving of the problems of service discovery, building the best coverage of the search query and a complex composite service that implements the business task. All web services have own characteristics, solve different problems, use different methods, but they all also have a certain set of characteristics: functional and process models, formal description language, communication protocol, a common set of element types, such as identifiers, service messages, parameters and etc. This allows to classify services in a certain way, the analysis of these characteristics permits to define the elements and aspects of the comparison process. Today there is a huge number of services, and their number is constantly growing, and the process of services discovery is very complex and multifaceted. It should take into account the structural, syntactic, but, first of all, the semantic suitability of services, to ensure their comparative analysis according to the maximum possible number of characteristics that are significant for matching. It should be step-by-step process and it has be designed in such a way that each step reduces the set of candidates, leaving services with a greater degree of compliance. This requires algorithms that return quantitative estimates for each step, each type of matching, and algorithms that effectively generalize these estimates to define the final values of the proximity of services and the request. These researches are devoted to problems of using the descriptive logics formalisms for web services matching by their contexts, which, as a rule, contain information about the services purposes, the area of use, business functions, etc. That is, it is information representing the semantics of the service, but in text form, that is not convenient for automated processing. There are many studies that try to solve this problem by applying standard text analysis methods to contextual service descriptions. This study proposes an ontological approach to matching web services by context. It is determined the extension of the previously proposed the top-level service DL ontology. It also involves the use of a special ontology of the general textual service description, a fragment of the taxonomy of which is presented in the paper. This ontology should cover all important semantic aspects of contextual descriptions. It have not only promote to determining the matching a service and a request, but it also have to allow semantically categorizing the available services: by subject area, implemented functions, etc.

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Page, Jude, Timothy Broady, Sujith Kumar, and Evelyne de Leeuw. "Exploratory Visuals and Text in Qualitative Research Interviews: How Do We Respond?" International Journal of Qualitative Methods 21 (January 2022): 160940692211103. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/16094069221110302.

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Visual stimuli are increasingly used in formal communications and as a qualitative research method, reported to generate a ‘different’ and ‘richer’ response than text or language alone. However, the parameters by which this occurs are underexplored. In our research we use images and text as interview stimuli in a project exploring personal wellbeing to compare differences in communication process and outcomes. A visual tool expressing concepts of human needs and aspirations and comparable text was presented on cards. Forty-five people participated in a sorting process and interview. Participants were presented with the text cards or images first in blocked order and asked to select cards relating to their wellbeing. The process was repeated with the alternate mode. A subsection of six participants were presented with text-image combination cards. Thematic analysis was used to find common themes in participant responses and their experiences of the two modalities. Image and text cards both facilitated communication and rapport but elicited different types of responses. Images more commonly provoked emotive responses, tacit knowledge and greater personal involvement leading to cognitive elaboration and richer narrative. We found that participants more easily selected visual themes and considered images more engaging and open to interpretation than text, which were considered fixed in meaning. When visuals were presented with text, the text dominated the meaning. This paper presents a novel form of researcher generated visual elicitation stimuli, to be called ‘exploratory visuals’; depicting abstract concepts and narrative scenes to aid communication and understanding of complex information. It proposes an analytical framework combining social semiotic, contextual and cognitive perspectives to understand perceptual differences between words and images and the range of responses elicited.

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Gong, Lulu, Fabio Pasqualetti, Thomas Papouin, and ShiNung Ching. "Astrocytes as a mechanism for contextually-guided network dynamics and function." PLOS Computational Biology 20, no. 5 (May 31, 2024): e1012186. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pcbi.1012186.

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Astrocytes are a ubiquitous and enigmatic type of non-neuronal cell and are found in the brain of all vertebrates. While traditionally viewed as being supportive of neurons, it is increasingly recognized that astrocytes play a more direct and active role in brain function and neural computation. On account of their sensitivity to a host of physiological covariates and ability to modulate neuronal activity and connectivity on slower time scales, astrocytes may be particularly well poised to modulate the dynamics of neural circuits in functionally salient ways. In the current paper, we seek to capture these features via actionable abstractions within computational models of neuron-astrocyte interaction. Specifically, we engage how nested feedback loops of neuron-astrocyte interaction, acting over separated time-scales, may endow astrocytes with the capability to enable learning in context-dependent settings, where fluctuations in task parameters may occur much more slowly than within-task requirements. We pose a general model of neuron-synapse-astrocyte interaction and use formal analysis to characterize how astrocytic modulation may constitute a form of meta-plasticity, altering the ways in which synapses and neurons adapt as a function of time. We then embed this model in a bandit-based reinforcement learning task environment, and show how the presence of time-scale separated astrocytic modulation enables learning over multiple fluctuating contexts. Indeed, these networks learn far more reliably compared to dynamically homogeneous networks and conventional non-network-based bandit algorithms. Our results fuel the notion that neuron-astrocyte interactions in the brain benefit learning over different time-scales and the conveyance of task-relevant contextual information onto circuit dynamics.

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КАЛАБЕКОВА, Л. Т. "ASPECTUAL AND VOICE PARAMETERS OF VERBAL VOCABULARY IN THE LANGUAGES OF DIFFERENT STRUCTURAL IDENTITY (ON THE MATERIALS OF THE FRENCH AND OSSETIAN LANGUAGES)." Известия СОИГСИ, no. 50(89) (December 20, 2023): 47–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.46698/vnc.2023.89.50.002.

