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KODIVERI, Arpitha Upendra. "Deliberating development in India’s forests : consent, mining and the making of the deliberative state." Doctoral thesis, European University Institute, 2021. https://hdl.handle.net/1814/71875.
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Defence date: 08 July 2021Examining Board: Professor Peter Drahos (European University Institute); Professor Joanne Scott (European University Institute); Professor B.S Chimni (Jindal Global Law School); Professor César Rodríguez-Garavito (NYU School of Law)
Deliberating Development in India’s Forests is a thesis that examines how India’s forest laws and the right to free, prior, and informed consent or consent provision of forest-dwelling communities has shaped the relationship between the state and forest-dwelling communities in extractive frontiers. The relationship between the state and forest-dwelling communities is tenuous as land in forest areas is acquired based on the Doctrine of Eminent Domain for extractive industries. Through extensive fieldwork in three mining sites in the eastern state of Odisha, this thesis offers an analysis of how the consent provision is implemented and how the relationship between the state and the forest-dwelling citizen is mediated by the pro-business bureaucracy as one of competing sovereignties. The forest-dwelling communities describe that the state operates in multiple modalities in India’s forests to enable extraction and realize its pro-business ambitions. Drawing from interviews with forest-dwelling communities and their aspirational legal interpretation of the consent provision the thesis makes an argument for the state to operate in a deliberative mode in India’s forests supported by a shared sovereignty framework and theories of deliberative and nodal governance. The thesis charts out an institutional pathway to overcome the structural imbalance experienced by forest-dwelling communities in their negotiations and dialogue with the state. This pathway can pave the way to repair the ruptured relationship between forest-dwelling communities and the Indian state and entrench the state in its deliberative modality.
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Pathak, Akhileshwar. "Law, strategies, ideologies : legislating forests in Colonial India, 1792-1882." Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 1999. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/22548.
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The thesis explores the relationships between legal provision and ideas on forests in colonial India from 1792 to 1882. The colonial officials generally maintained that in India there was disorder, despotism and injustice till they brought modern law, which was certain, ordered, principled and just. But in the case of forests, the forest law introduced by the colonial government was far from settled, certain and ordered. The law on the ownership of forests, whether the government or the landholders, was changed almost every ten years. This is not to say that 'traditional' law was itself settled and clear, but modern law, in its origins, was partisan, arbitrary and manipulative and far from its pretensions. Beneath the grandeur of legal theories and principles, there was strategic play of power and domination. In exploring the processes and discourses through which these reversals of law were secured, I draw from and engage with the works of Foucault and other theorists of post-colonialism, post-structuralism, deconstruction and Critical Theory. I particularly critique work which accords primacy to textual productions, ignoring the specific social and historical conjunctures in which these are produced. Locating the specific provisions of law and legal ideas in the every-day practices in the micro sites, my study suggests that the specific legal provisions were neither authored by the top layers of the administration nor based on nor derived from legal theories and principles. The strategies and counter-strategies produced in the micro sites of societies were abstracted, refined and accommodated within the given legal ideas. In this sense, forest law was a dossier of already prevalent practices. Similarly, legal ideas were produced in specific contexts to legitimate certain strategic devices. These ideas then were refined, revised and assimilated in the body of legal knowledge. The legal theory had the function of legitimating and projecting certain practices while the Act took care of specific details of administering the forests. The law thus is formed through the negotiation of strategy and ideology; and theory and practice in macro and micro sites.
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Kaul, Ranjana 1951. "Regulation of satellite telecommunications in India." Thesis, McGill University, 2005. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=83954.
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Commercialization of space activities particularly harnessing satellites for telecommunication in the 1970's is perhaps the most dynamic development of the twentieth century comparable only to the industrial revolution of the seventeenth century. The possibilities of civilian applications of satellite technology confined to its military use until the recent past has raised urgent questions of policy and regulations both nationally and internationally.The main objective of the thesis is to review the development of satellite telecommunication with particular reference to India. The thesis assesses the present access status and the regulatory regime, analyzes general challenges of deregulation including concerns of national security, fair competition, equal opportunity for service providers and manufacturers and above all consumer protection. It examines the how the Canadian CRTC and American FCC are addressing the current challenge posed by rapid technological developments and consequent convergence of telecommunications and broadcasting as well as lessons India could learn from the Canadian and American experiences. Finally suggestions are made for a possible logical direction for India's future telecom policy, in particular and the commercialization of space activities, in general.
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Martus, Christopher E. "The distribution and objectives of local forestry-related ordinances in the United States." Thesis, This resource online, 1992. http://scholar.lib.vt.edu/theses/available/etd-08042009-040400/.
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Lewis, Glennis M. "Protecting Canada's natural ecosystems from invasive alien plant species: Is sub-national weed control legislation up to the task?" Thesis, University of Ottawa (Canada), 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/27388.
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Invasive alien plant species pose a serious threat to Canada's natural ecosystems. It is the thesis of this paper that sub-national laws are important tools in combatting such species that are naturalized and spreading within provincial and territorial boundaries. Weed control acts in British Columbia, Alberta, Saskatchewan, Manitoba, Ontario, Quebec, Nova Scotia, and Prince Edward Island and the plant health protection acts in New Brunswick, and Newfoundland and Labrador are a strong basis to combat invasive alien plant species.
However, since these laws were enacted for weeds in agro-ecosystems, they are not up to the task of protecting natural ecosystems from invasive alien plant species. In some provinces and territories, there is a need to fill gaps in the law and ensure that it applies in a clear and uniform manner to all natural ecosystems. Numerous other revisions are recommended to make applicable provincial and territorial laws more effective.
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Hamilton, Arthur. "India and Intellectual Disability: An Intersectional Comparison of Disability Rights Law and Real Needs." Thesis, Université d'Ottawa / University of Ottawa, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/40282.
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Given its vast population, India has one of the highest absolute numbers of people with intellectual disability (PwIDs) in the world. Studies have placed the prevalence as high as 3.1% of children aged between 2 to 5 years and 5.2% of children aged between 6 to 9 years. India recently passed the Rights of Persons with Disabilities Act, 2016 (RPwD Act), to align itself with the United Nations Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities. This thesis applied the complementary methods of the review of academic and grey literature, document analysis of the RPwD Act, and in-depth informant interviews to become the first full study on the extent to which the RPwD Act meets the needs of PwIDs. Drawing on the biopsychosocial model of disability and intersectional theory, the findings show that the RPwD Act only partially meets the needs of PwIDs. The RPwD Act does incorporate progressive elements such as affirmative action provisions in the labour market, measures to prevent unethical research on PwIDs, and steps toward inclusive education. However, the Act stipulates a disability certification process that remains mired in the medical model of disability and is mostly inaccessible in rural areas. It also continues the system of legal guardianship dating to the colonial era which deprives many PwIDs of legal capacity and leaves some of them confined to long-term institutions with highly inadequate levels of care. Other problems in the Act include inadequate provisions to provide privacy, reproductive rights and education, and protection from discrimination.
