Books on the topic 'Formal category theory'
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1
Andrzej, Tarlecki, and SpringerLink (Online service), eds. Foundations of Algebraic Specification and Formal Software Development. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2012.
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Topological modular forms. Providence, Rhode Island: American Mathematical Society, 2014.
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Gray, J. W. Formal Category Theory: Adjointness For 2-Categories. Springer London, Limited, 2006.
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Landry, Elaine. Structural Realism and Category Mistakes. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198748991.003.0018.
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Structural realists have made use of category theory in three ways. The first is as a meta-level formal framework for a structural realist account of the structure of scientific theories, either syntactic or semantic. The second is an appeal to the category-theoretic structure of some successful, successive or fundamental, physical theory to argue that this is the structure we should be physically committed to, either epistemically or ontically. The third is to use category theory as a conceptual tool to argue that it makes conceptual sense to talk of relations without relata and structures without objects. After a brief overview of structural realism, I consider how each appeal to the use of category theory stands up against the aims of the structural realist.
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Tarlecki, Andrzej, and Donald Sannella. Foundations of Algebraic Specification and Formal Software Development. Springer, 2014.
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6
Grim, Patrick, Gary R. Mar, and Paul St. Denis. The Philosophical Computer. The MIT Press, 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.7551/mitpress/5347.001.0001.
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The authors present a series of exploratory examples of computer modeling, using a range of computational techniques to illuminate a variety of questions in philosophy and philosophical logic. Topics include self-reference and paradox in fuzzy logics, varieties of epistemic chaos, fractal images of formal systems, and cellular automata models in game theory. Examples in the last category include models for the evolution of generosity, possible causes and cures for discrimination, and the formal undecidability of patterns of social and biological interaction. The cross-platform CD-ROM provided with the book contains a variety of working examples, in color and often operating dynamically, embedded in a text that parallels that of the book. Source code of all major programs is included to facilitate further research. Bradford Books imprint
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Portner, Paul. Mood. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199547524.001.0001.
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The category of mood is widely used in the description of languages and the formal analysis of their grammatical properties. It typically refers to features of a sentence’s form (or a class of sentences which share such features), either individual morphemes or grammatical patterns, which reflect how the sentence contributes to the modal meaning of a larger phrase or which indicates the type of fundamental pragmatic function it has in conversation. The first subtype, verbal mood, includes the categories of indicative and subjunctive subordinate clauses; the second sentence mood, encompasses declaratives, interrogatives, and imperatives. This work presents the essential background for understanding semantic theories of mood and discusses the most significant theories of both types. It evaluates those theories, compares them, draws connections between seemingly disparate approaches, and with the goal of drawing out their most important insights, it formalizes some of the literature’s most important ideas in new ways. Ultimately, this work shows that there are important connections between verbal mood and sentence mood which point the way towards a more general understanding of how mood works and its relation to other topics in linguistics, and it outlines the type of semantic and pragmatic theory which will make it possible to explain these relations.
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Cheyne, Peter, Andy Hamilton, and Max Paddison, eds. The Philosophy of Rhythm. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199347773.001.0001.
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Spanning all cultures, rhythm is the basic pulse that animates poetry and music. The recent explosion of scholarly interest across disciplines in the aural dimensions of aesthetic experience—particularly in sociology, cultural and media theory, and literary studies—has yet to explore this fundamental category. Discussion of rhythm tends to be confined within the discrete conceptual domains and technical vocabularies of musicology and prosody. With its original essays by philosophers, psychologists, musicians, literary theorists, and ethno-musicologists, this volume opens up wider—and plural—perspectives. It examines formal affinities between the historically interconnected fields of music, dance, and poetry, addressing key concepts such as embodiment, movement, pulse, and performance. Questions considered include: What is the distinction between rhythm and pulse? What is the relationship between everyday embodied experience, and the specific experience of music, dance, and poetry? Can aesthetics offer an understanding of rhythm that helps inform our responses to visual and other arts, as well as music, dance, and poetry? What is the relation between psychological conceptions of entrainment, and the humane concept of rhythm and meter? This collection provides a unique overview of a neglected aspect of aesthetic experience, and will appeal across disciplinary boundaries. It examines formal affinities between the historically interconnected fields of music, dance, and poetry, addressing key concepts such as embodiment, movement, pulse, and performance. The book is conceived throughout to appeal to a cross-disciplinary readership.
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Colás, Alejandro. The International Political Sociology of Empire. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acrefore/9780190846626.013.335.
