Journal articles on the topic 'Forested catchment'
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Hudson, J. A., S. B. Crane, and J. R. Blackie. "The Plynlimon water balance 1969-1995: the impact of forest and moorland vegetation on evaporation and streamflow in upland catchments." Hydrology and Earth System Sciences 1, no. 3 (September 30, 1997): 409–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/hess-1-409-1997.
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Abstract. The Plynlimon experiment in mid-Wales, designed to determine the extent to which coniferous plantation increases evaporation losses and reduces streamflow relative to upland grassland, has now been yielding data since 1969 from the grassland Wye and the 67% forested Severn catchments. Water balance analyses of the early data indicated significantly higher evaporation rates from the forested catchment and studies of the hydrological processes involved attributed this to the high loss rates of precipitation intercepted by the forest canopy. Models based on these process studies predicted losses from the forested catchment that were similar but marginally higher than those determined by the catchment water balance. As the data sets from the catchments increased in length and a detailed reassessment of the ratings of the streamflow gauging structures was completed the updated water balances continued to show a significantly greater evaporation loss from the forested catchment, but the gap between the forest water balance and the model predictions widened. Furthermore Hudson and Gilman (1993), using the best data sets then available, identified downward trends in the evaporation from both catchments which the models did not reproduce and for which no obvious physical or physiological explanation was forthcoming. This dictated a major reassessment of the longer data sets, using the more powerful data processing techniques now available, to identify and eliminate any errors and inconsistencies. This paper describes the reassessment of the precipitation data and the estimates of potential evaporation and presents the water balance results emerging from the revised data sets. The revised results indicate that the evaporation losses from the grassland Wye catchment remained broadly similar to the potential evaporation estimates throughout the 1969-1995 period. The losses from the forested area of the Severn catchment declined from a level some 61% above that of the grassland in 1972 to a level only 18% higher before the start of felling in 1985. This downward trend continued as the felling and re-planting progressed. Over the period since 1990 the forest catchment losses appear to have stabilised at some 5-10% below those of the grassland catchment. Using the revised precipitation and potential evaporation data, process based models over-predict the forest catchment evaporation throughout the period and do not mirror the re-felling decline. Possible reasons for this apparent decline in evaporation rates are discussed.
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Bari, M., and K. R. J. Smettem. "Modelling monthly runoff generation processes following land use changes: groundwater–surface runoff interactions." Hydrology and Earth System Sciences 8, no. 5 (October 31, 2004): 903–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/hess-8-903-2004.
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Abstract. A conceptual water balance model is presented to represent changes in monthly water balance following land use changes. Monthly rainfall–runoff, groundwater and soil moisture data from four experimental catchments in Western Australia have been analysed. Two of these catchments, "Ernies" (control, fully forested) and "Lemon" (54% cleared) are in a zone of mean annual rainfall of 725 mm, while "Salmon" (control, fully forested) and "Wights" (100% cleared) are in a zone with mean annual rainfall of 1125 mm. At the Salmon forested control catchment, streamflow comprises surface runoff, base flow and interflow components. In the Wights catchment, cleared of native forest for pasture development, all three components increased, groundwater levels rose significantly and stream zone saturated area increased from 1% to 15% of the catchment area. It took seven years after clearing for the rainfall–runoff generation process to stabilise in 1984. At the Ernies forested control catchment, the permanent groundwater system is 20 m below the stream bed and so does not contribute to streamflow. Following partial clearing of forest in the Lemon catchment, groundwater rose steadily and reached the stream bed by 1987. The streamflow increased in two phases: (i) immediately after clearing due to reduced evapotranspiration, and (ii) through an increase in the groundwater-induced stream zone saturated area after 1987. After analysing all the data available, a conceptual monthly model was created, comprising four inter-connecting stores: (i) an upper zone unsaturated store, (ii) a transient stream zone store, (ii) a lower zone unsaturated store and (iv) a saturated groundwater store. Data such as rooting depth, Leaf Area Index, soil porosity, profile thickness, depth to groundwater, stream length and surface slope were incorporated into the model as a priori defined attributes. The catchment average values for different stores were determined through matching observed and predicted monthly hydrographs. The observed and predicted monthly runoff for all catchments matched well with coefficients of determination (R2) ranging from 0.68 to 0.87. Predictions were relatively poor for: (i) the Ernies catchment (lowest rainfall, forested), and (ii) months with very high flows. Overall, the predicted mean annual streamflow was within ±8% of the observed values. Keywords: monthly streamflow, land use change, conceptual model, data-based approach, groundwater
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Yu, Mengran, Thomas Bishop, and Floris Van Ogtrop. "Assessment of the Decadal Impact of Wildfire on Water Quality in Forested Catchments." Water 11, no. 3 (March 14, 2019): 533. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w11030533.