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Взаимодействие грамматических категорий предполагает их гармоничное функционирование. В большинстве случаев оно приводит к видоизменению обеих грамматических структур и довольно редко лишь к трансформации одной из них. В рамках настоящей статьи делается попытка рассмотреть аспектуальные и залоговые взаимосвязи в языках разной структурной модели. Представляется, что именно типологический подход к анализу языковых явлений помогает высветить всевозможные коллизии, которые скрыты от исследователя при изолированном изучении отдельно взятой лингвокультуры. Грамматическая категория залога устанавливает самые тесные взаимоотношения со многими межуровневыми языковыми классами. Однако наиболее сложные и многогранные функциональные сближения прослеживаются между залоговыми и аспектуальными значениями. В качестве одного из лексико-морфологических средств, создающих формальные предпосылки для функционального сближения аспекта и залога в системе французского языка, становятся аффиксальные образования, когда противопоставление простой глагольной лексемы и ее морфологически маркированного коррелята способно передавать обе упомянутые грамматические категории одновременно. В осетинской языковой культуре нет единой морфологической системы залоговых коррелятов. Залоговая отнесенность может проявляться уже при обследовании изолированной глагольной лексики и передаваться по-разному: чередованием гласныхморфем в пределах предиката, разными корневыми основами, появлением согласной в непереходной глагольной лексеме. Однако, когда речь заходит о взаимосвязях аспектуальных и залоговых характеристик, то эти последние проявляются на уровне конкретных дискурсивных ситуаций в границах прошедшего времени. Interaction of grammatical categories implies their harmonious functioning. In most cases, it results in the modification of both grammatical structures and rarely only in the transformation of one of them. This article is devoted to examining the interaction of aspect and voice in the languages of different structural models. The typological approach to the analysis of linguistic phenomena appears to help highlight all the possible conflicts that are hidden from the researcher in the isolated study of a single linguoculture. The grammatical category of voice is closely related to many inter-level language classes. However, the most complex and multifaceted functional convergences can be traced between voice and aspect values. Affixed formations become one of the lexicomorphological tools that create the formal prerequisites for the functional convergence of the aspect and the voice in the French language system, when the opposition between a simple verb lexeme and its morphologically marked correlate is able to convey both mentioned grammatical categories simultaneously. In Ossetian language culture there is no unified morphological system of voice correlates. A voice reference may already manifest itself when examining an isolated verbal vocabulary and be transmitted in a variety of ways: alternating vowels with morphs within the predicate, different root bases, and the emergence of a consonant with an intransitive verb lexeme. However, when it comes to the interrelationship between the aspectual and voice characteristics, these latter are manifested at the level of specific discursive situations within the limits of the past tense.

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Alkaraan, Fadi. "Strategic investment decision-making practices in large manufacturing companies." Meditari Accountancy Research 28, no. 4 (March 23, 2020): 633–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/medar-05-2019-0484.

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Purpose This paper aims to examine the adoption of conventional and emergent analysis techniques in Strategic Investment Decision-Making (SIDM) practices in large UK manufacturing companies. It aims to update the current knowledge on SIDM practices in large manufacturing companies. The research question underlying this study: Are recently developed analysis techniques (i.e. those that aim to integrate strategic and financial analyses) being used to evaluate strategic investment projects? Design/methodology/approach The research evidence underpinning this study was made up of primary and secondary data, quantitative and qualitative. Firstly, a survey consisting of a mailed formal standard questionnaire was conducted where each respondent is required to answer the same questions based on the same system of coded responses. Secondly, qualitative data was collected using the annual reports of selected companies. Disclosures were used as supplementary source of information using the explanatory notes and parenthetical disclosures accompanying companies’ financial reporting. Sources for these disclosures included management discussions, analyses of company strategy and risk and forward-looking reports regarding future performance and growth opportunities (such as mergers and acquisitions activities). Accordingly, companies’ disclosures were used in this study as an alternative method to semi-structured interviews to collect qualitative data. More recently, companies such as Rio Tinto have prepared strategic annual reports for 2017 against the UK Corporate Governance Code (version 2016). Findings The choice and use of financial analysis techniques and risk analysis techniques depend on the type of project being evaluated. Decision makers in large UK companies do not appear to use emergent analysis techniques widely. Pre-decision control mechanisms have significant influence on SIDM practices. This includes the changes of internal and external contextual factors, including organisational culture, organisational strategies, financial consideration, comprising formal approval governance mechanisms, regulatory and other compliance policies interact with companies’ internal control systems. Companies incorporate non-financial factors alongside quantitative analysis of strategic investments opportunities. Energy efficiency and carbon reduction are key imperatives of companies’ environmental management. These factors viewed by decision makers as significant factors relevant for compliance with legislation as well as maintaining companies’ legitimacy issues, sustainable business, experience with new technology and improved company image. Research limitations/implications High risk, ambiguity and complexity are key characteristics embedded in SIDM processes. Macroeconomic issues remain crucial factors in scanning and screening investment opportunities, as reported by this study. The early stage of SIDM processes requires modelling under macroeconomic scenarios and assumptions of both internal and external parameters. Key assumptions include: projections of economic growth; commodity prices and exchange rates, introduction of technological and productivity advancements; cost and supply parameters for major inputs. SIDM practices rooted on comprehensive knowledge and experience of the industry and markets to draw subjective judgements about the riskiness of prospective projects, but these are rarely formalized into their SIDM processes. Findings of this study, however, remain within the context of UK companies. This study has its own limitations due to its time, location, respondents and sample selection, the size and the sector of the selected companies and questions addressed. Findings of this study raise a call for future research to examine SIDM processes in different settings to explore the relative impact of various organisational control mechanisms on SIDM practices. Also, to examine the influence of contextual factors (such as national culture, political, legal and social factors) on organisational control mechanisms. SIDM practices and processes have received significant attention from researchers, yet there is a lack of evidence in the literature about how companies approach strategic decision-making regarding divestments of some of their strategic investments. This type of strategic decision-making is not less important than other types of SIDM practices. Practical implications SIDM practices reflect the art and science of steering and controlling organisational resources to achieve a desired strategy. To understand the factors that shape SIDM practices and align them to organisational strategy, more attention is required to the choice and design of pre-decision controls and to the important role of strategic management accounting tools over the more traditional financial analysis techniques that have formed the focus of much prior empirical research. Social implications Key environmental issues viewed by decision makers as significant factors relevant for compliance with legislation as well as maintaining companies’ legitimacy issues and company image. Originality/value Despite their perceived importance in this study, quantitative accounting controls may fail to connect with the kind of investment decision-making required to bring strategic success. Indeed, it has been widely noted that financial evaluation techniques are inadequate for assessing strategic investment proposals; they can only function as a guideline, as SIDM practices involve so many uncertainties, risks and judgements. A key insight from this study is that the achievement of integration between the firm’s strategic investment projects and the overall organizational strategy forms a critical pre-decision control on managerial behaviour at an early stage in SIDM practices. As many strategic investment decisions are one-off, non-repeatable decisions, the information needed to support their evaluation is likely to be similarly unique. Sound SIDM practices require the support of a large amount of varied information, a significant proportion of which is collected and analysed prior to potential capital investment projects being considered, such as information related to strategic goal setting, risk-adjusted hurdle rates and the design of appropriate organisational decision hierarchies.

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Bozhenkova, Natalia A., Aleksandra A. Negushina, and Raisa K. Bozhenkova. "Verbal explication of axiological constants of feminist discourse in the Russian languagein the context of cyberactivism." Russian Language Studies 20, no. 4 (December 15, 2022): 414–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.22363/2618-8163-2022-20-4-414-433.

