Relevant bibliographies by topics / Forests

Academic literature on the topic 'Forests'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 1 August 2024

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Journal articles on the topic "Forests"

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Allen, Iris, Sophan Chhin, and Jianwei Zhang. "Fire and Forest Management in Montane Forests of the Northwestern States and California, USA." Fire 2, no. 2 (April 3, 2019): 17. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/fire2020017.

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We reviewed forest management in the mountainous regions of several northwestern states and California in the United States and how it has impacted current issues facing these forests. We focused on the large-scale activities like fire suppression and logging which resulted in landscape level changes. We divided the region into two main forests types; wet, like the forests in the Pacific Northwest, and dry, like the forests in the Sierra Nevada and Cascade ranges. In the wet forests, the history of intensive logging shaped the current forest structure, while fire suppression played a more major role in the dry forests. Next, we looked at how historical management has influenced new forest management challenges, like catastrophic fires, decreased heterogeneity, and climate change. We then synthesized what current management actions are performed to address these issues, like thinning to reduce fuels or improve structural heterogeneity, and restoration after large-scale disturbances. Lastly, we touch on some major policies that have influenced changes in management. We note a trend towards ecosystem management that considers a forest’s historical disturbance regime. With expected climate induced changes in fire frequency, it is suggested that fuel treatments be implemented in dry forests to ensure an understory fire regime is restored in these forest systems. With respect to wet forests in this region, it is suggested that there is still a place for stand-replacing fire regimes. However, these forests will require structural changes incorporating heterogeneity to improve their resiliency and health.
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Moreno, Adam, Mathias Neumann, Phillip M. Mohebalian, Christopher Thurnher, and Hubert Hasenauer. "The Continental Impact of European Forest Conservation Policy and Management on Productivity Stability." Remote Sensing 11, no. 1 (January 6, 2019): 87. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs11010087.

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The ecological impact of continental scale land-use policies that influence forest management is often difficult to quantify. European forest conservation began in 1909 with a marked increase in designated areas with the inception of Natura 2000 in the early 1990s. It has been shown that increases in European forest mortality may be linked to climate variability. Measuring productivity response to climate variability may be a valid proxy indicating a forest’s ability to bear this disturbance. Net Primary Production (NPP) response to climate variability has also been linked to functional diversity within forests. Using a European specific annual MODIS NPP estimates, we assess the NPP response to climate variability differences between actively managed forests, which experience human interventions and conserved, Protected Area (PA) forests with minimal to no human impact. We found, on the continental scale, little to no differences in NPP response between managed and conserved forests. However, on the regional scale, differences emerge that are driven by the historic forest management practices and the potential speciation of the area. Northern PA forests show the same NPP response to climate variability as their actively managed counter parts. PA forests tend to have less NPP response to climate variability in the South and in older conserved forests. As the time a forest has been designated, as a PA, extends past its typically actively managed rotation length, greater differences begin to emerge between the two management types.
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Messerli, Siroco. "Agroforestry – A way forward to the sustainable management of the Walnut Fruit Forests in Kyrgyzstan." Schweizerische Zeitschrift fur Forstwesen 153, no. 10 (October 1, 2002): 392–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.3188/szf.2002.0392.

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The unique Walnut Fruit Forests in Kyrgyzstan are a good example of the multifunctional use of forests in temperate zones. Not only are non-timber forest products (NTFPs) collected but the land in and around the forests is used for grazing and haymaking, as well as for arable cropping and the establishment of fruit orchards. Apart from sustaining the lives of the local mountain people, the Walnut Fruit Forests are extremely rich in biodiversity and have an important function as a watershed for the Ferghana valley. The simultaneous dependence of the population on both agriculture and forest offers ideal conditions for the extension and improvement of existing agroforestry systems. However, solutions must be found concerning the practice of uncontrolled grazing, the insecure land and tree tenure situation, the low productivity of the existing land use systems, the lack of agricultural advice and training and the serious impact of firewood collection on the forests in order to safeguard the Walnut Fruit Forest’s biodiversity while integrating the needs of the local population into forest management.
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Sadowska, Beata. "Forest protection costs in sustainable forest management. The example of Poland." Zeszyty Teoretyczne Rachunkowości 46, no. 3 (August 28, 2022): 161–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0015.9602.

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Purpose: The main aim of the study is to analyze the costs of forest protection incurred by Poland's State Forests and to present the activities performed as part of forest protection. The specific objective is to present the method and place of disclosing and reporting information on actions to prevent damage to the forest and on the costs of forest protec-tion on a general level. Methodology/approach: The considerations in the study are presented against the views presented in the literature on the subject by selected authors. The methods of critical analysis and synthesis, inference, and a case study were used. The data for the analyses were taken from the financial and economic reports of the State Forests for the years 2016–2019, from the statistical studies „Forestry”, and reports obtained as part of the application submitted to the State Forests for the reuse of public sector information. Pearson's linear correlation analysis was used, as well as an agglomeration grouping method – Ward's method – which uses the analysis of variance approach in its procedures. Findings: The scale of forest protection measures varied between State Forests in the analyzed period. The highest costs for forest protection in total are borne by forest dis-tricts located in the area of State Forests in Wrocław, and the lowest costs for forest protection in total are borne by forest districts located in the area of State Forests in Kra-ków. The smallest area protected against insects covers forest districts located in the State Forests in Krakow. With the increase in the costs of forest protection, State Forest’s own costs also increase. The highest relationship was noted in 2017, with a correla-tion coefficient of 0.86. Research limitations: The research sample is limited to one country. Originality/value: The presented voice in the discussion fills the research gap in terms of information about State Forests’ activities to protect the forest and the subsequent costs incurred. The use of Ward’s method allowed similar regional directorates of State Forests to be grouped from the perspective of forest protection costs and protective measures (area approach), which is the basis for extended research in this area from the point of view of the natural diversity of these units (narrowing the research and conducting it in similar State Forests units).
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Sriwanita, Capra, Mubarak Mubarak, and Tengku Nurhidayah. "Analisis Luasan Hutan Kota Berdasarkan Kemampuan Menyerap CO2, Kebutuhan O2 dan Kebutuhan Air di Kota Pekanbaru." Dinamika Lingkungan Indonesia 4, no. 2 (July 24, 2017): 75. http://dx.doi.org/10.31258/dli.4.2.p.75-85.