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Wildfire can have significant impacts on hydrological processes in forested catchments, and a key area of concern is the impact upon water quality, particularly in catchments that supply drinking water. Wildfire effects runoff, erosion, and increases the influx of other pollutants into catchment waterways. Research suggests that suspended sediment and nutrient levels increase following wildfire. However, past studies on catchment water quality change have generally focused on the short term (1–3 years) effects of wildfire. For appropriate catchment management, it is important to know the long-term effect of wildfire on catchment water quality and the recovery process. In this study, a statistical analysis was performed to examine the effect of 2001/2002 Sydney wildfire on catchment water quality. This research is particularly important, since the catchments studied provide drinking water to Sydney. Linear mixed models were used in this study in an analysis of covariance (ANCOVA)-type change detection approach to assess the effect of wildfire. We used both burnt and unburnt catchments to aid the interpretation of the results and to help disentangle the effects of natural climate variation, as well as of the wildfire. The results of this study showed persistent long-term (10-year) effects of wildfire, including increases in total suspended sediment concentrations (64% higher than in unburnt catchments), total nitrogen concentrations (48% higher), and total phosphorus (40% higher).
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Lischeid, G., and J. Langusch. "Comparative simulation of the nitrogen dynamics using the INCA model and a neural network analysis: implications for improved nitrogen modelling." Hydrology and Earth System Sciences 8, no. 4 (August 31, 2004): 742–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/hess-8-742-2004.
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Abstract. Continuing deposition of nitrogen in forested catchments affects stream and groundwater quality. However, the dependence of nitrogen dynamics on climatic and hydrological boundary conditions is still poorly understood. These dynamics have been investigated by applying the process-oriented Integrated Nitrogen in CAtchments (INCA) model and an artificial neural network to the data set from the forested Steinkreuz catchment in South Germany. The data comprise daily values of precipitation, air temperature and discharge of the catchment runoff. The INCA model simulated the mean nitrate concentration in the stream as well as seasonal fluctuations but it underestimated the short-term variance of the observed stream water nitrate concentration, especially the pronounced concentration peaks in late summer. In contrast, the artificial neural network matched the short-term dynamics using non-linear regressions with stream discharge and air temperature data. The results provide strong evidence that the short-term dynamics of stream nitrate concentration during storm-flow were generated in the riparian zone, which is less than 1% of the catchment area, and is not considered explicitly in the INCA model. The concentration peaks have little effect on the catchment’s nitrogen budget and the shallow groundwater data suggest that the short-term hydrological dynamics also govern groundwater recharge in the upland parts of the catchment. This substantial underestimate by the INCA model parameterisation is balanced by a corresponding underestimate of denitrification in clayey layers of the deeper aquifer. A better understanding of these processes is necessary to improve long-term risk assessments. Keywords: catchment, runoff, nitrogen, INCA, artificial neural network, flushing
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Tiwari, J., C. M. Thornton, and B. Yu. "The Brigalow Catchment Study: VI.† Evaluation of the RUSLE and MUSLE models to assess the impact of clearing brigalow (Acacia harpophylla) on sediment yield." Soil Research 59, no. 8 (2021): 778. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sr21030.
