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Zurba, Kamal. "Is short rotation forestry biomass sustainable?" Doctoral thesis, Technische Universitaet Bergakademie Freiberg Universitaetsbibliothek "Georgius Agricola", 2016. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bsz:105-qucosa-212162.
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Despite the negative effects of fossil fuels on the environment, these remain as the primary contributors to the energy sector. In order to mitigate global warming risks, many countries aim at reducing greenhouse gas emissions. Bioenergy crops are being used as a substitute for fossil fuels and short rotation forestry is a prime example.
In order to examine the sustainability of energy crops for fuel, typical European short rotation forestry (SRF) biomass, willow (Salix spp.) and poplar (Populus spp.) are examined and compared to rapeseed (Brassica napus L.) in respect to various aspects of soil respiration and combustion heat obtained from the extracted products per hectare.
Various approaches are used to look at an As-contaminated site not only in the field but also in a soil-column experiment that examines the fate of trace elements in SRF soils, and in an analysis using MICMAC to describe the driving factors for SRF crop production. Based on the cause-effect chain, the impacts of land-use change and occupation on ecosystem quality are assessed when land-use is changed from degraded land (grassland) to willow and poplar SRF.
A manual opaque dynamic closed chamber system (SEMACH-FG) was utilized to measure CO2 emissions at a willow/poplar short rotation forest in Krummenhennersdorf, Germany during the years 2013 and 2014, and at a rapeseed site in 2014.
Short rotation forest soils showed higher CO2 emission rates during the growing season than the dormant season – with a CO2 release of 5.62±1.81 m-2 s-1 for willows and 5.08±1.37 µmol CO2 m-2 s-1 for poplars in the growing season. However, during the dormant season the soil sites with willow emitted 2.54±0.81 µmol CO2 m-2 s-1 and with poplar 2.07±0.56 µmol CO2 m-2 s-1. The highest emission rates for the studied plantations were observed in July for both years 2013 and 2014, during which the highest air and soil temperatures were recorded.
Correlations between soil emission of CO2 and some meteorological parameters and leaf characteristics were investigated for the years 2013 and 2014. For example, for the willow clone (Jorr) and poplar clone (Max 3), high correlations were found for each between their soil emission of CO2 and both soil temperature and moisture content. Fitted models can explain about 77 and 75% of the results for Jorr and Max 3 clones, respectively. Moreover, a model of leaf area (LA) can explain about 68.6% of soil CO2 emission for H275. Estimated models can be used as a gap-filling method, when field data is not available.
The ratio between soil respiration and the combustion heat calculated from the extracted products per hectare was evaluated and compared for the study’s willow, poplar and rapeseed crops. The results show that poplar and willow SRF has a very low ratio of 183 kg CO2 GJ 1 compared to rapeseed, 738 kg CO2 GJ 1.
The soil-column experiment showed that by continuing the SRF plantation at the As-contaminated site, remediation would need only about 3% of the time needed if the site was left as a fallow field.
In order to understand the complex willow and poplar short rotation forestry production system, 50 key variables were identified and prioritized to describe the system as a step to enhance the success of such potentially sustainable projects. The MICMAC approach was used in order to find the direct and the indirect relationships between those parameters and to classify them into different clusters depending on their driving force and interdependency. From this, it can be summarized that in order to enhance the success of a SRF system, decision makers should be focussing on: ensuring a developed wood-fuel market, increasing farmers’ experience/training, improving subsidy regulations and recommending a proper harvesting year cycle.
Finally, the impacts of land-use change and occupation on the ecosystem quality were assessed. Results show that establishing SRF plantations on degraded lands improved the ecosystem structural quality (ESQ) by about 43% and ecosystem functional quality (EFQ) by about 12%.
Based on overall results, poplar and willow SRF biomass can be recommended as renewable and sustainable sources for bioenergy.
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Borges, Fernanda Cabral. "Proposta de um modelo conceitual de biorrefinaria com estrutura descentralizada." reponame:Biblioteca Digital de Teses e Dissertações da UFRGS, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10183/24714.
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A busca por segurança energética tem feito com que a maioria dos países empenhe-se na busca por fontes alternativas de energia, procurando mitigar problemas econômicos, sociais e ambientais. Espera-se que a biomassa, disponível de forma geograficamente dispersa, venha a tornar-se um dos principais recursos renováveis na produção de alimentos, materiais, produtos químicos, combustíveis e energia. Nesse cenário, o desenvolvimento de biorrefinarias representa a chave para uma produção integrada, combinando rotas de conversões químicas, bioquímicas e termoquímicas, no processamento da biomassa, visando à utilização otimizada dos recursos disponíveis. As biorrefinarias com estruturas descentralizadas são uma alternativa à centralização de produções em grandes plantas industriais e à monocultura, pois utilizam biomassas disponíveis regionalmente, integram sistemas de produção, potencializando os recursos locais, reduzem custos com logística e impactos ambientais, além de melhorarem a distribuição da renda. O presente trabalho apresenta uma revisão da disponibilidade de biomassa no Brasil e no mundo, com especial interesse no aproveitamento de microalgas e resíduos orgânicos, dos principais produtos de interesse e conceitos de biorrefinarias existentes. O objetivo é discutir qual é o conceito que melhor se adapta às necessidades do cenário brasileiro, bem como propor um modelo com estrutura descentralizada em duas ou três etapas, visando à otimização de um processamento sustentável de biomassa para obtenção de vários produtos comerciáveis e energia, além de delinear diretrizes para investimentos na área. É apresentada uma metodologia para a tomada de decisões na concepção e análise de viabilidade do projeto conceitual de uma biorrefinaria, considerando-se também as restrições de ordem ecológica, econômica e tecnológica. Como estudo de caso, é proposta uma biorrefinaria a partir de microalgas. A escolha por microalgas como matéria-prima é baseada nas vantagens que sua utilização apresenta frente à de outras biomassas, dentre elas cita-se a capacidade de produção rápida e durante todo o ano, a captura do CO2 necessário ao seu crescimento, a necessidade de menos água do que plantas terrestres, são cultiváveis em água salobra e terras não aráveis, apresentam elevado teor de óleo, seus nutrientes podem ser obtidos a partir de águas residuais, sua composição bioquímica pode ser modulada por diferentes condições de crescimento e são capazes de produção fotobiológica de bio-hidrogênio. Das alternativas de rotas possíveis para seu processamento, são apresentadas duas que apontam como sendo as mais promissoras: o uso da microalga como substrato de algum outro microorganismo, visando à obtenção de compostos com maior valor agregado, tais como biopolímeros, e o uso do processo de pirólise rápida para obtenção de bio-óleo, que deve ser processado posteriormente, visando à especificação em biocombustível. As vantagens da otimização do cultivo, colheita, rotas viáveis de processamento e a análise do potencial econômico desse modelo, indicam uma excelente oportunidade para obtenção de um espectro de produtos de alto valor agregado e energia e um grande potencial de aplicação.The search for energy security has been doing with that most of the countries strive to seek alternative sources of energy that allows mitigating economic, social and environmental problems. It is expected that biomass, available on a geographically dispersed way, will become one of the major renewable resources for food, materials, chemicals, fuels and energy production. Additionally, the development of biorefineries represents the key to an integrated production, combining chemical, biochemical and thermochemical conversion routes for biomass processing, aiming the optimized use of available resources. Biorefineries with decentralized structure are an alternative to the centralization of production in large industrial plants and to the monoculture because it uses biomass regionally available, integrates production systems potentiating local resources, reduces logistics costs and environmental impacts, as well as improves income distribution. This work presents a review of: i) biomass availability in Brazil and in the world, focus on the use of microalgae and organic wastes; ii) the main products of interest; and; iii) concepts of existing biorefineries. The objective is to discuss which one is the concept that better fits the needs of the Brazilian scenario and propose a new model with decentralized structure in two or three stages, seeking to an optimized and sustainable biomass processing to obtain various marketable products and energy, and delineate guidelines for investment in the area. It is presented a methodology for making the conceptions decisions and feasibility analysis of the conceptual design of a generic refinery, considering also the ecological, economic and technological constraints. As a case study, it is proposed a biorefinery from microalgae. The choice of microalgae as a raw material is based on the advantages that their use offers over the others biomasses. Among the advantages it can be cited the ability for rapid production and during all the year, the capture of CO2 for its growth, the need for less water than land plants, they can be cultivated in brackish water and non-arable land, have a high oil content, nutrients can be obtained from waste water, their biochemical composition can be modulated by different growth conditions and are capable of producing photobiology bio-hydrogen. Of the possible alternative routes for microalgae processing, are presented two as the most promising: the use of microalgae as a substrate for some other microorganism in order to obtain compounds with high added value, biopolymers as an example, and use the process of fast pyrolysis for obtaining bio-oil, which will be processed later in order to specify biofuels. The advantages of the cultivation optimization, harvesting, processing viable routes and analyzing the economic potential of this model indicate an excellent opportunity to obtain a spectrum of value-added products and energy and its great potential for application.
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Ranasinghe, D. M. S. Hemanthi K. "The effect of management influences on biomass production, biomass distribution and the nutrient distribution of fast growing woody species." Thesis, Bangor University, 1989. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.327760.
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Rodjom, Abbey Michaella. "Coproduction of Biomass Crops and Anaerobic Digestion: Effects on the Life Cycle Emissions of Bioenergy and Bioproducts." Ohio University / OhioLINK, 2021. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ohiou1610664975665256.
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Allen, Chanel Yvonne. "Characterisation of Melampsora rust disease of willow clones grown for biomass." Thesis, Queen's University Belfast, 1997. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.264088.
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Shaw, Jasmine Diane. "Landowners' Knowledge, Attitude, and Aspirations towards Woody Biomass Markets in North Carolina." NCSU, 2009. http://www.lib.ncsu.edu/theses/available/etd-11062009-141236/.
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The goal of this research study was to contribute to a better understanding of the challenges and opportunities of developing a woody biomass industry that includes non-industrial private forest (NIPF) landowners. Surveys were administered to 475 forest landowners before and after a forestry extension education program on emerging woody biomass markets in ten counties across North Carolina. We predicted that landowners would have low knowledge levels of woody biomass but, as a result of participating in the training, would increase knowledge, have more positive attitudes, and develop aspirations to harvest woody biomass on their land. Results, based on 395 returned surveys, confirmed these hypotheses, thus strengthening the perception of the importance of woody biomass educational programs as a component of renewable energy adoption plans. However, while the majority of landowners reported that the information gained was beneficial, we found that landowners would like more specific information before committing to participate in emerging woody biomass markets. Outreach to minority and traditionally underserved landowners also requires considerable development. If Extension professionals do not make a conscious effort to reach out to these populations they will be effectively excluded from this woody biomass market opportunity. These findings will assist Extension agents and other adult educators, policy makers, and energy or timber industry professionals to make informed decisions when developing policies and programs concentrated on woody biomass harvesting for energy.
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Poudel, Bishnu Chandra. "Carbon Balance Implications Of Forest Biomass Production Potential." Doctoral thesis, Mittuniversitetet, Avdelningen för ekoteknik och hållbart byggande, 2014. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:miun:diva-22075.
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Forests in boreal and temperate forest-ecosystems have an important function since they sequester atmospheric carbon by uptake of carbon-dioxide in photosynthesis, and transfer and store carbon in the forest ecosystem. Forest material can be used for bio-fuel purposes and substitute fossil fuels, and supply wood products, which can replace carbon- and energy-intensive materials. Therefore it is vital to consider the role of forests regarding today´s aim to mitigate climate change. This thesis assess (i) how climate change affects future forest carbon balance, (ii) the importance of different strategies for forest management systems, and biomass production for the carbon balance, (iii) how the use of forest production affect the total carbon balance in a lifecycle perspective, and (iv) how the Swedish carbon balance is affected from the standpoint of both the actual use of forest raw material within Sweden and what Swedish forestry exports. The analysis was made mainly in a long-term perspective (60-300 year) to illustrate the importance of temporal and also the spatial perspective, as the analysis includes stand level, landscape level, and national level. In this thesis, forestry was considered a system. All activities, from forest regeneration to end use of forest products, were entities of this system. In the evaluation, made from a systems perspective, we used life-cycle analysis to estimate carbon stock in different system flows. Different forest management systems and forest production were integrated in the analyses. Different forest management scenarios were designed for the Swedish forest management in combination with the effect of future climate change; (i) intensive forest practice aiming at increased growth, (ii) increased forest set-aside areas, changes in forest management systems for biomass production, and (iii) how the use of forest production affect the total carbon balance (construction material, bioenergy and other domestic use). The results showed that future climate changes and intensive forest management with increased production could increase the biomass production and the potential use of forest raw material. This has a positive effect on carbon storage for the forest carbon stock, litter production and carbon storage in the ground etc. and help mitigating carbon-dioxide. Increased forest set-aside areas can increase the short-term carbon stock in forest ecosystems, but will reduce the total long-term carbon balance. The net carbon balance for clear-cut forestry did not differ significantly from continuous-cover forestry, but was rather a question of level of growth. Most important, in the long term, was according to our analysis, how forest raw material is used. Present Swedish forestry and use of forest raw material, both within Sweden and abroad, reduce carbon-dioxide emissions and mitigate climate change. The positive effect for the total carbon balance and climate benefit take place mostly abroad, due to the Swedish high level of export of wood products and the higher substitution effects achieved outside Swedish borders. One strategy is to increase production, harvest and change the use of Swedish forest raw material to replace more carbon intensive material, which can contribute to significant emission reduction. Carbon-dioxide mitigation, as a result of present Swedish forestry, was shown to be almost of the same level as the total yearly emission of greenhouse gases. The total carbon benefit would increase if the biomass production and felling increased and if Swedish wood products replaced carbon intensive materials.This thesis shows also that, by changing forest management, increase the growth and the use of forest raw material and export of forest material we can contribute to even larger climate benefits. In a long-term perspective, the substitution effects and replacement of carbon- and energy-intensive materials are of greater significance than carbon storage effects in forests. A more production oriented forestry needs to make balances and increase the prerequisite for biological diversity, improve recreation possibilities, and protect sensitive land areas and watersheds.Climate benefits, from Swedish forestry, are highly dependent on policy decision-making and how that can steer the direction for the Swedish forestry.