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This research was conducted from July 2016 through October 2016 on the Urban Forests of Pekanbaru, Riau, Indonesia. The goals of this research are to analyze the area of urban forests required based on its ability and capacity for CO2 absorption and the need and capacity to provide O2 and water for its inhabitants in the city of Pekanbaru. The results of this research conclude that Urban Forest area required by the 2016 all area of the city of Pekanbaru based on the Urban Forest’s ability to absorb CO2 is 3,246 Ha, the Urban Forest area needed for O2 is 3,376 Ha and Urban Forest area needed for water is 7,360 Ha. The best approach in calculating the need for Urban Forests is based on water need.
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Li, Z., and T. Zhou. "Optimization of forest age-dependent light-use efficiency and its implications on climate-vegetation interactions in china." ISPRS - International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences XL-7/W3 (April 29, 2015): 449–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/isprsarchives-xl-7-w3-449-2015.

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Forest’s net primary productivity (NPP) is a key index in studying interactions of climate and vegetation, and accurate prediction of NPP is essential to understand the forests’ response to climate change. The magnitude and trends of forest NPP not only depend on climate factors (e.g., temperature and precipitation), but also on the succession stages (i.e., forest stand age). Although forest stand age plays a significant role on NPP, it is usually ignored by remote sensing-based models. In this study, we used remote sensing data and meteorological data to estimate forest NPP in China based on CASA model, and then employed field observations to inversely estimate the parameter of maximum light-use efficiency (ε<sub>max</sub>) of forests in different stand ages. We further developed functions to describe the relationship between maximum light-use efficiency (ε<sub>max</sub>) and forest stand age, and estimated forest age-dependent NPP based on these functions. The results showed that ε<sub>max</sub> has changed according to forest types and the forest stand age. For deciduous broadleaf forest, the average ε<sub>max</sub> of young, middle-aged and mature forest are 0.68, 0.65 and 0.60 gC MJ<sup>-1</sup>. For evergreen broadleaf forest, the average εmax of young, middle-aged and mature forests are 1.05, 1.01 and 0.99 gC MJ<sup>-1</sup>. For evergreen needleleaf forest, the average ε<sub>max</sub> of young, middle-aged and mature forests are 0.72, 0.57 and 0.52 gC MJ<sup>-1</sup>.The NPP of young and middle-aged forests were underestimated based on a constant ε<sub>max</sub>. Young forests and middle-aged forests had higher ε<sub>max</sub>, and they were more sensitive to trends and fluctuations of climate change, so they led to greater annual fluctuations of NPP. These findings confirm the importance of considering forest stand age to the estimation of NPP and they are significant to study the response of forests to climate change.
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Spracklen, Ben, and Dominick V. Spracklen. "Determination of Structural Characteristics of Old-Growth Forest in Ukraine Using Spaceborne LiDAR." Remote Sensing 13, no. 7 (March 24, 2021): 1233. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs13071233.

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A forest’s structure changes as it progresses through developmental stages from establishment to old-growth forest. Therefore, the vertical structure of old-growth forests will differ from that of younger, managed forests. Free, publicly available spaceborne Laser Range and Detection (LiDAR) data designed for the determination of forest structure has recently become available through NASA’s General Ecosystem and Development Investigation (GEDI). We use this data to investigate the structure of some of the largest remaining old-growth forests in Europe in the Ukrainian Carpathian Mountains. We downloaded 18489 cloud-free shots in the old-growth forest (OGF) and 20398 shots in adjacent non-OGF areas during leaf-on, snow-free conditions. We found significant differences between OGF and non-OGF over a wide range of structural metrics. OGF was significantly more open, with a more complex vertical structure and thicker ground-layer vegetation. We used Random Forest classification on a range of GEDI-derived metrics to classify OGF shapefiles with an accuracy of 73%. Our work demonstrates the use of spaceborne LiDAR for the identification of old-growth forests.
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Giannini, R., and L. Susmel. "Forests, woods, forest plantations." Forest@ - Rivista di Selvicoltura ed Ecologia Forestale 3, no. 4 (December 18, 2006): 464–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.3832/efor0424-0030464.

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Zhao, Junfang, Jinlong Ai, Yujie Zhu, Ruixi Huang, Huiwen Peng, and Hongfei Xie. "Carbon budget of different forests in China estimated by an individual-based model and remote sensing." PLOS ONE 18, no. 10 (October 9, 2023): e0285790. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0285790.

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Forests play a key role in the regional or global carbon cycle. Determining the forest carbon budget is of great significance for estimating regional carbon budgets and formulating forest management policies to cope with climate change. However, the carbon budget of Chinese different forests and their relative contributions are not completely clear so far. We evaluated the carbon budget of different forests from 1981 to 2020 in China through combining model with remote sensing observation. In addition, we also determined the relative contribution of carbon budget of each forest type to all forests in China. Eight forest types were studied: evergreen coniferous forest (ECF), deciduous coniferous forest (DCF), coniferous and broad-leaved mixed forest (CBF), deciduous broad-leaved forest (DBF), evergreen broad-leaved forest (EBF), evergreen deciduous broad-leaved mixed forest (EDBF), seasonal rain forest (SRF), and rain forest (RF). The results indicated that the Chinese forests were mainly carbon sink from 1981 to 2020, particularly the annual average carbon budget of forest from 2011 to 2020 was 0.191 PgC·a-1. Spatially, the forests’ carbon budget demonstrated obvious regional differences, gradually decreasing from Southeast China to Northwest China. The relative contributions of carbon budget in different forests to all forests in China were different. During 2011–2020, the ECF forests contributed the most carbon budget (34.45%), followed by DBF forests (25.89%), EBF forests (24.82%), EDBF forests (13.10%), RF forests (2.23%), SRF forests (3.14%) and CBF forests (1.14%). However, the DCF forests were found mainly as carbon source. These results contribute to our understanding of regional carbon budget of forests.
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Safe'i, Rahmat, Christine Wulandari, and Hari Kaskoyo. "Assessment of Forest Health in Various Forest Types in Lampung Province." Jurnal Sylva Lestari 7, no. 1 (February 17, 2019): 95. http://dx.doi.org/10.23960/jsl1795-109.