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Land clearing for cropping and grazing has increased runoff and sediment yield in Central Queensland. The Brigalow Catchment Study (BCS), was established to determine the effect of land clearing on water balance, soils, and productivity, and consisted of three catchments: brigalow forest, cropping, and grazing. Factors responsible for changes in and models for predicting sediment yield have not been assessed. Objectives of this study are to identify climatic, hydrological, and ground cover factors responsible for the increased sediment yield and to assess suitable models for sediment yield prediction. Runoff and sediment yield data from 1988 to 2018 were used to assess the Revised Universal Soil Loss Equation (RUSLE) and the Modified USLE (MUSLE) to predict the sediment yield in brigalow catchments. Common events among the three catchments and events for all catchment pairs were assessed. The sediment yield was approximately 44% higher for cropping and 4% higher for grazing than that from the forested catchment. The runoff amount (Q) and peak runoff rate (Qp) were major variables that could explain most of the increased sediment yield over time. A comparison for each catchment pair showed that sediment yield was 801kgha−1 or 37% higher for cropping and 28kgha−1 or 2% higher for grazing than for the forested catchment. Regression analysis for three different treatments (seven common events) and for different storm events (15 for forested, 40 for cropping, and 20 for grazing) showed that Q and Qpwere best correlated with sediment yield in comparison with variations in ground cover. The high coefficient of determination (R2>0.60) provided support for using the MUSLE model, based on both Q and Qp, instead of the RUSLE, and Q and Qp were the most important factors for improving sediment yield predictions from BCS catchments.
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Żelazny, Mirosław, Amanda Kosmowska, Tomasz Stańczyk, and Maria Mickiewicz. "Effect of deforestation on water chemistry in the Kościeliska Valley in the Western Tatras in southern Poland." Annals of Warsaw University of Life Sciences – SGGW. Land Reclamation 49, no. 3 (September 1, 2017): 223–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/sggw-2017-0018.
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Abstract Effect of deforestation on water chemistry in the Kościeliska Valley in the Western Tatras in southern Poland. Bark beetle infestation is a leading source of local tree stand damage in Tatra National Park. In addition, hurricane-force winds also cause damage to tree stands, as in the case of the 2013 wind event in the Kopki Kościeliskie area of the Kościeliska Valley. The purpose of the study was to determine the effect of deforestation on seasonal changes in water chemistry, especially in the case of nitrate. The research was performed in the years 2015 and 2016 in seven catchments. The total number of monthly water samples was 175. Three forested catchments were selected along with two catchments deforested by high winds, one catchment deforested due to the action of the bark beetle, and one catchment affected by several different forms of deforestation. The following four types of measurements were performed in the field: pH, electrolytic conductance (EC25°C), total mineralization (Mt). The following analyses were performed in the laboratory using DIONEX 2000 ion chromatography equipment – concentration of 14 ions in water samples: Ca2+, Mg2+, Na+, K+, NH4+, Li+, HCO3−, SO42−, Cl−, NO2−, NO3−, PO43−, Br−, F−. The concentration of NO3− was many times higher in samples collected in deforested areas (x̅ = 16.53 mg·L−1) versus forested areas (x̅ = 3.06 mg·L−1). The share of NO3− in overall water chemistry in catchments deforested by high wind events is more than three times higher (3.25% mval·L−1) than in forested catchments (1.07% mval·L−1), and almost twice as high as that for a catchment affected by the bark beetle (1.8% mval·L−1). In fact, it is high enough that the position of the nitrate ion in the sequence of anions in the deforested catchment shifts from HCO3 > SO4 > NO3 > Cl (natural sequence occurring in forested carbonate-type catchments) to HCO3 > NO3 > SO4 > Cl. In addition, the concentration of nitrate in stream water was found to be lower during the vegetation season, which is associated with the nitrogen intake of plant root systems in the summer season.
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Yillia, P. T., and N. Kreuzinger. "Net flux of pollutants at a reduced spatial scale - an index of catchment vulnerability." Water Science and Technology 59, no. 1 (January 1, 2009): 109–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2009.568.
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Emissions and riverine loads of pollutants were estimated for five sub-catchments in the Njoro River Catchment, Kenya to isolate specific areas for interim pollution management. The most vulnerable sub-catchments were the densely settled and heavily farmed areas around Egerton University and Njoro Township with the restricted area between them demonstrating a remarkable potential to retain/remove most of the pollution emitted in the Egerton University area. The least vulnerable sub-catchment was the predominantly forested Upper Njoro River Catchment whereas the recently settled and increasingly farmed Lower Little Shuru was moderately vulnerability. The method provided a scientific framework for the rapid assessment of catchment vulnerability to prioritize areas for remediation.