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The authors focus on the interconnection between the basic constituents of two phenomena relevant to modern Russian studies - the phenomenon of cyberactivism and the linguistic personality of a feminist activist. The relevance is determined by the object of the study, which is a special form of social and linguo-cultural interactions - the discursive practices of feminist cyberactivism. Being transmitted in the network environment for promoting socio-political activities, feminist cyberactivism represents a substantial part of content nowadays and appears to be one ofthe most important factors in the formation of axiological determinants in the Russian society.The aim of the study is to identify and systematically characterize the specific linguistic features of actual feminist and pro-feminist blogs, demonstrating both the ideological views of the feminismand the peculiar linguistic representation of feminism as a thematic field in the aspect of idioethnic features of the linguistic personality of a feminist activist. Particular attention is paid to the methods of verbal definition of the problematic field of feminist cyberactivism (primarily, the definition of gender inequality index in Russia) as well as to the identification of basic semasiological mechanisms for “modifying” the pragmatic parameters of the Russian-speaking feminist blogosphere. The material was collected from online blogs of feminist activists, text units from thematic feminist communities in social networks, as well as text materials of public organizations whose activities are closely related to feminist ideology. The critical discourse analysis, functional analysis of media texts (blogs), complex structural and contextual analysis of the language system of the Russian blogo-sphere, stylistic analysis of visual resources of the Russian language, linguo-pragmatic analysis of communicative acts, and the method of linguo-culturological interpretations were applied. The authors discovered that blog activism has several characteristic features that are reflected in its verbal and communicative content. The main purpose of most blogs (especially those belonging to personal pro-feminist blogs) is an act of self-presentation. This is the reason why this type of activism often hasan individual, rather than a collective nature, and the authors, as a rule, do not indicate their civil or political goals, which brings this framework of feminist discourse closer to non-political social practices. It is concluded that bloggers rarely use conventional language forms traditionally inherent to ideologized practices. This in turn leads to the evolvement of new communication strategies and, given the expansion pace of modern blogosphere, may have a major social effect in the future. The authors prove that by cultivating “at a certain angle,” the sense-forming component of feminist discourse, which is a critical reflection of female subjectiveness, feminist cyberactivism demonstrates a high degree of civil society involvement in certain political processes since it essentially aims at fulfilling the socio-ethological function (organization of hyperdiscourse through optimizing the reci-pient’s behavior and forming a need to share an actualized standpoint). Further consideration of fe-minist cyberactivism, which is both the primary method for the expansion of feminist community in Russia and its constitutive feature, can answer many questions on the linguo-cultural and, more broadly, civilizational structure of Russian society.

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Кондратенко, Полина Игоревна. "ON STRATEGIES OF IMPLICIT EXPERT EVALUATION IN GERMAN LINGUISTIC REVIEWS." Tomsk state pedagogical university bulletin, no. 6(218) (November 19, 2021): 49–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.23951/1609-624x-2021-6-49-59.

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Введение. Представлены способы имплицитной реализации экспертной оценки в текстах научных лингвистических рецензий на немецком языке с позиций социолингвистического и функционально-прагматического подходов к профессиональной научной коммуникации. Цель – выявить типичные стратегии скрытой экспертной оценки на материале 25 рецензий, опубликованных в период с 2016 по 2017 г. в профильных академических журналах: «Zeitschrift für Angewandte Linguistik», «Zeitschrift für Sprachwissenschaft» и «Zeitschrift für Rezensionen». Экспертная оценка трактуется как особая дискурсивно-коммуникативная разновидность, обнаруживающая вариативность по сравнению с универсальной логической структурой «субъект – объект – основание (оценки)». Предлагается дополнить данную схему важным с функционально-коммуникативной точки зрения компонентом – адресатом оценки. Все составляющие логической структуры оценки предстают в экспертно-научном дискурсе в модифицированном виде. Субъектом и адресатом оценки здесь выступают участники научной коммуникации, заинтересованные в результатах рецензирования. Объектом оценки становятся формальные и содержательные характеристики рецензируемых работ, а также косвенно рецензируемые авторы. В основании экспертной оценки лежат критерии научной рациональности, принятые в конкретном научном сообществе. Материал и методы. Качественный (контекстно-семантический, функционально-прагматический) и количественный анализ немецких лингвистических рецензий позволил выявить в них типичные стратегии имплицитной реализации экспертной оценки. Результаты и обсуждение. Итоги анализа подтверждают исходную рабочую гипотезу о возможности имплицитного выражения экспертных оценок как негативной, так и позитивной полярности. Выделяются коммуникативные стратегии оценивания, ранее не нашедшие описания в лингвистике, такие как имплицитное оценивание научных результатов через выражение несогласия с позицией автора посредством рекомендации, адресованной реципиенту рецензии, а также при помощи прямого или косвенного вопроса. Количественные подсчеты дают представление о частотности имплицитных оценок различной полярности в анализируемых текстах. Заключение. В итоге можно сделать вывод о преобладании эксплицитных оценок в текстах рассмотренных рецензий, а также о предпочтении имплицитного способа для реализации отрицательных оценок в контекстах рецензирования научной работы. Introduction. The article focuses on the ways scientists express expert evaluation in German academic linguistic reviews. It contributes to the socio-communicative research on evaluation in academic communicative settings. Aim. The aim of the article is to reveal the most frequent strategies of implicit expert evaluation in German linguistic reviews. Material and methods. The materials of the study are 25 reviews published in 2016–2017 in field-specific academic journals: “Zeitschrift für Angewandte Linguistik”, “Zeitschrift für Sprachwissenschaft” and “Zeitschrift für Rezensionen”. Qualitative (contextual semantic, functional pragmatic) and quantitative analysis of the German linguistic reviews provides a set of strategies used to covertly evaluate the papers reviewed. Results and discussion. We consider the expert evaluation as a specific communicative / discursive sub-type of linguistic evaluation marked by modifications of the general logical structure in terms of “subject – object – predicate of evaluation”. Adding the recipient of evaluation we obtain following structure: the subject and the recipient of expert evaluation are scientific discourse actors, the object is represented by formal and content-related aspects of the books reviewed and the predicate of expert evaluation are criteria of scientificity, norms, values and standards of communication shared by all members of the current scientific community. Our data analysis results support our hypothesis and demonstrate that it is possible to make an implicit evaluation of different polarity following the various implication strategies. Beside of well-known strategies used to express evaluation covertly in academic book reviews the article describes also new strategies, not yet mentioned in similar and related works: implicit evaluation through disagreement with the author’s viewpoint, implicit evaluation through recommendation to the review’s recipient and implicit evaluation through (in)direct question. Quantitative measures illustrate different frequencies of negative and positive implicit evaluation and lead to conclusion the explicit evaluation prevail among all types of evaluation whereas the negative implicit evaluation prevail among all tokens of implicit evaluation in our data.