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Pandit, Karun. "Changes in forest biomass and overstory-understory species similarities in the context of changing land ownerships." Thesis, State University of New York Col. of Environmental Science & Forestry, 2016. http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/#viewpdf?dispub=10130752.
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There has been an unusual shift in timberland ownerships in the United States over the past few decades, in which mostly Forest Product Companies have divested properties to institutional owners, like Timber Investment Management Organizations and Real Estate Investment Trusts. Northeast region of the country has been influenced by this trend. Studies have suggested changes in harvesting, silviculture, and conservation efforts under new ownerships may alter forest structure and resiliency. However, there is little documentation on the spatial pattern of such ownership change and its effect on forest dynamics. This dissertation tries to address some of these knowledge gaps by applying a variety of spatial and statistical analyses to Forest Inventory and Analysis (FIA) data from 2003 to 2012. In Chapter 2, I assessed spatial pattern of change in timberland ownerships and linked these incidences with socio-ecological variables. Largest observed shift was from industrial to institutional ownership, a net increase of only 1% in institutional timberlands. However, there was a significant clustering pattern, and clusters were significantly related to forest type, distance from urban center and distance from road. In Chapter 3, I explored changes in aboveground biomass (?AGB) among different ownerships, harvesting, and forest types, and other selected factors. Overall, a positive ?AGB (671 lb/ac/yr) was observed, with Non Industrial Private Forest (NIPF) timberlands having higher growth than industrial and institutional timberlands. Among forests, Elm-Ash-Cottonwood had the best growth, and among harvesting regimes, plots harvested before first measurement had highest growth. Ownership, harvest, disturbance, silvicultural treatment, forest type, stand age, site index, and precipitation were significantly related to ΔAGB. In Chapter 4, I compared three indices used to characterize similarity between overstory-understory tree species composition and assessed potential future change in forest composition. Ownership, forest types, precipitation, stand age, site index, stand origin, slope, elevation, proximity to road and urban centers all contributed to explaining variation in change in similarity indices. Among ownership categories, industrial and institutional ownerships had greater dissimilarity over time, in contrast to other ownerships. The final chapter discusses some potential implications of these results to northern forest structure, resiliency and sustainable production.
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Hendricks, Aaron. "Biomass district heating in the Tug Hill, NY| Feasibility and regional economic impacts." Thesis, State University of New York Col. of Environmental Science & Forestry, 2015. http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/#viewpdf?dispub=1596139.
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Biomass district heating (BDH) has the potential to stimulate rural economies in the Tug Hill region of New York State by establishing a local industry and providing lower cost heat compared to the local alternative, #2 fuel oil. However, the competitiveness and economic impact of BDH networks in rural villages is largely unknown. This study proposes a methodology to provide initial assessments of the feasibility of BDH in rural communities. BDH would deliver heat below the cost of the local alternative in eight of the ten study villages examined. Capital costs comprised over 80% of the project costs, illuminating the importance of reaching a sufficient heat density; however, specific building heat was a stronger determinant of a village's feasibility. An input-output analysis determined that BDH would generate $18.6 million in output and create 143 jobs throughout the three county region, a significant impact if concentrated around the study villages.
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Linnig, William A. III. "IS DENSIFIED BIOMASS FUEL FROM AGRO-FORESTRY WASTE A SUSTAINABLE ENERGY OPTION?" UKnowledge, 2012. http://uknowledge.uky.edu/me_etds/7.
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Raw biomass material is bulky, high in void fraction, and very low in transportation efficiency. Furthermore, biomass dissipates quickly in harsh environments of high heat furnaces because of its relatively low calorific value (BTU/lb) and has grinding or size degradation properties highly dissimilar from commonly-used fossil fuels like coal. Therefore, the development of transformational technologies are necessary to convert raw biomass into high-value and useful products of high hardness and calorific value without requiring excessive process energy.
This thesis investigates the sustainability of densified biomass fuels. In addition, a procedure that converts raw biomass from agro/forest industry waste into a fuel source known as semi-carbonized densified biomass (SCDB) is shown to have the necessary performance qualities that are conducive to applications involving the harsh conditions of high heat furnaces. The SCDB is produced at temperatures between 115-230°C and pressures between 8-25 MPa. The raw biomass is transformed into a densified fuel source with maximum compressive strengths between 60-200 MPa and calorific values between 18-23 MJ/kg, which are essential to operating in high heat furnace environments. The procedural steps and equipment used to manufacture this densified fuel source are outlined in detail along with experimental results and discussions of initial testing.
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Rubilar, Rafael Alejandro. "Environmental constraints on growth phenology, leaf area display, and above and belowground biomass accumulation of Pinus radiata (D. Don) in Chile." NCSU, 2005. http://www.lib.ncsu.edu/theses/available/etd-12062005-135049/.
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Environmental site-specific constraints on shoot, branch, and leaf area growth and phenology were investigated during the third and fourth growing seasons in two-year-old radiata pine plantations established under a factorial combination of soil preparation, fertilization, and weed control at three contrasting textural and climatic soil-site conditions in the Central Valley of Chile. During October 2002 and June 2005, biweekly measurements of foliage accretion, branch, and stem growth were obtained together with periodical evaluations of foliage senescence. At each site, tree growth, aboveground biomass, belowground biomass, total biomass, aboveground:belowground biomass ratio, and leaf area index increased mainly by weed control (WC). The large gradient of tree growth and biomass accumulation among sites, and within sites varying in response to WC, was mainly attributed to large differences in soil water availability and possibly atmospheric water demand differences within sites. A linear relationship was established between LAI and stand growth across sites. The slope of the relationship (stemwood growth efficiency, GE) varied from 2.9 m3ha-1year-1 to 6.8 m3ha-1year-1 per unit of leaf area, with lower growth efficiencies found on sites with the greater water constraints. Phenology of growth was little affected by site or silvicultural treatments. Seasonal differences in the patterns of growth were mainly observed among sites for diameter, with longer growing seasons at sites with lower water limitations. In contrast, strong site and silvicultural treatments effects were observed on tree morphology. Trees where water limitations were more severe exhibited fewer and shorter flushes of height growth. The negative effects of soil water limitations, were at least partially ameliorated by silvicultural treatments that had been applied three years previously. Resource availability constraints during the mid to late growing season affected diameter growth more than height growth. Phenology of fascicle elongation indicated that sites with water and nutritional constraints ended fascicle elongation earlier during a growing season. Phenology of fascicle senescence indicated that maximum needlefall occurred during the summer and autumn seasons. No differences in silvicultural treatments were observed in foliage accretion or senescence patterns. Foliage longevity increased for sites with water and nutrient limitations.
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Artigues, Agramunt Anna. "Characterisation and adding value to agro-forestry biomass products obtained from thermochemical processes." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/368234.
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L’aprofitament de biomassa per produir biocombustibles i bioproductes a partir de fonts renovables està despertant un gran interès en els últims anys motivat per la oportunitat de convertir un residu en una font primària d’energia fàcilment accessible a escala local i regional. Catalunya és una regió amb una gran massa forestal i que genera molts residus agrícoles. L’aprofitament d’aquesta biomassa permet la millora del sector agro-forestal, la preservació i conservació del paisatge tradicional, reduir el risc d’incendis i incrementa la diversificació energètica reduint la dependència dels combustibles fòssils i mitigant els efectes del escalfament global. En aquest context, l’objectiu principal d’aquesta tesi és la valorització de residus de biomassa agro-forestal com a biocombustibles d’alta densitat energètica mitjançant processos de torrefacció i piròlisis per tal d’avançar cap a un model energètic més sostenible.
En primer lloc, s’avaluà la valorització dels residus de biomassa agrària com a pellets torrefactes mitjançant un procés de torrefacció participant en una prova pilot desenvolupada en una zona rural per tal de demostrar la viabilitat tècnica i econòmica d’implementar aquest procés com a una estratègia local d’aprofitament d’aquest residu, en el que es coneix com economia circular i bioeconomia. En primer lloc, es caracteritzà la biomassa original i els productes de torrefacció. Els pellets torrefactes obtinguts tenen característiques dins estàndards europeus del pellets comercialitzables. El líquid de torrefacció és un producte aquós amb alts continguts d’àcid acètic i furfural, sent un potencial pesticida biodegradable o un protector de fusta. A més a més, es demostrà la viabilitat econòmica d’implementar una planta mòbil de torrefacció en un zona rural.
El bio-oil és un producte líquid procedent de la piròlisi rapida de la biomassa amb un gran potencial com a combustible líquid i plataforma química per a la obtenció de bio-productes, sent així una potencial matèria prima en una biorefineria. Actualment, el bio-oil és un biocombustible pobre degut a la seva corrosivitat, alta viscositat, alt contingut en oxigen i la seva inestabilitat tèrmica i química. Per aquest motiu, es requereixen processos de millora d’aquest producte, encara que aquest redueixen la seva viabilitat econòmica. En aquest context, dos processos de millora del bio-oil han estat estudiats utilitzant processos amb un consum energètic assumible aprofitant la temperatura de sortida del bio-oil durant el procés de producció i el temps d’emmagatzematge. En primer lloc, es caracteritzà el bio-oil i s’avaluà un mètode de quantificació i identificació de la composició química del bio-oil mitjançant l’anàlisi per GC-MS per tal d’aconseguir una millor caracterització d’aquest producte així com la monitorització dels canvis químics que puguin tenir lloc durant els processos de millora. Posteriorment, s’avaluà un procés catalític de millora del bio-oil utilitzant bentonites i zeolites a 60 ºC. Aquest procés mostrà una reducció de l’acidesa del bio-oil encara que no degut a la catàlisi de reaccions sinó al caràcter bàsic d'aquests materials a aquesta temperatura. Finalment, nous processos d’hidrogenació del bio-oil a temperatura ambient aprofitant l’alta reactivitat de l’hidrogen naixent han estat avaluats per tal de reduir el contingut d’oxigen d’aquest i augmentar el seu poder calorífic. L’hidrogen naixent ha estat produït in situ via l’oxidació d’un metall utilitzant el bio-oil com a medi àcid i via l’electròlisi de l’aigua continguda en el bio-oil, resultant el primer mètode més simple i efectiu. Així, el procés d’hidrogenació via oxidació del zinc s’ha realitzat a diferents condicions experimentals mostrant uns resultats molt esperançadors ja que s'observen diferències significatives entre el bio-oil d'abans i de després del procés de millora.
Per concloure, Aquest treball mostra el potencial, present i futur, de valoritzar residus agro-forestals mitjançant processos termoquímics com a biocombustible i bioproductes.Biomass use to produce biofuels and bio-products from a renewable source is raising a high interest in recent years motivated by the opportunity of converting biomass residues into a primary energy source easily available at local and regional scale. Catalonia is a region with large forest area and generates large amounts of agro-forestry residues. Their use might improve the agro-forestry sector by the preservation and restoration of traditional landscapes, reduce forest fire risk and increase energy diversification reducing fossil fuels dependency and mitigating the global warning effects. In this direction, the main aim of this thesis is to add-value to agro-forestry biomass residues as enhanced biofuels by means of torrefaction and pyrolysis biomass conversion processes in order to move towards a more sustainable energy model. A study of adding value to agricultural waste biomass as torrefied pellets by means of torrefaction process is performed participating in a pilot scale test carried out in a rural region to demonstrate the technic-economic viability implementing of this process as a local strategy to make use of this residue moving towards a circular and bioeconomy. Firstly, raw and torrefied products are characterised. The obtained torrefied pellets characteristics are within the European law standards of pellets demonstrating they are marketable products. Torrefaction liquid is an aqueous product with high contents of acetic acid and furfural making it a potential biodegradable pesticide or wood preservative. Moreover, the economic viability of implementing this mobile torrefaction plant in a rural region is proved being highly dependent on the scenario considered. Bio-oil is a liquid product produced by fast pyrolysis process of biomass with a great potential as liquid biofuel product and chemical platform to obtain bio-products, being a potential feedstock from a biorefinery scenarios. Currently, bio-oil is a low value biofuel due to its corrosiveness, high viscosity, high oxygen content and its thermal and chemical instability. Because of that, its upgrading is required to obtain an enhanced product, even though bio-oil upgrading processes reduce the economic viability of bio-oil as a marketable product. In this context, two novel bio-oil upgrading processes are explored to obtain an enhanced bio-oil using reduced energy and resources cost upgrading process in comparison to conventional. Firstly, bio-oil characterisation is performed, as well as it is assessed and reached a reliable quantitative analysis of bio-oil chemical compounds by means of GC-MS to achieve a further characterization of this product and to permit a proper monitoring of bio-oil properties changes during the upgrading processes. Then, it is tested a catalytic upgrading process using bentonite and zeolite HZSM-5 at 60 ºC to avoid the necessity of a bio-oil external heating due to bio-oil coming out of the fast pyrolysis at this temperature. Results show an acidity reduction of treated bio-oil, although a reduced catalytic reaction is observed due to the quick deactivation of these catalysts at this temperature. Finally, novel hydrogenation procedures to hydrogenate bio-oil at ambient temperature in order to reduce its oxygen content and increase its calorific value using the high reactivity of nascent hydrogen are explored. Nascent hydrogen is generated via metal oxidation using bio-oil as acidic medium and via water electrolysis contained in bio-oi resulting nascent hydrogen via zinc metal oxidation the simplest and more effective process relative to the other tested ones. An extended study of this hydrogenation process is assessed at different experimental conditions showing the potentially of this cheap and simple novel hydrogenation process. In conclusion, this research shows the current and future potential of adding value to agro-forestry waste biomass by means of thermochemical processes as biofuels and bioproducts to move towards a bioeconomy strategy.
