Journal articles: 'Formal chains'

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Twine, Edgar E., Amos Omore, and Julius Githinji. "Uncertainty in milk production by smallholders in Tanzania and its implications for investment." International Food and Agribusiness Management Review 21, no. 1 (January 9, 2018): 53–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.22434/ifamr2017.0028.

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The study evaluates the impact of risk on enterprises of male, female and young farmers operating in the formal and informal smallholder dairy value chains in Tanzania. It also examines the effect of uncertainty on the decision to invest in milk production in the two value chains. Results indicate that youths in the informal dairy value chain face the greatest level of risk followed by men in the formal value chain, and then men in the informal value chain. Women in both value chains and youths in the formal value chain face relatively low risk. Overall, milk production in the informal value chain is found to be substantially riskier than production in the formal chain. Optimal investment triggers are found to be much larger than the conventional triggers and are sensitive to volatility of returns. The results’ managerial and policy implications for inclusive dairy industry development in Tanzania are highlighted.

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Abate, Alessandro, Roman Andriushchenko, Milan Češka, and Marta Kwiatkowska. "Adaptive formal approximations of Markov chains." Performance Evaluation 148 (July 2021): 102207. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.peva.2021.102207.

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Гуменюк, А. С., and A. S. Gumenuk. "Formal Analysis of Structures of Nucleotide Chains." Mathematical Biology and Bioinformatics 8, no. 1 (June 30, 2013): 373–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.17537/2013.8.373.

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Chen, Kai, S. Loepp, and John Provine. "Chains of Rings with Local Formal Fibers." Communications in Algebra 34, no. 11 (November 2006): 3891–902. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00927870600862722.

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Paul, Sarah K. "Deviant Formal Causation." Journal of Ethics and Social Philosophy 5, no. 3 (June 5, 2017): 1–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.26556/jesp.v5i3.55.

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What is the role of practical thought in determining the intentional action that is performed? Donald Davidson’s influential answer to this question is that thought plays an efficient-causal role: intentional actions are those events that have the correct causal pedigree in the agent's beliefs and desires. But the Causal Theory of Action has always been plagued with the problem of “deviant causal chains,” in which the right action is caused by the right mental state but in the wrong way. This paper addresses an alternative approach to understanding intentional action inspired by G.E.M. Anscombe, interpreting that view as casting practical thought in the role of formal rather than efficient cause of action and thereby avoiding the problem of deviant (efficient) causal chains. Specifically, on the neo-Anscombean view, it is the agent’s “practical knowledge” – non-observational, non-inferential knowledge of what one is doing – that confers the form of intentional action on an event and is the contribution of thought to determining what is intentionally done. This paper argues that the Anscombean view is subject to its own problematic type of deviance: deviant formal causation. What we know non-observationally about what we are doing often includes more than what we intend to be doing; we also know that we are bringing about the foreseen side effects of acting in the intended way. It is argued that the neo-Anscombean view faces difficulty in excluding the expected side effects from the specification of what is intentionally done, whereas the Causal Theory has no such difficulty. Thus, the discussion amounts to an argument in favor of the Causal Theory of Action.

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Louw, A., and D. Jordaan. "Supply chain risks and smallholder fresh produce farmers in the Gauteng province of South Africa." Southern African Business Review 20, no. 1 (March 27, 2019): 286–312. http://dx.doi.org/10.25159/1998-8125/6051.

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A survey of 52 smallholder fresh produce farmers was conducted in the Gauteng province of South Africa to grasp how risk and its management affect the mainstreaming of smallholder farmers into formal, high-value markets. The study employed a supply chain analysis approach, which focused on the functions and risks that occur along the fresh produce chain. The results highlight the risks that impede the participation of smallholder farmers in formal, high-value chains. At the production level, risk is prominent from input procurement through to the post-harvest stage of the chains. At the retail and consumption level, risks are linked to the adherence to quality and quantity standards, including prescribed packaging, grading, labelling and traceability and transport requirements. As a result of these risks across the formal chain, smallholder farmers often resort to distributing their products in low-value informal markets. The consequence is that smallholder farmers tend to remain trapped in poverty, in part, because of their risk appetites and their ability to bear risk. 8Further research is required in the areas pertaining to smallholder farmers’ risk appetite and risk-bearing ability and mechanisms to deal with the particular risks in the value chain that impede their all-round ability to escape the “smallholder dilemma”.

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Florenz, Mark, Davina Kunvipusilkul, and Junghee Yang. "CONSTRUCTING CHAINS OF EXCELLENT RINGS WITH LOCAL GENERIC FORMAL FIBERS." Communications in Algebra 30, no. 8 (August 28, 2002): 3569–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1081/agb-120005807.

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Schoenherr, Tobias, Ram Narasimhan, and Piyas (P) Bandyopadhyay. "The assurance of food safety in supply chains via relational networking." International Journal of Operations & Production Management 35, no. 12 (December 7, 2015): 1662–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijopm-02-2014-0051.

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Purpose – Taking a social network perspective, the purpose of this paper is to develop a framework for the assurance of food safety via relational networking. Design/methodology/approach – The authors consider both informal and formal relational networking, and explore a firm’s learning orientation, risk aversion and consumer pressure as potential precursors to such relational networking. It is further hypothesized that relational networking generates both industry and supply chain knowledge, which is suggested to be beneficial for contamination detection. The model is tested with survey data collected among food-producing firms in India, the world’s second largest food producer. Findings – The authors find a positive influence of consumer pressure on both a firm’s learning orientation and risk aversion, which in turn affect both informal and formal relational networking. Informal networking further generated industry knowledge and was beneficial for contamination detection. Formal relational networking influenced supply chain knowledge, which in turn enabled contamination detection. Originality/value – Recent food product-related safety breaches, which have, in the worst case, led to fatalities, illustrate the importance of food safety in supply chains. This study represents the first systematic investigation of relational networking in the context of food safety from the perspective of social network theory.