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廖洪濤 and Hung-to Liu. "Urban forestry in China: a biogeographical study in Guangzhou city." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 1998. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B31239031.
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September, Jerome. "Children's rights and child labour: a comparative study of children's rights and child labour legislation in South Africa, Brazil and India." Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/9175.
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Includes bibliographical references.This dissertation will, through the analysis of various pieces of legislation and taking account of the daily realities of children in South Africa, Brazil and India (IBSA), outline the progress made to reduce and eradicate the exploitation of children, through the elimination of child labour. These three countries are chosen because of the particular challenges they face, but also because as part of the IBSA group, they have committed themselves to working together in the advancement of key international matters, including issues of human rights and social justice. The India, Brazil and South Africa (IBSA) group has further recently been held up as a global example for the efforts made by nations in the elimination of the worst forms child labour. The ultimate goal is the total elimination of child labour. This dissertation will draw attention to the complexities and contradictions in policy and practice, with particular reference to concepts such as ‘Child Labour’ and the ‘Worst Forms of Child Labour’. This dissertation will compare [the experience of] childhood in these countries, and explore the risk factors that place particular children, and families, at risk of utilising child labour as a source of income.
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BhaskarDoss, Franklin Sherwin. "The impact of anti-conversion laws in India a biblical and historical study /." Theological Research Exchange Network (TREN), 2006. http://www.tren.com/search.cfm?p001-1106.
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Nazir, Farhana Anthony. "Study of the evolution of legislation on offences relating to religion in British India and their implications in contemporary Pakistan." Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/10625.
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The offence of blasphemy and its implications is one of the critical issues in Pakistan today. This research examines the historical setting and gradual amendment of blasphemy laws and their impact on religious communities in Pakistan. The law of blasphemy belongs to two historical periods. First, the era when the country was under military rule by the British during the colonial period: they originally framed Chapter XV of Offences Relating to Religion of the Indian Penal Code (IPC) in 1860. Secondly, its application in an independent subcontinent gradually moved from its original intention in Pakistan after 1947. In 1980s Pakistan, both the intentions of this law and its penalties were significantly altered, becoming the law which people now known as the law of blasphemy. Since the law was amended, it has made people in all religious communities, particularly minorities, critically vulnerable to malicious or unfounded accusation and has been interpreted and applied to varying effects. This historical review shows how Pakistan, though claiming to be secular and to protect all religions and communities, has actually become an exclusively Islamic country. Amending Chapter XV of Offences Relating to Religion was one of the important steps to Islamise Pakistan. This research considers a range of legal, political and constitutional questions concerning the law of blasphemy and religious communities both in pre and post-colonial periods, exploring how the law and religious communities have been and are affected by politics and legislation. In so doing, it will appraise politically significant religious laws, values and activities.
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Evans, Barbara A. (Barbara Ann). "British tea planters and the Madras planters' labour law of 1903 : the creation and coercion of a migrating labour force in the Nilgiri Hills of southern India." Phd thesis, Department of History, 1991. http://hdl.handle.net/2123/8914.
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Dlamini, Cliff Sibusiso. "Towards the improvement of policy and strategy development for the sustainable management of non-timber forest products: Swaziland: A case study." Thesis, Stellenbosch : University of Stellenbosch, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/1174.
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Van, Wyk J. W. "A critical legal and economic analysis of the potential threats and opportunities associated with the outsourcing of e-commerce services in developing countries with specific emphasis on India and selective SADC countries." Thesis, University of the Western Cape, 2005. http://etd.uwc.ac.za/index.php?module=etd&.
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This paper has critically investigated the nature of risk posed by regulatory authorities in OECD (Organisation for Economic Co-ordination and Development)countries in inhibiting the flourishing growth in the market for the outsourcing of e-commerce services in certain developing countries. In order to illustrate the extent of the benefits contained in the e-commerce outsourcing trade, specific attention was paid to the dramatic trade growth experienced in India, with outsourcing contracts representing a sizeable percentage of the Gross Domestic Product of that country and with all the prospects for continued future growth.
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Makano, Rosemary Fumpa. "Does institutional capacity matter? a case study of the Zambian Forestry Department /." Diss., St. Louis, Mo. : University of Missouri--St. Louis, 2008. http://etd.umsl.edu/r3321.
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Steffani, Marco Aurélio. "Implicações sócio-econômicas do cumprimento do código florestal: estudo de casos em unidades de produção familiares em Mariópolis - PR." Universidade Tecnológica Federal do Paraná, 2012. http://repositorio.utfpr.edu.br/jspui/handle/1/417.
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Este projeto tem como foco de estudos as implicações sócio-econômicas do cumprimento do Código Florestal (CF) em propriedades de agricultores familiares de Mariópolis – PR. O interesse por esta temática surgiu da necessidade de conciliar o atual modelo de exploração agrícola imposto pela sociedade com a recuperação e preservação dos recursos naturais de maneira equilibrada. Aborda as dificuldades de aplicação da referida lei em pequenas propriedades rurais do Sudoeste do
Paraná, em função das particularidades que estas apresentam. Trata um pouco sobre a multifuncionalidade da agricultura familiar e de pagamento por bens e serviços ambientais. O resultado do estudo mostra que o cumprimento do Código Florestal nas três propriedades analisadas (“A”, “B” e “C”) provocaria perdas de renda (R$/ha de Superfície de Área Útil - SAU) de R$ 5.049,37, R$ 852,39 e R$ 2.077,83, o que corresponde a 17,5%, 5,06% e 8,8% de redução da Renda Total das Propriedades, respectivamente.This project focuses on studies of the socioeconomic implications of compliance with the Forest Code (FC) on the properties of family farming Mariópolis - PR. The interest in this subject arose from the need to reconcile the current model of agriculture imposed by society with the recovery and preservation of natural resources in a balanced manner. Discusses the difficulties of implementing this law on small farms in southwestern Paraná, depending on the features that they present. This is a little on the multifunctionality of agriculture and family to pay for environmental goods and services. The study result shows that the implementation of the Forestry Code in the threeproperties analyzed ("A", "B" and "C") would result in loss of income (R$ / ha of Superfície de Área Útil - SAU) of R$ 5.049, 37, R$ 852,39 and R$ 2.077,83, which corresponds to 17,5%, 5,06% and 8,8% reduction in Total Income properties, respectively.