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In Lampung Province, awareness of the importance of forest health in achieving sustainable forest management in various types of forests is still low so that forest health problems have not received serious attention so far. This study aims to obtain indicators of forest health assessment and the status of forest health conditions in various types of forests in Lampung Province. This research was carried out in mangrove and community forests in East Lampung District, and protected and conservation forests in Tanggamus District in 2018. The stages of this study consisted of formulating guarantees of forest health indicators, making measuring plots, measuring forest health, processing data, and forest health assessment. The results showed that indicators for assessing the health of forests in mangrove forests are vitality and biodiversity, in community forests are productivity, vitality and site quality, in protected forests are biodiversity, vitality and productivity, and in conservation forests are biodiversity and productivity. The status of health conditions in each cluster of plots in mangrove forest is bad and good, in community forests is good and medium, in protected forests is bad and good, and in conservation forests are bad and good.Keywords: indicator, forest health status, forest types, Lampung Province
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Forests"

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Folegatti, Bruno da Silveira Smidt Mathew F. "The use of mechanical thinning treatments in management of small stands at the wildland urban interface." Auburn, Ala, 2004. http://repo.lib.auburn.edu/EtdRoot/2004/FALL/Forestry_and_Wildlife_Sciences/Thesis/FOLEGATTI_BRUNO_23.pdf.

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Lincoln, Philippa R. "Stalled gaps or rapid recovery the influence of damage on post-logging forest dynamics and carbon balance /." Thesis, Available from the University of Aberdeen Library and Historic Collections Digital Resources, 2008. http://digitool.abdn.ac.uk:80/webclient/DeliveryManager?application=DIGITOOL-3&owner=resourcediscovery&custom_att_2=simple_viewer&pid=24813.

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Manokaran, N. "Population dynamics of tropical forest trees." Thesis, Available from the University of Aberdeen Library and Historic Collections Digital Resources, 1988. http://digitool.abdn.ac.uk:80/webclient/DeliveryManager?application=DIGITOOL-3&owner=resourcediscovery&custom_att_2=simple_viewer&pid=59678.

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Lindemuth, Robert M. "A Field Trial Comparison of Sampling Methods for Estimating Basal Area and Volume in Partially Harvested Stands in Maine." Fogler Library, University of Maine, 2007. http://www.library.umaine.edu/theses/pdf/LindemuthRM2007.pdf.

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Painter, Luke. "Growth rates and the definition of old-growth in forested wetlands of the Puget Sound region." Online pdf file accessible through the World Wide Web, 2007. http://archives.evergreen.edu/masterstheses/Accession86-10MES/Painter_L%20MESThesis%202007.pdf.

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Öhman, Karin. "Forest planning with consideration to spatial relationships /." Umeå : Swedish Univ. of Agricultural Sciences (Sveriges lantbruksuniv.), 2001. http://epsilon.slu.se/avh/2001/91-576-6082-4.fulltext.pdf.

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Butler, Sarah Marie. "Forest Disturbance History and Stand Dynamics of the Coweeta Basin, Western North Carolina." Fogler Library, University of Maine, 2006. http://www.library.umaine.edu/theses/pdf/ButlerSM2006.pdf.

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Jackson, Noah Voorhees. "Knowledge and use of native trees by local forest users implications for a Philippine protected area /." CONNECT TO THIS TITLE ONLINE, 2007. http://etd.lib.umt.edu/theses/available/etd-03022008-104527/.

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Magill, Daniel J. "Assessing West Virginia NIPF owner characteristics and preferred assistance topics." Morgantown, W. Va. : [West Virginia University Libraries], 2000. http://etd.wvu.edu/templates/showETD.cfm?recnum=1571.

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Thesis (M.S.)--West Virginia University, 2000.
Title from document title page. Document formatted into pages; contains vii, 75 p. : ill., map. Includes abstract. Includes bibliographical references (p. 73-75).
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Andersson, Mikael. "Spatial allocation of forest production : aspects on multiple-use forestry in Sweden /." Alnarp : Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, 2002. http://diss-epsilon.slu.se/archive/00000166/.

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Thesis (doctoral)--Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, 2002.
Thesis documentation sheet inserted. Appendix includes four papers and manuscripts co-written with others. Includes bibliographical references. Also partially issued electronically via World Wide Web in PDF format; online version lacks appendix.
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Books on the topic "Forests"

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Allaby, Michael. Temperate forests. Chicago: Fitzroy Dearborn Pub., 1999.

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Berger, John J. Understanding forests. San Francisco, CA: Sierra Club Books, 1998.

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Sayer, Jeffrey, R. N. Byron, and Gillian Petrokofsky. Sustainable forests. Abingdon, Oxon: Routledge, 2013.

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Allaby, Michael. Temperate forests. Chicago: Fitzroy Dearborn, 1999.

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Rutten, Joshua. Forests. [Chanhassen, MN]: Child's World, 1999.

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Arvetis, Chris. Forests. [Skokie, IL]: Rand McNally, 1993.

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Royston, Angela. Disappearing forests. Chicago, Ill: Heinemann Library, 2008.

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H, Perry Charles, and United States. Forest Service. Northern Research Station., eds. Wisconsin's forests, 2004. Newtown Square, PA: U.S. Dept. of Agriculture, Forest Service, Northern Research Station, 2008.

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Hoffman, Robin E. Forests and people. Burlington, VT: USDA Forest Service, Northeastern Research Station, Aiken Forestry Sciences Laboratory, 1999.

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Widmann, Richard H. Ohio forests, 2006. Newtown Square, PA: U.S. Forest Service, 2009.

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Book chapters on the topic "Forests"

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Laine, Jaana. "Chapter 2. Knowledge of Trees and Forests – Finnish Forest Research from the Nineteenth to the Twentieth Century." In Green Development or Greenwashing?, 11–30. Winwick, Cambs.: The White Horse Press, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.3197/63824846758018.ch02.

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Finnish forestry and forest science reflect demands set by the state administration and the forest industry but also private forest and nature conservation organisations, and nowadays private citizens e.g., through social media. From the late nineteenth century to the 2020s, the history of forests, forest science and Finnish society consists of four main periods. During the first period – know the forests (late nineteenth century–1930s) – society needed and gained information on forests, especially on growing timber stock (the first forest inventory in the 1920s) and wood consumption (the first inventory of wood consumption in the 1930s). In addition, researchers produced knowledge for silvicultural practices and forest biology. Rationalising forestry and developing timber procurement were seen as essential during the second period – exploit the forests (1940s–1960s). Since timber removals exceeded annual growth, the state launched massive forest improvement actions. Large clear-cuttings were regenerated with conifer saplings and massive draining of bogs was enacted. As a result, society more extensively exploited and influenced the forests. During the third period – define the forests (1970s–1990s) –forests were no longer respected merely as a source of economic prosperity. Escalating disputes came about when environmental activism and public discussions challenged forestry practices. Scientific knowledge became imbricated, besides traditional forestry values, also with nature conservation, recreational and environmental values related to forests. During the 1990s, changes in forest legislation paved the way for more pluralistic values of forests. During the most recent period – discover forests’ futures (2000s–) – climate change and conflicting human-forest relationships set new demands for forestry and forest science. Forests’ importance has grown from the private and national level to the global context. Forests are respected as carbon sinks and storage, for their rich biodiversity, and as a source of mental and physical health. Forests as living entities are often recognised and new steps have been taken towards more pluralistic human-forest relationships, posthumanism and interspecies perspectives.
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Thiffault, Nelson, Patrick R. N. Lenz, and Karin Hjelm. "Plantation Forestry, Tree Breeding, and Novel Tools to Support the Sustainable Management of Boreal Forests." In Advances in Global Change Research, 383–401. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-15988-6_14.

