Academic literature on the topic 'Forests and forestry Papua New Guinea'

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Journal articles on the topic "Forests and forestry Papua New Guinea"

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Thompson, Herb. "Environment and Development: The Forests of Papua New Guinea." Journal of Interdisciplinary Economics 6, no. 2 (July 1995): 133–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/02601079x9500600203.

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The uniqueness and importance of island tropical moist rainforests, such as that of Papua New Guinea is well recognised. It can be safely argued that tropical islands with their rainforests and adjacent coral reefs may well comprise the most biologically rich complexes of ecosystems on the planet. Therefore, those who pursue economic growth or developmental processes on these islands must be particularly cognizant of the environment. This paper examines, with particular reference to Papua New Guinea, the relationship between development and the environment. Papua New Guinea incorporates the largest continuous tract of lowland tropical moist rainforest in the Southeast Asia/Pacific region. The forestry sector in Papua New Guinea is described. This is followed by a conceptualisation of the environmental/economic dilemma. It is then argued that economic criteria and legal/juridical policies, used by international agencies and the State to resolve the problem of forest degradation, have proved to be a failure in Papua New Guinea. Those people most affected, villagers and peasants, have no control over the incursion of international capital and are forced or enticed to sell off their own and future generation’s customary land rights. Social relationships have been commercialised in a most effective manner. In return the villagers receive roads without maintenance, schools without teachers and royalty agreements without payment. To date no consensus has yet been achieved on the relationship between the protagonists of economic growth and those of ecological or social sustainability
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Filer, Colin, Rodney J. Keenan, Bryant J. Allen, and John R. Mcalpine. "Deforestation and forest degradation in Papua New Guinea." Annals of Forest Science 66, no. 8 (January 2009): 813. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/forest/2009067.

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Sheil, Douglas, Manuel Boissière, Miriam van Heist, Ismail Rachman, Imam Basuki, Meilinda Wan, and Yoseph Watopa. "The Floodplain Forests of the Mamberamo Basin, Papua, Indonesia (Western New Guinea): Vegetation, Soils, and Local Use." Forests 12, no. 12 (December 16, 2021): 1790. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f12121790.

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New Guinea is the world’s largest, most speciose, and most culturally rich tropical island, and the little-studied Mamberamo Basin of Papua (Indonesian New Guinea) is recognised among the region’s most-important areas for biological diversity. Here, we examined the floodplain forests in the indigenous territory of Papasena, within the Mamberamo-Foja Wildlife Reserve in the Mamberamo Basin. As part of a training activity with local researchers, students, and civil servants, and with the permission and assistance of the local people, we employed various methods including the field surveys detailed here. We used variable-area tree plots, transects for non-trees and soil sampling, and local informants to document 17 plots: four in old-growth dryland forest, five in old-growth swamp forests (two seasonally flooded and three permanently wet including one dominated by sago, Metroxylon sagu Rottb.), five in secondary forest (fallows), and three in gardens (two in swamps and one on dryland). In total, we measured 475 trees over 10 cm in diameter at 1.3 m (dbh). The swamp forests had high local basal areas (highest value 45.1 m2 ha−1) but relatively low statures (20 m but with emergent trees over 40 m). In total, 422 morphospecies from 247 genera and 89 different families were distinguished. These included 138 tree species and 284 non-tree plant species. A quarter (105) of the morphospecies lacked species-level identifications. The woody families Rubiaceae, Araceae, Moraceae, and Euphorbiaceae were especially diverse, with 20 or more morphospecies each. Tree richness was highest in dryland forest (plot 7 having 28 species in 40 stems over 10 cm dbh) with more variation in the flooded forests. Non-tree vegetation showed similar patterns ranging from 65 species in one 40-by-5 m primary forest plot to just 5 in one seasonally flooded forest plot. The local people identified many plants as useful. Among trees, at least 59 species were useful for construction (the most common use), while, for non-trees, medicinal uses were most frequent. Inceptisols dominated (12 plots), followed by Ultisols and Entisols (3 and 2 plots, respectively). Drainage appeared poor and nutrient availability low, while land-suitability criteria implied little potential for crops aside from sago. We discuss the implication of local practises and more recent developments that may threaten the conservation of these floodplain systems. We underline the key role of local people in the oversight and protection of these ecosystems.
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Dargavel, John. "From Exploitation to Science: Lane Poole's Forest Surveys of Papua and New Guinea, 1922 - 1924." Historical Records of Australian Science 17, no. 1 (2006): 71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/hr05014.