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PN, Sindhuja. "Impact of information security initiatives on supply chain performance." Information Management & Computer Security 22, no. 5 (November 10, 2014): 450–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/imcs-05-2013-0035.

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Purpose – The purpose of this empirical research is to attempt to explore the effect of information security initiatives (ISI) on supply chain performance, considering various intra- and inter-organization information security aspects that are deemed to have an influence on supply chain operations and performance. Design/methodology/approach – Based on extant information security management and supply chain security management literature, a conceptual model was developed and validated. A questionnaire survey instrument was developed and administered among supply chain managers to collect data. Data were collected from 197 organizations belonging to various sectors. The study used exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis for data analysis. Further, to test the hypotheses and to fit the theoretical model, structural equation modeling techniques were used. Findings – Results of this study indicate that ISI, comprising technical, formal and informal security aspects in an intra- and inter-organizational environment, are positively associated with supply chain operations, which, in turn, positively affects supply chain performance. Research limitations/implications – This study provides the foundation for future research in the management of information security in supply chains. Findings are expected to provide the communities of practice with better information security decision-making in a supply chain context, by clearly formulating technical, formal and informal information security policies for improving supply chain performance. Originality/value – In today’s global supply chain environment where competition prevails among supply chains, this research is relevant in terms of capability that an organization has to acquire for managing internal and external information security. In that sense, this study contributes to the body of knowledge with an empirical analysis of organizations’ information security management initiatives as a blend of technical, formal and informal security aspects.

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Liu, Liya, Osman Hasan, and Sofiène Tahar. "Formal Reasoning About Finite-State Discrete-Time Markov Chains in HOL." Journal of Computer Science and Technology 28, no. 2 (March 2013): 217–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11390-013-1324-6.

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Muysken, Pieter. "A Note on Passive-Like Statives in Quechua." Revue québécoise de linguistique 15, no. 2 (May 27, 2009): 109–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/602563ar.

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Abstract In this note I try to provide an analysis of passive-like stative constructions in Quechua which starts out from the idea that there are not just two types of chains in syntactic representations: A ( = argument) - chains and Ā ( = operator) - chains, but a third type as well: predication chains. The analysis is a substantial improvement over earlier ones and leads us to a preliminary account of the formal properties of predication chains.

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Simoni, Roberto, Celso Melchiades Doria, and Daniel Martins. "Symmetry and invariants of kinematic chains and parallel manipulators." Robotica 31, no. 1 (March 21, 2012): 61–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0263574712000057.

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SUMMARYThis paper presents applications of group theory tools to simplify the analysis of kinematic chains associated with mechanisms and parallel manipulators. For the purpose of this analysis, a kinematic chain is described by its properties, i.e. degrees-of-control, connectivity and redundancy matrices. In number synthesis, kinematic chains are represented by graphs, and thus the symmetry of a kinematic chain is the same as the symmetry of its graph. We present a formal definition of symmetry in kinematic chains based on the automorphism group of its associated graph. The symmetry group of the graph is associated with the graph symmetry. By using the group structure induced by the symmetry of the kinematic chain, we prove that degrees-of-control, connectivity and redundancy are invariants by the action of the automorphism group of the graph. Consequently, it is shown that it is possible to reduce the size of these matrices and thus reduce the complexity of the kinematic analysis of mechanisms and parallel manipulators in early stages of mechanisms design.

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Maehr, Hubert, and Milan R. Uskokovic. "Formal Desymmetrization of the Diastereotopic Chains in Gemini Calcitriol Derivatives with Two Different Side Chains at C-20." European Journal of Organic Chemistry 2004, no. 8 (April 2004): 1703–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ejoc.200300718.

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Guillén Santos, F., V. Navarro, P. Pascual, and Agustí Roig. "Monoidal Functors, Acyclic Models and Chain Operads." Canadian Journal of Mathematics 60, no. 2 (April 1, 2008): 348–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.4153/cjm-2008-017-7.

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AbstractWe prove that for a topological operad P the operad of oriented cubical singular chains, , and the operad of simplicial singular chains, S*(P), are weakly equivalent. As a consequence, is formal if and only if is formal, thus linking together some formality results which are spread out in the literature. The proof is based on an acyclic models theorem for monoidal functors. We give different variants of the acyclic models theorem and apply the contravariant case to study the cohomology theories for simplicial sets defined by R-simplicial differential graded algebras.

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Klamt, Angela. "The complex of formal operations on the Hochschild chains of commutative algebras." Journal of the London Mathematical Society 91, no. 1 (December 12, 2014): 266–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1112/jlms/jdu071.

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Rossi, Tommaso, and Margherita Pero. "A formal method for analysing and assessing operational risk in supply chains." International Journal of Operational Research 13, no. 1 (2012): 90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1504/ijor.2012.044029.

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Amentae, Tadesse Kenea, Girma Gebresenbet, and David Ljungberg. "Examining the interface between supply chain governance structure choice and supply chain performances of dairy chains in Ethiopia." International Food and Agribusiness Management Review 21, no. 8 (December 7, 2018): 1061–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.22434/ifamr2018.0001.

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Recently, the concept of supply chain management has been applied in the food chains with the idea of transforming agribusiness through networking and trustful partnership in the food chains. In this regard, it is important to consider the empirical knowledge of the interface among the variables of factors in the supply chain governance structure choices, the chain actors’ choice of governance models, and the effects of these on the supply chain performances. The aim of this study was to empirically verify the relationships between factors existing in the business scenarios, the chain actors’ governance structure choice, and supply chain performances of dairy chains in Ethiopia. The chains were assessed using the survey data that were collected from 215 chain actors and analyzed using structural equation modelling and IBM SPSS and IBM AMOS of version 24 software. The data collected were tested for the Cronbach’s alpha reliability test for the internal consistency and using the different model goodness of fit measure tests. The results showed that the transaction cost, trust, and uncertainty significantly (P<0.001) predicted the chain actors’ supply chain governance model choice. On the other hand, uncertainty, willingness to collaborate, and collaborations advantages explained trust significantly (P<0.001). The correlations analysis among the factors showed that there existed negative significant correlation between transaction cost and willingness to collaborate. The correlation between willingness to collaborate and collaborative advantages was found positive and significant. Similarly, the correlation between uncertainty and transaction specific investments was found positive and significant. Moreover, chain actors’ supply chain governance structure choice significantly explained the supply chain performances, such as efficiency, flexibility, level of dairy losses, and level of integrations in the dairy chains. Promoting established dairy chain governance system, either through dependable relational governances or through formal contractual structure has been found improving the performances of the studied dairy chains.