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AbstractSuccessful stand regeneration is one of the keystone elements of sustainable forest management. It ensures that ecosystems submitted to stand-replacing disturbances return to a forested state so that they can maintain the provision of wood fiber, biodiversity, carbon sequestration, and other ecosystem services. This chapter describes how plantation forestry, including tree breeding, and novel tools, such as genomic selection, can support the sustainable management of boreal forests in the face of climate change by, among other benefits, reducing management pressure on natural forests and favoring ecosystem restoration.
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Thomas, Sean C. "Insects and Forest Succession." In Forest Entomology and Pathology, 205–36. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-11553-0_8.

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AbstractThere is a long-standing, even ancient, belief in Western thought that forests, particularly unmanaged forests relatively free from obvious human impacts, are never-changing; this is the connotation of the German word “urwald” or “original forest” that influenced early thinking on forests from the origins of the emerging scientific disciplines of forestry and ecology in the 1800s. However, all forests, including extant ancient forests, are in fact in a state of flux.
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Mosley, Stephen. "Forests and forestry." In The Environment in World History, 30–52. 2nd ed. New York: Routledge, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9780429355851-3.

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Peltola, Heli, Tero Heinonen, Jyrki Kangas, Ari Venäläinen, Jyri Seppälä, and Lauri Hetemäki. "Climate-Smart Forestry Case Study: Finland." In Forest Bioeconomy and Climate Change, 183–95. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-99206-4_11.

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AbstractFinland is the most forested country in the EU – forests cover 74–86% of the land area, depending on the definition and source. Increasing carbon sequestration from the atmosphere, and by storing it in forests (trees and soil) will be one important part of the Finnish climate smart forestry strategy. However, just maximizing the carbon storage of forests may not be the best option in the long run, although it may provide the best climate-cooling benefits in the short term. This is because the increasing risks of large-scale natural disturbances may turn forests, at least partially, into carbon sources. The climate change adaptation and mitigation should therefore be considered simultaneously. Different adaptation and risk management actions will be needed in Finnish forests in the coming decades to increase forest resilience to multiple damage risks. This could be done, for example, by increasing the share of mixtures of conifers and broadleaves forests instead of monocultures. Yet, the CSF strategy should also include the production of wood-based products that act as long-term carbon storage and/or substitute for more GHG-emission-intensive materials and energy. Doing this in a way which also enhances biodiversity and sustainable provisioning of multiple ecosystem services, is a key. Moreover, increasing forest land – for example, by planting on abandoned or low-productivity agricultural land, especially on soils with a high peat content – would enhance climate change mitigation.
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Toivanen, Tero. "A Player Bigger Than Its Size: Finnish Bioeconomy and Forest Policy in the Era of Global Climate Politics." In Bioeconomy and Global Inequalities, 131–49. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-68944-5_7.

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AbstractOver the last two decades, the bioeconomy has emerged as a key political idea in framing a low-carbon transition. Bioeconomy is particularly important in Finland due to the country’s large forestry sector. The bioeconomy has reframed the Finnish forestry industry as sustainable and placed forestry at the centre of the national economy. This has led to the constitution of a new forest policy regime: the bioeconomy regime. However, in the era of climate mitigation, forests are expected to serve as carbon sinks. Increasing the harvesting of forests, a Finnish bioeconomy policy, would decrease the size of forest sinks, while increasing net emissions from forests. This aspect of climate science has challenged the Finnish bioeconomic strategy. This chapter analyses the emergence of the bioeconomy regime and how the regime has been challenged by climate science. Finally, it examines the communication strategies used and the status of the Finnish bioeconomy on the world stage.
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Hetemäki, Lauri, and Hans Verkerk. "Climate-Smart Forestry Approach." In Forest Bioeconomy and Climate Change, 165–72. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-99206-4_9.

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AbstractThe climate-smart forestry approach was pioneered in 2015 and has been generating increasing interest since then. It was developed as a response to the often very narrow and partial perspective on how forests and the forest-based sector can contribute to climate-change mitigation. Moreover, its basis is the understanding that, in order to effectively enhance climate mitigation, efforts should be made to find synergies and minimise trade-offs with the other ecosystem services forests provide, such as biodiversity, wood production and recreation. By doing this, greater support can be generated for climate mitigation measures. The approach acknowledges that there is no one-size-fits-all toolkit to cover all circumstances, but rather measures have to be tailored according to regional characteristics and institutions. In summary, climate-smart forestry is a holistic approach to how forests and the forest-based sector can contribute to climate-change mitigation that considers the need to adapt to climate change, while taking into account specific regional settings.
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Abrams, Jesse. "Tribal Forests and Forestry." In Forest Policy and Governance in the United States, 146–67. London: Routledge, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781003043669-8.

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Abrams, Jesse. "Corporate Forests and Forestry." In Forest Policy and Governance in the United States, 187–204. London: Routledge, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781003043669-10.

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Venäläinen, Ari, Kimmo Ruosteenoja, Ilari Lehtonen, Mikko Laapas, Olli-Pekka Tikkanen, and Heli Peltola. "Climate Change, Impacts, Adaptation and Risk Management." In Forest Bioeconomy and Climate Change, 33–53. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-99206-4_3.