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Kharitonov, Valery, Darya Krivogina, and Varvara Spirina. "NONGENTROPIC APPROACH TO ESTIMATING THE LEVEL OF INTELLIGENCE OF CONTROL SYSTEMS IN DECISION-MAKING TASKS." Applied Mathematics and Control Sciences, no. 1 (April 14, 2021): 59–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.15593/2499-9873/2021.1.04.

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A new multi-model approach to assessing the influence of the level of intellectualization of target selection procedures on a set of alternatives implemented through the use of information management systems is proposed. The methodological basis of decision-making procedures in these systems is human intuition, which divided into two types: Inside and Intueri. The first type related to the innate natural ability of people to make choices, based on their acquired life experience and is the most common. The second type constructed in the information environment as a composition/superposition of Inside options in order to increase the level of intellectualization of target choosing procedures. It is suggested that in developing rules of output stages of decision making they should be evaluated negentropically, the unit of measurement that should be "bit". After generalizing all the output procedures, this will allow a comparative analysis of the levels of intellectualization of ranking procedures, which are a preliminary stage in the implementation of the choosing process. Multivariance of solutions to the set tasks requires solving the problem of listing effective choices, their formalizing, modeling, and developing effectiveness criteria. To solve these problems, proposed a new multi-model approach. These approaches include linguistic contextual representations of ranking procedures based on the set of meanings (semantics) and "triangles" by N. Chomsky; formal systems for listing effective ranking procedures based on generating context-free grammar in the form of metalinguistic formulas and variables; mathematical algorithms for evaluating the levels of intellectualization of choice procedures using the negentropic principle. Solution of both simple and complex tasks selection is represented as a formal output system. The focus is on three classes of intelligent selection procedures: intuition-based selection of the Inside type; procedures for building artificial intelligence with the connection of intuition like Intueri; intelligent procedures for choosing alternatives using artificial intelligence. The classes of these intellectual procedures are presented as the resultant conclusions of the same "theorem", but differ in the efficiency of performing ranking / selection tasks and the level of their intellectualization. The solution of a simple choice problem characterized by low speed, low level of non-manipulability and documentability. Low effectiveness of ranking procedures leads to the need to introduce a large number of restrictions on the complexity parameters of the choice problems to solve. A high level of intellectualization of this procedure can be reveal in a variety of classes of problems to solved, which is due to the erudition of the subject of control. Realization of the second class of intelligent procedures can become the basis for the development of various options for using artificial intelligence. When once obtained algorithmic constructions can be available for repeated use by organizing standard access to these models. There will be an effect of "amortization" as an expenditure of intellectual resource when delegating authority for a new or repeated assignment. Intelligent alternative selection procedures using artificial intelligence are decision-making algorithms designed for multiple use, within its "authority" as a limited subject area.

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Miswa L, Rifqa Imelda. "REPRESENTASI FEMINISME DALAM FILM ‘GANGUBAI KATHIAWADI’." JURNAL AL-IJTIMAIYYAH 9, no. 1 (June 30, 2023): 161. http://dx.doi.org/10.22373/al-ijtimaiyyah.v9i1.18077.

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Abstract: The social phenomenon that places women in a lower position than men in power relations is an important issue that is often discussed in the context of the struggle for gender equality. However, women's struggle against attachment to power relations is also a relative and contextual social phenomenon. In the Indian context, women in countries that still maintain patriarchal structures often face difficulties and difficult experiences. Patriarchy refers to a social system that gives greater power and control to men in various aspects of life, including in political, economic, cultural and social matters. Women struggle not to be looked down upon or looked down upon, regardless of their position, profession or social status. Those who feel shackled by patriarchal culture and masculine domination are referred to as the feminist movement. Film ‘Gangubai Kathiawadi’ and the characters used as data sources in this study are material objects, while the formal subject of the research is a critical discourse about the characters behind the portrayal of feminism in films. The purpose of this research is to find out the depiction of feminism in the film ‘Gangubai Kathiawadi’. The researcher uses Roland Barthes' theory to describe the combination of characters and the rules behind them to create meaning from the text. Roland Barthes's levels of meaning are denotation, meaning and myth. In addition, theories and parameters to see the understanding of gender in film, gender analysis and social construction theory by Peter L. Berger & Thomas Luckman. The results of the analysis in this study found that there is a sign of the construction of women in scene film ‘Gangubai Kathiawadi’. This is the impact of patriarchal culture and structural poverty that occurs in India. Based on the meaning through Barthes' three sign systems; denotation, connotation, and myth found the existence of symbols and signs of representation of liberal feminism in the film ‘Gangubai Kathiawadi’.Keywords: Representation; Feminism; Film; Semiotics.Abstrak: Fenomena sosial yang menempatkan perempuan pada posisi yang lebih rendah dari laki-laki dalam hubungan kekuasaan adalah isu penting yang sering dibahas dalam konteks perjuangan kesetaraan gender. Tetapi, perjuangan perempuan untuk melawan keterikatan pada hubungan kekuasaan tersebut juga merupakan fenomena sosial yang relatif dan kontekstual. Pada konteks India, perempuan di negara-negara yang masih mempertahankan struktur patriarki sering menghadapi kesulitan dan pengalaman yang sulit. Patriarki merujuk pada sistem sosial yang memberikan kekuasaan dan kontrol yang lebih besar kepada laki-laki dalam berbagai aspek kehidupan, termasuk dalam hal politik, ekonomi, budaya, dan sosial. Perempuan berjuang untuk tidak dipandang sebelah mata apalagi rendah terlepas dari apapun posisi, profesi, maupun status sosial mereka. Mereka yang merasa terbelenggu oleh budaya patriarki dan dominasi maskulin ini disebut sebagai gerakan feminis. Film ‘Gangubai Kathiawadi’ dan karakter yang dijadikan sumber data dalam penelitian ini adalah objek material, sedangkan subjek formal penelitian adalah wacana kritis tentang karakter di balik penggambaran feminisme dalam film. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui penggambaran feminisme dalam film ‘Gangubai Kathiawadi’. Peneliti menggunakan teori Roland Barthes untuk menguraikan kombinasi karakter dan aturan dibaliknya untuk menciptakan makna dari teks. Tingkatan makna Roland Barthes adalah denotasi, makna dan mitos. Selain itu, teori dan parameter untuk melihat pemahaman gender dalam film, analisis gender dan teori konstruksi sosial oleh Peter L. Berger & Thomas Luckman. Hasil analisis dalam penelitian ini ditemukan bahwa adanya tanda konstruksi perempuan dalam scene film ‘Gangubai Kathiawadi’. Hal ini merupakan dampak dari budaya patriarki dan kemiskinan struktural yang terjadi di India. Berdasarkan pemaknaan melalui tiga sistem tanda Barthes; denotasi, konotasi, dan mitos ditemukan adanya simbol dan tanda representasi feminisme liberal dalam film ‘Gangubai Kathiawadi’.Kata Kunci: Representasi; Feminisme; Film; Semiotika.