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There are two primary reasons why empires are central to our understanding of International Relations (IR). First, the empire has been replaced by juridically equal sovereign territorial states over the past century. Formal empires no longer exist, and only one head of state retains the title of Emperor—Akihito of Japan. The second reason why the study of empire matters to IR is that much of the conventional distinction between hierarchy and anarchy has been subject to various criticisms from a wide array of methodological and political perspectives. In particular, International Political Sociology (IPS) has offered a framework for critical analyses of phenomena such as systemic transformation, international unevenness, and global inequality, or war, violence, and racism in international politics. Since the end of the Cold War, new theorizations of empire have placed empire and imperialism at the center of debates in IR. Contemporary investigations of empire in IR, and IPS in particular, have dwelled on a number of political debates and methodological issues, including the nature of American imperialism, the link between IR and global history, and the relationship between empire and globalization. The category “empire” continues to both illuminate the pertinence of IR to social theory more generally and at the same time highlights the shortcomings of the discipline in addressing the causes and dynamics of global inequality, violence, and uneven development.
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Hellman, Geoffrey. Structuralism. Edited by Stewart Shapiro. Oxford University Press, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780195325928.003.0017.
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The main types of mathematical structuralism that have been proposed and developed to the point of permitting systematic and instructive comparison are four: structuralism based on model theory, carried out formally in set theory (e.g., first- or second-order Zermelo–Fraenkel set theory), referred to as STS (for set-theoretic structuralism); the approach of philosophers such as Shapiro and Resnik of taking structures to be sui generis universals, patterns, or structures in an ante rem sense (explained in this article), referred to as SGS (for sui generis structuralism); an approach based on category and topos theory, proposed as an alternative to set theory as an overarching mathematical framework, referred to as CTS (for category-theoretic structuralism); and a kind of eliminative, quasi-nominalist structuralism employing modal logic, referred to as MS (for modal-structuralism). This article takes these up in turn, guided by few questions, with the aim of understanding their relative merits and the choices they present.
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Des Jardins, Julie. Women’s and Gender History. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199225996.003.0008.
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This chapter looks at women’s history and its successor, gender history, which emerged as strong new approaches beginning in the 1970s—precisely when the wider feminist movement began to have its most profound impact on at least Euro-American societies. Gender history and women’s history are not the same. The former, larger category overlaps with the latter, and also with areas such as masculinity history, critical race theory, and queer studies. However, it has only been since the 1980s that historians have considered ‘gender’ an historical subject or ‘a useful category of historical analysis’. Nevertheless, various radical, Marxist, and progressive historians had planted the seeds of gender history as early as the 1920s and 1930s, even as they privileged neither women nor gender as subjects. Their questioning of power structures and engagement of politics and relativist concepts were integral to the development of the field later in the twentieth century.
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Rehder, Bob. Concepts as Causal Models. Edited by Michael R. Waldmann. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199399550.013.21.
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This chapter evaluates the case for treating concepts as causal models, the view that people conceive of a categories as consisting of not only features but also the causal relations that link those features. In particular, it reviews the role of causal models in category-based induction. Category-based induction consists of drawing inferences about either objects or categories; in the latter case one generalizes a feature to a category (and thus its members). How causal knowledge influences how categories are formed in the first place—causal-based category discovery—is also examined. Whereas the causal model approach provides a generally compelling account of a large variety of inductive inferences, certain key discrepancies between the theory and empirical findings are highlighted. The chapter concludes with a discussion of the new sorts of representations, tasks, and tests that should be applied to the causal model approach to concepts.
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Gelman, Susan A., and Elizabeth A. Ware. Conceptual Development: The Case of Essentialism. Edited by Eric Margolis, Richard Samuels, and Stephen P. Stich. Oxford University Press, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780195309799.013.0019.
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The article focuses on conceptual development in children. There are two primary components to psychological essentialism, which include the belief that certain categories are natural kinds and the belief that there is some unobservable property. Psychologists examine the psychological representations of concepts whereas philosophers have examined essentialism with the goal of addressing a range of issues such as psychological, semantic, and metaphysical. The study of essentialism in children provides insights into children's cognition and information regarding the roots of human concepts. Essentialism includes several component beliefs, including that categories have sharp, immutable boundaries, that category members share deep, nonobvious commonalities, and that category membership has an innate, genetic, or biological basis. Kamp and Partee suggest that categories are seen with absolutely sharp boundaries only in abstract domains. Essentialism does not require that categories be treated as absolute but essentialism is the claim that category boundaries are intensified. Essentialism emerges early and consistently, does not require formal schooling, and if anything may be even stronger in early childhood than later. The detailed studies of parental input to children about categories also suggest that parents do not provide explicit instruction about essentialist beliefs.