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Charles Lane Poole (1875-1970) was engaged from 1922 to 1924 to locate forest resources that could be exploited for a timber export trade from the Territories of Papua and New Guinea. He took his brief beyond this in order to establish a scientific base for forestry, explore country beyond the limits of white contact, and contribute to the mapping of the Territories. He did not find a timber resource for export, but he classified the forests, assessed likely areas and collected some 800 herbarium specimens. This paper examines his surveys in light of these dimensions, the context of time and place, and Lane Poole's beliefs and energy.
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Rome, G., R. Turia, L. Oa, T. Page, G. Applegate, and C. Saliau. "Sandalwood trade and development in Papua New Guinea." Australian Forestry 83, no. 4 (October 1, 2020): 208–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00049158.2020.1855005.

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Hunt, Colin. "Local and global benefits of subsidizing tropical forest conservation." Environment and Development Economics 7, no. 2 (April 25, 2002): 325–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1355770x02000207.

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The article describes and quantifies the financial benefits of small-scale community forestry, conducted on an ecologically sustainable basis—‘eco-forestry’, by customary landowners in Papua New Guinea. Through economic modelling the article also attempts to quantify the global benefits generated. Eco-forestry is subsidized by donors directly and through NGOs in its setting up and certification. Financial modelling suggests that, with a subsidy, eco-forestry is capable of generating a return to landowners that is comparable to industrial logging. While the return to logging followed by conversion to agriculture is much more attractive than eco-forestry, agriculture is an option available only in some locations. Economic modelling finds that the external economic benefits emanating from tropical forest conservation that replaces logging in Papua New Guinea are far greater in scale than the financial benefits to landowners. However, the lack of reliable data on the environmental benefits of forest conservation means that economic analysis is somewhat inconclusive. The need for further research to quantify environmental benefits is thus highlighted. The subsidization of forest conservation directly, instead of indirectly through small-scale forestry, is investigated and found to generate a similar level of economic benefits to eco-forestry. However, the cost of direct subsidization is greater. Moreover, mechanisms for direct subsidy are undeveloped in Papua New Guinea. Donors may prefer to continue to subsidize small-scale forestry where it replaces logging because of its apparent conservation and side benefits and because it is operational, while at the same time exploring and extending cost-effective models of direct conservation that have the advantage over eco-forestry of being applicable in more remote areas. Compared with industrial logging, eco-forestry contributes little to consolidated revenue. Therefore it is to be expected that eco-forestry will meet government resistance if it makes significant inroads into the allocation of logging concessions.
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Belleville, Benoit, Ravu Iru, Charles Tsiritsi, and Barbara Ozarska. "Planing characteristics of Papua New Guinea timber species from plantations and regrowth forests." European Journal of Wood and Wood Products 78, no. 2 (January 29, 2020): 343–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00107-020-01495-z.

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Grussu, Giorgio, Riccardo Testolin, Simon Saulei, Alessio Farcomeni, Cossey K. Yosi, Michele De Sanctis, and Fabio Attorre. "Optimum plot and sample sizes for carbon stock and biodiversity estimation in the lowland tropical forests of Papua New Guinea." Forestry 89, no. 2 (December 13, 2015): 150–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/forestry/cpv047.

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Bryan, Jane, J. B. Kirkpatrick, P. L. Shearman, and J. Ash. "On estimating tropical forest carbon dynamics in Papua New Guinea." Annals of Forest Science 68, no. 2 (March 2011): 213–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s13595-011-0042-x.