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Bras, Myriam, Anne Le Draoulec, and Nicolas Asher. "A Formal Analysis of the French Temporal Connective alors." Oslo Studies in Language 1, no. 1 (January 2, 2009). http://dx.doi.org/10.5617/osla.10.

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This paper presents an analysis of the French adverbial alors (then, at that time, so). Among the linguistic markers that establish a temporal relation between the eventualities introduced by two clauses, we define as \textit{temporal connectives} those that introduce at the same time some sort of discourse relation. We argue that alors can be such a connective. Within the framework of Segmented Discourse Representation Theory, our investigation concerning the discourse information conveyed by sentence initial alors reveals at least three sorts of relations close to the Result relation of SDRT. Alors alone conveys a weak causal relation, which we formalize using Lewis’ counterfactual, and encode in the discourse relation Weak-Result. We distinguish it from Strong-Result, which is inferred when lexical or other contextual information suggests a causal, discursive link. We also show that alors can, when Weak-Result is blocked, suggest an inferential relation, which we express using the weak conditional already present in SDRT.

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Burmakina, Natalia G., Iuliia I. Detinko, Irina G. Nagibina, and Iana V. Popova. "Communicative Restrictions in Chinese Academic Discourse." Journal of Siberian Federal University. Humanities & Social Sciences, March 2020, 304–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.17516/1997-1370-0558.

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The article is devoted to the study of communicative restrictions (taboo) in the academic space of the People’s Republic of China. Taboo in Chinese linguistic culture is based on the dominant principle of Chinese ideology – the principle of “saving of face” (face-saving), which allows people to effectively build harmonious relations in the academic community. The aim of the study is to identify the specifics of communicative restrictions in formal and informal academic communication within the framework of asymmetric, unequal, relations (“teacher – student”, “research supervisor – student”) and symmetrical, equal, relations (“teacher – teacher”, “student – student”). With the help of ethnographic, descriptive, and contextual analysis methods, the authors identify and present seven most relevant topics of taboo functioning in the process of formal and informal academic interaction. The results of the study can be used in theoretical and practical courses on communicative linguistics, discursive linguistics and discourse analysis, pragmalinguistics and intercultural communication. In addition, the work may be useful in developing cross-cultural trainings in the framework of interaction with China on academic mobility programs

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Mukhina, Irina, and Nikolay Mukhin. "Cognitive Mechanisms for Creating a Genre form of Limerick As the Nonsense Literature." KnE Social Sciences, January 30, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.18502/kss.v4i2.6361.

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The article proves that a limerick is a genre form of nonsense literature. It also summarizes the cognitive strategies used in the translation of Edward Lear’s limericks into Russian. These strategies are used to convey the original structure and specificity of the semantic meaning of the limerick and include discursive construction — the direct process of constructing a discourse of nonsense from special language resources, the construction of the world itself, the representation of new reality with the help of this discourse; interpretation — adjustment to the current situation, when the original text is corrected based on the language parameters and specifics of native speakers world view; transfer of knowledge based on metaphor — the transition from directly given knowledge to indirectly given knowledge. The primary cognitive mechanism underlying the limerick as a genre form is the discursive construction of a specific nonsense world. According to the analysis, most of the surveyed students prefer the translations of E. Lear’s limericks, which are very close or entirely correspond to the characteristics of the original text from the formal point of view. Keywords: Limerick, cognitive theory of translation, interpretation, knowledge transfer, conceptual integration

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Wahnschafft, Simone, Achim Spiller, and Beatriz Andrea Graciano. "How can advocates leverage power to advance comprehensive regulation on ultra-processed foods? learning from advocate experience in Argentina." Globalization and Health 20, no. 1 (September 9, 2024). http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s12992-024-01069-1.

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Abstract Background The use of corporate power to undermine public health policy processes is increasingly well understood; however, relatively little scholarship examines how advocates can leverage power to promote the successful adoption of public health policies. The objective of this paper is to explore how advocates leveraged three forms of power – structural, instrumental and discursive – to promote the passage of the Promotion of Healthy Eating Law (Ley 27,642) in Argentina, one of the most comprehensive policies to introduce mandatory front-of-package (FOP) warning labels and regulate the marketing and sales of ultra-processed foods (UPFs) adopted to date. Methods We conducted seventeen semi-structured interviews with advocates from different sectors, including civil society, international agencies, and government. Both data collection and analysis were guided by Milsom’s conceptual framework for analyzing power in public health policymaking, and the data was analyzed using hybrid deductive and inductive thematic analysis. Results Advocates harnessed structural power through the leveraging of revolving doors, informal alliances, and formal coalitions, enabling them to convene discussion spaces with decision-makers, make strategic use of limited resources, and cultivate the diverse expertise (e.g., research, nutrition science, advocacy, law, political science, activism and communications) needed to support the law through different phases of the policy process. Advocates wielded instrumental power by amassing an armada of localized evidence to promote robust policy design, building technical literacy amongst themselves and decision-makers, and exposing conflicts of interest to harness public pressure. Advocates exercised discursive power by adopting a rights-based discourse, including of children and adolescents and of consumers to transparent information, which enabled advocates to foster a favorable perception of the law amongst both decision-makers and the public. Key contextual enablers include a political window of opportunity, the COVID-19 pandemic, and the ability to learn from the regional precedent of similar policies. Conclusions Public health policymaking, particularly when encroaching upon corporate interests, is characterized by stark imbalances of power that hinder policy decisions. The strategies identified in the case of Argentina provide important insights as to how advocates might harness and exercise structural, instrumental, and discursive power to counter corporate influence and promote the successful adoption of comprehensive UPF regulation.