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Bronkars, Caroline. "Kumulative Eigentumseingriffe." Hamburg Kovač, 2007. http://www.verlagdrkovac.de/978-3-8300-3164-2.htm.
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Lu, Lu. "Anti-dumping actions against China : a comparison of European Community and Indian laws and policies." Thesis, University of Macau, 2009. http://umaclib3.umac.mo/record=b1951584.
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Chishaleshale, Mwale. "Governance and management of urban trees and green spaces in South Africa: ensuring benefits to local people and the environment." Thesis, Rhodes University, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1006035.
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In the face of rapid urbanization and global climate change, urban trees and green spaces (UTGS) can contribute to the welfare of people and the urban environment. Urban trees and green spaces can assist to address urbanization challenges related to environmental degradation. While functions of UTGS have been well documented in the developed world, they have not yet received full attention in much of sub-Saharan Africa. Consequently, UTGS are under threat from urban development and fragmentation. Notably, the problems associated with UTGS also fall into the governance realm and indications are that poor governance and management of UTGS can negatively influence the potential benefits of UTGS to local people and the environment. This formed a basis for this research. The main objective of the study was to determine the current governance and management approaches to UTGS in South Africa. Through document search and review, the study determined the governance institutions influencing UTGS at national level and at provincial level (in the Limpopo and Eastern Cape Provinces). Face-to-face and online survey methods were used to determine the extent to which 28 local municipalities had adopted planned, systematic and integrated management of UTGS. The snowball approach was used to determine the key actors involved in UTGS activities and interviews were conducted to establish the roles and capabilities of these actors. A total of 540 household interviews were conducted to determine the institutional factors influencing local peoples’ ability to access, plant and use UTGS. The findings of the study showed that UTGS have not been adequately covered in existing governance institutions and practice at national and provincial levels. Local government municipalities were not managing their UTGS in a planned or systematic manner due to constraining factors such as insufficient funds, insufficient personnel, lack of equipment and lack of political support. Only 7.1 % of the surveyed municipalities had an urban tree management plan and an estimate of the urban tree stock; 32.1 % had tree policies; 28.6 % had tree bylaws; 21.4 % had tree planting schedules; 10.7 % had tree maintenance schedules and only 3.6 % had tree inspection schedules. Key actors involved in UTGS activities differed among levels of government. The actors included national and provincial government departments, local government municipalities, Non-Governmental Organizations, private sector companies and local volunteers. Most of the actors, however, either planted trees or provided tree seedlings to municipalities and the local people. Tenure security was a key institutional factor affecting peoples’ ability to plant, use or even remove trees from their residential plots. The same applied to trees in the streets and public parks. Whereas most respondents did not require permission to plant (79.8 %) or remove (75 %) trees on their residential plots, a majority of them required permission to plant and remove trees from streets (over 70 %) and public parks (over 80 %). However, with regard to planting and removing urban trees in public open spaces, 54% of the respondents indicated that permission was not required suggesting a lack of clarity among local residents on the issue. Overall, the findings of this study indicate that there is no political recognition and support for UTGS at almost all levels of government. This has resulted in the lack of incorporation of UTGS in urban planning and development and has caused UTGS to receive limited funding to permit planned and systematic management. Given the current rates of urbanization and urban development, the lowly prioritised UTGS are vulnerable to exploitation. To conserve UTGS and promote their potential contribution to local people and the environment, UTGS must be recognized and placed on political and development agendas. There is a need to develop national guidelines for UTGS management, assess the extent of the urban forest resource in local municipalities, clearly define the roles and capabilities of different actors, integrate UTGS in the urban planning and development system, and most of all seek to involve the local people in overall management and governance of UTGS.
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Tallier, Pierre Alain. "Forêts et propriétaires forestiers en Belgique, 1814-1914: histoire de l'évolution de la superficie forestière, des peuplements, des techniques sylvicoles et des débouchés offerts aux produits ligneux." Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 1996. http://hdl.handle.net/2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/212281.
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Fry, Ian William. "Conflicted forestry scientists and climate change negotiators : a critical analysis of the role of the intergovernmental panel on climate change and its forestry scientists in developing scientific guidance and rules on land use, land-use change and forestry under the kyoto protocol." Phd thesis, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/1885/155161.
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This study traces the history of the development of the rules that apply to land use, land-use change and forestry (LULUCF) under the Kyoto Protocol and follows the role of various IPCC scientists who have contributed to providing specific guidance on matters relating to LULUCF (For the purpose of this study they are called IPCC Authors). The study focuses primarily on forestry issues as these have been the most contentious in the context of accounting rules associated with the Kyoto Protocol. The aim of the study is to critically assess the role of IPCC Authors associated with developing guidance for accounting for LULUCF within the Kyoto Protocol and to ascertain whether the roles of some IPCC Authors cross-over from the provision of scientific information to outcome determined policy prescription. The study then considers whether this possible cross-over is driven by conflicts of interest. This is a unique longitudinal study lasting fourteen years of participant observation. It also represents an extensive literature review tracking decision text and related literature from the commencement of the Kyoto Protocol through to the development of rules for the Second Commitment Period of the Protocol. It traces the evolution of the rules associated with LULUCF under the Kyoto Protocol from the period 1997 through to 2011. It explores the numerous LULUCF decisions that evolved during this period and analyses the implications of these decision. It considers whether these decisions have orientations that suit the economic or national interests of certain individuals and nations. The study was taken from within a unique perspective as the author was engaged actively in the negotiation of the LULUCF rules for the Kyoto Protocol as a representative of the Government of Tuvalu. This has enabling a unique insider's insight into the negotiations process. The study follows the path of a number of key IPCC Authors who played a dual role of negotiator for their country in the Kyoto Protocol negotiations and IPCC Authors in the development of guidance. The role of other influential IPCC Authors are also explored and given context within the negotiation process. Due to various public pressures and concerns about the role of it Chairman, the IPCC developed a conflict of interest policy. This study the IPCC policy with other models developed in other spheres of science. Literature on COI is prominent with respect to the medical and pharmaceutical industry but is relatively scant with respect to multilateral environmental agreements (MEAs). Consideration is given on how to improve COI measures to ensure the full breadth of conflicts are addressed. It should be noted that this study is not a criticism of the IPCC as a whole. On the whole it operates effectively as a boundary organisation even though it was established as an intergovernmental organisation. This study identifies a core group of scientists with a particular interest in LULUCF that appear to have infiltrated the inner machinations of the organisation. The consequences of their roles are considered to be detrimental to the overall standing of the institution.