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Bartlett, A. G. "Factors affecting the success of collaborative forestry research in Papua New Guinea." Australian Forestry 81, no. 2 (April 3, 2018): 116–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00049158.2018.1462546.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Forests and forestry Papua New Guinea"

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Nir, Edward Ess. "The monodominant stands of anisoptera thurifera ssp polyandra and their management in Papua New Guinea /." [St. Lucia, Qld], 2004. http://www.library.uq.edu.au/pdfserve.php?image=thesisabs/absthe18255.pdf.

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Abe, Hitofumi. "Forest management impacts on growth, diversity and nutrient cycling of lowland tropical rainforest and plantations, Papua New Guinea." University of Western Australia. School of Plant Biology, 2008. http://theses.library.uwa.edu.au/adt-WU2008.0098.

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[Truncated abstract] Globally, tropical rainforests are noted for their high biodiversity and key roles in carbon storage and influence on climate. Nevertheless, tropical deforestation in many parts of the world continues at an alarming rate. In Papua New Guinea (PNG), tropical rainforest is relatively well maintained, with about 70 % of the land area still covered by primary forest. However, PNG's native forests are coming under increasing pressure, particularly from selective logging for high quality timber. While the forests of PNG, and more broadly the entire New Guinea Island, are recognised as of high conservation and ecological significance, they remain grossly understudied with little knowledge of key ecosystem processes within lowland forests in particular. Such knowledge is urgently required if the impacts of logging and other land-use change are to be assessed and in order to develop sustainable management systems. This thesis investigated the impacts of logging on diversity and nutrient cycling in a lowland tropical rainforest growing on limestone soils in the area of the Mongi-Busiga Forest Management Agreement (FMA, which is a logging concession area), in northeastern PNG. These forests are on relatively young soils and provide a useful contrast to the majority of tropical forests. The research includes a four-year study of the recovery of diversity and structure after logging, and quantified forest structure, tree species diversity, forest biomass and productivity, and nutrient distribution and cycling. This thesis also examines the ecological sustainability of Eucalyptus deglupta plantations in Wasab, PNG as an alternative resource for timber and biomass energy. The thesis concludes with a discussion of long-term forest recovery and sustainable forest management in north-eastern PNG. Two adjacent one-hectare plots were established in lowland tropical rainforest at Mongi-Busiga FMA. One of these plots was subsequently selectively logged, one year after establishment. Before logging, the two one-hectare plots contained a total of 37 families, 70 genera and 110 tree species that were >5 cm in diameter at breast height. Mean basal area was 42.4 m2 ha-1. Two tree species, Madhuca leucodermis (Sapotaceae) and Pometia pinnata (Sapindaceae) accounted for ~60% of the total basal area. Gymnacranthera paniculata (Myristicaceae) was the most common species and accounted for 13% of individuals. ... This study concludes that the Mongi-Busiga forest has many unusual characteristics for a tropical forest, including relatively low diversity of tree species, high accumulation of P in the biomass, and N limitations, compared to other tropical rainforests. However, those extraordinary characteristics may be explained well by the underlying geology of young, marine-derived limestone. Sustainable management of the lowland tropical forests of PNG should consider the consequences of logging on nutrient cycling processes, with the possible significant removal of P from site with repeated logging, as well as the interactions between N and P in these systems. Establishment of Eucalyptus plantations on previously cleared land also has the potential to meet some of the timber and biomass energy requirements of northern PNG in ecologically sustainable manner.
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Siaguru, Philip. "Effect of shade on growth of lowland forest tree seedlings in Papua New Guinea." Thesis, University of Aberdeen, 1992. http://digitool.abdn.ac.uk/R?func=search-advanced-go&find_code1=WSN&request1=AAIU545674.