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Karsznia, Izabela. "An Attempt of Formalizing the Selection Parameters for Settlements Generalization in Small-Scales." Geoinformatica Polonica 13, no. 1 (January 1, 2014). http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/gein-2014-0004.

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AbstractThe paper covers one of the most important problems concerning context-sensitive settlement selection for the purpose of the small-scale maps. So far, no formal parameters for small-scale settlements generalization have been specified, hence the problem seems to be an important and innovative challenge. It is also crucial from the practical point of view as it is necessary to develop appropriate generalization algorithms for the purpose of the General Geographic Objects Database generalization which is the essential Spatial Data Infrastructure component in Poland.The author proposes and verifies quantitative generalization parameters for the purpose of the settlement selection process in small-scale maps. The selection of settlements was carried out in two research areas - in Lower Silesia and Łódź Province. Based on the conducted analysis appropriate contextual-sensitive settlements selection parameters have been defined. Particular effort has been made to develop a methodology of quantitative settlements selection which would be useful in the automation processes and that would make it possible to keep specifics of generalized objects unchanged.

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Schleh, Lysander. "Politeness, performance, and pointing: gesture in Chinese reality television." Text & Talk, September 6, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/text-2021-0031.

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Abstract This study examines the use of gesture by participants of the reality television show Sisters Who Make Waves. Based on 23.5 h of footage involving 30 participants, the analysis focuses on gestural communication by the female participants, who must straddle a formal/informal communicative environment dictated by the medium of reality television. More specifically, I examine two features of pointing gestures by the participants: social parameters and context constraints. The main interest is how a combination of general cultural norms as well as considerations of the interlocutor’s social status contribute to gesture use. Context constraints and pragmatic concerns are also analyzed regarding the choice of manual or non-manual pointing gestures. These factors are seen to play a strong role in gesture choice. The findings show that the participants are sensitive to these social and contextual variables, especially regarding concepts like saving face, politeness, and friendly intimacy.

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ÖZKAN RIGIDERAKHSHAN, Hülya. "TÜRKİYE’DE İSLAMİ GRUPLARIN İRAN İSLAM DEVRİMİ’NE YAKLAŞIMI VE DEVRİM İHRACI MESELESİ: DERGİLER ÜZERİNE BİR İNCELEME." Uluslararası Kültürel ve Sosyal Araştırmalar Dergisi (UKSAD), June 14, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.46442/intjcss.1082907.

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This study seeks to address how the 1979 Islamic Revolution in Iran was portrayed by Islamic magazines in Turkey at that time. By doing so, the study gives an account of Turkey-Iran relations during the course of the revolution and of what the state of religious and political groups was like in Turkey post-revolution limited to the period between 1978 and 1990, this paper outlines a general framework of Islamic groups of the time, political parties, the intelligentsia, circles around magazines and the media they dominated. As a result, 29 magazines linked to these groups covering the revolution have been examined. The formal and contextual variables as parameters for this topic were analyzed using the content analysis. Subsequently, the themes were determined, followed by developments related to the revolution. It was therefore established that the ideological views of the media were crucial in the definition and coverage of the Iranian Revolution.

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Butyrina, M., and Y. Garkavenko. "Heterostereotype of Ukraine in the discourse of quality British newspapers." Communications and Communicative Technologies, November 19, 2018, 22–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.15421/291803.

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The study is dedicated to the issues of media reception of Ukraine by British quality newspapers, that largely determines the nature of intergovernmental cooperation and the geopolitical priorities of the European community in the Ukrainian issue as a whole. This issue can be solved by pointing out the most frequent heterostereotypes, identifying their formal content features and operating contexts in the text space of the media.The new concept that is called the «Stereotype of the Transition Period» has been updated, which, on one hand, indicates the specifics of the object of stereotyping, and on the other hand, motivates the receptive features of the subjects of stereotyping, which are the British articles in our study. The investigation of heterostereotyping of Ukraine was carried out by using the programmatic content analysis AntConc 3.5.0 (Windows), which can be characterized by the signs of validity, objectivity and reliability. The most frequent heterostereotypes formed by the process of combining of the ethnonym "Ukraine" with occasionally relevant concepts are revealed, and their semantic fields are analyzed.It is stated that conflict-related issues are mostly chosen by British quality newspapers to cover the Ukrainian theme. It becomes a discursive background for representing Ukrainian society as polarized, split according to geographical, cultural, linguistic and ideological parameters. Ukraine is presented as a state with the divided identity. Among the heterosterotypical images, the militarized image of our state dominates. Among the frequent contexts of ethnonym, the contexts of war, political crisis and environmental catastrophe are outlined.It is revealed that in the materials on Ukrainian subjects, the concept «Russia» dominates over the concept of "Ukraine". It is pointed out that the British media legitimize certain institutions and phenomena that are tabooed in the Ukrainian media-discourse practices.The results obtained have a theoretical significance for «Social Communications» field and can be used in technological developments to create and correct the image of Ukraine.

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Mezhov, Oleksandr, Nataliia Kostusiak, and Maryna Navalna. "The Cognitive Discourse Parameters of Directive Speech Acts in Modern Ukrainian." Cognitive Studies | Études cognitives, no. 22 (December 28, 2022). http://dx.doi.org/10.11649/cs.2785.