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Horton, C. "Biomass production, population structure, and self-thinning in experimental, short-rotation plantations of willow (Salix burjatica (Nasarov) 'Aquatica gigantea') in Northern Ireland." Thesis, University of Ulster, 1985. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.378610.
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Bauen, Ausilio Walter. "Gasification-based biomass fuel cycles : a decision and policy analysis." Thesis, King's College London (University of London), 2000. https://kclpure.kcl.ac.uk/portal/en/theses/gasificationbased-biomass-fuel-cycles--a-decision-and-policy-analysis(13e4628c-9a91-4325-98b0-76683350e8d9).html.
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Prayogo, Cahyo. "Carbon storage and sequestration under different land uses with a focus on biomass crops." Thesis, University of Warwick, 2013. http://wrap.warwick.ac.uk/57556/.
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Climate change is caused by rising quantities of greenhouse gases, particularly CO2, in the atmosphere, largely through consumption of fossil fuels. There is interest in sustainable energy generation from renewable resources, particularly biomass crops to reduce reliance on fossil fuels. A key advantage of such energy systems is that they assimilate atmospheric CO2 and thus help mitigate climate change. Soil represents one of the largest pools of C in the biosphere and there is potential to use soil as a sink to sequester C to mitigate climate change. The aim of this project was to investigate soil C storage and sequestration in short rotation coppice (SRC), which is one of the major biomass cropping systems in temperate climates. 14 year old plantations of willow and poplar established at Rothamsted Research in Harpenden were used to investigate how the quantity and quality of organic matter under the SRC compare to that under adjacent land uses, including arable cropping, set-aside grassland and natural woodland. It was shown that change in land use to SRC led to increased C storage in soil relative to alternative agricultural systems, while conversion to setaside had no effect on soil C stocks. There was no difference in C storage under different poplar or willow cultivars. Differences in C storage between arable, SRC and set-aside plots reflected changes in C stocks at 0-30 cm depth with no change occurring to C at 30-60 cm. The quality of C was investigated by analysis of the light fraction organic matter pool which acts as an early indicator of long term changes in total soil organic matter. The work showed that the free LFOM pool responded to land use change while the physically protected intra-aggregate LFOM pool did not. While changes to amounts of LFOM following land use change occurred in soil at 0-30 cm depth, there were no changes at 30-60 cm depth. Fourier Transform Infra Red spectroscopy showed that the chemical composition of free and intra aggregate LFOM was different, and that composition of both pools was affected by land use. Fourier Transform Ion Cyclotron Resonance Mass spectroscopy was shown to provide fine level resolution of the composition of soluble organic matter, and demonstrated that the aromaticity and chain length of C was higher in woodland than arable soil. The potential to sequester C in soil as biochar is a promising option to promote longterm sequestration of C in soil. The potential to use a fluidised bed reactor to produce biochar was investigated. Life Cycle Analysis showed that 4700C was the optimal temperature to promote retention of C in biochar during pyrolysis, while minimising losses of C as bio-oil and gases. Addition of steam during pyrolysis was shown to increase the surface area of the resulting biochar. Addition of biochar to soil reduced net C mineralisation of soil organic matter and litter at a rate of 2 % w/w, but not at 0.5 % w/w. However both concentrations of biochar affected net mineralisation of N. Phospholipid fatty acid analysis showed that both concentrations of biochar altered microbial community structure, with fungal biomass in particular promoted by the addition of biochar. Overall the work demonstrates that SRC promotes significant storage of C within soil organic matter, which has implications for the overall energy budget of SRC biomass. Furthermore, conversion of biomass to biochar for land application provides opportunities for sequestration of C within soil. Application of biochar to soil would provide further benefits to the overall energy balance of SRC by reducing mineralisation rates of native soil organic matter and litter.
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Soenen, Scott, and University of Lethbridge Faculty of Arts and Science. "Remote sensing of montane forest structure and biomass : a canopy relectance model inversion approach." Thesis, Lethbridge, Alta. : University of Lethbridge, Faculty of Arts and Science, 2006, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/10133/281.
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The multiple-forward-mode (MFM) inversion procedure is a set of methods for indirect canopy relectance model inversion using look-up tables (LUT). This thesis refines the MFM technique with regard to: 1) model parameterization for the MFM canopy reflectance model executions and 2) methods for limiting or describing multiple solutions. Forest stand structure estimates from the inversion were evaluated using 40 field validation sites in the Canadian Rocky Mountains. Estimates of horizontal and vertical crown radius were within 0.5m and 0.9m RMSE for both conifer and deciduous species. Density estimates were within 590 stems/ha RMSE for conifer and 310 stems/ha RMSE for deciduous. The most effective inversion method used a variable spectral domain with constrained, fine increment LUTs. A biomass estimation method was also developed using empirical relationships with crown area. Biomass density estimates using the MFM method were similar to estimates produced using other multispectral analysis methods (RMSE=50t/ha).xvi, 156 leaves : ill. (some col.), maps ; 29 cm.
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Hannum, Lindsay Cloud. "Developing Machinery to Harvest Small Diameter Woody Biomass Transforming a Fire Hazard into an Energy Crisis Solution." NCSU, 2009. http://www.lib.ncsu.edu/theses/available/etd-07082009-101816/.
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Energy demands continue to increase despite depleting fossil fuels and growing awareness of global climate changes. Biomass energy will play a vital role as the demand increases for renewable energy. North Carolina State University, the U S Forest Service, FECON, and Craven Wood Energy have partnered to develop the âKrakenâ FECONâs Bio- Harvester; a mulcher which cuts, chips, and collects Small Diameter Woody Biomass. This machine removes hazardous biomass fuel loads from the forest and supplies a new source of material to produce carbon neutral wood energy. Unlike agricultural biomass harvesting, the Kraken must harvest natural vegetation diverse in size and composition. Available biomass at each site must be quantified as it varies greatly with species, densities, and age. As we work to develop this piece of equipment efficiently collecting and transporting biomass in the field is our greatest challenge. The testing of the machine did not yield an economically viable system, however it does not subtract from the potential for the equipment especially when fire reduction and habitat restoration are factored into the products. With research and development these machine systems will be improved enabling small diameter woody biomass to become a competitive energy resource.
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Barrett, Scott M. "Operational characteristics, erosion potential, and implementation of forestry best management practices on biomass harvesting operations." Diss., Virginia Tech, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/23676.
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Utilization of woody biomass for energy is expected to increase rapidly and logging residues are a likely feedstock to meet increased demands. Potentials for increased biomass utilization have created concerns regarding possible impacts of using logging residues for energy. The overall goals of this project were to characterize biomass harvesting operations and to evaluate potential impacts on soil erosion and implementation of Best Management Practices (BMPs) for water quality on biomass harvesting sites. Results indicate that biomass harvesting was integrated into a wide range of logging businesses. Existing biomass harvesting businesses reported total production levels ranging from 6 to 250 loads per week. The majority (98%) of biomass harvesting operations utilized integrated harvesting techniques where roundwood and fuel chips were produced concurrently. Potential erosion rates and BMP implementation scores were evaluated on ten biomass and ten conventional harvest sites in the Piedmont of Virginia.
This study of 20 sites found no significant differences in overall estimated erosion rates between biomass harvests (0.7 tons ac-1 yr-1) and conventional harvests (0.8 tons ac-1 yr-1) (p=0.8282). Additionally, there were no significant differences observed in overall BMP implementation scores for biomass (85.2%) and conventional (81.3%) harvests (p=0.5930). A separate, but related study evaluated BMP implementation over a three year period on 88 biomass and 284 conventional harvests in the Piedmont of Virginia. Within the seven logging related BMP categories, only the Streamside Management Zones (SMZs) category had significant differences between biomass (83.1%) and conventional harvests (91.4%) (p=0.0010). Implementation score differences were not caused by insufficient residues for stabilization of bare soil but were apparently the result of operational decisions which resulted in lower implementation of BMPs related to SMZs. Overall, these findings indicate that existing BMPs appear adequate to protect water quality on biomass harvesting operations in the Virginia Piedmont when appropriately implemented.Ph. D.
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McKain, Kathryn. "Carbon accumulation at the Harvard Forest : a comparison of methods for measuring tree biomass for regional extrapolation of the eddy-flux tower footprint /." Connect to online version, 2005. http://ada.mtholyoke.edu/setr/websrc/pdfs/www/2005/100.pdf.
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Meeusen, Karl M. "FORESTS, CARBON, AND BIOMASS ELECTRICITY GENERATION: TWO ESSAYS IN NATURAL RESOURCE ECONOMICS." The Ohio State University, 2011. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1316202710.
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Shrestha, Rupesh. "Inventorying trees in an urban landscape using small-footprint discrete return imaging lidar." Diss., Virginia Tech, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/37538.
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Automation of urban tree inventory using remote sensing is needed not only to reduce inventory costs but also to support carbon accounting for urban planners and policy-makers. However, urban areas are heterogeneous and complex, and a more sophisticated approach is needed for using remote-sensing technology like lidar for tree inventory in urban areas than is required for forested environments. Based on remote sensing and field data from a suburban residential area in the central United States, this dissertation presents a methodology for utilizing airborne small-footprint lidar data to inventory urban trees. This dissertation proposes approaches that have the potential to automate three main activities of urban tree inventory -- identifying the locations of trees, classifying the trees into taxonomic categories, and estimating biophysical parameters of individual trees -- using airborne lidar data.
Mathematical morphological operations followed by a marker-controlled watershed segmentation were found to perform well (r = 0.82 to 0.92) to delineate individual tree crowns in urban areas, especially when the trees occur in relatively isolated conditions. Using various distribution metrics of lidar returns, random forests were used to classify individual trees into different taxonomic classes (broadleaves/conifers, genera, and species). A classification accuracy of 80.5% was obtained when separating trees only into broadleaf and conifer classes, 50.0% for genera, and 51.3% for species. Using spectral metrics from high-resolution satellite imagery in addition to lidar-derived predictors improved the classification accuracies by 10.4% (to 90.9%) for broadleaf and conifer, 8.4% (to 58.4%) for genera and 8.8% (to 60.1%) for species compared to using lidar metrics alone. Prediction models to estimate several biophysical parameters such as height, crown area, diameter at breast height, and biomass were developed using lidar point cloud distributional metrics from individual trees. A high level of accuracy was attained for estimating tree height (R2=0.89, RMSE=1.3m), diameter at breast height (R2=0.82, RMSE=9.1cm), crown diameter (R2=0.90, RMSE=0.7m) and biomass (R2=0.67, RMSE=1.2t).
Our results indicate that, while using lidar data alone can achieve the automation of major urban forest inventory tasks to an acceptable level of accuracy, a synergistic use of lidar data with other spectral data such as hyperspectral or orthoimagery, which are usually available at least in the United States for most urban areas, can considerably improve the performance of the lidar-based method.Ph. D.
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Otieno, Kevine Okoth. "Forestry Carbon Sequestration and Trading: a Case study of Mau Forest Complex in Kenya." Thesis, Högskolan i Gävle, Avdelningen för Industriell utveckling, IT och Samhällsbyggnad, 2015. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hig:diva-20870.
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The global temperature is at an all-time high, the polar ice is melting, the sea levels are rising and the associated disasters are a time bomb. These variations in temperature are thought to trace roots to anthropogenic sources. In order to mitigate these changes and slow down the rate of warming, several efforts have been made locally and internationally. One of the agreed up-on way to do this is by using forests as reservoirs for carbon since carbon is one of those greenhouses gasses responsible for the warming. Mau forest, in Kenya, is one of those ecosystems where degradation has happened tremendously, though still viewed as a potential site for reclamation. Using GIS and remote sensing analysis of Landsat images, the study sought to compare various change detection techniques, find the amount of biomass lost or gained in the forest and the possible income accrued in case the forest is placed under the Kyoto protocol’s Clean Development Mechanism (CDM). Various vegetation ratios were used in the study ranging from NDVI, NDII to RSR. The results obtained from these ratios were not quite convincing as setting threshold for the ratios to separate dense forest from other forms of vegetation was not straightforward. As a consequence, the three ratios NDVI, NDII and RSR were combined and substituted for RGB bands respectively. A classification was done using this combination and the results compared to classifications based on tasselled cap and principal component analysis (PCA). The results of the various methods showed that the forest has lost its biomass over time. The methods indicated that the section of the forest studied lost between 8088 ha and 9450 ha of dense forest land between 1986 and 2010. This is between 29% and 35% of forest cover lost depending on the various methods of change detection used. This acreage when converted into forest biomass at a rate of 236 Mg.ha-1 gives a value of between 1908768 tons and 2230200 tons of carbon. If the Mau forest were registered as Kyoto compliant, then in the carbon market, this would have been a loss of between $24.1m and $ 28.2m according to California carbon dashboard (28th, May 2015). This is a huge sum of money if paid to a rural community as benefits from carbon sequestration via forestry. Such are the amounts that a community can earn by protecting a forest for the purposes of carbon sequestration and trading.