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AbstractUnder the moderate future greenhouse gas emissions scenario (RCP4.5), climate model simulations project that the annual mean temperature will increase in Europe by up to 2–3 °C by the middle of this century, compared to the end of the nineteenth century. The temperature increase is projected to be larger in Northern Europe than in Central and Southern Europe. The annual precipitation is projected to decrease in Southern Europe and increase in Northern and Central Europe. The projected changes in temperature and precipitation are expected to be higher in the winter than in the summer months. In Northern Europe, forest growth is generally projected to increase due to warmer and longer growing seasons. In southern Europe in particular, warmer and dryer summers are projected to decrease forest growth. Climate change is expected also to expose forests and forestry to multiple abiotic and biotic risks throughout Europe. The greatest abiotic risks to forests are caused by windstorms, drought, forest fires and extreme snow loading on trees. The warmer climate will also increase biotic risks to forests, such as damage caused by European spruce bark beetle (Ips typographus) outbreaks in Norway spruce (Picea abies) forests and wood decay by Heterobasidion spp. root rot in Norway spruce and Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris) forests. Different adaptation and risk management actions may be needed, depending on geographical region and time span, in order to maintain forest resilience, which is also important for climate change mitigation.
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Conference papers on the topic "Forests"

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RZĄSA, Krzysztof, and Marek OGRYZEK. "THE SOCIAL ACTIONS OF THE STATE FORESTS IN POLAND." In RURAL DEVELOPMENT. Aleksandras Stulginskis University, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.15544/rd.2017.170.

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Poland is in one of a leading position in Europe in terms of forested area. Forests grow over 9.4 million hectares, which is 29.5% of the territory of Poland. The vast majority of this area is forests owned by the state, out of which almost 7.6 million hectares are under the management of the State Forests Holding. Educating society about forestry and environment is one of the main priorities of the State Forests. The State Forests’ educational offer is aimed at children, youths and adults, including people with disabilities. It is all about popularising knowledge about forestry and sustainable forest management. This article focuses on the social actions of the State Forests’ operations based on an analysis of the data obtained from reports made by the State Forests. These information and materials were analysed to identify the social aspects of actions carried out by the State Forests in Poland. The authors analysed various kinds of activities of the State Forests connected with social aims. The results of the analyses were presented in table format. The results were used to analyse and describe the social aspects of the State Forests’ operations in the forested area in Poland. The social actions of the State Forests in Poland have been very positively evaluated by the authors based on the achieved analyses.
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Upite, Ilze, Aija Pilvere, Irina Pilvere, and Aleksejs Nipers. "RESULT-ORIENTED EFFICIENT AND SUSTAINABLE RESOURCE MANAGMENT IN FORESTRY IN LATVIA." In 22nd SGEM International Multidisciplinary Scientific GeoConference 2022. STEF92 Technology, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.5593/sgem2022/3.1/s14.46.

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The forest industry is an important sector of the economy of many countries, because the timber grown in it can be used for achieving various economic goals, including increasing added value and exports. However, the social functions of forestry: rural employment and the availability of forests, in the form of various ecosystem services, are also important to the public. Forests are home to various protected species, and forest biotopes, biotopes associated with forests as well as the biodiversity of forests play an important role in preserving and improving the productivity, regeneration capacity and viability of the forests. Therefore, the Latvian Bioeconomy Strategy 2030 identifies forestry as one of the fields that needs development to achieve the goals of that strategy. Thus, the aim of the research is to study the Forestry section of the Latvian Bioeconomy Strategy 2030 strategic goal 5.2. �Result-orientated, efficient and sustainable resource management�. The research shows that as of the end of 2021, the Forestry objectives set in the Latvian Bioeconomy Strategy 2030 had only been accomplished partially. There is good progress in the replacement of non-productive areas of forest stand with productive stand; the use of planting material that is genetically improved and suitable for climate change in forest regeneration and afforestation; the thinning of young forest stand; the reconstruction and construction of forest amelioration systems; the range and intensity of the ecosystem services provided by commercial forests, as well as the achievement of the objectives for the preservation and renewal of biological diversity.
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KAVALIAUSKAS, Marius, Edgaras LINKEVIČIUS, Donatas JONIKAVIČIUS, and Kornelija KOKANKAITĖ. "PUBLIC OPINION ANALYSIS ON STATE FOREST MANAGEMENT: STUDY AREA IN KAIŠIADORYS MUNICIPALITY." In Rural Development 2015. Aleksandras Stulginskis University, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.15544/rd.2015.043.

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The relation between public and forest changes during the time. Public opinion and interests has considerable influence on decision making regarding forestry. Half of Lithuania’s forests (circa 1.1 mill. ha) has state forest status and are managed by state forest enterprises (SFEs) under confidence rights. One of the most important strategic aims for SFEs is to meet public needs. Yet, public opinion and forestry facts mismatches. Therefore, this study aims to analyse prevailing opinion on forestry practices in state forests managed by Kaišiadorių SFE that are located in Kaišiadoriai municipality. The sociological survey methodology was applied that was conducted involving respondents representing inhabitants over 18th years old. Data was analysed by conducting frequency analysis. Results showed incorrect public opinion concerning with increase of forest coverage, sustainable cutting intensity and increasing environmental consideration. According to opinion of the respondents, the quality of the forests, afforestation and forest sanitary was well improved by Kaišiadorių SFE. It was determined the demand to develop more recreation infrastructure objects in Kaišiadorys municipality forests. The comparison between surveys conducted in 2007 and 2014 showed increasing amount of public that was quite well informed on forestry issues. Also, it determined changes in information sources concerning forestry. Results of the research stressed the necessity of the long-term strategy for the information dissemination.
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BANU, Constantin, Lile RAMONA, Tiberiu IANCU, Mihaela MOATĂR, Dora ORBOI, Carolina ȘTEFAN, and Sorin STANCIU. "COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF THE ROMANIAN AND THE MAIN EUROPEAN UNION COUNTRIES’ NATIONAL FOREST SYSTEMS." In Rural Development 2015. Aleksandras Stulginskis University, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.15544/rd.2015.039.

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In the European Union, forests and other wooded areas cover a total of 177.8 million hectares, which represents approximately 40% of the EU total area and an area similar to that used for agricultural purposes (183.9 million hectares). Germany, Spain, France, Finland and Sweden make up over three-fifths of the area covered by forests in the EU. Our paper shows the distribution of forested areas in the EU and their importance in comparison with the agricultural area of each Member State. In 2014, the EU represents about 12 % of global timber volume harvested timber from forests and woodlands on its surfaces rising to 392.9 million m3. Forestry, logging and related services covering timber production and extraction and harvesting of forest products that grow in the wild. In addition to industrial round wood, forests produce firewood, too. In some regions, non-timber forest products are also an important source of local income. In the research approach, we considered necessary and appropriate to perform a comparative analysis of the situation of Romanian forest similar to that of the main European Union countries, to identify measures that some of them have tried, and even managed to increase a rational exploitation of afforested areas forest resources. The results conducted to a comparative analysis of the National Forest and the main EU countries’ Systems, to identify possible starting points for grounding new sustainable development strategies, given their similar experience.
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Yavruoğlu, Sena, and Zafer Yücesan. "Silvicultural Practices in the Process of Climate Change in Turkish Forests." In 3rd International Congress on Engineering and Life Science. Prensip Publishing, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.61326/icelis.2023.39.