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Nakagawa, Fumiko, Urumu Tsunogai, Yusuke Obata, Kenta Ando, Naoyuki Yamashita, Tatsuyoshi Saito, Shigeki Uchiyama, Masayuki Morohashi, and Hiroyuki Sase. "Export flux of unprocessed atmospheric nitrate from temperate forested catchments: a possible new index for nitrogen saturation." Biogeosciences 15, no. 22 (November 22, 2018): 7025–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/bg-15-7025-2018.
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Abstract. To clarify the biological processing of nitrate within temperate forested catchments using unprocessed atmospheric nitrate exported from each catchment as a tracer, we continuously monitored stream nitrate concentrations and stable isotopic compositions, including 17O excess (Δ17O), in three forested catchments in Japan (KJ, IJ1, and IJ2) for more than 2 years. The catchments showed varying flux-weighted average nitrate concentrations of 58.4, 24.4, and 17.1 µmol L−1 in KJ, IJ1, and IJ2, respectively, which correspond to varying export fluxes of nitrate: 76.4, 50.1, and 35.1 mmol m−2 in KJ, IJ1, and IJ2, respectively. In addition to stream nitrate, nitrate concentrations and stable isotopic compositions in soil water were determined for comparison in the most nitrate-enriched catchment (site KJ). While the 17O excess of nitrate in soil water showed significant seasonal variation, ranging from +0.1 ‰ to +5.7 ‰ in KJ, stream nitrate showed small variation, from +0.8 ‰ to +2.0 ‰ in KJ, +0.7 ‰ to +2.8 ‰ in IJ1, and +0.4 ‰ to +2.2 ‰ in IJ2. We conclude that the major source of stream nitrate in each forested catchment is groundwater nitrate. Additionally, the significant seasonal variation found in soil nitrate is buffered by the groundwater nitrate. The estimated annual export flux of unprocessed atmospheric nitrate accounted for 9.4 %±2.6 %, 6.5 %±1.8 %, and 2.6 %±0.6 % of the annual deposition flux of atmospheric nitrate in KJ, IJ1, and IJ2, respectively. The export flux of unprocessed atmospheric nitrate relative to the deposition flux showed a clear normal correlation with the flux-weighted average concentration of stream nitrate, indicating that reductions in the biological assimilation rates of nitrate in forested soils, rather than increased nitrification rates, are likely responsible for the elevated stream nitrate concentration, probably as a result of nitrogen saturation. The export flux of unprocessed atmospheric nitrate relative to the deposition flux in each forest ecosystem is applicable as an index for nitrogen saturation.
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Baba, Mitsuhisa, and Masanori Okazaki. "Acidification in nitrogen-saturated forested catchment." Soil Science and Plant Nutrition 44, no. 4 (December 1998): 513–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00380768.1998.10414475.
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Langusch, J. J., and E. Matzner. "N fluxes in two nitrogen saturated forested catchments in Germany: dynamics and modelling with INCA." Hydrology and Earth System Sciences 6, no. 3 (June 30, 2002): 383–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/hess-6-383-2002.