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Jacques, Caroline, and Rodrigo Rafael Mueller. "Global productive chains and decent work management technologies." International Journal for Innovation Education and Research 8, no. 12 (December 11, 2020): 22–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.31686/ijier.vol8.iss12.2807.

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The article presents a reflection on decent work management technologies in the global productive chains. Based on economic sociology and anthropology authors, it discusses the general characteristics of the global productive chains, especially the concept of decent work as a management technology for the labor´s international regulation. The empirical focus of this research was a clothing manufacturing productive chain in the south of Santa Catarina. Interviews were carried out with social and economic actors that are part of this sector, in particular, unions and entrepreneurs. As a conclusion, it is important to highlight that decent work management technologies have the formal merit of inserting the decent work guidelines into the contracts between the suppliers and subcontractors. However, the research points out that the asymmetries in the financial negotiations which are typical of the productive chains continue to promote precarious and informal work in the sector.

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Gross, Neil. "The Structure of Causal Chains." Sociological Theory 36, no. 4 (December 2018): 343–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0735275118811377.

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Sociologists are increasingly attentive to the mechanisms responsible for cause-and-effect relationships in the social world. But an aspect of mechanistic causality has not been sufficiently considered. It is well recognized that most phenomena of interest to social science result from multiple mechanisms operating in sequence. However, causal chains—sequentially linked mechanisms and their enabling background conditions—vary not just substantively, by the kind of causal work they do, but also structurally, by their formal properties. In this article, the author examines the nature of causal chains, identifies major structural dimensions along which they differ, and makes a case that a mechanism-based explanation would be enhanced if causal chains and their structures were brought to the analytical forefront.

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Witek, Henryk A. "Zhang–Zhang Polynomials of Multiple Zigzag Chains Revisited: A Connection with the John–Sachs Theorem." Molecules 26, no. 9 (April 26, 2021): 2524. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules26092524.

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Multiple zigzag chains Zm,n of length n and width m constitute an important class of regular graphene flakes of rectangular shape. The physical and chemical properties of these basic pericondensed benzenoids can be related to their various topological invariants, conveniently encoded as the coefficients of a combinatorial polynomial, usually referred to as the ZZ polynomial of multiple zigzag chains Zm,n. The current study reports a novel method for determination of these ZZ polynomials based on a hypothesized extension to John–Sachs theorem, used previously to enumerate Kekulé structures of various benzenoid hydrocarbons. We show that the ZZ polynomial of the Zm,n multiple zigzag chain can be conveniently expressed as a determinant of a Toeplitz (or almost Toeplitz) matrix of size m2×m2 consisting of simple hypergeometric polynomials. The presented analysis can be extended to generalized multiple zigzag chains Zkm,n, i.e., derivatives of Zm,n with a single attached polyacene chain of length k. All presented formulas are accompanied by formal proofs. The developed theoretical machinery is applied for predicting aromaticity distribution patterns in large and infinite multiple zigzag chains Zm,n and for computing the distribution of spin densities in biradical states of finite multiple zigzag chains Zm,n.

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Godfrey, Sosheel S., Gavin C. Ramsay, Karl Behrendt, Peter C. Wynn, Thomas L. Nordblom, and Naveed Aslam. "Analysis of agribusiness value chains servicing small-holder dairy farming communities in Punjab, Pakistan: three case studies." International Food and Agribusiness Management Review 22, no. 1 (January 28, 2019): 119–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.22434/ifamr2017.0122.

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The agriculture sector in Pakistan, as in most developing countries, is dominated by smallholder producers. Pakistan has the world’s third largest dairy industry, and milk is efficiently collected and distributed chiefly by informal value chains that market the raw product with minimal cool chain infrastructure. Formal processors have a small market share of 5%. Interview data from farmers, milk collectors and consumers from three rural-urban case study value chains were analysed to study opportunities and challenges faced by the dairy industry. Compositional analysis of milk samples (n=84) collected along these chains identified the fact that in Pakistan informal milk chains provide a cheaper source of calories for the final consumer than industrialised milk chains (USD 0.12 compared USD 0.15 per 100 calories). These three chains created an estimated 4,872 jobs from farm to market and provided access to interest-free credit for the farmers. The existing government price setting mechanism at the retail end and collusion by large processors to set farm gate prices provided significant limitations to the profitability of small-holder farms providing the product. The absence of quality and quantity standards, amid the exchange of huge numbers of small volumes of milk along these chains, are major impediments to industry growth.

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Jacyna-Gołda, Ilona. "Decision-making model for supporting supply chain efficiency evaluation." Archives of Transport 33, no. 1 (March 31, 2015): 17–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/08669546.1160923.

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This paper presents some approach for the formulation of the decision-making model in supporting the assessment of supply chain efficiency. Were presented factors affecting the efficiency of the functioning of individual links of supply chain. Was pointed out the technical, economic, organizational and reliability aspects affecting the efficiency and reliability of functioning of the supply chain both in terms of supply and distribution. Having regard to a comprehensive approach to assessing efficiency of the functioning of supply chains were proposed indicators for assessing the quality of functioning. Were distinguished technical, economic and quality indicators for which also were presented a formal record.

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Jokonowo, Bambang, Jan Claes, Riyanarto Sarno, and Siti Rochimah. "Process Mining in Supply Chains: A Systematic Literature Review." International Journal of Electrical and Computer Engineering (IJECE) 8, no. 6 (December 1, 2018): 4626. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/ijece.v8i6.pp4626-4636.