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Forests are important ecosystems in mitigating the effects of climate change and combating climate change. Forests, which are the most important renewable energy sources, are the largest carbon pool after the oceans. Türkiye’s forests, which are spread over three different plant geographies, are densely forested areas where arid and semi-arid climatic conditions are observed and which may be sensitive to climate change stress. On the other hand, forest fires in the Mediterranean basin also pose a significant threat to Turkish forests. Within the scope of combating climate change, it is important to prevent deforestation, to preserve the natural stand structures in existing forest areas, to improve the growth and increment characteristics of stands under appropriate stand structures to the extent permitted by the growing environment characteristics of the stands. Guaranteeing natural regeneration conditions through stand tending works and preferring natural regeneration in forest areas where it is possible are important principles of silviculture. On the other hand, there is an important amount of forest area in the Turkish forests where the canopy is none or degraded and which should be subjected to rehabilitation and restoration works in this context. In today's world where habitat and forest area losses are experienced, it is of great importance to carry out pioneering studies to protect forest genetic resources against climate change, to carry out tree breeding studies and to eliminate the problem of seed migration that may occur in the future due to climate projections. Silvicultural techniques, depending on the sustainable management approach in forestry, constitute an important assurance within the scope of combating climate change. Forest tending works are very important for forests to act as an important carbon sink. Mixed stands in which broad-leaved species are also included in the mixture sequestrate more carbon than pure stands. Especially the presence of individuals with thick diameters in the stands increases the carbon sequestration even more. The duration of the rotation period in even-aged stands and the length of the rotation period in uneven-aged stands are determinant in the amount of carbon sequestration of forest ecosystems. The repetition time and intensity of silvicultural treatments are also directly affected carbon sequestration. In this study, general evaluations were made about the silvicultural practices that should be concentrated in order to increase carbon sequestration in forest areas in Türkiye, the issues that should be considered in practice in stands were evaluated and recommendations were made considering future projections.
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Khasanova, E. Kh, N. L. Yablochkina, and А. V. Novikov. "PROTECTION OF FORESTS OF HIGH ENVIRONMENTAL VALUE IN THE PRICHULIMSKY TAIGA OF THE TOMSK REGION DURING FOREST HARVESTING." In Prirodopol'zovanie i ohrana prirody: Ohrana pamjatnikov prirody, biologicheskogo i landshaftnogo raznoobrazija Tomskogo Priob'ja i drugih regionov Rossii. Izdatel'stvo Tomskogo gosudarstvennogo universiteta, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.17223/978-5-94621-954-9-2020-27.

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The article presents an example of the conservation of high conservation value forests under the international certification system of the Forest Stewardship Council (FSC) in Prichulymsky taiga of the Tomsk region. Such forests and forest areas with places of concentration of rare species of animals, plants and valuable tree species require systematic monitoring and special attention when conducting forestry activities.
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Misirlioglu, Gizem, Taha Yasin Hatay, and Selcuk Gumus. "Determination of the Effect of Forest Road Construction on Existing Forest Assets with Geographic Information Systems." In 3rd International Congress on Engineering and Life Science. Prensip Publishing, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.61326/icelis.2023.38.

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Many expectations such as benefiting from forests all year round, providing transportation for people, protecting forests, transporting wood raw materials are only possible with forest roads that provide access to forests. Today, with the increase of global warming, forest fires have affected the whole world. If the forests cannot be reached and intervened during the fire, the forests that hold carbon start to release carbon during the fire. This situation reveals the importance of forest roads, which make it possible to fight fires. In this study, the effect of forest road construction on existing forest asset will be tried to be revealed by using geographic information systems. For this purpose, analyzes were carried out on a forest road built in 2019 in Osmangolu Forest Management Directorate, which is within the borders of Kastamonu Regional Directorate of Forestry Ilgaz Operation Directorate. Controlled classification was made using SNAP software on two satellite images of 2018 and 2023 and the current forest change was revealed. By determining the differences between these two situations, the effect of this change on forest carbon, the effects of the road construction area on the surrounding stands and the condition of these stands after the road construction were evaluated. As a result, the relationship between the construction of a forest road and the existing vegetation and thus forest carbon has been tried to be revealed.
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Oktan, Ercan, and Aysen Kalender. "Effects of Silvicultural Interventions on Carbon in High Mountain Forests in Türkiye." In 3rd International Congress on Engineering and Life Science. Prensip Publishing, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.61326/icelis.2023.36.

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High montane forests are defined as forests between high montane (oreal) and subalpine ranges, which are under pressure against extreme climatic conditions and anthropogenic influences and have difficulty in regenerating themselves under these conditions. High montane forests, which are constantly struggling with poor growing environment conditions, have difficulty in regenerating themselves and cannot respond to the forestry activities implemented. However, due to unfavorable terrain and climatic conditions, carbon accumulation in both subsoil and above-ground vegetation in high mountainous areas remains in very low amounts. Therefore, silvicultural interventions that can be applied by increasing the carbon stock capacity of high mountain forests and revitalizing the ecological role of high mountain forests should be done in accordance with their nature. In order to increase the amount or potential of carbon storage, conservation and sustainable use of forest ecosystems are important for combating climate change and global carbon balance. Therefore, special planting practices should be implemented in high mountain forest areas to accelerate carbon storage. As a result, the potential production, biomass increase and carbon sequestration capacity of high mountain forest areas can be better utilized. Within the scope of this study, the effects of silvicultural interventions on carbon in high mountain forests in Türkiye will be evaluated.
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Yaryhina, H. N., and I. I. Shanin. "SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT OF THE FORESTRY COMPLEX IN A CIRCULAR ECONOMY (ON THE EXAMPLE OF THE REPUBLIC OF BELARUS AND THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION)." In SAKHAROV READINGS 2021: ENVIRONMENTAL PROBLEMS OF THE XXI CENTURY. International Sakharov Environmental Institute of Belarusian State University, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.46646/sakh-2021-2-233-237.