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Coup, Charles E. "A Case Study Approach for Assessing Operational and Silvicultural Performance of Whole-Tree Biomass Harvesting in Maine." Fogler Library, University of Maine, 2009. http://www.library.umaine.edu/theses/pdf/CoupCE2009.pdf.
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Jarrett, Adam R. "Landowner perception, awareness, and adoption of wildfire programs in the Southern United States." [College Station, Tex. : Texas A&M University, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/1969.1/ETD-TAMU-2963.
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Smaill, Simeon John. "The Effects Of Forestry Management Practices on Microbial Community Properties." Thesis, University of Canterbury. Biology, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/10092/1382.
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The structure and function of microbial communities are critical to the maintenance and sustainability of terrestrial ecosystem processes. Consequently, there is substantial interest in assessing how microbial communities respond to various land management practices, and if alterations to the characteristics of microbial communities has the potential to disrupt ecosystem processes. This thesis was conducted to identify the long term effects of fertilisation and different levels of post-harvest organic matter removal on the characteristics of the FH litter and soil microbial communities in six, second rotation Pinus radiata plantation forests located around New Zealand. The six sites, established between 1986 and 1994, were sampled in 2002 and 2003. Various physical and chemical properties of the sites were measured, and litterfall production was determined. The microbial biomass in the FH litter layer and soil was determined by chloroform fumigation-extraction, and Biolog plates were used to assess the relative differences in microbial community diversity, based on patterns of substrate utilisation. Fertilisation substantially altered the physical and chemical properties of the forest floor, including FH litter moisture content, mass, carbon content, nitrogen content and carbon: nitrogen ratio and soil pH, nitrogen content and carbon: nitrogen ratio. The same range of FH litter and soil properties were also significantly changed by different levels of organic matter removal. The biomass and diversity of the FH litter and soil microbial communities were significantly altered by fertilisation and organic matter removal, and the differences in the microbial community characteristics were significantly correlated to the effects of the fertilisation and organic matter removal treatments on the physical and chemical environment in the majority of cases. The physical and chemical properties of the sites were significantly correlated to estimates of wood production, and it was also found that the characteristics of the microbial community were strongly related to productivity at several sites. The results demonstrated that fertilisation and organic matter removal regimes have had long term effects on the microbial communities at the sites. The persistence of the effects of the organic matter removal treatments were particularly noteworthy, as these treatments were applied at site establishment, and despite no subsequent reinforcement over the life of the trials, were still substantially influencing the physical, chemical and microbiological properties of the FH litter and soil up to 17 years later. The results of this thesis also emphasised the value of long-term experiments in assessing the effects of disturbance on the physical, chemical and microbiological characteristics of forest ecosystems. Further research into the specific nature of the relationship between site productivity and microbial community characteristics was suggested as an important focus for future studies.
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Nelson, Ross. "The use of airborne laser altimetry to estimate tropical forest basal area, volume, and biomass." Diss., Virginia Tech, 1994. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/37262.
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Vasiliauskaitė, Ieva. "Piktžolėto lauko pakraščio įtaka agrofitocenozės segetinės floros kiekiui ir botaninei sudėčiai." Master's thesis, Lithuanian Academic Libraries Network (LABT), 2005. http://vddb.library.lt/obj/LT-eLABa-0001:E.02~2005~D_20050622_144614-72411.
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The conception of environmental quality is common used in our society. Ecological farming is one of the most quality orientated agricultural system. The experiment was conducted in the Kazliskiai ecological farm of Lithuanian University of Agriculture. There were different kind of investigation determined earlier on the farm, but there were no investigation made on the influence of weedy trench to winter-wheat field. The aim of this work is to determine how weedy trench influences segetic flora and its botanical structure in winter- wheat agrophytocenozis. The tasks, which help to gain the aim: 1. To analyze how the amount of weeds change receding from weedy trench; 2. To analyze how the botanical structure of weeds change receding from weedy trench; 3. To evaluate interrelationship between amount of weeds and their botanical structure due to weedy trench. The object of the research work – the winter-wheat field segetic flora of Kazliskiai ecological farm. The following methods were used in this work: • The analysis of scientific literature; • The calculation of segetic flora amount and its botanical structure in workspaces; • The statistical analysis using EXCEL, DISPERS programs. The results of this work show: The weedy trench has a positive influence on the amount of segetic flora. It is 2-4 times bigger nearby weedy trench than in the middle of the field. The botanical structure changes only in autumn but not numerously.
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Roc, Roc David. "Above-ground biomass estimation in boreal productive forests using Sentinel-1 data." Thesis, Stockholms universitet, Institutionen för naturgeografi, 2019. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:su:diva-172942.
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Estimation of biomass has high importance for economic, ecologic and climatic reasons due to the multiple ecosystem services offered by forested landscapes. Measurements that are taken in the field incur personal and economic costs. Nevertheless, biomass surveying based on remote sensing techniques offer efficiency thanks to covering large areas. The European Space Agency (ESA) Sentinel-1 satellite offers promising capabilities for above-ground biomass (AGB) estimation through synthetic aperture radar (SAR) based microwave remote sensing. In this study, experimental AGB estimations based on Sentinel-1 C-band data were produced over the Remingstorp estate (Västergötland County, Sweden) to analyze its performance over boreal productive forests. The obtained measurements were compared against reference values obtained by combining photogrammetric, aerial laser scanning (ALS) and field measurements. Thus, a reference high-resolution canopy height model (CHM) was produced from the difference between photogrammetric digital surface model (DSM) values and ALS digital terrain model (DTM) values. The comparison of CHM observations against diameter at breast height (DBH) field measurements revealed the existence of a vegetation height - vegetation volume relationship for the study species (Pinus Sylvestris and Picea Abbies), which allowed bole volume estimation based on vegetation height values. SAR-based AGB estimates were produced by defining statistical relationships between backscatter intensity and interferometric coherence measurements against reference CHM values. Additionally, evaluation of biomass estimation through interferometric (InSAR) height was possible by comparing against reference photogrammetric DSM. Backscatter signal saturation of C-band at low biomass volumes prevented quantification of biomass but permitted differentiation between forested and non-forested surfaces. Estimation of AGB through interferometric coherence was possible through modeling volumetric decorrelation, which on the contrary prevented biomass retrieval from InSAR height. Due to the given frequency properties at C-band, HV cross-polarized channel was used in all cases for better detection of the canopy layer. Image acquisition under stable conditions was a priority to avoid noise derived from variable dielectric properties, acquisition geometry effects and temporal decorrelation. Hence, image acquisitions under stable hydrometeorological conditions (i. e. stable frozen or dry) and for the lowest repeat-pass interval (i. e. 6-days) were prioritized.
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Giberti, Sara. "Surface Area enhancement of biochar and forestry biomass through activation by means of chemical impregnation with ZnCl2 and H3PO4." Master's thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2021.
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This dissertation is dedicated to the research of methods for the production of activated carbon by means of chemical impregnation from renewable resources such as waste biochar and forestry biomass.
The goal of the research is to find a method that generates high performances activated carbon which can be scaled up and added to the supply chain of an already existing gasification concept located in Innsbruck, Austria.
Biochar has been impregnated with ZnCl2 in ratios of 1:1 and 5:1 and activated in a mixed bed reactor in presence of H2O steam in a temperatures range of 500 and 700 °C for 30 and 60 minutes.
Forestry biomass and biochar have been impregnated with ZnCl2 and H33PO4 in ratios of 1:1, 3:1, 5:1 then pyrolyzed at 500 °C for 1 hour.
The activated carbon has been characterized through N2 adsorption at 77 K, total carbon content and scanning electron microscopy. The best results were obtained with the ZnCl2 5:1 impregnated biomass pyrolyzed at 500 °C for 1 hour, with a specific surface area of 1626 m2/g, a total pore volume of 0,79 cm3/g with a microporous percentage of the 75%, and a total carbon content of 84%.
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Zurba, Kamal [Verfasser], Jörg [Akademischer Betreuer] Matschullat, Jörg [Gutachter] Matschullat, Klaus [Gutachter] Butterbach-Bahl, and Hermann [Gutachter] Heilmeier. "Is short rotation forestry biomass sustainable? / Kamal Zurba ; Gutachter: Jörg Matschullat, Klaus Butterbach-Bahl, Hermann Heilmeier ; Betreuer: Jörg Matschullat." Freiberg : Technische Universitaet Bergakademie Freiberg Universitaetsbibliothek "Georgius Agricola", 2016. http://d-nb.info/1221068237/34.
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Eriksson, Erik. "The potential for forestry to reduce net CO₂ emissions /." Uppsala : Dept. of Bioenergy, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, 2006. http://epsilon.slu.se/2006103.pdf.
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Ofoegbu, Chidiebere. "An evaluation of the socio-economic impact of timber production with and without the inclusion of biomass energy production." Thesis, Stellenbosch : University of Stellenbosch, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/4111.
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Thesis (MScFor (Forest and Wood Science))--University of Stellenbosch, 2010.ENGLISH ABSTRACT: The discussion on climate change is leading to a re-evaluation of tree plantations in South Africa; prompting the adoption of forest bioenergy system as one of the cost effective ‘carbon mitigation options’. In an analysis of this changing paradigm, emphasis was placed on the socio-economic aspects of integrated commercial tree plantations and forest bioenergy systems with special attention to harvest residues recovery for bioelectricity production and construction and operation of a bioelectricity plant. The study also explored the direct and indirect benefits that adjacent communities derive from tree plantations in South Africa in order to determine the potential impact of integrated timber and bioelectricity production on rural livelihood and conventional forestry operations. Structured questionnaires and in-depth interviews were used in randomly sampling twelve villages on Mondi tree plantations in the Piet Retief and Iswepe areas of South Africa. Six villages from each area were selected; and a systematic random sampling of ten households per village was carried out. The possibility of using harvest residues from final clear felling from these plantations for bioelectricity production was examined. The study developed and described a scenario for a five megawatt bioelectricity generation facility, requiring an annual volume of 19,569.85 dry tonnes of residues as feedstock for its operation. The study revealed that adjacent rural communities to Mondi plantations in Piet Retief and Iswepe areas enjoy direct benefits such as employment opportunities, utilization of harvest residues, utilization of non-timber resources, and free accommodation. Indirect benefits that these communities enjoy include: free farmland and graze-land and various social benefits. Issues of concern and dislike such as: lack of electricity; poor health and sanitation and transportation problems were also identified. Using NPV and IRR, the study estimated the economic impacts of integrated pulpwood and bioelectricity production, compared to conventional pulpwood production operation. The study concluded that integrated pulpwood and harvest residue recovery for bioelectricity production is a profitable means of producing renewable energy. The approach was found to increase the profitability of conventional forest operations.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Besprekings rondom klimaatsverandering lei tot ‘n her-evaluasie van boom plantasies in Suid Afrika wat aanleiding gee tot die aanvaarding van bio-energie stelsels as een van die koste effektiewe “koolstof versagtende opsies”. In ‘n ontleding van hierdie paradigma verandering, is klem geplaas op die sosio-ekonomiese aspekte van die integrasie van boom plantasies en bos bio-energie stelsels. Spesiale aandag is gegee aan onginningsafval herwinning vir bio-energie produksie en die konstruksie en werking van ‘n bio-elektriese kragsentrale. Die studie ondersoek ook die direkte en indirekte voordele wat gemeenskappe, aangrensend aan boom plantasies in Suid Afrika verkry, om sodoende die potensiële effek van geintegreerde hout en bio-elektriese produksie op landelike lewensbestaan en konvensionele bosbou operasies te bepaal. Gestruktureerde vraelyste en indiepte onderhoude is gebruik om ‘n lukraakte steekproef van twaalf dorpies op Mondi boom plantasies in die Piet Retief en Iswepe areas van Suid Afrika uit te voer. Ses dorpies in elke area is gekies en ‘n sistematiese lukraakte steekproef van tien huishoudings per dorpie is uitgevoer. Die moontlikheid om ontginningsafval van finale kaalkap van hierdie plantasies vir bio-elektrisiteit te gebruik is ook ondersoek. Die studie het ‘n senario ontwikkel en beskryf van ‘n vyf megawatt bio-elektriese kragsentrale wat ‘n jaarlikse volume van 11,708 droë ton ontginningsafval benodig as voermateriaal vir kragopwekking. Die studie het getoon dat aangrensende landelike gemeenskappe langs Mondi plantasies in die Piet Retief en Iswepe areas direkte voordele soos werksgeleenthede, gebruik van ontginningsafval, gebruik van nie-hout hulpbronne en gratis akkommodasie geniet. Indirekte voordele wat gemeenskappe geniet sluit in gratis toegang to landbou grond en weiding, sowel as sosiale voordele. Probleemfaktore waarmee hulle saamleef is ‘n gebrek aan elektrisiteit, swak gesondheids en sanitasie dienste en vervoerprobleme. Deur die gebruik van NPV en IRR analitiese metodes is die ekonomiese impak van geintegreerde pulphout en bio-elektrisiteits produksie bepaal en vergelyk met konfensionele pulphout produksie. Die gevolgtrekking is dat geintegreerde pulphout en ontginningsafval herwinning vir bio-elektrisiteit produksie ‘n winsgewende manier van hernubare energie produksie is. Die benadering kan die winsgewendheid van konfensionele bosbou operasies verbeter.