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Parshotam, Sandhya Janti. "A comparative analysis of the income tax provisions applied to outsourced services to South Africa and India." Thesis, 2017. https://hdl.handle.net/10539/24384.
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A research report submitted to the Faculty of Commerce, Law and Management, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Commerce (Specialising in Taxation) Johannesburg, 2017This report discusses how the outsourcing of services results in the creation of a service permanent establishment for a non-resident entity. The tax consequences that result from a service permanent establishment in South Africa and India, as the outsourced destinations, will be compared against each other. To remain globally competitive and to provide the best quality of work to clients, entities may decide to outsource services through a secondment arrangement or through a subcontracting arrangement, each having different tax implications. The parties must clearly indicate the type of arrangement in a contractual agreement, as an entity could create a service permanent establishment in a foreign jurisdiction. Non-resident entities often outsource services to organisations in South Africa and India. This report provides a comparative analysis of the income tax provisions applicable to a resident and a non-resident for both a company and individual in South Africa and India. It further analyses income tax provisions related to the definitions related to residency, for a company and an individual in terms of the Income Tax Act 58 of 1962 in South Africa and the Incometax Act, 1961 in India. Other provisions compared in this report include the tax rates, rebates and thresholds in terms of such legislation. Key Words: Non-resident, Resident, Corporate income tax, Personal income tax, South Africa, India, subcontracting, secondment, OECD Model Tax Convention, Double Tax Agreements and Permanent Establishment.
GR2018
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Chebii, John Kipkoech. "Forest management and conservation in Kenya: a study of the role of law in the conservation of forest resources." Thesis, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10500/20093.
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Nkosi, Busisiwe Rachel. "Analysis of water pollution control laws in South Africa : a comparative analysis of South Africa, India and the United Kingdom." Thesis, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10386/1192.
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Thesis (LLM. (Development Management Law)) -- University of Limpopo, 2015Water is the source of life for human beings, animals and plants also need water for them to grow. The scourge of water pollution in our country due to various reasons is of great concerns and if left unattended will have dire consequences. Uncontrolled water pollution results in health hazards to human beings, animals and other living things. In terms of our Constitution the state as a custodian of all natural resources has a duty to ensure that water as a scarce resource is preserved for the present and future generations. Legislative measures are needed in order to ensure that same prevails. Legislation imposes measure such as a permit and its condition that must be respected by the holder of such permit. Failure to observe the condition of the permit is punishable by law for both corporates and human beings. Most environmental crimes are caused not by a deliberate intention or negligence but by poor or ineffective management systems. Public education is important in ensuring that water pollution does not take place. Authorities must also be strict in ensuring compliance with permits and prevention of water pollution as prevention is better that cure. This dissertation examines water pollution legislation in South Africa, India and the United Kingdom and offers a comparative analysis and recommendations to South Africa. The three countries are developed and also allocated in three different continents. The examination and analysis of how they fight water pollution gives a chance to South Africa on how it may improve its legislation and maintain its water quality.
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Deane, Tameshnie. "Affirmative action: a comparative study." Thesis, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/10500/2012.
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Racial and gender inequality, as well as other forms of discrimination has been a part of the South African, American and Indian histories for a very long time. Even today racial disparity is still very evident in the South African and American societies whilst discrimination based on caste is still prevalent in the Indian society. This is illustrated by continued racial discrimination and the remaining signs of societal segregation. Due to continuing disparities amongst the people, it became necessary to implement affirmative action programmes. Focusing in particular on education and jobs, affirmative action policies require active measures to be taken to ensure that blacks and other minorities enjoy the same opportunities for career advancement and school admissions that had been the nearly exclusive province of whites in SA and the USA, or for the forward castes in India. Affirmative action has been both praised and denounced, as an answer to racial inequality. One of the key issues that arise when affirmative action is discussed is whether or not affirmative action in fact promotes equality and atones for past prejudices. Another concern is whether the current affirmative action policy is the right policy to use. The issues surrounding affirmative action seems to be universal as are the circumstances. Perhaps the most widespread similarity among the programmes in these very different countries has been that group preferences and quotas are almost always discussed. The debate on affirmative action exists because it is a very divisive issue and it affects different groups of people in different ways, and some groups or persons seemingly benefit more from affirmative action than other persons or groups. In addition, it causes people to be classified into groups, and at the same time, strives to break down group barriers. It is an issue that is difficult to resolve because people have varied ideas about how the problems of racial inequality and historical discrimination should be addressedJurisprudence
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MacKenzie, Catherine Patricia. "International law and forest policy : a legal analysis of recent approaches to a global forest treaty." Phd thesis, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/1885/151287.
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Raveendran, Nair K. P. "A comparative study of laws governing domestic violence in Ethiopia and India." Thesis, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/10500/25892.
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This study aimed to compare the laws governing domestic violence in Ethiopia and India and to then determine their practical efficacy. Data was collected using in-depth interviews with victims of domestic violence, and an examination of judicial interpretation and findings in domestic violence cases, in both the city of Jimma, South-Western Ethiopia, and the town of Ranni, a district of Kerala in India. A comprehensive literature study was conducted concerning domestic violence against women in India and Ethiopia, international laws, and agreements on violence against women, and international best practices relating to domestic violence legislation and prevention.
Ethiopian law governing domestic violence was compared with a similar law in India. The nature, cause, extent, and prevalence of domestic violence in both jurisdictions were identified. The findings of this study indicate various shortcomings in the law governing domestic violence in these two countries, which cause a contravention of international agreements and best practices. It was further found that legislation alone is inadequate to address domestic violence since other social and cultural factors are involved in the phenomenon. The need for enhanced legislation in India and Ethiopia to effectively address domestic violence was identified.