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In the Republic of Belarus and the Russian Federation, forests are one of the main renewable natural resources and the most important national wealth. Forests and forest resources are of great importance for the sustainable social and economic development of the country, they ensure its economic, energy, environmental and food security. The purpose of this study is to determine the directions of sustainable development of the forestry complex in terms of effective management of forest resources in a circular economy.
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Serengil, Yusuf. "The Roadmap to Achieving Climate Neutrality in Türkiye: A Comprehensive Analysis of Long-Term Forestry Strategies." In 3rd International Congress on Engineering and Life Science. Prensip Publishing, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.61326/icelis.2023.59.

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In 2021, Türkiye ratified the Paris Agreement and committed to achieving climate neutrality by 2053. As mandated by the agreement, Türkiye submitted its first Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC) and has been conducting simulations to identify alternatives to establish its Long-Term Strategy (LTS). Our study focused on the LULUCF (Land Use, Land Use Change, and Forestry) sector of Türkiye, mainly focusing on forestry. Our analysis shows that the forests in Türkiye offset approximately 8-10% of the country's total greenhouse gas emissions in 2021, down from over 20% in 2014. This reduction in offset percentage is due to a drop in the removal rate of forests over the last ten years. To achieve climate neutrality, this trend of reduction must be reversed. Recent inventory data shows that forest management is the central activity, with afforestation and other land use activities contributing less than 1%. However, when analyzing their effectiveness, it is important to consider the co-benefits of mitigation policies and measures. Our study concluded that Türkiye should prioritize forest management, including wildfire prevention and improved use of wood products, by investing in research and innovation. The forest products industry should also enhance the added value of wood products and embrace circularity to reduce raw material demand. By reducing the harvest rate, the carbon stock and increment of forests can be enhanced. Acceleration is needed towards achieving sectoral targets to achieve a climate-smart forestry perspective.
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Reports on the topic "Forests"

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Marcos Morezuelas, Paloma. Gender, Forests and Climate Change. Inter-American Development Bank, March 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0003072.

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As users of forest products and guardians of traditional knowledge, women have always been involved in forestry. Nevertheless, their access to forest resources and benefits and participation in forest management is limited compared to mens despite the fact that trees are more important to women, who depend on them for their families food security, income generation and cooking fuel. This guide aims to facilitate the incorporation of a gender lens in climate change mitigation and adaptation operations in forests, with special attention to those framed in REDD. This guide addresses four themes value chains, environmental payment schemes, firewood and biodiversity that relate directly to 1) how climate change impacts affect women in the forest and 2) how mitigation and adaptation measures affect womens access to resources and benefits distribution.
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Handler, Stephen, Maria Janowiak, and Chris Swanston. Climate Change Field Guide for Northern Minnesota Forests: Site-level considerations and adaptation. USDA Northern Forests Climate Hub, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2017.6949547.ch.

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Climate change is a growing concern for forests across Minnesota. Foresters, land managers, and landowners are considering how to prepare for future conditions and how to evaluate risks for particular sites. This field guide is designed as a quick reference on climate change for northern Minnesota forests. The intent is to highlight key information that can be used during field visits or forest planning. We hope that this guide will help foresters consider climate change risks together with local site characteristics, and also that it will help people design adaptation actions that help meet management goals.
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Quak, Evert-jan. Missing the Forest for the Trees: Ekiti State’s Quest for Forestry Revenue and its Impact on Forest Management. Institute of Development Studies, July 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.19088/ictd.2024.078.

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Effective forest management is required to reduce deforestation, protect local communities, tackle climate change, and restore biodiversity. Like other countries in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA), Nigerian federal and decentralised governments have to find a balance between managing their forests sustainably, and other demands for the trees and land. Local actors use the forest for economic activities, such as harvesting trees for charcoal or timber, and others want to expand agricultural land. No single policy solution can guarantee to sustainably manage forests and halt deforestation. Land use regulations, stronger control of forestry industry practices, more public investment in forest management, and better tax and subsidy policies, must all play a role. This paper assesses the current forestry tax regime in Ekiti State, one of eight Nigerian states where forests represent more than 50 per cent of land area, and where forest revenue has been historically relevant. Based on 16 interviews with government state officials, forest officers, and actors from the industry, and data from the Ekiti Forestry Commission, our analysis suggests that ongoing depletion of forest resources is partially connected to an excessive focus on their capacity to generate revenue. The conceptualisation of the Forestry Commission as a revenue-raising rather than management agency, a continuous drive to extract revenue from the sector through outdated tax rates, and a view of industry potential disconnected from the existing stock, all perversely led to a lower contribution from forestry to the state budget.
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Gitonga, Daphine, Chemuku Wekesa, Godwin Kowero, Eva Kiseu, Doris Mutta, Raymond Omondi, and Anders Roos. Kenyan Youth Perspectives on Forests : report from a youth-scientist dialogue on sustainable forestry. SLU Global, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.54612/a.3n821idolh.

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This report presents proceedings of “AfricanYouth4Forests” project workshop held in Voi, Taita Taveta county, Kenya from 7 to 9 November 2022. The workshop was jointly organised by African Forest Forum (AFF), Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU), and Kenya Forestry Research Institute (KEFRI). It brought together 19 youths from Taita Taveta and Nairobi counties between 18-25 years of age to engage with researchers and policymakers in conversations about young people's views, visions, goals, and ideas in shaping the future governance of Kenya’s and the continent's forests. The participants identified niches for youths' engagement in forests to improve forest cover, curb climate change effects and improve livelihoods. The youth participants envisioned 'a world where young people are more involved in sustainable development by participating in the green economy.' To achieve the youths’ vision, several actions were recommended; training the youth on sustainable forest management and green entrepreneurship, developing markets for green products, establishing innovative knowledge-sharing platforms, and actively involving the youths in national and international policy processes on forests and climate change. The outcome reflected a wide range of views and ideas among the youth, and that they have the capacity and readiness to tackle the forest-related challenges towards 2030 and beyond. It is recommended that the dialogue between African forestry researchers and the youth should continue.
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Timar, Levente. Modelling private land-use decisions affecting forest cover: the effect of land tenure and environmental policy. Motu Economic and Public Policy Research, November 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.29310/wp.2022.12.