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Performance analysis and continuous process improvement efforts are often supported by the construction of process models representing the interactions of the partners in the supply chain. This study was conducted to determine the state of the art in the process mining field, specifically in the context of cross-organizational process. The Systematic Literature Review (SLR) method is used to review a collection of twenty-one papers that are classified according to the Artifact framework of Hevner, et al. and within the Process Mining framework of Van der Aalst. In the reviewed papers, the authors conducted a variety of techniques to establish the event log, which is then used to perform the process mining analysis. Eight of the reviewed papers focus on the definition of concepts or measures. Five of the papers describe models and other abstractions that are used as a theoretical basis for process mining in the context of supply chains. The majority twenty of papers describe some kind of informal method or formal algorithm to perform process mining analysis. Nine of the papers that propose a formal algorithm also present an accompanying software implementation. Eight papers discuss the data preparation challenges and twelve papers discuss process discovery techniques.

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Radhakrishnan, Abirami, Dessa David, Douglas Hales, and V. Sri Sridharan. "Mapping the Critical Links between Supply Chain Evaluation System and Supply Chain Integration Sustainability." International Journal of Strategic Decision Sciences 2, no. 1 (January 2011): 44–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/jsds.2011010103.

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Supply Chain Integration is widely advocated as an important factor to attain superior supply chain performance. While firms are able to achieve integration, they find it hard to sustain integration. In this paper, the authors argue that to sustain integration partner firms must establish a formal system to evaluate supply chain-wide performance. The authors draw on theories from a number of management disciplines to map the critical links between supply chain evaluation capability and supply chain integration sustainability. The authors develop and test the research model by conducting an empirical study involving 102 firms. The results of the study show that supply chains can sustain integration by establishing a supply chain wide evaluation system.

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Lu, Hualiang, Jacques Trienekens, Onno Omta, and Shuyi Feng. "The role of guanxi networks and contracts in Chinese vegetable supply chains." Journal on Chain and Network Science 7, no. 2 (December 1, 2007): 121–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.3920/jcns2007.x082.

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This paper investigates the effect of personal relationships (called guanxi in China) and contractual governance on compliance with channel requirements and on market performance for both vegetable farmers and processing and exporting firms in China. A survey of 167 farmers and 84 firms in Jiangsu Province, P.R. China provides the data for empirical study based on a structural model. The results demonstrate that guanxi networks in China significantly improve small-scale farmers' compliance with buyers' delivery requirements based on formal contracts, which eventually improves farmers' market performance. Vegetable firms, on the other hand, place more emphasis on formal contracts in order to improve suppliers' compliance with delivery requirements and thereby improve their own profitability. The results reveal that personal relationships and contracts have different impacts on farmers and firms.

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OVSHINSKY, S. R., S. J. HUDGENS, R. L. LINTVEDT, and D. B. RORABACHER. "A STRUCTURAL CHEMICAL MODEL FOR HIGH Tc CERAMIC SUPERCONDUCTORS." Modern Physics Letters B 01, no. 07n08 (November 1987): 275–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217984987000405.

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A structual chemical model for high Tc ceramic superconductors is proposed in which carriers pairs, coupled through a superexchange process, undergo Bose condensation. In the Y-Ba-Cu-O system, Cu atoms on “chain” sites and “sheet” sites are initially assigned formal oxidation states of +3 and +2, respectively, and “sheet”/“chain” interactions are then introduced to bring about the electrically conductive mixed oxidation state. This model explains the presence of labile oxygen in the “chain” structures, describes the structure of deoxygenated phases exhibiting ordered oxygen vacancies in the “chains”, and allows interpretation of the effects of oxygen removal on magnetic and electronic properties of the material.

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Caleman, Silvia Morales de Queiroz, Guilherme Fowler de Avila Monteiro, and George Hendrikse. "Sustainable food chains: the role of collective action and government incentives." Organizações & Sociedade 24, no. 83 (December 2017): 618–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1984-9240834.

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Abstract We examine the role of collective actions as supporting elements of a long-lasting sustainable food supply chain. This article’s main contribution is to link the idea of sustainable supply chains and the collective action problem (horizontal coordination) that may be required in order to deal with externalities related to the provision of sustainable products. In addition, we analyze how the presence or absence of government incentives shapes collective action in the food industry. We base our analysis in a simple formal argument inspired by case studies regarding sustainable farming in Brazil and the Netherlands. Results show that horizontal mechanisms of cooperation maintain positive levels of sustainability, even in the absence of direct payments by the government.

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Jonsson, Patrik, and Paulina Myrelid. "Supply chain information utilisation: conceptualisation and antecedents." International Journal of Operations & Production Management 36, no. 12 (December 5, 2016): 1769–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijopm-11-2014-0554.

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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to define supply chain information utilisation and explore how its antecedents impact shared information utilisation in information receiver’s planning processes. Design/methodology/approach The analysis is based on a literature review and exploratory case study of three supplier dyads of original equipment manufacturers. This study presents a four-phase model of supply chain information utilisation, and identifies how information sharing, information quality, and intended information usage are antecedents of actual usage of information shared in supply chains. In the dyads, 35 potential information utilisation situations are analysed. Findings Inter- and intra-organisational factors are antecedents of information utilisation, by their effects on the four phases of utilisation. Composite information sharing, social network governance, human process involvement, and formal planning processes are important antecedents, which are not much emphasised in the literature. Research limitations/implications The study focusses on routinised sharing of formal demand-related planning information in supply chain dyads. The analysis is based on three case dyads which are chosen to be complementary in several respects, and where there is access to rich data. Practical implications Understanding phases and antecedents could support managers in developing information sharing strategies. Originality/value The literature does not explicitly consider information utilisation, or related antecedents or effects. However, by defining information utilisation and proposing a multi-phase utilisation model, this study can explain the performance effect of information sharing. In addition, the composite information variable is defined. This is the first attempt to conceptualise and explore antecedents of information utilisation in supply chains.