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This study was in two parts and involved two years of field research and nursery work in Madang and Lae respectively, in northern Papua New Guinea. The effect of different intensities of sunlight on the growth of twelve tropical lowland forest timber trees as studied using neutral shade in a nursery and artificial canopy gaps in natural forest. The twelve tree species were Albizia falcataria (*), Canarium schlecteri (*), Celtis latifolia (*), Intsia bijuga (+), Maniltoa psilogyne (+), Microcos grandiflora (*), Neonauclea sp (*). Pometia pinnata (* +), Pterocarpus indicus (* +), Terminalia complenata (* +), Terminalia impediens (* +) and Terminalia sepicana (*) . The species marked (*) were monitored in nursery conditions, those with (+) in natural forest. Seeds of the studied tree species were collected from the forest in Madang and were germinated and acclimated under 54&'37 RLI (Relative Light Intensity) in the Lae nursery. After about 2 weeks the plants were transferred to six shade houses at 4, 11, 31, 54, 74 &'38 100&'37 RLI. Height growth, leaf production, biomass growth and seedling mortality were measured. Seedling mortality was highest for some plants in 4&'37 RLI, while most plants attained maximum growth between 30-70&'37 RLI. Growth generally declined in full sun which was partly due to solarization, partly to herbivory, and partly to a pot effect. Clear differences were observed between the species which were ranked on a gradient from the most shade tolerant to the least : C. latifolia, M. grandiflora, P. pinnata, C. schlechteri, T. sepicana, T. impediens, Neonauclea sp., T. complenata and A. falcataria . The research in natural forest at Madang ran concurrently with the nursery research. Seeds of the tree species were collected from the forest in Madang and were germinated and acclimated under 28&'37 RLI in the village nursery in Madang. After about 6 weeks of acclimation, the plants were planted out into the light treatments (1, 29, 63, 84 &'38 100&'37 RLI) created by felling trees to open up the canopy. Pre-existing seedlings together with transplanted seedlings were assessed for height growth, biomass growth, seedling mortality and leaf production. Tree species growing under 1&'37 RLI showed significantly lower growth than at 29&'37 RLI, which was close to the maximum growth, for most species. Species were ranked on a gradient from the most shade tolerant to the least for transplanted seedlings : I. bijuga, P. pinnata, T. complenata, T. impediens and P. indicus ; and pre-existing seedlings : C. latifolia, M. psilogyne and P. pinnata . All tree species studied under natural and nursery conditions attained maximum growth in light levels below full sun.
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Saulei, Simon M. "The recovery of tropical lowland rainforest after clearfell logging in the Gogol Valley, Papua New Guinea." Thesis, University of Aberdeen, 1985. http://digitool.abdn.ac.uk/R?func=search-advanced-go&find_code1=WSN&request1=AAIU363256.

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Recovery of tropical rain forest in Gogol Valley, Papua New Guinea was monitored for 2 years following clear-fel1ing in the wet and dry seasons. Further redevelopment, reconstructed by measurements of regrowth of known ages from 1.5-10.8 years, were compared with forest heavily disturbed by fire 55 years ago and primary forest. The vegetation, survey was assessed principally by Counting and measuring trees. Because of the importance of soil seed bank in influencing vegetation recovery processes, special attention was given to the spatial and temporal changes in the soil seed bank and the seed rain which supplies it. The major findings were: (1) vegetation recovery was rapid and 97% of all colonizing trees regenerated from seeds while 3% were resprouts; (2) regrowth after felling in the dry-season differed from that following wet-season felling in having lower density, slower growth and mostly comprised resprouting tree species; (3) after 10 years, regrowth is composed principally of large pioneer trees (65% of basal area or 64% of stems); (4) the 55 year-old forest also had many (48%) pioneer trees: much of the forest in the area is of this kind and may be classified as advanced secondary forest; (5) forest soil seed bank following felling was rapidly depleted due to germination, but was rapidly replaced as early pioneer herbs matured and set seed. Trees in soil seed bank do not approach that of primary forest until after 10 years of regrowth; (6) the intensity of pioneer trees' seed rain was correlated with the fecundity of nearby parent trees and clearly controlled soil seed bank redevelopment. There was evidence of dispersal of pioneer seeds several hundred metres into an isolated area of closed forest; (7) trees left uncut following felling contribute significantly to seed rain and therefore to soil seed bank.
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Golman, Martin. "Resource planning for Samsai Niksek tribal forest of Papua New Guinea : recognising land, people and the forests." Phd thesis, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/1885/149633.