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Julier, Alice P. Potlucks. University of Illinois Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.5406/illinois/9780252037634.003.0005.
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This chapter examines the social significance of potlucks. In the United States, the word potluck has come to mean a particular category of commensal events, where each participant brings a “dish to pass” to create a communal meal. As a social social event, the potluck represents a shift in both the form of the meal and the normative expectations of hospitality, away from formality and temporal sequencing. Because both emotional and material labor is shared at potlucks, people potentially construct different situated identities through these events than they might if orienting their social lives around more formal modes of entertaining. Potlucks are also about constructing temporary unities, bounded groups of informal and often heterogeneous people.
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McDaniel, Kris. Categories of Being. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198719656.003.0005.
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This chapter focuses on the nature of ontological categories. The author argues that, insofar as the notion of an ontological category is theoretically fruitful, we should take ontological categories to be modes of being. The chapter discusses one way in which ontological categories as modes of being could be used to formulate interesting and powerful principles about what is metaphysically possible. This way appeals to the idea that there are type restrictions in the metaphysically perfect language. The chapter also discusses whether it is necessary what ontological categories there are, and the prospects for a putative discipline of formal ontology, understood as that which studies the essence of an object qua object.
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Asudeh, Ash, and Gianluca Giorgolo. Enriched Meanings. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198847854.001.0001.
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This book presents a theory of enriched meanings for natural language interpretation. Certain expressions that exhibit complex effects at the semantics/pragmatics boundary live in an enriched meaning space while others live in a more basic meaning space. These basic meanings are mapped to enriched meanings just when required compositionally, which avoids generalizing meanings to the worst case. The theory is captured formally using monads, a concept from category theory. Monads are also prominent in functional programming and have been successfully used in the semantics of programming languages to characterize certain classes of computation. They are used here to model certain challenging linguistic computations at the semantics/pragmatics boundary. Part I presents some background on the semantics/pragmatics boundary, informally presents the theory of enriched meanings, reviews the linguistic phenomena of interest, and provides the necessary background on category theory and monads. Part II provides novel compositional analyses of the following phenomena: conventional implicature, substitution puzzles, and conjunction fallacies. Part III explores the prospects of combining monads, with particular reference to these three cases. The authors show that the compositional properties of monads model linguistic intuitions about these cases particularly well. The book is an interdisciplinary contribution to Cognitive Science: These phenomena cross not just the boundary between semantics and pragmatics, but also disciplinary boundaries between Linguistics, Philosophy and Psychology, three of the major branches of Cognitive Science, and are here analyzed with techniques that are prominent in Computer Science, a fourth major branch. A number of exercises are provided to aid understanding, as well as a set of computational tools (available at the book's website), which also allow readers to develop their own analyses of enriched meanings.
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Humphreys, Hilary, William Irving, Bridget Atkins, and Andrew Woodhouse. Oxford Case Histories in Infectious Diseases and Microbiology. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198846482.001.0001.
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The case format highlights key issues in presenting features, diagnosis, management, and prevention, and lends itself well to cases of infection. Those chosen reflect both common and important pathogens/infections, and less frequent but important conditions in terms of the outcome or the risk of onward spread. The cases are divided according to the main organ systems, such as respiratory and gastrointestinal, with a section for systemic infections and miscellaneous for those cases that do not neatly fit into any category. The book focuses on ensuring that the reader is aware of how to confirm a diagnosis rapidly, with references throughout to evolving laboratory techniques, provides advice on therapy, discusses recent epidemiological features, and addresses areas where there is some controversy. A combination of clinical photographs, imaging, laboratory illustrations, tables, and figures are included to highlight key points or features. Further reading provides information on aspects where there are ongoing developments. For the trainee in clinical microbiology and infection, it is not possible to cover all aspects of any curriculum in this format, and they are recommended to consult other sources. However, the cases presented will assist both them and their trainers in keeping abreast of recent developments and reminding them of key principles.
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Vázquez, Yolanda. Enforcing the Politics of Race and Identity in Migration and Crime Control Policies. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198814887.003.0010.