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I use geographic data and discrete choice modelling to investigate private land-use decisions in the context of prominent New Zealand land institutions and environmental policies. Land-use conversions involving gains and losses in planted forests and natural forests are modelled individually. Land under Māori freehold tenure is found to be less likely to be used for pastoral grazing and also less likely to undergo land-use conversion (both to and from a forested use). With respect to environmental policies, results suggest the incentives of the Emissions Trading Scheme did not significantly affect land-use decisions during the sample period of 2008-2016: the carbon reward had little effect on afforestation, and the deforestation liability was largely ineffective at deterring deforestation. On the other hand, the East Coast Forestry Project is found to have increased planted forest area in the district both by encouraging afforestation beyond baseline levels and by discouraging deforestation. Evidence for its effect on regenerating natural forest area is weaker in the data.
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Ahammad, Ronju, and Francisco X. Aguilar. Socio-economic indicators for the assessment of sustainability in the Swedish forest sector, and linkages with the national environmental quality objectives. SLU Future forests, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.54612/a.6cbejge10k.

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Sweden’s Environmental Quality Objectives (EQOs) have been adopted to help describe the environment the country wishes to achieve, and are a promise to future generations of clean air, a healthy living environment, and rich opportunities to enjoy nature. Here, we assessed selected socio-economic indicators adapted from the Montréal Process for the Conservation and Sustainable Management of Temperate and Boreal Forests (MP) to examine trends in the Swedish forest sector of direct relevance to the EQOs. We did this with the aim of raising awareness about important socio-economic dimensions related to the EQOs, and to explore the linkages between the EQOs and the forest bioeconomy. We focused on the forest sector because of its central importance to meeting the EQOs, and fundamental social and economic roles it plays in Swedish society. The MP was chosen as our guiding framework because it was developed to assess national-level sustainable forest conservation and management, thus, incorporating critical economic, environmental and social dimensions. We applied a mixed methods approach based on a literature review, analyses of national and multilateral databases, and consultation with experts to identify and interpret selected indicators. We identified forest sector socio-economic indicators relevant to the EQOs related to forest property and ownership, economic value and consumption of wood and wood products, employment, wood energy, access to greenery, per capita forest availability, and cultural values. Interpretation of national-level indicators estimated for the 2000-2020 period point to overall progress toward maintaining forest conservation and production areas and a sector that has added substantial economic value through the processing of wood and wood products. Forests are an importance source of renewable energy and increasingly support the location of non-wood energy sources through the placement of wind power mills across forested lands. Downward trends were observed in fewer forest owners, a shrinking workforce, and per capita forest area which might be explained by processes of bequeathing, higher industry efficiencies and continued population growth. Selected indicators related to production forests, wood energy, per capita protected forests and cultural importance suggest these can directly support relevant EQOs including living forests, limited climate impact, rich plant and animal life. Through exports and hiring foreign workers, the Swedish forest sector has kept a direct linkage with the consumption of wood products abroad and in supporting economic wellbeing in lesser-developed nations through wages from forestry and non-wood seasonal employment, respectively. There is limited current information on cultural aspects such as heritage values and reindeer herding. Available data suggest a declining trend in damages to cultural remains within forest felling areas. We recommend regular and periodic assessment of the cultural and conservation values for Swedish forests to strengthen the ability to assess social and ecological sustainability relevant to the EQOs.
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Laarman, Jan G. Government Policies Affecting Forests in Latin America: An Agenda for Discussion. Inter-American Development Bank, January 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0011615.

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This paper identifies policy issues that affect the extent, distribution, and condition of forests in Latin America. Forest management policies are only one element in the framework; policies related to agricultural development and land tenure can have potentially negative consequences for forests. Mineral exploration, hydroelectric reservoirs, highway projects, and urban expansion also have impacts on forest conversion. Finally, macroeconomic policies affect forests through their impact on investment, public spending, foreign trade, and other economic variables that have consequences for land use. Examples of the Bank's lending for forests as integrated with agricultural structural adjustment loans (AGSALs) in Honduras, Nicaragua, and Peru are presented.
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Dourojeanni, Marc J. The Future of the Latin American Natural Forests. Inter-American Development Bank, April 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0011162.

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Included in this working paper is a discussion of the history of deforestation and forest degradation in Latin America and policy recommendations towards conserving natural forests. The author argues that the main opportunity to conserve natural forests may be in the recognition of and payment for the environmental services they provide, and in the production of highly priced "certified green" goods that would make sustainable forest management profitable. Lastly, this paper ends with conclusions and recommendations such as the idea that establishment and better management of strictly protected areas are the best tools to delay the loss of ecosystems and species and reforestation, along with agroforestry, restoration of degraded forests and ecotourism.
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Handler, Stephen Dwight, Kailey Marcinkowski, Todd (Todd A. ). Ontl, Matthew P. Peters, Stacey L. Clark, Maria K. Janowiak, and Christopher W. Swanston. Climate change field guide for Northern Wisconsin Forests. [Houghton, Michigan]: USDA Northern Forests Climate Hub, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2020.8228727.ch.

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Climate change is a growing concern for Wisconsin's forests. Foresters and landowners are considering how to prepare for future conditions and evaluate risks in the woods. This field guide is a quick reference on climate change for northern Wisconsin forests. We hope it will help foresters consider climate change risks together with local site characteristics, and also that it will help people design adaptation actions that help meet management goals.
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Occhiali, Giovanni, and Michael Falade. Missing the Forest for the Trees: Ekiti State’s Quest for Forestry Revenue and its Impact on Forest Management. Institute of Development Studies, August 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.19088/ictd.2023.039.

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Forests are important socio-economic assets in many low-income countries. However, they are often over-exploited as governments do not sufficiently valorise them, including by taxing them inefficiently. This is the case across Nigeria, where forest management and taxation has been effectively decentralised from the federal government to individual states. In this paper we assess the current forestry tax regime in Ekiti State, one of the eight Nigerian states where forests represent more than 50 per cent of land area, and where forest revenue has been historically relevant. Based on 16 interviews with government state officials, forest officers and actors from the industry, as well as data from the Forestry Commission, our analysis suggests that the ongoing depletion of forest resources in the state seems to be partially connected to an excessive focus on their capacity to generate revenue. The conceptualisation of the Ekiti State Forestry Commission as a revenue-raising agency rather than a management one, a continuous drive to extract revenue from the sector through outdated tax rates, and a view of the industry potential disconnected from the existing stock, all perversely led to a lower contribution from forestry to the state budget. While there is potential to reform both the structure of forestry taxes and their method of administration, evidence from our interviews suggests that priority should be given to enforcing a ban on forest exploitation for a period that is long enough to allow for its regrowth, at least in government reserves. This will require substantial sensitisation and engagement with actors in the sector, as well as increasing the monitoring capacity of the Forestry Commission. The Forestry Commission does not currently have enough staff to guarantee the enforcement of existing legislation, let alone a ban on all forest activities.
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