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Shearman, Philip Lister. "An assessment of forest cover, deforestation and forest degradation in Papua New Guinea." Phd thesis, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/1885/151562.

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Downs, Fiona. "Corruption and poor governance in the forests of Indonesia and Papua New Guinea." Phd thesis, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/1885/155773.

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Corruption and poor governance are well-documented problems in the management of forests around the world, and are widely cited to be contributing to deforestation and forest degradation. However, whilst the link between corruption, poor governance and deforestation is widely assumed, few studies have analysed the mechanisms by which corruption and poor governance may be contributing to deforestation and forest degradation. That is, there has been research that supports the claim that corruption contributes to deforestation, however many of these studies have utilised measures of corruption, such as corruption perceptions indexes, which hide a lot of the variation in types of corruption. Localised case-studies of corruption and poor governance, which have identified many types of corruption, have often not focused on the impact on forest management. These two streams of research demonstrate that corruption and poor governance are multifaceted phenomena and may impact on forests in diverse and context-specific ways. This thesis seeks therefore to integrate these two streams of research by addressing the questions 'Does corruption and poor governance contribute to deforestation and forest degradation in Indonesia and Papua New Guinea? And if so, how?' Indonesia and Papua New Guinea (PNG) were selected as case studies for this research due to the important forest reserves and the high prevalence of corruption and poor governance. Grounded theory methodology, which provides a systematic and rigorous approach to generating theories from the data, was used to analyse the process of forest governance and corruption. Based on the data collected from semi-structured interviews and government and media reports, two grounded theories were developed on forest governance and on corruption in the forests. The core process of forest governance that emerged from the data was one of a process of negotiation over if, and how, regulations were implemented. The grounded theory on corruption also highlights the complex systems and relationships that support, or demand, corrupt exchanges in different contexts. The findings from the two grounded theories were then drawn on to analyse if and how corruption and poor governance contribute to deforestation and forest degradation in Indonesia and PNG. The analysis focuses on four stages of forest management-land-use planning, concession allocation, monitoring and enforcing and the distribution of benefits-to identify what types of corruption and poor governance is occurring, and how this may impact upon the forests. The findings point to some very complex relationships between corruption, poor governance and deforestation and forest degradation in the case study countries, and highlight how other factors, such as regulatory quality, need to be understood in order to determine whether any specific corrupt exchange contributes to deforestation and forest degradation. My thesis is whilst corruption and poor governance do not necessarily lead to more area of forestland being cleared, corruption and poor governance do contribute to the wider problems associated with deforestation, such as unsustainable forest exploitation and environmental injustices. These findings have implications for current efforts to improve forest governance as a means to reduce deforestation and forest degradation in these two countries.
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Turia, Ruth Caroline Hitahat. "Cannot see the land for the trees : the forest management dilemma in Papua New Guinea." Phd thesis, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/1885/150811.

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Stephens, Suzette A. "The ecology of painted ringtails (Pseudochirulus forbesi larvatus) at Mt. Stolle, Papua New Guinea and contributions to the conservation of New Guinean mammals." 2005. https://scholarworks.umass.edu/dissertations/AAI3193944.

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Many areas of New Guinea remain poorly sampled, hindering conservation planning efforts. Endemic species significantly contribute to explaining a peak in non-flying mammal diversity at mid-elevations, even after removal of boundary effects. When corrected for area, effects of diet and body size become relevant. Diversity of non-eutherians declines with elevation similar to rodents. Folivores drop in diversity with elevation more markedly than carnivores. Smaller-bodied mammals drop in diversity more markedly than larger-bodied ones. Field surveys at Mt. Stolle produced 3 new species records for Sandaun Province of Papua New Guinea, and 5 new species records for the Telefomin area. I collected data on radio-collared painted ringtails, including: body measurements, home range sizes, survival rates, waking hours spent eating, walking and resting, hours of activity and activity levels. Male painted ringtails are larger than females; males are more active and heavier males return later. Males walk more than females, and heavier males walk more. The male survival rate is one-sixth that of females. Male home ranges overlap with those of two or more females. Painted ringtails are almost entirely folivorous, consuming at least 75 tree species. Bark is consumed from at least five species, two of which were sought significantly beyond their abundance at the site. Selectivity in foliage consumed is present at both the species and family levels of trees, and proximity of diet trees to dreys plays a role in selection. The top 10 species most frequently consumed by males and females do not differ, but the top 10 families do differ. The painted ringtail diet is more folivorous and the tree species composition is significantly different than that of the larger sympatric coppery ringtail and mountain cuscus. Bark consumed by painted ringtails contained calcium, potassium and magnesium levels significantly higher than that found in control trees (conspecifics and other species). Significantly more adult male painted ringtails (14 of 21) were captured at bark trees than adult females (three of 17) or juvenile males (one of six); juvenile females were equally captured at and away from these trees (six of 12).
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VLAŠÁNEK, Petr. "Population structure and dispersal of butterflies in tropical rain forests of Papua New Guinea." Doctoral thesis, 2013. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-161356.