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Wohletz, Gunnar. "A GIS Model to Estimate a Sustainable Potential of Forest Fuel for Energy Generation in the Municipality of Växjö, Sweden." Thesis, KTH, Geoinformatik och Geodesi, 2011. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-38542.
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Since the 1980s the municipality of Växjö in Southern Sweden has been increasingly focusing on using wood to produce energy for the region. A permanent and sustainable supply of wood material is therefore indispensable. The main source for this wood fuel is harvested wood from forests which can be used as energy, so-called forest fuel. The objective of this research is to develop a model to estimate a sustainable potential of forest fuel supply until the year 2050 for the municipality using a geographic information system (GIS). The model overall follows a top-down approach that consists of three sequential modeling steps which are generally applicable for biomass potential estimations: a theoretical, technical and the reduced technical potential. For input data the model uses georeferenced forest data (called kNN-Sweden) and topographic data about the study area to describe and narrow down the forest fuel potential by setting numerical or topographic (spatial) parameters for each modeling step. In this report forest data from 2005 has been used, which was obtained shortly before the storm ‘Gudrun’ hit and damaged great parts of the Swedish forest landscape. This factor might have resulted in slightly misleading estimated numerical modeling results concerning the actual future forest fuel supplies, but is not related to the overall layout of the model. The results show that the municipality of Växjö should be able to satisfy its demand for energy wood from harvested forest wood alone until around the year 2035, but might have shortages after that year until 2050 (and possibly beyond that). This thesis concludes that for the next 40 years the municipality of Växjö should not only rely on its annually available forest fuel capacity, but instead, different wood resources, such as recycled wood from constructions or furniture, have to be utilized or forest wood from years with surplus supply have to be stored for future tighter years. For more accurate results the modeling steps should be repeated with more recent forest data. The report also concludes that the estimation of the forest fuel potential in this study still lacks accuracy and that it is advised to treat the estimated numerical modeling results with caution. There’s still room for further improvement, and therefore possible error sources and suggestions for future work are listed.North Sea Sustainable Energy Planning
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Karačić, Almir. "Production and ecological aspects of short rotation poplars in Sweden /." Uppsala : Dept. of Short Rotation Forestry, Swedish Univ. of Agricultural Sciences, 2005. http://epsilon.slu.se/200513.pdf.
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Cronin, Natasha Louise Rafaelle School of Biological Earth & Environmental Sciences UNSW. "The potential of airborne polarimetric synthetic aperture radar data for quantifying and mapping the biomass and structural diversity of woodlands in semi-arid Australia." Awarded by:University of New South Wales. School of Biological, Earth and Environmental Sciences, 2004. http://handle.unsw.edu.au/1959.4/30533.
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Levels of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere have been steadily increasing since the beginning of the Industrial Revolution in the 1800s. The earth's climate is sensitive to alterations in these levels of carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases (GHG), with significant changes in climate predicted long term. The adoption of the Kyoto Protocol in 1997 heralded a new age in terms of greenhouse gas accounting and emissions responsibility, for all nations. In Australia, carbon emissions from the Land Use and Land Use Change and Forestry sector are responsible for a large proportion of the national total emissions. Radar remote sensing has demonstrated considerable potential in the estimation and mapping of vegetation biomass and subsequently carbon. The aim of this research is to investigate the potential of airborne polarimetric radar for quantifying and mapping the biomass and structural diversity of woodlands in semi-arid Australia. Initial investigation focussed on the physical structure of the woodland, which revealed that despite a diversity of woodland associations, the species diversity was relatively low. Both excurrent and decurrent growth forms were present, which subsequently resulted in varying allocation of biomass to the components (i.e., branches, trunks). In view of this, both empirical and modelling methodologies were explored. Empirical relationships were established between SAR backscatter and the total above ground biomass. Considerable scatter was present in these relationships, which was attributed to the large range of species and their associated structures. Comparison of actual and model simulations for C-, L- and P-band wavelengths, reveal that no significant difference existed for these wavelengths, except at CHH, and the cross-polarised data at L- and P-band. The study confirmed that microwaves at C-band interacted largely with the leaves and small branches, with scattering at VV polarization dominating. Compared to the lower frequencies, the return from the ground surface (as expected) was significant. The differences in scattering mechanisms (i.e., branch-ground versus trunk-ground) between excurrent and decurrent structures were due largely to the larger angular branches associated with Eucalyptus and Angophora species, which were absent from Callitris glaucophylla.
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Burchfield, David Richard. "Mapping eastern redcedar (Juniperus Virginiana L.) and quantifying its biomass in Riley County, Kansas." Thesis, Kansas State University, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/2097/18404.
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Master of ArtsDepartment of Geography
Kevin P. Price
Due primarily to changes in land management practices, eastern redcedar (Juniperus virginiana L.), a native Kansas conifer, is rapidly invading onto valuable rangelands. The suppression of fire and increase of intensive grazing, combined with the rapid growth rate, high reproductive output, and dispersal ability of the species have allowed it to dramatically expand beyond its original range. There is a growing interest in harvesting this species for use as a biofuel. For economic planning purposes, density and biomass quantities for the trees are needed. Three methods are explored for mapping eastern redcedar and quantifying its biomass in Riley County, Kansas. First, a land cover classification of redcedar cover is performed using a method that utilizes a support vector machine classifier applied to a multi-temporal stack of Landsat TM satellite images. Second, a Small Unmanned Aircraft System (sUAS) is used to measure individual redcedar trees in an area where they are encroaching into a pasture. Finally, a hybrid approach is used to estimate redcedar biomass using high resolution multispectral and light detection and ranging (LiDAR) imagery. These methods showed promise in the forestry, range management, and bioenergy industries for better understanding of an invasive species that shows great potential for use as a biofuel resource.
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Hlavatý, Radovan. "Návrh a vývoj aplikace pro platformu iOS." Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta podnikatelská, 2015. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-224887.
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This master’s thesis is focused on design and development of an application for iOS platform following the requirements of the company, operating in Finland in the field of development of information systems for bioenergy industry. The application should serve as a supplement to an online wood and biomass trading portal.
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Habitzreiter, Tiago Luis. "Produção de biomassa e exportação de nutrientes de Eucalyptus grandis e E. urophylla." Universidade Tecnológica Federal do Paraná, 2016. http://repositorio.utfpr.edu.br/jspui/handle/1/1717.
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A investigação científica na área de tecnologia de produção florestal busca técnicas que aumentem a produção por unidade de área, com alta viabilidade econômica e com redução dos impactos ambientais. Quando se tratam de plantios florestais, são necessários estudos da produção de biomassa e seu teor de nutrientes, sendo estes dados parâmetros para planejar as implicações ambientais de diferentes intensidades de colheita florestal. Diante do exposto, o presente estudo buscou elucidar a produção e exportação de biomassa e nutrientes para duas espécies do gênero Eucalyptus (E. grandis e E. urophylla) cultivadas na região sudoeste do Paraná. Para isso, foi avaliado: o estoque de biomassa e nutrientes na árvore (madeira, casca, galhos e folhas) aos 60 meses de idade do povoamento; a taxa de exportação de nutrientes; o poder calorífico e viabilidade econômica. A biomassa e os maiores estoques de nutrientes do eucalipto encontram-se predominantemente alocados no fuste (madeira + casca). Os componentes da biomassa apresentaram composições químicas distintas, sendo geralmente maiores nas folhas e casca e menores nos componentes madeira e galhos. Quanto ao poder calorífico, a folha teve seu poder calorífico estatisticamente superior às demais frações avaliadas, seguidas dos galhos, madeira e casca. O teor de Carbono orgânico (C.O.) está diretamente ligado ao poder calorífico, sendo que quanto maior o mesmo na fração, maior o poder calorífico. A madeira apresentou os maiores valores de eficiência de utilização de nutrientes, algo bastante desejável e de grande interesse para a silvicultura. Nas folhas estão os menores valores de eficiência de utilização de nutrientes, com exceção do Ca e Mg que estão na casca, indicando a importância da manutenção destes componentes no solo após a colheita. A fração madeira apresenta apresenta a biomassa de menor custo considerando o custo de reposição dos nutrientes exportado. Por outro lado, a fração de folhas apresentou o maior custo de reposição NPK.Scientific research in forest production technology area search techniques that increase production per unit area, with high economic viability and reducing environmental impacts. When dealing with forest plantations, studies are needed in the production of biomass and its nutrient content, and these are data parameters for planning the environmental implications of different intensities of forest harvesting. Given the above, this study aimed to elucidate the production and export of biomass and nutrients for two species of the genus Eucalyptus (E. grandis and E. urophylla) grown in the southwestern region of Parana. For this, it was evaluated: the stock of biomass and nutrients in eucalyptus (wood, bark, branches and leaves) at 60 months of age; the export rate of nutrients; the calorific value and economic viability. The biomass and the largest eucalyptus nutrient stocks are predominantly allocated to the stem (wood + bark). The components of biomass showed different chemical compositions, generally being higher in the leaves and bark and lower in wood and branches components. As for the calorific value, the leaves had its calorific value statistically superior than the other fractions, followed by branches, wood and bark. The organic carbon content (C.O.) is directly connected to the calorific value, and the calorific value increases as its content increase. The wood had the highest nutrient use efficiency values, something highly desirable and of great interest to forestry. The leaves showed smaller nutrient utilization efficiency values, with the exception of Ca and Mg that were smaller in the bark, indicating the importance of maintaining these components in the soil after harvest. The wood fraction presents the biomass lower cost when considering the replacement of nutrients exported by its biomass. On the other hand, the leaf fraction showed NPK higher cost of replacement.
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van, Slyke Torry. "Fields of Dreams: Scenarios to Produce Selected Biomass and Renewable Jet Fuels that Fulfill European Union Sustainability Criteria." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Institutionen för geovetenskaper, 2019. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-385902.
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Aviation greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions have risen faster than any other transport sector to double between 1990 and 2005. Such emissions from aviation could increase another 700 percent globally, and at least 150 percent in the European Union (EU), by 2050 due to continuously increasing consumer demand. To reverse the trend of rising emissions writ large, the EU has set 2030 climate goals of reducing its GHG emissions by 40 percent (relative to 2005) and having 32 percent of gross final energy consumption from renewables. The EU’s recast Renewable Energy Directive (RED-II) calls for 14 percent of transport energy from renewables, gives multipliers to advanced biofuels, and restricts biomass that is from ecologically valuable lands or that causes land use change. Energy security and energy independence are also long-term EU goals. Many of these goals and targets have also been adopted by the European Free Trade Area (EFTA). Despite these efforts, options are limited to reduce aviation emissions compared to other transport sectors, leaving aviation biofuels, also known as renewable jet fuels (RJFs), as currently the only commercialized option. Against this backdrop, in this thesis scenario analyses were conducted to produce biomass from EU+EFTA lands, project RJF yields from this biomass, and estimate emissions savings of these RJFs compared to petroleum jet fuel. Particular effort was devoted to identifying biomass, biofuels, and EU+EFTA lands that comply with RED-II criteria. The two RJF pathways selected were hydroprocessed esters and fatty acid (HEFA) conversion of Camelina sativa vegetable oil and Fischer-Tropsch (FT) synthesis of forestry residue lignocellulosic biomass. Over 117 million hectares in the EU+EFTA was identified as available for Camelina sativa cultivation, which could yield over 64 Mt of RJF each year, or 113 percent of the total jet fuel consumed in the EU+EFTA in 2017. Conversely, if 50 percent of the forestry residues generated as by-products from EU+EFTA roundwood harvesting operations in 2017 were extracted from harvest sites, 40 Mt of forestry residues would be available as biomass, which would yield almost 7.6 Mt of RJF annually (13% of 2017 jet fuel consumption). If all 144 million hectares of EU+EFTA forest lands deemed available for wood supply were logged, 1,772 Mt of forestry residues would be produced in total (at 50 percent extraction), which could result in almost 337 Mt of RJF, or 590% of the jet fuel consumed in the region in 2017. Hence, RJF can be feasibly produced from biomass from EU+EFTA lands, in amounts that meet or exceed the annual jet fuel consumption of the EU+EFTA, and in ways that meet or exceed RED-II sustainability criteria. However, the proportion of these RJF yields to total annual EU+EFTA jet fuel consumption will decrease over time as the number of flights and their resulting emissions increase. The two RJFs also emit 67 percent and 91 percent fewer GHG emissions, respectively, than petroleum-based jet fuel, showing them to be important tools for the EU to meet its 2030 renewables and emissions reductions targets. Producing the biomass feedstocks and RJFs in these quantities will require the EU to make serious decisions on land use trade-offs, such as whether livestock production is more important than biofuel production.
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Dal, Farra Fernanda Cristina Pierre [UNESP]. "Análise econômico-energética de utilização de resíduo industrial florestal para geração de energia térmica: um estudo de caso." Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/90587.