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This chapter examines how migration and crime policies in the United States have shaped and been shaped by race and racism. Specifically, it discusses the racialization of the ‘criminal alien’ as Latino and the way in which this category has shaped contemporary notions of race and racial identity. It argues that the historical construction of Latinos as inferior and temporary labourers continues to influence the way in which migration and crime policies are created in a post-racial society. At the same time, these policies reinforce the nation state’s understanding of race and racism, racial ideology, and the position that Latinos hold within American society. Through the category of the ‘criminal alien’, societal attitudes and beliefs are formed that view Latinos as dangerous to the nation and its community, legitimizing increasingly harsh migration and criminal laws, policies, and practices that disproportionately impact Latinos and reinforce their racial inequality.
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Tutino, Stefania. The Genesis of Probabilism. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190694098.003.0002.
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This chapter explores the genesis of probabilism, and it sets the historical and theoretical tone for the development of this doctrine. It examines two theologians in particular: the theologian and canon law scholar Martín de Azpilcueta (better known as Doctor Navarrus) and the Dominican theologian Bartolomé de Medina. Both of them engaged profoundly with uncertainty in their commentaries on moral theology and law, as well as in their hugely influential manuals for confessors. Whereas the former provided a crucial elaboration on the nature and significance of moral uncertainty, the latter identified and articulated uncertainty as an epistemological, not simply moral, category.
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Berger, Susanna. Reflection. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190225100.003.0005.
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This essay discusses a novel category of broadside in which entire systems of logic, natural philosophy, metaphysics, and moral philosophy are represented in a comprehensive manner and coherent format, by showing, on a single page, how individual elements of the system relate to the whole. These broadsides inspired viewers to explore philosophical topics through visually appealing artworks. They functioned to make the activity of learning philosophy and investigating philosophical notions pleasurable and entertaining. In this Reflection, details in two broadsides that present pictorial interpretations of the notion of pleasure and its dangers are examined, in order to show the equivocal attitudes toward sensual pleasures in the convent schools associated with the University of Paris in the early seventeenth century.
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Priest, Eldritch. Boring Formless Nonsense. Bloomsbury Academic, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.5040/9781501382789.
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Boring Formless Nonsense intervenes in an aesthetics of failure that has largely been delimited by the visual arts and its avant-garde legacies. It focuses on contemporary experimental composition in which failure rubs elbows with the categories of chance, noise, and obscurity. In these works we hear failure anew. We hear boredom, formlessness, and nonsense in a way that gives new purchase to aesthetic, philosophical, and ethical questions that falter in their negative capability. Reshaping current debates on failure as an aesthetic category, eldritch Priest shows failure to be a duplicitous concept that traffics in paradox and sustains the conditions for magical thinking and hyperstition. Framing recent experimental composition as a deviant kind of sound art, Priest explores how the affective and formal elements of post-Cagean music couples with contemporary culture's themes of depression, distraction, and disinformation to create an esoteric reality composed of counterfactuals and pseudonymous beings. Ambitious in content and experimental in its approach, Boring Formless Nonsense will challenge and fracture your views on failure, creativity, and experimental music.
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Bell, Marcus. Whiteness Interrupted. Duke University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1215/9781478021933.
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In Whiteness Interrupted Marcus Bell presents a revealing portrait of white teachers in majority-black schools in which he examines the limitations of understandings of how white racial identity is formed. Through in-depth interviews with dozens of white teachers from a racially segregated, urban school district in Upstate New York, Bell outlines how whiteness is constructed based on localized interactions and takes a different form in predominantly black spaces. He finds that in response to racial stress in a difficult teaching environment, white teachers conceptualized whiteness as a stigmatized category predicated on white victimization. When discussing race outside majority-black spaces, Bell's subjects characterized American society as postracial, in which race seldom affects outcomes. Conversely, in discussing their experiences within predominantly black spaces, they rejected the idea of white privilege, often angrily, and instead focused on what they saw as the racial privilege of blackness. Throughout, Bell underscores the significance of white victimization narratives in black spaces and their repercussions as the United States becomes a majority-minority society.
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Curtis A, Bradley. 8 Sovereign and Official Immunity. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780190217761.003.0008.
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This chapter discusses three types of immunity in U.S. litigation: the immunity of foreign governments and their agencies and instrumentalities; the immunity of diplomats and consular officials; and the immunity of other foreign officials. Foreign governmental immunity is addressed today the Foreign Sovereign Immunities Act, and both the historical practice predating the Act and its core provisions are considered here. Diplomatic immunity and consular immunity are addressed by multilateral treaties and this chapter describes those treaties and how they have been applied by U.S. courts. The most unsettled category of immunity concerns suits against other foreign government officials, including against sitting and former heads of state. The chapter describes how the lower courts, since the Supreme Court’s 2010 decision in the Samantar case, have been developing a common law of immunity for these cases, while also often giving deference to the views of the executive branch.