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The thesis describes the community composition, population structure and dispersal in a lowland rainforest community, extended to changes in butterfly composition along an altitudinal gradient. It tests the feasibility of mark-release-recapture studies in the understories of lowland primary forests, describes dispersal in relation to host plants and compares dispersal and demographic parameters with temperate species. Focusing on primary as well as secondary sites the thesis analyzes species richness and similarity between sites along an altitudinal gradient. It also tests ecological correlates for endemism in New Guinea butterflies, particularly their geographic and altitudinal range, as well as their optimum altitude.
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Books on the topic "Forests and forestry Papua New Guinea"

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Papua New Guinea. Dept. of Forests. Papua New Guinea: Country report. Port Moresby, Papua New Guinea: Dept. of Forests, 1991.

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Papua New Guinea Forest Authority. National forest plan for Papua New Guinea. [Port Moresby, Papua New Guinea]: The Authority, 1996.

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Hunt, Colin. Organisation of eco-forestry in Papua New Guinea. Port Moresby, Papua New Guinea: National Research Institute, 2000.

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Forest Stewardship Council (Papua New Guinea). High conservation value forest toolkit for Papua New Guinea: A national guide for identifying, managing and monitoring high conservation value forest. Boroko, NCD, Papua New Guinea: Papua New Guinea Forest Stewardship Council], 2005.

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Hunt, Colin. Revenue implications of export tax denomination in developing countries: The case of forestry in Papua New Guinea. Boroko, Papua New Guinea: National Research Institute, 2000.

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Papua New Guinea Forest Authority. Papua New Guinea Forestry Sector: Country report for the 18th Session of the Asia-Pacific Forestry Commission, 15-19 May 2000. Papua New Guinea: Papua New Guinea Forest Authority, 2000.

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Grubb, P. J. The forests of the Fatima basin and Mt. Kerigomna, Papua New Guinea, with a review of montane and subalpine rainforests in Papuasia. Canberra: Australian National University, 1985.

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Grubb, P. J. The forests of the Fatima basin and Mt. Kerigomna,Papua New Guinea, with a review of montane and subalpine rainforests in Papuasia. Canberra: Australian National University, 1985.

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Hunt, Colin. Eco-forestry as an economic alternative to logging in Papua New Guinea. Port Moresby, Papua New Guinea: National Research Institute, 2000.

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Papua New Guinea Forest Authority. HR training policy and procedures. [Papua New Guinea: Papua New Guinea Forest Authority, 2006.

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Book chapters on the topic "Forests and forestry Papua New Guinea"

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Collins, N. Mark, Jeffrey A. Sayer, and Timothy C. Whitmore. "Papua New Guinea." In The Conservation Atlas of Tropical Forests Asia and the Pacific, 174–82. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 1991. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-12030-7_21.

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Leary, Tanya, and Ted Mamu. "Conserving Papua New Guinea's forest fauna through community planning." In Conservation of Australia's Forest Fauna, 186–207. P.O. Box 20, Mosman NSW 2088: Royal Zoological Society of New South Wales, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.7882/fs.2004.014.