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dalfarra_fcp_me_botfca.pdf: 1002162 bytes, checksum: a2f2eaa2bfd9702276d3c1c88d993623 (MD5)Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP)
O presente trabalho de pesquisa tem por objetivo determinar o potencial de geração de energia a partir do aproveitamento de resíduos industriais como casca e pó de madeira em uma indústria do setor florestal, que produz painéis de madeira aglomerada, localizada no município de Botucatu, Estado de São Paulo e determinar a viabilidade econômica da aquisição de um equipamento para geração de energia térmica a partir destes resíduos. Esta alteração de processo tem como finalidade gerar economias na aquisição de insumos energéticos adquiridos no mercado e contribuir para a expansão da base de geração de energia da indústria. Os dados para a quantificação dos resíduos gerados no processo industrial, disponíveis para fornecimento de energia térmica na empresa, foram coletados junto à empresa analisada e, a partir de amostras coletadas em julho de 2002, o poder calorífico dos resíduos casca e pó de madeira foi determinado junto ao Laboratório do Departamento de Física e Biofísica do Instituto de Biociências da UNESP de Botucatu/SP. Como o aproveitamento destes resíduos demanda a alteração do sistema de troca de calor, foram descritos o sistema de troca de calor existente e a proposta de alteração deste sistema, que pode funcionar à base de diferentes proporções de resíduos industriais (casca e pó de madeira), além da necessária aquisição de cavaco de costaneira, para aumentar a eficiência do processo de combustão de resíduos. Para a determinação do potencial de geração de energia foi utilizado o conceito de poder calorífico em duas condições de uso para o novo sistema de troca de calor: a alternativa de uso 1, que utiliza as seguintes proporções de resíduos: 50% de casca e 50% de cavaco, e a alternativa de uso 2, que utiliza a seguinte proporção de energia por resíduo: 30% da casca, 30% do cavaco e 40% do pó. Para a análise econômica...
The present research had the objective to determine the potential of energy generation with use of industrial residues as bark and saudust of wood in an industry of the forest section, which produces particleboards, located in the municipal district of Botucatu, State of São Paulo and to determinate the acquisition economical viability of an equipment for generation of thermal energy starting with residues. This process alteration had as purpose to generate savings in the acquisition of acquired energy inputs in the market and to contribute to the expansion of the industry energy generation. Data for the residues quantification generated in the industrial process, available for supply of thermal energy in the company were collected in the analyzed company, starting from samples collected in July of 2002, the heat of combustion of the residues bark and saudust of wood were determined in the Laboratory of Physics and Biophysics Department of the Biochemistry Institute of UNESP, Botucatu/SP. As the use of these residues demand the alteration of change of heat system, the change of heat system and the proposal of alteration of this system were described, which can work in different proportions of industrial residues (bark and saudust of wood), besides the necessary acquisition of slab shavings, to increase residues combustion process efficiency. For generation of energy potential determination, the concept of heat of combustion was used in two use conditions for the new system of change of heat: the alternative of use 1, which uses the following residues proportions: 50% of bark and 50% of chips, and the alternative of use 2, which uses the following proportion of energy for residue: 30% of bark, 30% of chips and 40% of saudust. For the economical use analysis the following indicators of economical viability were used: the Liquid Present Value... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)
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Pena, Vergara Gabriel 1986. "Caracterização e avaliação do potencial energético dos resíduos florestais da indústria de papel e celulose : Characterization and energy potential assessment of the forestry residues from the paper and pulp industry." [s.n.], 2014. http://repositorio.unicamp.br/jspui/handle/REPOSIP/265920.
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Orientador: Waldir Antonio BizzoDissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Mecânica
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Resumo: A indústria de papel e celulose é a principal consumidora de biomassa como combustível e como matéria-prima, gerando resíduos de biomassa, os quais representam uma grande quantidade de energia disponível. A produção de papel e celulose necessita de grandes quantidades de energia tanto mecânica quanto térmica, a qual usualmente é produzida através da queima de biomassa. Além dos resíduos gerados na própria indústria, a cadeia de produção de papel e celulose envolve uma importante atividade florestal, da qual é aproveitada a madeira e geralmente deixando no campo resíduos de biomassa, os quais representam entre 15 e 25% da massa seca da árvore. Este trabalho de pesquisa enfoca-se na caracterização como combustível dos resíduos sólidos gerados no campo (folhas, cascas, galhos e pontas) e na produção de papel e celulose (finos, cascas, cavacos e lodo orgânico). Também é estimado o potencial de geração de energia elétrica pela combustão dos resíduos de biomassa através do ciclo Rankine. A caracterização baseia-se em uma serie de análises pelos quais é estudada a degradação térmica (análises térmicas - TGA e DSC), e determinada a composição elementar, imediata e estrutural, poder calorífico e massa específica. São caracterizadas também as cinzas determinando sua composição elementar. O material empregado é proveniente do gênero eucalipto espécie Urograndis. As biomassas estudadas apresentam-se propriadas para ser empregadas como combustível em fornalhas industriais. Os resíduos florestais e os rejeitos de madeira da fábrica têm algumas desvantagens em relação a outras biomassas como a madeira. Estas desvantagens são o teor de cinzas, principalmente nas folhas e casca (entre 3 e 5% b.s.), a elevada umidade (acima de 50% b.u.) e sua difícil manipulação. Porém, essas biomassas melhoram suas propriedades com o passar do tempo deste material no campo, diminuindo sua umidade e reduzindo o teor de cinzas, cloro e potássio. A combustão do lodo pode ser energeticamente deficiente devido ao seu elevado teor de umidade e baixo poder calorífico. O potencial de geração de energia elétrica é elevado, desde que a produtividade dos resíduos é grande e seu poder calorífico similar à madeira original. Conclui-se que sem considerar as questões de logística, os resíduos de biomassas em questão têm grande potencial energético ainda não aproveitado
Abstract: The pulp and paper industry is the major consumer of biomass fuels and feedstock, as a result it generates biomass waste, which represents a great amount of heat energy available. The production of pulp and paper requires large quantities of mechanical and heat energy. This energy is usually supplied by burning biomass in boilers, generating steam that is used as heat source and to generate electricity. Besides the waste generated in the industry, the paper and pulp production chain involves an important forestry activity, in which generally the wood is taken and the biomass residues are leaved at the forest. That represents between 15 and 25% of the tree dry mass. This research focuses on the solid residues generated at the forest (bark, branches, tips and leaves) as well as in the production of pulp and paper (fines, bark, organic sludge and chips), characterizing them as fuel. The objective is also estimate the electric potential of the combustion of biomass residues through the steam Rankine cycle. The characterization is based on a range of analysis, studding the thermal degradation (thermal analysis - TG and DSC), and determining the elemental and immediate composition, heating value, density and chemical structure. Also, the ash elemental composition is established. The material used is taken from the Eucalyptus genus Urograndis species. The studied biomass is suitable to be used as fuel in industrial furnaces. The forestry residues and factory wood rejects have some disadvantages regarding to others biomass like wood. The main disadvantages are the ash content, especially in the leaves and bark (between 3 and 5\% d.b.), high moisture (above 50% w.b.) and its handling difficult. However, the chemistry properties of the biomass improve as it remains at the forest for a period of time, decreasing its moisture and reducing the ash, chlorine and potassium contents. The organic sludge combustion could be energy deficient due to its high moisture and its low heating value. The electric potential is high, since the productivity of waste is large and its heating value is similar to the original wood. We conclude that without considering the logistics issues, the biomass waste has great energy potential, generally untapped
Mestrado
Termica e Fluidos
Mestre em Engenharia Mecânica
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Allouis, Tristan. "Spécification de paramètres techniques et stratégie d'échantillonnage pour la conception de nouveaux capteurs lidars dédiés à la cartographie de forêts." Thesis, Paris, AgroParisTech, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011AGPT0086/document.
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Les forestiers ont besoin d'outils permettant de cartographier les essences, la hauteur, la structure ou la biomasse des peuplements. Même si le lidar aéroporté (light detection and ranging, détection et télémétrie par laser) ne permet pas de mesurer l'ensemble de ces variables, il permet d'accéder aux hauteurs et à la biomasse de manière rapide, précise et surtout spatialisée sur de grandes surfaces. Cependant, les lidars aujourd'hui utilisés en forêts n'ont pas été conçus spécifiquement pour étudier la végétation, et l'ajustement de leurs caractéristiques techniques est supposé permettre d'améliorer la précision des mesures. L'objectif de cette thèse est de déterminer des configurations de capteurs lidars dédiés à l'étude de la végétation forestière, et de proposer des méthodes d'extraction de paramètres forestiers adaptés aux différentes configurations. La capacité de différentes résolutions (taille d'empreinte et échantillonnage spatial), longueurs d'onde et modes d'enregistrement du signal retour à mesurer des paramètres forestiers (hauteurs et densité d'arbres, taille des couronnes et indirectement volume et biomasse) a été évaluée. Les études ont été menées de l'échelle de l'arbre jusqu'à celle du peuplement, sur des données expérimentales ou simulées. Dans une première partie, des méthodes de traitement de données lidars aéroportés classiques (scanneur, largeur du faisceau décimétrique, 5 mesures/m², laser proche infrarouge) ont été développées pour estimation la biomasse d'arbres individuels. Dans cette étude, l'apport de nouvelles données dites "full-waveform" (enregistrement du signal complet) a été démontré par rapport aux traditionnelles données multiéchos (extraction des échos les plus significatifs). Dans une seconde partie, une expérimentation avec un prototype lidar du Commissariat à l'Énergie Atomique (CEA) embarqué sur un ULM a été réalisée (profileur, largeur de faisceau de 2,4 m, espacement de 2,4 m entre deux mesures successives le long de la ligne de vol, laser ultraviolet). Sans permettre des mesures d'arbres individuels, cette configuration de capteur a permis d'étudier les variations de la structure des arbres à l'intérieur d'une placette forestière (30 m de diamètre). En validant l'utilisation d'un laser ultraviolet pour l'étude de la végétation, les résultats de cette expérience permettent d'envisager le développement de capteurs bifonctions atmosphère/végétation. Dans une troisième partie, des signaux lidars à larges empreintes (plusieurs dizaines de mètres au sol) ont été simulés par agrégation de signaux lidars aéroportés classiques. Une méthode de modélisation permettant d'étudier la dynamique supposée d'un signal lidar satellitaire dans différents types de forêts a été proposée. Elle apporte des informations utiles à la calibration de l'énergie à émettre pour une future mission satellitaire dédiée à la cartographie de forêts. Le principal problème avec les données à larges d'empreintes est la forte influence de la topographie sur la précision des mesures de hauteurs d'arbres en zones pentues. En conséquence, une méthode de correction de cet effet a été élaborée, permettant ainsi de mesurer les hauteurs d'arbres avec une précision jusqu'alors inenvisageable. Cette méthode a de plus ouvert de nouvelles perspectives dans l'estimation de la topographie sous la forêt, à partir de données lidars à larges empreintesForesters need tools to map the tree species, tree heights, stand structure and biomass. Although the airborne lidar (Light detection and ranging) technology does not give access to all these variables, it can provide quick, accurate and spatially explicit measurements of tree heights and biomass over large surfaces. However, lidar systems currently used have not been specially designed to performed vegetation studies. The adjustment of the technical characteristics of such systems is expected to improve the accuracy of retrieved forest parameters. Consequently, the objective of this thesis is to determine configurations of lidar sensors dedicated to the study of forest vegetation, and to propose methods designed to extract forest parameters depending on the different configurations. The ability of different resolutions (footprint size and spatial sampling), wavelengths and sampling modes of the backscattered signal to measure forest parameters (canopy height and density, crown size and also volume and biomass) was evaluated. The studies were conducted from tree to stand level, on experimental or simulated data. In a first part, we developed methods to process classic airborne lidar data (scanner system, tens of centimeter footprint, 5 measurements/m², near-infrared laser) for the estimation of the biomass of individual trees. In this study, we demonstrated the contribution of new data called "Full-waveform" (recording the entire signal) compared to traditional multi-echoes data (extraction of the most significant echoes). In a second part, we performed an experiment using a Comissariat of Energy Atomique (CEA)'s lidar prototype onboard an ultra-light aircraft (profiler system, 2.4 m footprint, 2.4 m spacing between two measurements along the flight line, ultraviolet laser). Such a configuration did not allow to measure individual trees, but we were able to study variations in forest structure at the plot level (30 m diameter). Having demonstrated the ability of an ultraviolet lidar to perform vegetation studies, this sensor opens the way to the development of bi-functional lidar for both atmosphere and vegetation remote sensing. In a third part, large footprint lidar signals (tens of meters on the ground) were simulated from the aggregation of classical airborne lidar signals. We proposed a method for modeling the signal dynamics of satellite lidars in different forest types, in order to calibrate the energy to emit for a future space-borne mission. The main problem with large-footprint size is the strong influence of topography on accurate measurements of tree heights in steep areas. We consequently developed a method to correct this effect, thus increasing the accuracy of tree height retrieval. This approach also opened new perspectives in topography assessment from large-footprint data in forest environments
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Dal, Farra Fernanda Cristina Pierre 1979. "Análise econômico-energética de utilização de resíduo industrial florestal para geração de energia térmica : um estudo de caso /." Botucatu : [s.n.], 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/90587.