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Lee, Junghee, Vish Krishnan, and Hyoduk Shin. "Business Models for Technology-Intensive Supply Chains." Management Science 66, no. 5 (May 2020): 2120–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1287/mnsc.2019.3306.

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Technology and intellectual property play increasingly critical roles in emerging supply chains by endowing products with sought-after capabilities. In such technology-intensive supply chains, the technology invented by an upstream firm must be embedded in a subsystem that is then integrated into a full system. The technology providers’ prevalent royalty-driven business model has gotten complicated in this multilateral supply chain, prompting formal research attention. Moreover, providers also consider forward integration into manufacturing to monetize their intellectual property. We characterize the appropriateness of different business model decisions for markets, which may have varying levels of consumer diversity and competitive intensity at intermediate layers. For the technology provider, our key results show that a subsystem base royalty approach is the optimal business model when dealing with monopolistic intermediaries or having a low degree of consumer diversity. However, a full-system base royalty business model becomes increasingly optimal when the intermediate supply chains face competition and consumer diversity increases. We present conditions under which the technology provider may want to forward integrate. Our formulation and results are relevant to technology providers, policy makers, and industry groups engaged in the prevailing heated global discussion on royalty base. This paper was accepted by Serguei Netessine, operations management.

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P N, Sindhuja, and Anand S. Kunnathur. "Information security in supply chains: a management control perspective." Information & Computer Security 23, no. 5 (November 9, 2015): 476–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ics-07-2014-0050.

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Purpose – This paper aims to discuss the need for management control system for information security management that encapsulates the technical, formal and informal systems. This motivated the conceptualization of supply chain information security from a management controls perspective. Extant literature on information security mostly focused on technical security and managerial nuances in implementing and enforcing technical security through formal policies and quality standards at an organizational level. However, most of the security mechanisms are difficult to differentiate between businesses, and there is no one common platform to resolve the security issues pertaining to varied organizations in the supply chain. Design/methodology/approach – The paper was conceptualized based on the review of literature pertaining to information security domain. Findings – This study analyzed the need and importance of having a higher level of control above the already existing levels so as to cover the inter-organizational context. Also, it is suggested to have a management controls perspective for an all-encompassing coverage to the information security discipline in organizations that are in the global supply chain. Originality/value – This paper have conceptualized the organizational and inter-organizational challenges that need to be addressed in the context of information security management. It would be difficult to contain the issues of information security management with the existing three levels of controls; hence, having a higher level of security control, namely, the management control that can act as an umbrella to the existing domains of security controls was suggested.

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Seliverstov, Y. A., and S. S. Seliverstov. "The Formal Development of Patterns of Daily Travel Activity Chains of the Urban Population." St. Petersburg State Polytechnical University Journal. Computer Science. Telecommunications and Control Systems. 224, no. 4 (October 2015): 91–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.5862/jcstcs.224.9.

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Birthal, Pratap S., Ramesh Chand, P. K. Joshi, Raka Saxena, Pallavi Rajkhowa, Md Tajuddin Khan, Mohd Arshad Khan, and Khyali R. Chaudhary. "Formal versus informal: Efficiency, inclusiveness and financing of dairy value chains in Indian Punjab." Journal of Rural Studies 54 (August 2017): 288–303. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jrurstud.2017.06.009.

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Moseley, Brian. "Transformation Chains, Associative Areas, and a Principle of Form for Anton Webern’s Twelve-tone Music." Music Theory Spectrum 41, no. 2 (2019): 218–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/mts/mtz010.

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Abstract Much of Webern’s twelve-tone music relies on conventional formal types to structure extended composition and long-range compositional strategy. This article describes how these forms were absorbed into his personal twelve-tone style through an exploration of three entwined techniques. His techniques of serial row chaining and associative organization create a deep musical hierarchy that is frequently navigated by a formal principle of large-scale complementation. The analyses appearing here are drawn from across Webern’s twelve-tone period and are elucidated through spatial representations that describe compositional potential and musical realization. In addition to providing a means for analytical interpretation, the analyses reveal how Webern’s fusion of form and twelve-tone technique resemble characteristics of the tonal system while amplifying basic axioms of serial composition.

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Kurosawa, Hideo, and Tetsuro Murahashi. "Novel coordination behavior of unsaturated hydrocarbon ligands on Pd-Pd bonds." Pure and Applied Chemistry 73, no. 2 (January 1, 2001): 295–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1351/pac200173020295.

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The dinuclear Pd (I) complexes containing substitutionally labile acetonitrile ligands [Pd2 (CH3CN) 2 (L) 2] (BF4) 2 [L = CH3CN (1) , PPh3 (2) ] were prepared. The complex 1 was demonstrated to serve as a versatile building block for synthesizing sandwich chain complexes made of conjugated polyenes and linear polypalladium chains. The complex 2 reacted with 2 equiv arylacetylenes to give dinuclear organopalladium complexes arising from formal [2s + 2p + 2p] addition with the Pd-Pd s bond participating as one component. The reaction of 2 with 1,3-butadiene afforded a complex regarded as an intermediate lying halfway on the [2s + 4p] reaction coordinate.

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Nagy, Viktor, and Tímea Kozma. "Business Cooperations Along the Supply Chain." Economics and Culture 15, no. 2 (December 1, 2018): 5–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/jec-2018-0015.

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Abstract Cooperation between and within the companies can be an important success factor. Based on trust, companies at present have created formal and informal network structures in which cooperation between them plays a special role. In the present times, the economic importance of supply chains can be observed in almost every industry regardless size: multinational companies and even small and medium-sized enterprises are actively involved in global value-creating chains. More and more business leaders recognize that when consumers are about to decide on their purchases, not just performance of a company is evaluated but that of the entire supply chain and supply network. Forms of cooperation in the supply chain affect the companies in several ways: we can investigate its impact on growth, operation and thus, on the effectiveness of the supply chain and competitiveness. Both cooperation between and within companies are important in creating the ultimate value added. This paper aims to explore the functional fields in which companies cooperate with each other, i.e. how and in what manner they are connected to each other. Results and conclusions are based on in-depth interviews and a questionnaire filled in by companies in Hungary.