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West, Paige, and Enock Kale. "The Fate of Crater Mountain: Forest Conservation in the Eastern Highlands of Papua New Guinea." In Tropical Forests Of Oceania: Anthropological Perspectives. ANU Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.22459/tfo.08.2015.07.

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"What Local People Want with Forests: Ideologies and Attitudes in Papua New Guinea." In Natural Resource Extraction and Indigenous Livelihoods, 217–36. Routledge, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781315597546-14.

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Wood, Michael. "Representational Excess in Recent Attempts to Acquire Forest Carbon in the Kamula Doso Area, Western Province, Papua New Guinea." In Tropical Forests Of Oceania: Anthropological Perspectives. ANU Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.22459/tfo.08.2015.09.

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Bayliss-Smith, Tim, Jack Golson, and Philip Hughes. "Phase 5: Retreating Forests, Flat-Bottomed Ditches and Raised Fields." In Ten Thousand Years of Cultivation at Kuk Swamp in the Highlands of Papua New Guinea. ANU Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.22459/ta46.07.2017.15.

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"Papua New Guinea." In Oil Wealth and the Fate of the Forest, 270–317. Routledge, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9780203986677-19.

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Corlett, Richard T. "Vegetation." In The Physical Geography of Southeast Asia. Oxford University Press, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199248025.003.0017.

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Southeast Asia is not a natural biogeographical unit: it extends well north out of the tropics in Myanmar, while the eastern boundary bisects the island of New Guinea. It is also divided in two by one of the sharpest zoogeographical boundaries in the world, Wallace’s line (Figure 7.1; Whitmore 1987). There is, however, one important unifying feature that distinguishes it from most other regions of the tropics: Southeast Asia is a region of forest climates. Only on the highest mountains in Papua and northern Myanmar is the climate too cold for forest and, with the possible exception of some small rain-shadow areas, it is nowhere too dry. Elsewhere the only permanent non-forest vegetation in the region before the human impacts of the last few millennia was on coastal cliffs and beaches, seasonally flooded river plains, active volcanoes, and perhaps some small inland areas on soils too poor to support forest. Today, however, as a result of human impacts, forest occupies less than half of the region, with various anthropogenic vegetation types occupying the rest. The recognition of Southeast Asia, as defined here, as a separate political and geographic entity is very recent, so it is not surprising that there has been no previous account of the vegetation of the whole region. Van Steenis (1957) gave a general account of the vegetation of Indonesia, while Whitmore (1984) concentrated on the tropical evergreen forests of the region, with only a brief description of the vegetation of drier climates. Champion (1936) described the principal forest types of Myanmar, while Vidal (1997) covered the vegetation of Thailand, Cambodia, and Lao PDR. Numerous other publications describe smaller areas or specific vegetation types. To a first approximation, the potential natural vegetation of the region (Plate 1) up to about 20°N is controlled by two main environmental gradients: a horizontal gradient of water availability and a vertical, altitudinal gradient. Water availability is determined largely by the amount and distribution of rainfall, with the length of the dry season the most important factor, although the water storage capacity of the soil becomes increasingly significant at the drier end of the gradient.
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9

Crook, Tony. "miit." In Anthropological Knowledge, Secrecy and Bolivip, Papua New Guinea. British Academy, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.5871/bacad/9780197264003.003.0002.

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Abstract:
Fakam lies a day's walk from the more permanently used houses in Bolivip, and this occasional house was temporarily occupied through various comings and goings for many weeks whilst mature taro gardens were harvested and new gardens were cleared and planted. Bolivip divides the forest in several ways: by elevation between hot and cold places where most crops and pandanus are tended, and the high cloud forest; and by usage between primary forest, gardens, old garden sites, spirit sites, and house clearings. An entirely new variety of taro is found having spontaneously emerged amongst broken ground in some unfamiliar part of the forest. Kinim miit relations are sometimes imaged as a tree.
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10

Holzknecht, Hartmut, and Martin Golman. "Forest Sector Policy Making and Implementation." In Policy Making and Implementation: Studies from Papua New Guinea. ANU Press, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.22459/pmi.09.2009.11.

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