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Orientador: Maura Seiko Tsutsui EsperanciniBanca: Maria Aparecida Mourão Brasil
Banca: João Luis Cardoso
Resumo: O presente trabalho de pesquisa tem por objetivo determinar o potencial de geração de energia a partir do aproveitamento de resíduos industriais como casca e pó de madeira em uma indústria do setor florestal, que produz painéis de madeira aglomerada, localizada no município de Botucatu, Estado de São Paulo e determinar a viabilidade econômica da aquisição de um equipamento para geração de energia térmica a partir destes resíduos. Esta alteração de processo tem como finalidade gerar economias na aquisição de insumos energéticos adquiridos no mercado e contribuir para a expansão da base de geração de energia da indústria. Os dados para a quantificação dos resíduos gerados no processo industrial, disponíveis para fornecimento de energia térmica na empresa, foram coletados junto à empresa analisada e, a partir de amostras coletadas em julho de 2002, o poder calorífico dos resíduos casca e pó de madeira foi determinado junto ao Laboratório do Departamento de Física e Biofísica do Instituto de Biociências da UNESP de Botucatu/SP. Como o aproveitamento destes resíduos demanda a alteração do sistema de troca de calor, foram descritos o sistema de troca de calor existente e a proposta de alteração deste sistema, que pode funcionar à base de diferentes proporções de resíduos industriais (casca e pó de madeira), além da necessária aquisição de cavaco de costaneira, para aumentar a eficiência do processo de combustão de resíduos. Para a determinação do potencial de geração de energia foi utilizado o conceito de poder calorífico em duas condições de uso para o novo sistema de troca de calor: a alternativa de uso 1, que utiliza as seguintes proporções de resíduos: 50% de casca e 50% de cavaco, e a alternativa de uso 2, que utiliza a seguinte proporção de energia por resíduo: 30% da casca, 30% do cavaco e 40% do pó. Para a análise econômica... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo)
Abstract: The present research had the objective to determine the potential of energy generation with use of industrial residues as bark and saudust of wood in an industry of the forest section, which produces particleboards, located in the municipal district of Botucatu, State of São Paulo and to determinate the acquisition economical viability of an equipment for generation of thermal energy starting with residues. This process alteration had as purpose to generate savings in the acquisition of acquired energy inputs in the market and to contribute to the expansion of the industry energy generation. Data for the residues quantification generated in the industrial process, available for supply of thermal energy in the company were collected in the analyzed company, starting from samples collected in July of 2002, the heat of combustion of the residues bark and saudust of wood were determined in the Laboratory of Physics and Biophysics Department of the Biochemistry Institute of UNESP, Botucatu/SP. As the use of these residues demand the alteration of change of heat system, the change of heat system and the proposal of alteration of this system were described, which can work in different proportions of industrial residues (bark and saudust of wood), besides the necessary acquisition of slab shavings, to increase residues combustion process efficiency. For generation of energy potential determination, the concept of heat of combustion was used in two use conditions for the new system of change of heat: the alternative of use 1, which uses the following residues proportions: 50% of bark and 50% of chips, and the alternative of use 2, which uses the following proportion of energy for residue: 30% of bark, 30% of chips and 40% of saudust. For the economical use analysis the following indicators of economical viability were used: the Liquid Present Value... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)
Mestre
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Maphiri, Stella. "Forest biomass energy use and perceptions on tree planting and community woodlots in households of two rural communities in Keiskammahoek, Eastern Cape, South Africa." Thesis, Stellenbosch : University of Stellenbosch, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/1503.
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Thesis (MScFor (Forest and Wood Science))--University of Stellenbosch, 2009.ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Access to secure energy supplies is widely acknowledged as a critical foundation for sustainable development. Rural households are highly dependent on forest resources for their livelihoods including energy needs. Fuelwood is a non-timber forest product (NTFP) that accounts for one of the main uses of forests and woodlands. Despite substantial household electrification programmes in South Africa, the use of fuelwood as a source of energy continues. This study aimed to analyze fuelwood use patterns of two rural villages situated in Keiskammahoek in the Eastern Cape Province of South Africa in order to understand the perceptions of the community members regarding communal tree planting. The study was conducted in two rural villages, namely, Cata and Tshoxa. A total of 120 respondents from both villages were interviewed using semi-structured questionnaires to collect data on the use of fuelwood and evaluate their perception on tree planting. The study revealed that up to 77% of the people living in Keiskammahoek used fuelwood as a major source of energy and that women were the main collectors and users of fuelwood. In the rural Cata, food is cooked in three-legged pots over open fires while in Tshoxa food is mainly cooked over paraffin and electric stoves. The respondents from both villages did not have energy conservation measures in place and improved wood stoves have not been introduced in this region. The local community of Cata was also involved in tree planting on a community level, while both villages were also involved in tree planting at a household level. The study concluded that fuelwood was the most important product from the forests in both rural areas and natural forests were a valuable source of other NTFPs; most notably indigenous fruit products. In addition most of the fuelwood was used for cooking and heating purposes but that there was no deliberate use of energy efficient methods. On tree planting, the study showed that communities from both rural villages have an interest in planting trees around their households; with preference for fruit and shade trees.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Toegang tot betroubare energieverskaffing word algemeen erken as 'n uiters belangrike grondslag vir volhoubare ontwikkeling. Plattelandse huishoudings is hoogs afhanklik van bosbronne vir hul bestaan, met inbegrip van energiebehoeftes. Brandhout is 'n nie-hout bosproduk (NHBP) wat beskou word as een van die hoofgebruike van woude en boslande. Nieteenstaande wesenlike elektrifiseringsprogramme vir huishoudings in Suid-Afrika, duur die gebruik van brandhout as 'n bron van energie voort. Hierdie studie het beoog om die gebruikspatrone van brandhout van twee plattelandse dorpe in Keiskammahoek in die Oos-Kaapse Provinsie van Suid-Afrika te ontleed en om die begrip van die gemeenskap aangaande die gemeenskaplike plant van bome te verstaan. Die studie is in twee plattelandse dorpe, naamlik Cata en Tshoxa, uitgevoer. Onderhoude is gevoer met 'n totaal van 120 respondente van beide dorpe deur die gebruik van halfgestruktureerde vraelyste om gegewens oor die gebruik van brandhout in te samel en die respondente se begrip van die plant van bome te evalueer. Die studie het aan die lig gebring dat tot 77% van die mense wat in Keiskammahoek woon, brandhout as 'n hoofbron van energie gebruik en dat vrouens die hoofgaarders en gebruikers van brandhout is. In die landelike Cata word kos in driepootpotte op oop vure gekook terwyl kos in Tshoxa hoofsaaklik op paraffien- en elektriese stowe gekook word. Die respondente van beide dorpe het nie energiebesparingsmaatreëls in plek gehad nie en verbeterde houtstowe is nog nie in hierdie streek ingebring nie. Die plaaslike gemeenskap van Cata was ook betrokke by die plant van bome op 'n gemeenskapsvlak, terwyl beide dorpe ook betrokke was by die plant van bome op 'n huishoudelike vlak. Die studie het tot ’n gevolgtrekking gekom dat brandhout die belangrikste produk van die woude in beide plattelandse gebiede is en dat die natuurlike woude 'n belangrike bron van ander NHBP’s is; veral inheemse vrugteprodukte. Daarbenewens is meeste van die brandhout gebruik vir kook- en verhittingsdoeleindes, maar daar was geen doelbewuste gebruik van energiedoeltreffende metodes nie. Op die gebied van die plant van bome het die studie getoon dat die gemeenskappe van beide plattelandse dorpe belange het in die plant van bome rondom hulle huishoudings; met voorkeur aan vrugte- en skadubome.
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Martins, William Rodrigues. "Produção de híbridos de Eucalyptus grandis x E. urophylla em plantios adensados no sudoeste goiano." Universidade Federal de Goiás, 2016. http://repositorio.bc.ufg.br/tede/handle/tede/7606.
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Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de Goiás - FAPEG
The objective of this work was to verify the volumetric production per area, the growth in height and diameter at breast height (DBH) in hybrid of Eucalyptus urophylla x E. grandis W. Hill., in reduced different planting spacings in southwest Goiás. The work was implemented in the Experimental Farm of the Federal University of Goiás, Regional Jataí (UFG / REJ), town of Jataí-GO, following the assumptions of completely randomized design, with three hybrids, two treatments for hybrid treatments and three replications, totaling 18 plots with 50 seedlings per plot. The hybrids were AEC1528, I144 and GG100 and the evaluated spacings were 3.0 m x 0.5 m and 3.0 m x 1.0 m. At 33 months of age tree were collected for the volume analysis, growth in height and diameter. The spacing of 3.0 m x 0.5 m in energy forests, affect the individual growth for both diameter and height, as to volume. The differentiation of hybrids was in height and production, where I144 hybrid gained greater prominence. The greatest expression in volume production, for wood with bark, not bark and bark volume was observed for 3.0 m x 0.5 m spacing.
Objetivou-se com este trabalho verificar a produção volumétrica por unidade de área, o crescimento em altura e diâmetro a altura do peito (DAP) em povoamentos de híbridos de Eucalyptus urophylla x E. grandis W. Hill., em diferentes espaçamentos reduzidos de plantio no sudoeste goiano. O trabalho foi implantado na Fazenda Experimental da Universidade Federal de Goiás, Regional Jataí (UFG/REJ), Município de Jataí-GO, seguindo os pressupostos do delineamento inteiramente casualizado, com seis tratamentos, e três repetições, totalizando 18 parcelas, com plantio de 50 mudas por parcela. Os híbridos avaliados foram o AEC1528, I144 e GG100 e os espaçamentos avaliados foram 3,0 m x 0,5 m e 3,0 m x 1,0 m. Assim observou-se aos 33 meses de idade que os crescimentos em diâmetro e altura são diretamente afetados pelo adensamento das plantas, e consequentemente com a redução da área útil disponível para cada planta. Os espaçamentos de 3,0 m x 0,5 em florestas energéticas afetam o incremento individual, tanto para diâmetro e altura, quanto para volume. A diferenciação dos híbridos ocorreu para o incremento em altura e produção, onde o híbrido I144 destacou-se. A maior expressão na produção volumétrica, para a madeira com casca, sem casca e o volume de casca foi observada para o espaçamento 3,0 m x 0,5 m.
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Blair, Mitchell. "Evaluation of Screening Techniques for Woody Plant Herbicide Development." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/32215.
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Woody plant herbicide screening techniques were evaluated in an attempt to expedite the screening process and decrease amounts of herbicide active ingredient required. Rapid greenhouse screening of woody plant seedlings was performed in less than six months while rapid seed screening was performed in less than twenty days. A traditional field screen, requiring ten months, was performed for comparison purposes. Leaf area â biomass ratios were also examined for their influence on herbicide efficacy. Linear regressions were performed using traditional field screen data as the dependent variable and rapid screening technique data as the independent data.
Rapid screens using triclopyr produced more statistically significant regressions compared to those involving imazapyr. Significant regressions were produced that could predict field response of several species using both herbicides and either rapid screening technique. This indicated that rapid screening techniques could determine herbicide efficacy and/or species spectrum of control in much less time with much less herbicide. Rapid seed screens could estimate species spectrum within five days after treatment. The rapid greenhouse screen and rapid seed screen techniques can provide woody plant herbicide developers initial efficacy and spectrum of control data in a cost- and time- effective manner.
Testing showed that as woody plants mature from seedling to sapling, there is a decrease in the leaf area â total aboveground biomass ratio. The decrease in this ratio consistently decreased efficacy of both imazapyr and triclopyr at the lower active ingredient rates. Seedlings with the higher leaf area â biomass ratio had, on the average, higher efficacy response rates to herbicide treatments.
Master of Science
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Maynou, Felker Marc. "Biomass Energies in Industrializing Catalonia: The Changing Role of Firewood and Charcoal in the City and Province of Barcelona (1780-1960)." Doctoral thesis, Universitat de Barcelona, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/671012.
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There is a debate in the international literature between two differing conceptions of the Energy Transition: the so-cal led «energy ladder approach», according to which societies transit from qualitatively inferior forms of energy to superior forms as their income increases, versus the energy aggregate or «energy stacker», in which the consumption of fossil energies is added to that of organic energy sources regardless of changes in income. Our objective is to ascertain which is the dynamic which better reflects Barcelona’s trends of consumption during its industrialization. Although there are many studies on the perspective of energy in general, research on biofuel consumption seems lacking in this particular case study. When we look for sources to undertake that particular approximation, we find that few documents point to the quantities of biofuels consumed; however, there are records of both the quantities which entered the city and the prices of these commodities. Therefore, we combine both sources of information to generate a set of estimation of consumption rates through time, thus analysing the pace and intensity of the Energy Transition. We then present several insights on the changing nature of supply, demand and their spatial relationship. Our main conclusions are the following: first, that the historical experience of Barcelona is better explained by the Energy Stacker Model than by the Energy Ladder Approach, although dynamics characteristic to both models are present. Second, in Barcelona’s context energy consumption was not only determined by supply and demand of energy carriers, but by the availability of the necessary energy converters too.Hi ha un debat a la literatura internacional entre dues concepcions de la Transició Energètica: l’anomenada «visió escalar» de la transició, segons la qual les societats transiten des de fonts d’energia qualitativament inferiors cap a formes superiors a mesura que la seva renda incrementa, versus la «visió additiva o agregada», segons la qual el consum d’energies modernes s’afegeix al de les energies orgàniques tradicionals. El nostre objectiu és dirimir quin d’aquests models explica mil lor el cas de Barcelona durant la seva industrialització. Tot i que hi ha molts estudis sobre el consum d’energies en general, no n’hi ha sobre els combustibles basats en la biomassa des d’aquesta perspectiva. Hi ha poques fonts que permetin un tractament adequat del problema, especialment pel que fa al tema del consum; tanmateix, hi ha algunes fonts registrant les quantitats entrades a la ciutat de Barcelona, així com dels preus que s’en pagaven. Així doncs, combinem ambdós tipus de fonts per a generar un conjunt d’estimacions de consum a través del temps, analitzant així el ritme i la intensitat de la Transició Energètica. Posteriorment, presentem algunes aproximacions respecte a la natura cambiant de l’oferta, la demanda i la seva relació espacial. Les nostres conclusions són dues: primer, que l’experiència històrica de Barcelona s’explica mil or segons la visió agregada de la Transició Energètica que no pas segons la visió escalar, encara que hi ha dinàmiques característiques d’ambdós models. Segon, que en el context de Barcelona el consum d’energies no només estava determinat per l’oferta i la demanda dels portadors d’energia, sinó també pels convertidors d’energia necessaris per a consumir-la.