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Davis-Sramek, Beth, Ayman Omar, and Richard Germain. "Leveraging supply chain orientation for global supplier responsiveness." International Journal of Logistics Management 30, no. 1 (February 11, 2019): 39–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijlm-09-2017-0225.

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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to utilize middle-range theorizing to examine whether a US manufacturer can leverage supply chain orientation (SCO) to garner responsiveness from a global supplier. To capture the interplay of macro-level institutional environments, the authors examine the moderating effect of institutional distance on the SCO–supplier responsiveness relationship. Design/methodology/approach Primary survey data collected from US manufacturers are utilized to measure SCO and supplier responsiveness. Two secondary data sets (EIU and GLOBE) capture formal and informal distance at the institutional level and are used to test the moderating effect of institutional distance. Findings The research finds that SCO can facilitate global supplier responsiveness. A post hoc exploratory analysis reveals a three-way interaction, where the SCO–supplier responsiveness relationship is strengthened when formal and informal institutions are either very similar or very different. Research limitations/implications The research offers a more nuanced understanding of manufacturer–supplier relationships in global supply chains by demonstrating how country-level (macro) characteristics can influence firm-level (micro) supply chain phenomena. It extends research on SCO by illustrating how institutional distance interacts with a manufacturer’s ability to leverage SCO to enable supplier responsiveness. Practical implications Manufacturers should increase their attentiveness to institutional distance. When both formal and informal distances are different (i.e. high distance), SCO can create a powerful lever to improve global supplier responsiveness. Likewise, when formal and informal institutions are similar (i.e. low distance), SCO reinforces joint efforts and collaboration to create additive benefits, whereby suppliers are incentivized to be responsive to unexpected environmental changes. Originality/value This research addresses the growing call for more empirical studies that examine how country-level institutions influence firm-level phenomena. It also utilizes secondary data to serve as a proxy for formal and informal institutional distance.

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Vityaz, Petr A., and Vyacheslav K. Shcherbin. "The institutional development of International Association of Academies of Sciences: from scientific councils to international scientific-technological consortia." Journal of the Belarusian State University. Sociology, no. 2 (October 3, 2020): 4–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.33581/2521-6821-2020-2-4-19.

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The article considers the history of creation of formal and informal institutional structures of International Association of the Academies of sciences (IAAS) the functioning of which is based on the technological chains of cognition that are characteristic of traditional disciplinary science. The differences between the technological chains of cognition and the global value chains that have developed in the global economy are shown. The prospects of combining the chains of these types within the framework of international scientific and technological consortia, which are more consistent with the requirements of modern technoscience, are determined. The conclusion is substantiated that the creation of a number of international scientific-technological consortia on the basis of scientific councils of association will allow IAAS to receive a stable source of its additional financing.

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Jagtap, Milind, and Sachin Kamble. "Evaluating the modus operandi of construction supply chains using organization control theory." International Journal of Construction Supply Chain Management 5, no. 1 (July 31, 2015): 16–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.14424/ijcscm501015-16-33.

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Supply chains are omnipresent. However, the modus operandi of the construction supply chain is not clearly established in the literature. This might be attributable to the character of construction projects and the structure of the construction industry. Formal and informal control mechanisms are well established in retail and manufacturing supply chains whichis evident in improved product performance. However, there is a paucity of research on the construction supply chain especially atidentifying the interplay of control mechanisms and their relationship with project performance. In the case of large and complex construction projects, the client-contractor relationship requires input control, behaviour control and output control for successful project delivery. In the light of organisationcontrol theory and the existing literature on construction supply chains, this study evaluates the modus operandi of the client-contractor relationship based on three control mechanisms: input control (project risk and reward power, and intra-project communication), behaviour control (opportunism) and output control (project performance) using a structural equation model. A survey data of258 construction professionals working on construction projectsin Indiawas collected. The study findingsreveal that input control, in terms of project risk and reward power,and intra-project communication, largely influence behaviour control in terms of opportunism. However, behaviour controls do not directly affect output control in terms of project performance; rather, a direct effect of the input control mechanism of output control is particularly evident.

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Etwire, Eunice, Anoma Ariyawardana, and Miranda Y. Mortlock. "Seed Delivery Systems and Farm Characteristics Influencing the Improved Seed Uptake by Smallholders in Northern Ghana." Sustainable Agriculture Research 5, no. 2 (April 5, 2016): 27. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/sar.v5n2p27.

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The utilisation of improved seeds is reliant on distribution system and farmers’ preferences in using the seed. Primary data were collected from key informant interviews in seed delivery chains and a farmer survey to analyse the northern Ghanaian seed delivery systems and factors influencing the adoption of improved seed by farmers. The seed system in Ghana is made up of three main components; a formal seed system, an informal farmers’ seed system and a quasi-formal seed system. The seed chain starts with breeder seed production by Council for Scientific and Industrial Research (except for imported seed) and ends with the grain farmer as the final consumer. The communication flows between members, strength of relationships and farm characteristics reveled to be affecting the improved seed uptake by smallholders in Northern Ghana. The study highlights the value of strengthening the seed delivery system and improving the availability and accessibility of improved seed varieties.

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Meijerink, Gerdien, Erwin Bulte, and Dawit Alemu. "Formal institutions and social capital in value chains: The case of the Ethiopian Commodity Exchange." Food Policy 49 (December 2014): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.foodpol.2014.05.015.

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Mwesiumo, Deodat, and Nigel Halpern. "Interfirm conflicts in tourism value chains." Tourism Review 71, no. 4 (November 21, 2016): 259–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/tr-07-2016-0020.