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The Cognitive Discourse Parameters of Directive Speech Acts in Modern UkrainianThe article presents a comprehensive multifaceted analysis of directive speech acts (based on modern media texts from the popular Ukrainian newspaper Day) taking into account the following approaches: 1) cognitive-semantic, with the projection of directive statements on extra-lingual reality, the study of their propositional-syntactic structure, and semantic relations between components; 2) formal-grammatical, which involves the identification of morphological and syntactic means of expression of motivation and the specifics of the positional structure of sentences; 3) communicative-syntactic, which allows for the characterization of directive statements in terms of their intonation and actual articulation; 4) communicative-pragmatic and discursive, which focuses on the specifics of certain types of directive speech acts in specific discourses, their perlocutionary effect, pragmatic intentions of the speakers, their communicative strategies and tactics, the interaction of the addresser and the recipient and more.Directive speech acts with infinitives, verbs of imperative, conditional and optative moods, present, past and future tenses, which are based on performative constructions, are distinguished from the formal-grammatical point of view. They all have the same propositional meaning, which at the semantic-syntactic level of the sentence is implemented in the following obligatory syntaxemes: the subject (speaker), the predicate of volitional action, the recipient of volitional action or the potential subject of action, and the predicate of potential action. In specific communicative acts, the syntaxeme of the subject of volitional action is correlated with the recipient of speech, i.e., the speaker expressing the communicative intention of motivation, and the complex syntax of the recipient of volitional action-subject of potential action – with the recipient of speech, i.e., the interlocutor from whom the speaker expects on his volition. The core of directive speech acts is formed by sentences with verbs in the imperative mood (imperatives) and vocatives. The periphery is formed by indirect statements (including narrative, interrogative, conditional), the motivational modality of which is due to context or extra-lingual situation. Verbal predicates as the centre of directive speech acts, with the semantics of order, command, request, supplication, imploration, persuasion, invitation, permission, demand, coercion, appeal, instruction, direction, recommendation, suggestion, warning, precaution, advice, admonition, preaching, etc., are usually in a communicative position rheme with the actual articulation of statements. Kognitywne parametry dyskursu dyrektywnych aktów mowy we współczesnym języku ukraińskimW artykule przedstawiono wieloaspektową analizę dyrektywnych aktów mowy (na podstawie współczesnych tekstów medialnych pochodzących z popularnej ukraińskiej gazety „Dzień”), uwzględniającą następujące podejścia: 1) kognitywno-semantyczne, z projekcją wypowiedzi dyrektywnych na rzeczywistość pozajęzykową, badaniem ich struktury propozycjonalno-syntaktycznej oraz relacji semantycznych między komponentami; 2) formalno-gramatyczne, obejmujące identyfikację morfologicznych i syntaktycznych środków wyrazu motywacji oraz specyfikę struktury pozycyjnej zdań; 3) komunikatywno-syntaktyczne, które pozwala na charakterystykę wypowiedzi dyrektywnych pod względem ich intonacji i rzeczywistej artykulacji; 4) komunikatywno-pragmatyczne i dyskursywne, które koncentrują się na specyfice pewnych typów dyrektywnych aktów mowy w określonych dyskursach, ich efekcie perlokucyjnym, pragmatycznych intencjach mówiących, ich strategiach i taktyce komunikacyjnej, interakcji adresata i odbiorcy oraz innych.Z formalno-gramatycznego punktu widzenia wyróżnia się dyrektywne akty mowy z bezokolicznikami, czasownikami trybu imperatywnego, warunkowego i optatywnego, czasów teraźniejszego, przeszłego i przyszłego, które opierają się na konstrukcjach performatywnych. Wszystkie mają to samo znaczenie propozycjonalne, które na poziomie semantyczno-syntaktycznym zdania jest realizowane w następujących obowiązkowych syntaksemach: podmiot (mówiący), predykat czynności wolicjonalnej, odbiorca czynności wolicjonalnej lub potencjalny podmiot czynności oraz predykat czynności potencjalnej. W konkretnych aktach komunikacyjnych składnia podmiotu działania wolicjonalnego jest skorelowana z odbiorcą wypowiedzi, czyli mówiącym wyrażającym komunikatywną intencję motywacji, a składnia złożona odbiorcy działania wolicjonalnego – podmiotem potencjalnego działania – z odbiorcą wypowiedzi, czyli rozmówcą, od którego mówca oczekuje inicjatywy. Rdzeń dyrektywnych aktów mowy tworzą zdania z czasownikami w trybie rozkazującym (imperatywy) i formami wołaczowymi. Peryferia tworzą wypowiedzi pośrednie (m.in. narracyjne, interrogatywne, warunkowe), których modalność motywacyjna wynika z kontekstu lub sytuacji pozajęzykowej. Predykaty werbalne jako centrum dyrektywnych aktów mowy o semantyce rozkazu, polecenia, prośby, błagania, perswazji, zaproszenia, przyzwolenia, żądania, przymusu, apelu, pouczenia, zalecenia, sugestii, ostrzeżenia, przestrogi, rady, napomnienia, nakazu itp. znajdują się zwykle w pozycji komunikacyjnej, korespondującej z właściwą artykulacją wypowiedzi.

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Natalia, Holikova. "DISCOURSE DIRECTION OF RESEARCH OF ARTISTIC TEXT IN MODERN LANGUAGE UKRAINIAN STUDIES." Journal “Ukrainian sense”, no. 1 (November 7, 2020). http://dx.doi.org/10.15421/462001.

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Background. One of the main issues of linguistics of the XX – early XXI century is a comprehensive study of the concept of discourse, which reflects a variety of real manifestations of human language communication in certain social spheres of its communicative space. The actualization of this concept in various scientific fields, the representatives of which study the essence and mechanisms of interaction of constants of such linguistic and philosophical dichotomies as “language and society”, “language and man”, has led to the need for its clear definition and typology of discourses etc. Despite the fact that linguists use a number of methods of discursive analysis of linguistic units, there is currently no single approach to their study within the theory of discourse.The purpose of the article is to identify and substantiate the features of the literary text in terms of modern discourse. The main objectives of the article: to determine the typological and categorical features of artistic discourse, to establish and describe the most important aspects of the study of artistic texts of different genres within discourse.Methods. The paper uses general scientific methods of observation, analysis, synthesis, comparison; linguistic methods, including the descriptive method – to interpret the discursive status of the literary text; the method of integrative analysis, which is the basis of a comprehensive study of a set of different aspects used in the study of the literary text as the embodiment of individualauthorial communicative intentions; the contextual-interpretive method – to identify probable reading strategies of reception of the literary text and its components.Results. The concept of discourse in the broadest sense is associated with all manifestations of communication. Discourse is a consequence of modeling knowledge structures that provide strategic planning, flow and control of communication, the operation of mechanisms of communicative competence, regulation of interactivity processes and more. An important communicative-semantic segment of the holistic nature of the analyzed concept is its interaction with various factors that reflect the essence of communication, in particular with the concept of the text. The linguistic tradition still has a great influence on the development of theoretical principles of categorization and typology of the concept of discourse, because until recently the discourse was often identified with the text as a complex linguistic sign that arises as a result of the process of language formation. Currently, researchers outline the structural and semantic parameters of the text with a number of features that also appear relevant and objective for the discourse: completeness; coherence; integrity; lexical, grammatical, logical, stylistic, semantic coherence; compositional completeness; communicative and pragmatic orientation, etc. Differentiation of discourses is one of the most important issues of modern discourse, which is currently a problem that researchers, based on a wide range of different socio-linguistic manifestations of communication, solve differently. To establish a typology of discourses, as well as texts, it is necessary to develop common criteria for their classification and determine the main categories of text and discourse. Artistic discourse, in contrast to other discourses, involves indirect communication of the author (sender) with numerous readers (addressees). When creating a text, the writer predicts the expected reaction to its content from readers, instead of “translating” the literary text into the discourse, the recipients carry out in their own way, based on their own knowledge, experience, feelings and emotions. The interaction of the addressee author with numerous addressees is devoid of real communicative factors, in particular temporal and local fixation. Despite the lack of direct contact, the writer's communicative influence on readers is obviously effective: if the artist has a deep knowledge of the language, individualizes and emphasizes linguistic means, it evokes a certain attitude to his literary texts and their evaluation by readers.Discussion. At the present stage of development of texts of any styles and genres requires discursive analysis, because in the language of fiction recorded authorial intentions that should “decipher” speakers in the process of dynamic cognition of semantic and semantic depths of a text, involving their own practical experience and knowledge during its decoding. We see prospects for further research of this topical problem in the study of features of artistic discourses of classic writers and famous contemporary artists, whose language creation is organically connected with the development of the Ukrainian literary word as an important component of the linguistic and cultural universe.