Existe un debate en la literatura internacional entre dos concepciones de la Transición Energética: la llamada ”visión escalar” de la transición, según la cual las sociedades transitan des de formas de energía cualitativamente inferiores hacia formas superiores a medida que la renta incrementa, versus la ”visión aditiva o agregada”, según la cual el consumo de energías modernas se añade al de las energías orgánicas tradicionales. Nuestro objetivo es dirimir cuál de estos modelos explica mejor el caso de Barcelona durante su industrialización. Aunque haya estudios sobre el consumo de energías en general, no existen estudios específicos sobre los combustibles basados en la biomasa desde esta perspectiva. Existen pocas fuentes que permitan un tratamiento adecuado del problema, especialmente con relación al consumo; empero, hay fuentes que registran las cantidades entradas a la ciudad de Barcelona, así como los precios pagados. Así pues, combinamos ambos tipos de fuentes para generar un conjunto de estimaciones de consumo a través del tiempo, analizando así el ritmo y la intensidad de la Transición Energética. Posteriormente, presentamos algunas aproximaciones respecto la naturaleza cambiante de la oferta, la demanda, y su relación espacial. Nuestras conclusiones principales son dos: primero, que la experiencia histórica de Barcelona se explica mejor desde la visión agregada de la Transición Energética que desde la visión escalar, aunque existan dinámicas características de ambos modelos. Segundo, que en el contexto de Barcelona, el consumo de energías no sólo estuvo determinado por la oferta y la demanda de los portadores de energía, sino también por los conversores de energía necesarios para su consumo.
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Good, Norman Markus. "Methods for estimating the component biomass of a single tree and a stand of trees using variable probability sampling techniques." Thesis, Queensland University of Technology, 2001. https://eprints.qut.edu.au/37097/1/37097_Good_2001.pdf.
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This thesis developed multistage sampling methods for estimating the aggregate biomass of selected tree components, such as leaves, branches, trunk and total, in woodlands in central and western Queensland. To estimate the component biomass of a single tree randomised branch sampling (RBS) and importance sampling (IS) were trialed. RBS and IS were found to reduce the amount of time
and effort to sample tree components in comparison with other standard destructive sampling methods such as ratio sampling, especially when sampling small components such as leaves and small twigs. However, RBS did not estimate leaf and small twig biomass to an acceptable
degree of precision using current methods for creating path selection probabilities. In addition to providing an unbiased estimate of tree component biomass, individual estimates were used for developing allometric regression equations. Equations based on large components
such as total biomass produced narrower confidence intervals than equations developed using
ratio sampling. However, RBS does not estimate small component biomass such as leaves and small wood components with an acceptable degree of precision, and should be mainly used in conjunction with IS for estimating larger component biomass. A whole tree was completely enumerated to set up a sampling space with which RBS could be evaluated under a number of scenarios. To achieve a desired precision, RBS sample size and
branch diameter exponents were varied, and the RBS method was simulated using both analytical and re-sampling methods. It was found that there is a significant amount of natural variation present when relating the biomass of small components to branch diameter, for example. This finding validates earlier decisions to question the efficacy of RBS for estimating small component biomass in eucalypt species. In addition, significant improvements can be made to increase the precision of RBS by increasing the number of samples taken, but more
importantly by varying the exponent used for constructing selection probabilities. To further evaluate RBS on trees with differing growth forms from that enumerated, virtual
trees were generated. These virtual trees were created using L-systems algebra. Decision rules for creating trees were based on easily measurable characteristics that influence a tree's growth and form. These characteristics included; child-to-child and children-to-parent branch diameter relationships, branch length and branch taper. They were modelled using probability
distributions of best fit. By varying the size of a tree and/or the variation in the model describing
tree characteristics; it was possible to simulate the natural variation between trees of similar size
and fonn. By creating visualisations of these trees, it is possible to determine using visual means whether RBS could be effectively applied to particular trees or tree species. Simulation also aided in identifying which characteristics most influenced the precision of RBS, namely, branch length and branch taper. After evaluation of RBS/IS for estimating the component biomass of a single tree, methods for estimating the component biomass of a stand of trees (or plot) were developed and evaluated. A sampling scheme was developed which incorporated both model-based and design-based
biomass estimation methods. This scheme clearly illustrated the strong and weak points
associated with both approaches for estimating plot biomass. Using ratio sampling was more efficient than using RBS/IS in the field, especially for larger tree
components. Probability proportional to size sampling (PPS) -size being the trunk diameter at breast height - generated estimates of component plot biomass that were comparable to those generated using model-based approaches. The research did, however, indicate that PPS is more precise than the use of regression prediction ( allometric) equations for estimating larger components such as trunk or total biomass, and the precision increases in areas of greater biomass. Using more reliable auxiliary information for identifying suitable strata would reduce the amount of within plot variation, thereby increasing precision. PPS had the added advantage
of being unbiased and unhindered by numerous assumptions applicable to the population of interest, the case with a model-based approach. The application of allometric equations in predicting the component biomass of tree species other than that for which the allometric was developed is problematic. Differences in wood density need to be taken into account as well as differences in growth form and within species variability, as outlined in virtual tree simulations. However, the development and application of allometric prediction equations in local species-specific contexts is more desirable than PPS.
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Zhao, Kaiguang. "Estimating forest structural characteristics with airborne lidar scanning and a near-real time profiling laser systems." [College Station, Tex. : Texas A&M University, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/1969.1/ETD-TAMU-2964.
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Kuokkanen, M. (Matti). "Development of an eco- and material-efficient pellet production chain—a chemical study." Doctoral thesis, Oulun yliopisto, 2013. http://urn.fi/urn:isbn:9789526201047.
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Abstract According to the EU’s strategy and the corresponding Finnish national strategy on waste materials, all kinds of waste must be utilised primarily as material (reuse, recycling) and secondarily as energy, and at the lowest level of waste hierarchy is their disposal using environmentally friendly methods. Today material efficiency is an essential topic in promoting sustainable use of natural resources, industrial by-products and waste material. The present goal proposed by the EU sets the target for the total proportion of renewable energy as high as 38% by 2020 in Finland. Up to 20 million tonnes of waste wood biomass per year are left unused in Finland, mainly in the forests during forestry operations, because supply and demand do not meet. As a consequence of high heat energy prices, the looming threat of climate change, the greenhouse effect and global as well as national demands to considerably increase the proportion of renewable energy, Finland currently has a tremendous interest in increasing decentralised pellet production alongside of large-scale factories. The aim of this thesis is to promote the development of eco-, material- and cost-efficient Nordic wood-based pellet production and utilisation of pellet bio-ash by means of chemical research. Using Finnish wood (sawdust and shavings) as a model raw material, the total functionality of a pilot-scale pellet facility combined with an extensive chemical toolbox was tested in this study to promote development of an eco-, material- and cost-efficient wood-based pellet production chain. The chemical toolbox includes measurements of moisture content, density, heat value, mechanical durability and particle size distribution, TG analysis and elementary analysis, as well as new applications for pellet biodegradation using BOD OxiTop equipment and optical microscopic staining methods. To improve the quality of pellets, considering the profitability of production and occupational safety factors (wood dust exposure, fire and explosion risk), it is profitable to use different binding agents, especially industrial by-products and locally utilisable residuals. Thus, lignosulphonate, residual potato flour and potato peel residue were used and tested as model adhesive binding agents. The results showed that binding agents increased the quality of pellets and changed their inorganic characteristics, but did not have a significant effect on their calorimetric heat values. Lignosulphonate even increased the rate of production. To characterise different starch-containing binding agents, a new specific optical microscopic staining method was developed and tested, and the initial results are presented in this thesis. Wood pellet ash has potential as a liming agent, in soil remediation, as a soil fertilizer, and in granulated form, in new applications such as road construction and waste water purification. Valuable information about raw materials, binding agents and the pelletizing process is necessary when developing good-quality pellets—a prime biofuel—from non-utilised low-value and/or moist biomass that has undergone a cost-efficient drying process. This way pellet production will have more essential importance in energy policy, especially in the European forest beltTiivistelmä Vallitsevan EU:n sekä Suomen kansallisen lainsäädännön mukaan kaikenlainen jäte täytyy hyödyntää ensisijaisesti materiaalina (uudelleenkäyttö, kierrätys), toissijaisesti energiana ja jätehierarkiassa alimpana tasona on sen hävittäminen ympäristöystävällisin keinoin. Materiaalitehokkuus on nykyään välttämätön aihe edistettäessä luonnonvarojen, teollisuuden sivutuotteiden ja jätemateriaalien kestävää käyttöä. EU-strategian mukainen tavoite uusiutuvan energian osuudelle kaikesta energiantuotannosta Suomessa on 38 % vuoteen 2020 mennessä. Jopa 20 miljoonaa tonnia jätepuubiomassaa vuodessa jää käyttämättä Suomessa lähinnä metsänharvennustöiden yhteydessä, koska kysyntä ja tarjonta eivät kohtaa. Seurauksena korkeista lämpöenergiahinnoista, uhkaavasta ilmastonmuutoksesta, kasvihuoneilmiöstä sekä globaalisista ja kansallisista vaatimuksista lisätä uusiutuvan energian osuutta, Suomessa on viime aikoina noussut voimakas kiinnostus lisätä hajautettua pellettituotantoa suurten pellettilaitosten rinnalle. Väitöskirjan tarkoituksena on edistää ja kehittää pohjoismaista eko- ja kustannustehokasta puupellettituotantoa ja pellettibiotuhkan hyötykäyttöä kemiallisen tutkimuksen avulla. Käyttäen suomalaista puuta (sahanpurua ja kutterinlastua) malliraaka-aineina, tässä tutkimuksessa testattiin pilot-mittakaavan pellettilaitoksen toimivuutta yhdistettynä laajaan kemialliseen ”työpakettiin”, edistämään tulevaisuuden eko-, materiaali- ja kustannustehokkaan pellettituotantoketjun kehittämistä. Kemiallinen työpaketti sisältää kosteuden, tiheyden, lämpöarvon, mekaanisen kestävyyden ja partikkelikokojakauman määritykset, TG- ja alkuaineanalyysin, kuten myös uudet sovellukset pellettien ja niiden sideaineiden biohajoavuuden määrittämiseksi BOD OxiTop -laitteistoilla sekä optisen mikroskooppivärjäysmenetelmän. Pellettien laadun kohottamiseksi, ottaen huomioon myös tuotannon kannattavuuden ja työterveydelliset ongelmat (puupölylle altistuminen, tulipalo- ja räjähdysvaara), on perusteltua käyttää sideaineita, erityisesti teollisuuden sivutuotteita ja paikallisesti hyödynnettävissä olevia jätemateriaaleja. Täten lignosulfonaattia, jäteperunajauhoa ja perunankuorijätettä käytettiin ja testattiin liimaavina mallisideaineina. Tulokset osoittivat, että sideaineet nostivat pellettien laatua ja muuttivat niiden epäorgaanisia ominaisuuksia, mutta niillä ei ollut merkittävää vaikutusta määritettyihin lämpöarvoihin. Lignosulfonaatti lisäsi selvästi pelletoinnin tuotantonopeutta. Työssä kehitettiin pelleteille uusi spesifinen optinen mikroskooppivärjäysmenetelmä erilaisten tärkkelystä sisältävien sideaineiden karakterisointiin ja ensimmäiset tulokset on esitetty tässä väitöskirjassa. Puupellettituhka on potentiaalinen kalkitus- ja maanparannusaineena, lannoitteena sekä rakeistettuna uusissa sovelluksissa, kuten tierakentamisessa ja jäteveden puhdistuksessa. Arvokas informaatio raaka-aineista, sideaineista sekä pelletöintiprosessista on välttämätöntä kehitettäessä tulevaisuudessa hyvälaatuisia pellettejä, ”priimaa” biopolttoainetta, hyödyntämättömästä huonolaatuisesta ja/tai kosteasta biomassasta, joka on ennen pelletointia käynyt läpi kustannustehokkaan kuivausprosessin. Täten voidaan olennaisesti lisätä pellettituotannon merkitystä energiapolitiikassa, erityisesti Euroopan metsävyöhykkeellä