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Purpose This paper aims to develop a conceptual framework on interfirm conflicts in tourism value chains. The framework includes types of conflict, triggers of conflict and their preconditions, consequences of conflict and measures for preventing conflict. Design/methodology/approach The framework is developed from a review of literature that is focused largely on tourism value chains, interfirm conflicts and interorganizational relations. It draws on the ideas, concepts and empirical evidence offered in the literature. Findings Conflicts can be distinguished by their level of explicitness and by the motives on which they are grounded. They may be triggered by opportunistic behaviours, coercive demands, perceptions of unfairness or dissatisfaction with partner’s performance. Preconditions include exogenous events, asymmetrical power distribution, antagonism of goals and differences in perceptions of reality and serve as a breeding ground for the triggers. Consequences are typically destructive but may also offer opportunities for constructive outcomes. Joint implementation of formal contracting and relational governance may be used to prevent conflicts. Originality/value This paper provides a conceptual framework that can be used by scholars wishing to conduct more detailed empirical research on the subject. It can also be used by practitioners to assess interorganizational relations within their tourism value chains and to develop appropriate measures for preventing interfirm conflicts.

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de Rozario, Richard. "Matching a Trope Ontology to the Basic Formal Ontology." Philosophies 4, no. 3 (July 18, 2019): 40. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/philosophies4030040.

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Applied ontology, at the foundational level, is as much philosophy as engineering and as such provides a different aspect of contemporary natural philosophy. A prominent foundational ontology in this field is the Basic Formal Ontology (BFO). It is important for lesser known ontologies, like the trope ontology of interest here, to match to BFO because BFO acts like the glue between many disparate ontologies. Moreover, such matchings provide philosophical insight into ontologies. As such, the core research question here is how we can match a trope ontology to BFO (which is based on universals) and what insights such a matching provides for foundational ontology. This article provides a logical matching, starting with BFO’s top entities (continuants and occurrences) and identifies key ontological issues that arise, such as whether universals and mereological sums are equivalent. This article concludes with general observations about the matching, including that matching to universals is generally straightforward, but not so much the matching between relations. In particular, the treatment of occurrences as causal chains is different in the trope ontology, compared to BFO’s use of time arguments.

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González-Campos, José Alejandro, Cristian Manuel Carvajal-Muquillaza, and Juan Elías Aspeé-Chacón. "Modeling of university dropout using Markov chains." Uniciencia 34, no. 1 (January 31, 2020): 129–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.15359/ru.34-1.8.

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Access to higher education is only a first step in achieving equity in education; the following step is improving student retention, or lowering dropout rates, which is the same thing. The present study focused on the definition of an index as an estimator of the risk of individuals dropping out of a university using a Markov chain model, based on the randomness of the occurrence of dropping out. The suggested index was applied to a sample of 5,700 university students from the 2012-2015 annual cohorts of 8 university departments of a public regional university in Chile. The results indicate that the highest average probability of dropping out (slightly more than 39%) occurs in the first 2 semesters of university studies, and then decreases through time. This indicates the need for institutional retention policies that pay particular attention to the first year of university studies. Having this index also allows a formal estimation of changes or temporary variations in the risk, as well as quantifying the impact of interventions, not only for the case under study but for the entire higher education system.

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López, Luis. "On the (Non)complementarity of θ-Theory and Checking Theory." Linguistic Inquiry 32, no. 4 (October 2001): 694–716. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/002438901753373050.

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Chomsky (1995) proposes that the θ system and the checking system form two complementary modules. As a consequence both subjects and objects must form nontrivial chains to check their formal features with a functional category (T and v, respectively). I argue that objects and exceptional-Case-marking subjects check their formal features with a lexical verb, whose domain is therefore both θ role assigning and feature checking. I showthat discarding the complementarity assumption in this manner results in a more “bare” theory of the computational system as well as several empirical advantages.

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Cardoso de Oliveira, Mara Cristina, Marcio Cardoso Machado, Charbel Jose Chiappetta Jabbour, and Ana Beatriz Lopes de Sousa Jabbour. "Paving the way for the circular economy and more sustainable supply chains." Management of Environmental Quality: An International Journal 30, no. 5 (August 5, 2019): 1095–113. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/meq-01-2019-0005.

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Purpose Circular economy is an emerging concept which requires insights from a variety of disciplines, especially from sustainable operations management. Therefore, the purpose of this paper is to verify how formal and informal instruments of governance influence the induction of green practices in a green network located in Brazil, with implications for the circular economy. Design/methodology/approach Based on a review of the supply chain (SC), green supply chain management, and governance literature, proposals are made regarding the influence of governance instruments in inducing green practices. To investigate these propositions, a qualitative research was conducted using a single exemplary case study of a cosmetics supply network. Findings The authors present original research findings which have both expected and unexpected implications for the circular economy, due to the fact that the data analysis showed that the formal (contracts and environmental norms) and informal (trust and cooperation) instruments of governance positively influence the induction of green practices within the supply network. Originality/value This study contributes to supply network and governance theory by providing insights for better understanding of how governance instruments can induce green practices in a supply network, and it provides practical implications for SC managers, by showing the importance of considering different governance instruments. Implications for the circular economy are made.

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Smith, Graham, and Urs D. Wermuth. "Crystal structures and hydrogen bonding in the proton-transfer salts of nicotine with 3,5-dinitrosalicylic acid and 5-sulfosalicylic acid." Acta Crystallographica Section E Structure Reports Online 70, no. 11 (October 29, 2014): 430–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/s1600536814023253.