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De Geest, Paul, Frederik Coppens, Stian Soiland-Reyes, Ignacio Eguinoa, and Simone Leo. "Enhancing RDM in Galaxy by integrating RO-Crate." Research Ideas and Outcomes 8 (October 12, 2022). http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/rio.8.e95164.

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We introduce how the Galaxy research environment (Jalili et al. 2020) integrates with RO-Crate as an implementation of Findable Accessible Interoperable Reproducible Digital Objects (FAIR Digital Objects / FDO) (Wilkinson et al. 2016, Schultes and Wittenburg 2018) and how using RO-Crate as an exchange mechanism of workflows and their execution history helps integrate Galaxy with the wider ecosystem of ELIXIR (Harrow et al. 2021) and the European Open Science Cloud (EOSC-Life) to enable FAIR and reproducible data analysis. RO-Crate (Soiland-Reyes et al. 2022) is a generic packaging format containing datasets and their description using standards for FAIR Linked Data. The format is based on schema.org (Guha et al. 2016) annotations in JSON-LD, which allows for rich metadata representation. The RO-Crate effort aims to make best-practice in formal metadata description accessible and practical for use in a wider variety of situations, from an individual researcher working with a folder of data, to large data-intensive computational research environments. The RO-Crate community brings together practitioners from very different backgrounds, and with different motivations and use cases. Among the core target users are: researchers engaged with computation and data-intensive, workflow-driven analysis; digital repository managers and infrastructure providers; individual researchers looking for a straightforward tool or how-to guide to “FAIRify” their data; data stewards supporting research projects in creating and curating datasets. researchers engaged with computation and data-intensive, workflow-driven analysis; digital repository managers and infrastructure providers; individual researchers looking for a straightforward tool or how-to guide to “FAIRify” their data; data stewards supporting research projects in creating and curating datasets. Given the wide applicability of RO-Crate and the lack of practical implementations of FDOs, ELIXIR (Harrow et al. 2021) co-opted this initiative as the project to define a common format for research data exchange and repository entries. Thus, during the last year it’s been implemented in a wide range of services, such as: WorkflowHub (Goble et al. 2021) (a registry for describing, sharing and publishing scientific computational workflows) uses RO-Crates as an exchange format to improve reproducibility of computational workflows that follow the Workflow RO-Crate profile (Bacall et al. 2022); LifeMonitor (Leo et al. 2022) (a service to support the sustainability of computational workflows being developed as part of the EOSC-Life project) uses RO-Crate as an exchange format for describing test suites associated with workflows. Tools have been developed towards aiding the previously mentioned use cases and increasing the general usability of RO-Crates by providing a user-friendly (programmatic) interface for consumption and production of RO-Crates through programmatic libraries for consuming/producing RO-Crates (ro-crate-py De Geest et al. 2022, ro-crate-ruby Bacall and Whitwell 2022, ro-crate-js Lynch et al. 2021). The Galaxy project provides a research environment with data analysis and data management functionalities as a multi user platform, aiming to make computational biology accessible to research scientists that do not have computer programming or systems administration experience. As such, it stores not just analysis related data but also the complete analytical workflow, including its metadata. The internal data model involves the history entity, including all steps performed in a specific analysis, and the workflow entity, defining the structure of an analytical pipeline. From the start, Galaxy aims to enable reproducible analyses by providing capabilities to export (and import) all the analysis history details and workflow data and metadata in a FAIR way. As such it helps its users with the daily research data management. The Galaxy community is continuously improving and adding features, the integration of the FAIR Digital Object principles is a natural next step in this. To be able to support these FDOs, Galaxy leverages the RO-Crate Python client library (De Geest et al. 2022) and provides multiple entry points to import and export different research data objects representing its internal entities and associated metadata. These objects include: a workflow definition, which is used to share/publish the details of an analysis pipeline, including the graph of tools that need to be executed, and metadata about the data types required individual data files or a collection of datasets related to an analysis history a compressed archive of the entire analysis history including the metadata associated with it such as the tools used, their versions, the parameters chosen, workflow invocation related metadata, inputs, outputs, license, author, CWLProv description (Khan et al. 2019) of the workflow, contextual references in the form of Digital Object Identifiers (DOIs), ‘EMBRACE Data And Methods’ ontology (EDAM) terms (Ison et al. 2013), etc. a workflow definition, which is used to share/publish the details of an analysis pipeline, including the graph of tools that need to be executed, and metadata about the data types required individual data files or a collection of datasets related to an analysis history a compressed archive of the entire analysis history including the metadata associated with it such as the tools used, their versions, the parameters chosen, workflow invocation related metadata, inputs, outputs, license, author, CWLProv description (Khan et al. 2019) of the workflow, contextual references in the form of Digital Object Identifiers (DOIs), ‘EMBRACE Data And Methods’ ontology (EDAM) terms (Ison et al. 2013), etc. The adoption of RO-crate by Galaxy allows a standardised exchange of FDOs with other platforms in the ELIXIR Tools ecosystem, such as WorkflowHub and LifeMonitor. Integrating RO-Crate deeply into Galaxy and offering import and export options of various Galaxy objects such as Research Objects allows for increased standardisation, improved Research Data Management (RDM) functionalities, smoother user experience (UX) as well as improved interoperability with other systems. The integration in a platform used by biologists to do data intensive analysis, facilitates the publication of workflows and workflow invocations for all skill levels and democratises the ability to perform Open Science.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Formal parameters of discursive and contextual analysis'

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