Intervention strategies to inform policies and legislative changes in terms of domestic violence in India and Ethiopia are therefore proposed. Finally, this study contributes to the existing body of knowledge on addressing domestic violence in these jurisdictions.Maikemišetšo a thutelo ye ke go bapetša melao yeo e laolago bošoro ka magaeng go la Ethiopia le India go šupa ge eba melao ye e phethagatšwa ka mokgwa wo o ka thušago go fihlelela dipoelo tše di nyakwago. Tshedimošo e kgobokeditšwe ka mokgwa wa ditherišano tše di tseneletšego le batšwasehlabelo ba itemogetšego bošoro ka magaeng le tlhahlobo ya dikahlolo tša bokgaolakgang tša melato ya bošoro ka magaeng ka toropong ya Jimma, Borwa- Bodikela bja Ethiopia, gammogo le toropo ya Ranni, selete sa Kerala ka go India. Thutelo ya dingwalo ka botlalo e phethagaditšwe ya bošoro ka magaeng kgahlanong le basadi go la India le Ethiopia, melao le ditumelelano tša boditšhabatšhaba ka ga bošoro kgahlanong le basadi le mekgwa ye e amogetšwego boemong bja boditšhabatšhaba go ba ye mekaonekaone ya melao ya bošoro ka magaeng. Melao ya Ethopia yeo e laolago bošoro ka magaeng e bapeditšwe le melao yeo e swanago le yona go la India. Tlhago, seo se hlolago, bogolo le tlwaelo ya tiragalo ya bošoro ka magaeng ka kakaretšo dinageng tše pedi tše di šupilwe. Dikhwetšo tša thutelo ye di bontšha mafokodi a fapanego go melao yeo e laolago bošoro ka magaeng dinageng tše pedi tše ao a dirago gore melao ye e tshele mekgwa ye e amogetšwego boemong bja boditšhabatšhaba go ba ye mekaonekaone. Go lemogilwe gape gore tlhakamolao e nnoši ga e na maatla ao a lekanego go rarolla bošoro ka magaeng, ka ge mabaka a mangwe a setšhaba le setšo a akareditšwe. Tlhokego ya tlhakamolao ya maemo ao a phagamišitšwego ka go India le Ethiopia go lwantšha bošoro ka magaeng e šupilwe. Maano a tsenogare go fa tshedimošo ka melaotshepetšo le diphetogo tša melao ye e tsebišitšwego malebana le bošoro ka magaeng ka go India le Ethiopia ka gorealo a šišintšwe. Mafelelong, thutelo ye e tlaleletša go bontši bja tsebo ye e lego gona ka ga go rarolla bošoro ka magaeng ka go dinaga tše.
Inhloso yalolu cwaningo kwabe kuwukuqhathanisa imithetho elawula udlame lwasekhaya e-Ethiopia kanye nase-India ngenhloso yokuthola ukuthi le mithetho isetshenziswa ngendlela efanele yini. Idatha yaqoqwa ngokuthi kubanjwe izingxoxo ezinohlonze futhi ezijulile nabantu abayizisulu zodlame lwasekhaya futhi kwacutshungulwa kwaphinde kwahlaziywa nezinqumo zenkantolo emacaleni odlame lwasekhaya edolobheni lase-Jimma, eNingizimu- Ntshonalanga Ethiopia, kanye nasedolobheni lase-Ranni, esifundeni sase-Kerala kwelase-India. Kwenziwa ucwaningo lwemibhalo olubanzi mayelana nodlame lwasekhaya olubhekiswe kwabesifazane e-India nase-Ethiopia, futhi kwahlaziywa nemibhalo equkethe imithetho yamazwe ngamazwe kanye nezivumelwano eziphathelene nokunqandwa kodlame olubhekiswe kwabesifazane kanye nemithetho ephuma phambili emhlabeni jikelele, eyisibonelo esihle, yokulwisana nodlame lwasekhaya. Imithetho yase-Ethiopia elawula udlame lwasekhaya yaqhathaniswa nemithetho efanayo kwelase-India. Kwahlonzwa ubunjalo, izimbangela, ububanzi kanye nokusabalala kodlame lwasekhaya kuwo womabili lawa mazwe. Okwatholwa wulolu cwaningo kubonisa amaphutha nokwahluleka okuhlukahlukene emithethweni elawula udlame lwasekhaya kulawa mazwe, okubangela ukuthi le mithetho iphule izinkambiso eziphuma phambili ezibekiwe emhlabeni jikelele eziyisibonelo emazweni amaningi. Kwatholakala futhi nokuthi imithetho iyodwa ayanele ekubhekaneni nodlame lwasekhaya, njengoba zikhona nezinye izinto eziphathelene nenhlalo kanye namasiko ezibandakanyekayo kulokhu. Kwahlonzwa isidingo sokuthi imithetho yenziwe ngcono kwelase-India nase- Ethiopia ukuze kubhekwane nodlame lwasekhaya ngendlela efanele. Ngakho-ke, kwaphakanyiswa amasu okungenelela, okuyiwona azosetshenziswa ekwakheni izinqubomgomo nokwenza izinguquko emithethweni yokulwisana nodlame lwasekhaya e-India nase-Ethiopia. Okokugcina, lolu cwaningo lufaka isandla emthamweni wolwazi olukhona njengamanje mayelana nokubhekana nodlame lwasekhaya kulawa mazwe.
Criminal and Procedural Law
D. Phil. (Criminal Justice)
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Tibbets, Ashlee. "Implications of the 2008 Lacey Act amendments : insights from the wood products industry." Thesis, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/1957/26108.
Full textAbstract:
Export-oriented illegal logging has been recognized as a major global problem in environmental, social, and economic terms. It has been argued that export-oriented illegal logging does not benefit the community or government that should be benefited by its own natural resources. The emergence of policy initiatives targeting illegal logging could have the potential to increase the competitiveness of legally sourced timber products by removing illegal products from the market of the consuming country.
The US Lacey Act amendments of 2008 set a precedent for the global trade in plants and plant products by putting in place incentives for US wood products importing companies to demand legally sourced and traded wood. This research addresses how the 2008 Lacey Act amendments have impacted the US wood industry, and how those affected by the amendments view the future of environmental policy and global illegal logging as impacted by the amendments.
The majority of respondents in this study agree that steps should be taken to decrease global illegal logging, but some aren't convinced that the Lacey Act amendments will ultimately have the desired effect. According to this research, most US wood importers have made small changes to their operational practices. This study indicates the possibility that though US wood importers feel the responsibility to ensure their companies are compliant with legislation, they are not sure the 2008 Lacey Act amendments will ultimately hinder global illegal logging. Included in this study are also suggestions from US wood importers regarding policy implementation. These suggestions include an increase in communication between the US government and US wood products companies, an increase in future research, and the possibility of focusing the Lacey Act on certain high-risk regions.Graduation date: 2012
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Aitken, Hem. "Climate change and variability in the Ganga Basin in India : the role of the Supreme Court in legal and institutional change." Thesis, 2012. http://handle.uws.edu.au:8081/1959.7/509732.