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The structures of the 1:1 anhydrous salts of nicotine (NIC) with 3,5-dinitrosalicylic acid (DNSA) and 5-sulfosalicylic acid (5-SSA), namely (1R,2S)-1-methyl-2-(pyridin-3-yl)-1H-pyrrolidin-1-ium 2-carboxy-4,6-dinitrophenolate, C10H15N2+·C7H3N2O7−, (I), and (1R,2S)-1-methyl-2-(pyridin-3-yl)-1H-pyrrolidin-1-ium 3-carboxy-4-hydroxybenzenesulfonate, C10H15N2+·C7H5O6S−, (II), are reported. The asymmetric units of both (I) and (II) comprise two independent nicotinium cations (CandD) and either two DNSA or two 5-SSA anions (AandB), respectively. One of the DNSA anions shows a 25% rotational disorder in the benzene ring system. In the crystal of (I), inter-unit pyrrolidinium N—H...Npyridinehydrogen bonds generate zigzag NIC cation chains which extend alonga, while the DNSA anions are not involved in any formal inter-species hydrogen bonding but instead form π–π-associated stacks which are parallel to the NIC cation chains alonga[ring-centroid separation = 3.857 (2) Å]. Weak C—H...O interactions between chain substructures give an overall three-dimensional structure. In the crystal of (II),AandBanions form independent zigzag chains withCandDcations, respectively, through carboxylic acid O—H...Npyridinehydrogen bonds. These chains, which extend alongb, are pseudocentrosymmetrically related and give π–π interactions between the benzene rings of anionsAandBand the pyridine rings of the NIC cationsCandD, respectively [ring centroid separations = 3.6422 (19) and 3.7117 (19) Å]. Also present are weak C—H...O hydrogen-bonding interactions between the chains, giving an overall three-dimensional structure.

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Carlson, Laura A., and Vera Bitsch. "Social sustainability in the ready-made-garment sector in Bangladesh: an institutional approach to supply chains." International Food and Agribusiness Management Review 21, no. 2 (March 13, 2018): 269–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.22434/ifamr2017.0114.

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Ready-made-garment (RMG) production for sale in the EU and USA is a key source of economic development for Bangladesh. The 2013 collapse of Rana Plaza revealed worker safety and other social issues in RMG factories in Bangladesh, showing that formal, top-down approaches to these problems, including corporate codes-of-conduct and reforms in Bangladeshi labor laws, have little effect. Supply chain sustainability is a key issue for business, government and civil society. Satisfactory theoretical approaches to promoting social sustainability in supply chains are lacking. A case study using qualitative document analysis identifies the key institutional factors related to social sustainability in the Bangladeshi RMG industry, with a modified version of the Institutional Analysis and Development (IAD) framework as an analytical frame. Key elements of other frameworks for social sustainability are discussed in terms of how well the IAD framework captures those concepts, and how employing the IAD could enhance supply chain analysis.

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Wesumperuma, Ashini, Athula Ginige, and Upul Gunawardana. "Towards formation of dynamic value chains to enhance competitiveness of commercial lighting industry." Journal of Information, Communication and Ethics in Society 16, no. 4 (November 12, 2018): 427–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jices-03-2018-0023.

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Purpose This study aims to explore ways to enhance competitiveness of commercial lighting industry because of the growing digitally connected stakeholder community. Positive responses from stakeholders to recurring business interactions help build trust and formation of a community; value chains being one form of such trusted community. Because of the increasing trust, the effort to search right value chain partners diminishes, business interactions become less formal and transaction costs are reduced, thus increasing the competitiveness. Design/methodology/approach In this research, a cross-sectional study of commercial lighting industry domain in Australia was carried out, focusing on two states: New South Wales and Victoria. Based on the findings, an approach and a supporting platform to enhance competitiveness of commercial lighting industry were synthesized. Findings Based on the findings from the study, formation of such value chains, namely, “Entrusted Circles” and its two types of formations, fully and partial, were observed. Their further growth was hindered by high transaction costs. To reduce this transaction cost, this paper proposes a platform to create dynamic value chains, among stakeholders of commercial lighting industry, making use of growing digital connectivity leading toward agile formation of Entrusted Circles to enhance competitiveness. Research limitations/implications This study focuses on the commercial lighting industry in Australia, which is not tested in any other domain to investigate its wider applicability. However, it is conceptually applicable to be used in industries with compliance and standard procedures. Originality/value This paper shows how to identify Entrusted Circles and build, support and sustain such relationships among value chain partners to successfully conduct business transactions in a dynamic value chain.

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Besser, Terry L., and Nancy J. Miller. "The Company They Keep: How Formal Associations Impact Business Social Performance." Business Ethics Quarterly 21, no. 3 (July 2011): 503–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.5840/beq201121328.

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ABSTRACT:Business networks, which include joint ventures, supply chains, industry and trade associations, industrial districts, and community business associations, are considered the signature organizational form of the global economy. However, little is known about how they affect the social performance of their members. We utilize institutional theory to develop the position that business social performance has collectivist roots that deserve at least as much scholarly attention as owner/manager characteristics and business attributes. Hypotheses are tested using multilevel analysis on data gathered from 898 members of twenty-nine business associations. Support is provided for institutional theory’s explanation for business social performance. Members of business associations are likely to conform to the pattern of social performance prevailing in their association, but not necessarily to the articulated values of the association. The potential of business associations to influence members’ social performance should be considered by agencies that start and support them as mechanisms for regional and local economic development.

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Li, Xin, Jian Guo, Yongxin Zhao, and Xiaoran Zhu. "Formal Modeling and Verifying the TTCAN Protocol from a Probabilistic Perspective." Journal of Circuits, Systems and Computers 28, no. 10 (September 2019): 1950177. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218126619501779.

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The time-triggered CAN (TTCAN) protocol has been widely used in the automotive industry to fulfil the safety and real-time requirements of the application. As an extension of the standard CAN protocol, the TTCAN protocol aims to guarantee a safe and deterministic communication by introducing time-triggered messages with respect to a global synchronized time, which are scheduled in independent transmission windows within the system matrix. However, the new features bring more difficulties in designing and verifying the reliable applications in the TTCAN network. In this paper, we first present a formal probabilistic model of the TTCAN protocol with a consideration of its novel features. A TTCAN system consisting of three parts, i.e., a system matrix, an arbitration and some nodes, is modeled as discrete Markov chains model. Furthermore, five probabilistic properties are described and verified in the probabilistic model checker tool PRISM. Our work gives a quantitative analysis method for the given requirements, which facilitates the designers to a formal understanding of TTCAN protocol.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Formal chains'

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