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Owens, W. R. Religious Writings and the Early Novel. Edited by Alan Downie. Oxford University Press, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199566747.013.005.
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Religious writings formed the largest category of publications in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, and were read on a vast scale. This essay focuses on the relationships between these writings and the early novel, discussing how religious ideas and controversies were represented in fiction, and the extent to which some novels were regarded by their authors—and valued by readers—as ‘religious’ works. The literary form of early novels drew upon conventions made familiar in popular religious writings, such as the use of dialogue and allegory. John Bunyan’s spiritual autobiography, Grace Abounding, and, even more, his extraordinarily successful fictional representation of the Christian life, The Pilgrim’s Progress were among the most significant influences on the narrative shape and concerns of early novels.
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Lowe, John J. Transitive Nouns and Adjectives. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198793571.001.0001.
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This book explores the wealth of evidence from early Indo-Aryan for the existence of transitive nouns and adjectives, a rare linguistic phenomenon which, according to some categorizations of word classes, should not occur. The author shows that most transitive nouns and adjectives attested in early Indo-Aryan cannot be analysed as belonging to a type of non-finite verb category, but must be acknowledged as a distinct constructional type. The volume provides a detailed introduction to transitivity (verbal and adpositional), the categories of agent and action noun, and early Indo-Aryan. Four periods of early Indo-Aryan are selected for study: Rigvedic Sanskrit, the earliest Indo-Aryan; Vedic Prose, a slightly later form of Sanskrit; Epic Sanskrit, a form of Sanskrit close to the standardized ‘Classical’ Sanskrit; and Pali, the early Middle Indo-Aryan language of the Buddhist scriptures. The author shows that while each linguistic stage is different, there are shared features of transitive nouns and adjectives which apply throughout the history of early Indo-Aryan. The data is set in the wider historical context, from Proto-Indo-European to Modern Indo-Aryan, and a formal linguistic analysis of transitive nouns and adjectives is provided in the framework of Lexical-Functional Grammar.
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Bloch, Michael H. Comorbidity in Pediatric OCD. Edited by Christopher Pittenger. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190228163.003.0053.
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Tic disorders, including Tourette syndrome (TS), are not formally part of the category of “OCD-related disorders” in the DSM; but the association with OCD is sufficiently strong, and clinically important, that the OCD diagnosis now carries an optional “tic-related” specifier. Comorbidity is the norm in TS; in addition to OCD, attention deficit symptoms are particularly common. The presence of these comorbidities can affect both behavioral and pharmacological treatments, which are reviewed in this chapter. Tics commonly begin in childhood (part of the definition of TS), often improving in late adolescence. Approximately 30% of children with TS will develop OCD; the onset of OCD symptoms is usually later than that of tics, and they are more likely to persist into adulthood. Tic-associated OCD has a male preponderance and is more likely to be characterized by symmetry-related obsessions and compulsions. Like OCD, tic disorders are characterized by abnormalities in the cortico-striatal circuitry.
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Levering, Matthew. Did Jesus Rise from the Dead? Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198838968.001.0001.
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This book defends the reasonableness of believing that Jesus of Nazareth rose from the dead. It mounts both historical arguments and theological arguments. There are only two alternatives as a historical matter: either Jesus actually rose from the dead, or else his bereaved disciples saw hallucinatory visions and were fooled by them. Indebted to N. T. Wright, this book argues that historical evidence points to the former scenario. The Gospels were backed by eyewitnesses who were living and telling their stories even during the time of the writing of the Gospels. In addition, “history” is not a neutral category; to know what history actually is, it is necessary to know whether or not there is a Creator God who loves his creatures. Furthermore, there is every reason to consider the Scriptures of Israel to belong to the background evidence by which scholars and inquirers evaluate the credibility of the testimony to Jesus’ Resurrection. The historical evidence for this event will be more credible to those who cultivate an ability to contemplate the whole. The book also addresses the question of why, after Jesus rose from the dead, he did not continue to show himself in his glorified flesh. Jesus’ entire mission is predicated upon helping us to avoid cleaving to the present world over God. He is leading us to where he is—the kingdom of God, the beginning of the new creation at the Father’s right hand.