Full textAbstract:
Climate change is one of the most serious global challenges of our time. It is not just a scientific issue but an economic, social, cultural, political and legal issue as well. The world community has taken many steps to reduce the emissions of greenhouse gases to mitigate climate change. However, they have failed to take the drastic measures needed to address it effectively. This failure of the international community to effectively address climate change has encouraged environmental activists and victims of climate change to take recourse to international as well as national legal systems to better address these issues. India is particularly vulnerable to the changing climate and its Himalayan-fed rivers, such as the Ganga River, will be seriously affected because of the melting glaciers and changes in rainfall patterns due to climate change. Moreover, climate change can cause a violation of the ‘Right to Life’ provided to the people of India by its Constitution. The Indian Supreme Court has liberally interpreted this right to include the right to a healthy environment and has taken an active interest in protecting the environment and related rights of the people of India. The Supreme Court could potentially play an important role in addressing climate change issues in India by applying the broad constitutional provisions and the rich environmental jurisprudence developed by it in landmark environmental cases. This thesis discusses the potential role the Indian Supreme Court could play in future in addressing climate change issues with a focus on the Ganga Basin in India.
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Cerutti, Paolo Omar. "Governing natural resources : the case of illegal forest activities in Cameroon." Phd thesis, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/1885/149837.
Full textAbstract:
Since the beginning of the 1990s, illegal logging and, more broadly, Illegal Forest Activities (IFA) have occupied a growing and prominent place in international discussions about forest policy, management and governance. Despite widespread concerns, there is still significant uncertainty however, about the quantitative and qualitative nature of the problem. In many countries it is unclear what the political, economic, social and ecological dynamics that underpins IFAs are. To better understand those dynamics, one needs to weave together several theoretical and practical aspects that only when considered as a whole could help to clarifying the complex nature of IFAs, and to set the stage for devising policy options to effectively address the problem. Therefore, this research addresses two main questions: what is the nature of IFAs and what are their impacts? Through a series of published papers focussing on the case study of the Republic of Cameroon, in the context of the European Union's Forest Law Enforcement, Governance and Trade (FLEGT) Action Plan, this thesis seeks to answer those questions by weaving together bodies of literature-namely on governance theory and sustainable forest management, forest certification and the redistribution of forest revenues-that have often neglected each other. The analysis suggests that a set of dichotomies, juxtaposing concepts such as 'legality-sustainability' versus 'illegality-unsustainability', or 'legality-better livelihoods' versus 'illegality-poverty', normally considered as clear-cut in the public discourse on IFAs, need to be dissected. This is necessary both to be able to assess the distinctive characteristics of their constitutive elements, and to allow the planning of more informed policies on IFAs. Results show, for instance, that forestry operations can in some cases be both legal and unsustainable. In other cases, the occurrence of illegal acts does not necessarily imply a need to prevent and repress them. In some instances, a revision of the legislation may be warranted. By considering the relation between legality, sustainability and environmental governance, the analysis indicates that non-state market-driven governance systems, such as forest certification, have the potential to improve the way logging companies manage the resource. Nonetheless, in countries where weak governance is the norm, there exists for logging companies a natural tendency, unchecked by those countries' concerned ministries, to try and adopt a degraded version of the original, more restrictive standards required by international forest certification schemes. The analysis also suggests that particular attention must be paid to the dynamics that weak governance, and notably corruption, engenders in the spaces where IFAs occur. Policy options developed without considering those dynamics-especially when corruption becomes systemic and it is allowed to spread over the long-term-are likely to fail. The legitimacy of the institutions proposing policy reforms, vis-a-vis forestry operators as well as the general population, becomes a fundamental issue in this regard, key to the ultimate success of any proposed reform. Lastly, the analysis discusses some implications for a future research agenda on the complex nature of IFAs and their impacts. -- provided by Candidate.
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Ssennyonjo, Peter. "A comparative study of tax incentives for small businesses in South Africa, Australia, India and the United Kingdom." Diss., 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/10500/25981.
Full textAbstract:
This study discusses South Africa’s tax incentives for small businesses and identifies
shortcomings and areas of concern within the tax incentive regimes. A comparison of
small business tax incentives provided by Australia, India, and the United Kingdom is
made with South Africa’s small business tax incentives to identify similarities and
differences, and new lessons are learned from the approaches of other countries. As a
result of the comparison with the tax dispensations available to small businesses in
other countries, the study recommends additional tax incentives that could be
implemented by South Africa. Only those tax incentives that are available in other
countries but not in South Africa that were deemed worthwhile were recommended to
be introduced in the Republic. Recommendations were also made based on the gaps
identified in South Africa’s small business tax incentives.Taxation
M. Phil. (Accounting Sciences)
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Mukhopadhyay, Amrita. "The social and legal regulation of domestic violence : examining the implementation of the Protection of Women from Domestic Violence Act 2005 in the Kesarwani community, Kolkata." Thesis, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/1959.7/uws:58512.
Full textAbstract:
This thesis attempts to investigate domestic violence within a business community, the Kesarwani community, in the metropolitan city of Kolkata. This study is undertaken in the backdrop of the enactment of the Protection of Women from Domestic Violence Act 2005 (the PWDVA), which is the first domestic violence legislation in the country to recognize a range of abuses as domestic violence. The PWDVA recognises domestic violence as a legitimate ground for a victim to access legal relief of various kinds, like a right to reside in the household, protection from further acts of violence, compensation, medical aid and custody of children. Of interest to the thesis is the exploration of the interconnections between the experiences of violence endured by Kesarwani women in everyday familial life and the efficacy of addressing the violence through the victim response system envisaged under the PWDVA. The thesis analyses the relevance of the formal law or the legal regulation of domestic violence in the context of the social regulation of domestic violence displayed in the familial lives of the Kesarwani community. The thesis uses ethnography and draws on various research methods to describe the Kesarwani communal life, the lives of women within the community and the experiences of domestic violence within the community. The thesis uses the Bourdieusian framework and intersectional theories to interrogate the crossovers and linkages between the Kesarwani community and the key stakeholders of the PWDVA which include government and non-government organizations. The thesis traverses non-Kesarwani spaces like a hospital, a non-governmental organization, a local police station, a local court and a local government social welfare office along with Kesarwani familial and communal spaces, to understand the implementation of the formal law and decipher the power structures and processes that follow a victim centred legislation. Thus, the thesis extends the relevance of the formal law by taking the language of the law from the narrow confines of the formal legal structures to the arena of everyday Kesarwani life.
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Pillay, Krisandren. "The growth and regulation of the private security industry in India and South Africa." Thesis, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/10500/26976.
Full textAbstract:
The lack of scientific research covering the factors contributing to the growth and regulation of the private security industry (PSI) in India and South Africa gave rise to the study. The study used qualitative research methods, a case study design and documentary analysis techniques, including personal interviews supported by a qualitative questionnaire and e-mailing the questionnaires to participants, to achieve the purpose and objectives of the study. The researcher interviewed seven participants from India personally and eight responded to the qualitative questionnaire sent by e-mail. The researcher conducted eight one-on-one interviews with South African participants and eleven members responded to the qualitative questionnaire sent by e-mail. The researcher carried out a pilot study to identify any shortcomings in the qualitative questionnaire. The study examined various theories on regulations and regulatory frameworks and considered the theoretical aspects of regulating the private security industry.
This study confirmed that private security is growing at a rapid pace in India and South Africa, and the common factors encouraging growth include socio-economic factors like rapid growth and infrastructure, increasing urbanisation, growth of the middle class, poverty and unemployment, illegal immigration, growth in private property and increase in personal wealth. Indian participants especially, felt strongly that an increase in terror attacks is a key factor contributing to the rapid growth of the PSI, whilst South African participants confirmed, a fear of political violence and being scared of civil unrest were reasons for the increased presence of the PSI in the country. The participants corroborated that statutory-based legislation imposed by the Private Security Agencies (Regulation) Act 2005 and the Private Security Industry Regulation Act 2001 is not wholly effective in regulating the PSI in India.Ukusweleka kocwaningo lwesisayense olwengamela izinto ezinomthelela ekukhuleni kanye nemitheshwana yolawulo kwimboni yonogada bezokuvikeleka yangasese i-private security industry (PSI) eNdiya naseNingizimu Afrika kwenze ukuthi kube nalolu cwaningo. Ucwaningo lusebenzise izindlela ze-qualitative research methods, i-case study kanye nethekniki yohlaziyo lwamadokhumende, okubandakanya nama-interview nabantu ziqu, ngokusekelwa wuhla lwemibuzo ebhaliwe ye-qualitative kanye nohla lwemibuzo ebhaliwe (questionnaires) ethunyelwe nge-email kulabo ababambe iqhaza, ukufezekisa izinhloso nezinjongo zocwaningo. Umcwaningi wenze ama-interview nababambi qhaza abayisikhombisa ziqu baseNdiya kanti abayisishagalombili baphendule imibuzo yohla ebhaliwe ye-qualitative oluthunyelwe nge-email. Umcwaningi ubuye waba nama-interview okubhekana ubusu nobuso nababambi qhaza baseNingizimu Afrika abayisishagalombili, kwathi abayishumi nanye baphendula uhla lwemibuzo ebhaliwe ye-qualitative ethunyelwe nge-email. Kwenziwe ucwaningo lokulinga (pilot study) ukubheka ukuntengantenga kohla lwemibuzo ebhaliwe ye-qualitative. Lolu cwaningo luhlole amathiyori ahlukahlukene ngokwenziwa kwemithetho yolawulo kanye nohlaka lwemitheshwana yolawulo, kanye nokubonelela izingxenye zethiyori yemitheshwana yolawulo lwemboni yonogada bezokuvikeleka yangasese. Ucwaningo luqinisekise ukuthi imboni yonogada bangasese bezokuvikeleka ikhula ngokuyisimanga eNdiya kanye naseNingizimu Afrika, kanti okuyixhumanisayo nokufanayo, kubandakanya ukukhula kwezinto eziphathelene nabantu nezomnotho njengokukhula ngesivinini kwezingqalasizinda, ukuya kakhulu kwabantu ezindaweni zamadolobha, ukukhula kwe-middle class, inhlupheko nokusweleka kwemisebenzi, ukungena kakhulu kwabantu ababuya kwezinye izindawo ngokungemthetho (illegal migration), ukukhula kwempahla yangasese kanye nokwanda kokunotha kubantu. Ababambi qhaza baseNdiya bona banemizwa eqinile yokuthi uhlaselo lwamaphekulazikhuni (terror attacks) yinto enomthelela kakhulu ukukhuleni kwemboni ye-PSI. Ababambi qhaza baseNingizimu Afrika bona baqinise ukwesaba udlame lwezepolitiki kanye nokwesaba izivungu-vungu zovukelwano lwabantu, yikho okube yizizathu zokukhula kobukhona be-PSI ezweni. Ababambi qhaza baqinise ukuthi imithetho efakelwe ye-Private Security Agencies (Regulation) Act 2005 kanye nomthetho we-Private Security Industry Regulation Act 2001 ayisebenzi ngokufanele ukulawula kahle imboni ye-PSI eNdiya.
Esi sifundo sibe ngunozala wokunqongophala kophando lobunzululwazi malunga nezinto ezincedisa ekukhuleni nasekulawulweni korhwebo lokhuselo lwabucala, iprivate security industry (PSI), kwilizwe laseIndia naseMzantsi Afrika. Isifundo sisebenzise indlela yophando lomgangatho, uyilo lwenkqubo engumzekelo, uhlalutyo lwemibhalo, udliwano ndlebe lobuso ngobuso nabantu ngabantu, oku kuxhaswa luluhlu lwemibuzo olubhaliweyo noluthunyelwe kubathathi nxaxheba ngeimeyile ukuze kuphunyezwe iinjongo zesi sifundo. Umphandi udlane indlebe nabathathi nxaxheba abasixhenxe abavela eIndia kanti abasibhozo baphendule uluhlu lwemibuzo yomgangatho kwi-imeyile. Umphandi uqhube udliwano ndlebe ubuso ngobuso nabathathi nxaxheba abasibhozo eMzantsi Afrika kanti abalishumi elinanye bona baphendule uluhlu lwemibuzo yomgangatho kwi-imeyile. Kwaqhutywa isifundo sokutshayelela ngenjongo yokuqonda ukuba akukho zikhwasilima na kuluhlu lwemibuzo yomgangatho. Isifundo siphonononge iingcingane okanye iithiyori ezingemigaqo nezakhelo zemigaqo yolawulo kwaza kwaqatshelwa imiba yeengcingane emalunga nokulawulwa norhwebo lokhuseleko lwabucala. Esi sifundo singqine ukuba ukhuselo lwabucala lukhula ngesantya esikhawulezayo eIndia naseMzantsi Afrika, kwaye izinto ezikhuthaza oku kukhula ziquka imiba yezentlalo noqoqosho njengokwanda okukhawulezayo nezibonelelo, ukwanda kweendlela zokuphila budolophu, ukukhula kwezinga loluntu eliphakathi (middle class), ubuhlwempu nentswela ngqesho, ukufudukela kwamanye amazwe ngokungekho mthethweni, ukwanda kokufumaneka komhlaba wabucala nokwanda kobutyebi babantu. Abathathi nxaxheba baseIndia bathi bacinga ukuba ukwanda kohlaselo ngabagrogrisi kuphambili ekuncediseni ukukhula korhwebo lokhuselo lwabucala. AbaseMzantsi Afrika bona bangqina ukuba uloyiko lobundlobogela bezopolitiko nokoyika uvukelo mbuso zizizathu zokwanda kobukho borhwebo lokhuselo lwabucala kweli lizwe. Abathathi nxaxheba bavuma ukuba imigaqo esekelwe emthethweni nebethelelwa nguMthetho Wokhuselo Lwabucala wama-2005, iPrivate Security Agencies (Regulation) Act 2005 kunye nePrivate Security Industry Regulation Act 2001 ayisebenzi ngokufezekileyo ekulawuleni urhwebo lokhuselo lwabucala eIndia.
Criminology and Security Science
Ph. D. (Criminal Justice)
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Kunze, Claudia. "Obstacles to gender equality in East Champaran district of Bihar, North India : exploration of the right to healthcare for children under five." Diss., 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10500/25587.
Full textAbstract:
Child rights, especially the right to health for children, is a concept of human development. The aim of this qualitative study is to explore the obstacles to gender equality in the right to healthcare for children under five years in East Champaran, Bihar, North India. Ten key informant interviews and nine focus group discussions with mothers, fathers, grandmothers and grandfathers were conducted to research the barriers of guardians to accessing healthcare for their children, including their root beliefs and choices, which causes health inequalities. It was found that a strong patriarchal tradition predominates in these communities in North India, which favour sons and disadvantages daughters in healthcare provision. Despite the existing child rights and human rights policies that have been legislated, in India traditional practices that discriminate against female children remain dominant in the society, and limit development in East Champaran, Bihar, North India.Development Studies
M.A. (Development Studies)
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Roelofsen, Aukje. "Approaches to modelling catchment-scale forest hydrology." Thesis, 2002. http://hdl.handle.net/10413/4566.
Full textAbstract:
South African commercial plantations occupy an estimated 1.5 million hectares of the country and as the demands for timber products increase, this area is expected to increase. However, further expansion is limited, not only by the suitability of land, but also by the pressures from other water users. As a result the need has arisen for simulation models that can aid decisionmakers and planners in their evaluation of the water requirements of forestry versus competing land uses at different spatial scales. Different models exist to perform such tasks and range from simple empirical models to more complex physically-based models. The policies of the National Water Act (1998) relating to forestry serve to highlight the requirements of a model used for the assessment of afforestation impacts and these are discussed in this document. There is a perception that physically-based distributed models are best suited for estimation of afforestation impacts on a catchment's water yield since their physical basis allows for extrapolation to different catchments without calibration. Furthermore, it is often stated that the model parameters have physical meaning and can therefore be estimated from measurable variables. In this regard, a review of physically-based modelling approaches and a comparison of two such hydrological models forms the main focus of this dissertation. The models evaluated were the South African ACRU model and the Australian topography-based Macaque model. The primary objective of this research was to determine whether topography-based modelling (Macaque model) provides an improved simulation of water yield from forested catchments, particularly during the low flow period, compared to a physically-based model (ACRU model) that does not explicitly represent lateral sub-surface flow. A secondary objective was the evaluation of the suitability of these models for application in South Africa. Through a comparison of the two models' structures, the application of the models on two South African catchments and an analysis of the simulation results obtained, an assessment of the different physically-based modelling approaches was made. The strengths and shortcomings of the two models were determined and the following conclusions were drawn regarding the suitability of these modelling approaches for applications on forested catchments in South Africa:• The ACRU model structure was more suited to predictive modelling on operational catchments, whilst the more complex Macaque model's greatest limitation for application in South Africa was its high input requirements which could not be supported by the available data. • Despite data limitations and uncertainty, the Macaque model's topography-based representation of runoff processes resulted in improved low flow simulations compared to the results from the ACRU simulations, indicating that there are benefits associated with a topographically-based modelling approach. • The Macaque model's link to the Geographic Information System, Tarsier, provided an efficient means to configure the model, input spatial data and view output data. However, it was found that the ACRU model was more flexible in terms of being able to accurately represent the spatial and temporal variations of input parameters. Based on these findings, recommendations for future research include the. verification of internal processes of both the ACRU and Macaque models. This would require the combined measurement of both catchment streamflow and processes such as evapotranspiration. For the Macaque model to be verified more comprehensively and for its application in operational catchments it will be necessary to improve the representation of spatial and temporal changes in precipitation and vegetation parameters for South African conditions.Thesis (M.Sc.)-University of Natal ,Pietermaritzburg, 2002.
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Thobejane, Matsebe Jerry. "Evaluation of the role of stakeholders in the development of the Water Resource Classification System policy." Thesis, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10210/11016.
Full textAbstract:
M.A. (Public Management and Governance)“Water will be the scarce resources in the 21st century.” This vision was brought to the South African Government’s attention after the Water Research Commission (WRC) conducted extensive research as illustrated in the WRC’s Annual report for 2007/8. According to the WRC, the research aimed to enlighten decision and policy makers to take precautionary measures that will help guarantee that water resources are “protected, used, developed, conserved, and managed in a sustainable manner”. Hence, the Department of Water Affairs and Forestry (DWAF) has started developing the Water Resource Classification System to mitigate the anticipated challenge envisioned. Among others, the WRC’s findings guided the development of this policy. On the other hand, the South African Constitution, 1996 states that, “people have the right to environment which is not harmful to the citizen”. Other legislation, such as the National Environmental Management Act (1998), the National Water Act, 1998 and the Water Services Act, 1997 echoed the same sentiment. The National Water Act, 1998 served as basis for a National Water Resources Strategy as a framework to guide the entire Water Resource Classification System policy process (Chapter 2: Part 1 of the National Water Act, 1998. Section 195 (e) of the South African Constitution, 1996, highlights that “people’s needs must be responded to, and the public must be encouraged to participate in the policy making”. Thus, the role of stakeholder participation in the DWAF Water Resource Classification System (WRCS) was chosen as a topic for investigation to inform policy makers as well as to identify policy defects. The research project aimed to evaluate the level of stakeholder participation in developing policy, as well as identifying and assessing the nature, influence and levels of their participation. It was established that broad stakeholder participation was a critical success factor during this policy development process. However, the WRCS was finalised based only on the information gathered from a few stakeholders. It should be noted that when water classification was undertaken the environmental issues were considered in such a way that the classification process does not in one way or another compromise the environment in general and is not detrimental to ecosystems in particular. According to the National Water Act, 1998, water is classified in three categories, namely minimally, moderately and heavily. In other countries water is treated as just another natural resource, but in South Africa water is treated as government’s scarce resource. This study investigated the importance of stakeholder participation as a key to policy development in a democratic state and concluded that better participation would have enhanced citizen ownership and shaping the policy concerned.