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Abstract. The N cycle in forests of the temperate zone in Europe has been changed substantially by the impact of atmospheric N deposition. Here, the fluxes and concentrations of mineral N in throughfall, soil solution and runoff in two German catchments, receiving high N inputs are investigated to test the applicability of an Integrated Nitrogen Model for European Catchments (INCA) to small forested catchments. The Lehstenbach catchment (419 ha) is located in the German Fichtelgebirge (NO Bavaria, 690-871 m asl.) and is stocked with Norway spruce (Picea abies (L.) Karst.) of different ages. The Steinkreuz catchment (55 ha) with European beech (Fagus sylvatica L.) as the dominant tree species is located in the Steigerwald (NW Bavaria, 400-460 m asl.). The mean annual N fluxes with throughfall were slightly higher at the Lehstenbach (24.6 kg N ha-1) than at the Steinkreuz (20.4 kg N ha-1). In both catchments the N fluxes in the soil are dominated by NO3. At Lehstenbach, the N output with seepage at 90 cm soil depth was similar to the N flux with throughfall. At Steinkreuz more than 50 % of the N deposited was retained in the upper soil horizons. In both catchments, the NO3 fluxes with runoff were lower than those with seepage. The average annual NO3 concentrations in runoff in both catchments were between 0.7 to 1.4 mg NO3-N L-1 and no temporal trend was observed. The N budgets at the catchment scale indicated similar amounts of N retention (Lehstenbach: 19 kg N ha-1yr-1 ; Steinkreuz: 17 kg N ha-1yr-1). The parameter settings of the INCA model were simplified to reduce the model complexity. In both catchments, the NO3 concentrations and fluxes in runoff were matched well by the model. The seasonal patterns with lower NO3 runoff concentrations in summer at the Lehstenbach catchment were replicated. INCA underestimated the increased N3 concentrations during short periods of rewetting in late autumn at the Steinkreuz catchment. The model will be a helpful tool for the calculation of "critical loads" for the N deposition in Central European forests including different hydrological regimes. Keywords: forest ecosystem, modelling, N budgets, N saturation, NO3 leaching, water quality, INCA
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L. Morgan, David, Dean C. Thorburn, and Howard S. Gill. "Salinization of southwestern Western Australian rivers and the implications for the inland fish fauna - the Blackwood River, a case study." Pacific Conservation Biology 9, no. 3 (2003): 161. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/pc030161.
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Increasing salinities throughout southwestern Western Australia, facilitated by extensive land clearing, have compromised the region's highly endemic freshwater fishes. Salinization of the Blackwood River has resulted in the main channel and upper cleared catchment being dominated by estuarine and halotolerant teleosts. The non-halotolerant species are restricted to the forested non-saline tributaries of the lower catchment. Of the 12 943 fish (13 species) captured in 113 sites, the halotolerant introduced Mosquitofish Gambusia holbrooki was widespread and the most abundant, representing almost 52% of fish caught. The estuarine Western Hardyhead Leptatherina wallacei, which was also widespread throughout the main channel and upper catchment, was the next most abundant, representing ca. 24% of fish caught. Freshwater endemics represented ca. 23% of captures, with the Western Minnow Galaxias occidentalis and Western Pygmy Perch Edelia vittata accounting for most (i.e., ca. 20%). There were significant differences in teleost communities among the naturally vegetated, low salinity tributaries of the river compared with the main channel and upper cleared catchment. While the forested tributaries still contain populations of E. vittata, Nightfish Bostockia porosa and Mud Minnow Galaxiella munda, the elevated salinities in the upper reaches of the Blackwood River system appear to have caused a massive decline in, or extinction of, populations of these species. The protection of the region's unique freshwater teleosts relies on the preservation of their remaining habitat in both the uncleared catchments of the region and in the low salinity forested tributaries within largely cleared systems, such as those in the Blackwood River catchment.
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Miranda, L. E., J. M. Bies, and D. A. Hann. "Land use structures fish assemblages in reservoirs of the Tennessee River." Marine and Freshwater Research 66, no. 6 (2015): 526. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/mf14188.
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Inputs of nutrients, sediments and detritus from catchments can promote selected components of reservoir fish assemblages, while hindering others. However, investigations linking these catchment subsidies to fish assemblages have generally focussed on one or a handful of species. Considering this paucity of community-level awareness, we sought to explore the association between land use and fish assemblage composition in reservoirs. To this end, we compared fish assemblages in reservoirs of two sub-basins of the Tennessee River representing differing intensities of agricultural development, and hypothesised that fish assemblage structure indicated by species percentage composition would differ among reservoirs in the two sub-basins. Using multivariate statistical analysis, we documented inter-basin differences in land use, reservoir productivity and fish assemblages, but no differences in reservoir morphometry or water regime. Basins were separated along a gradient of forested and non-forested catchment land cover, which was directly related to total nitrogen, total phosphorous and chlorophyll-a concentrations. Considering the extensive body of knowledge linking land use to aquatic systems, it is reasonable to postulate a hierarchical model in which productivity has direct links to terrestrial inputs, and fish assemblages have direct links to both land use and productivity. We observed a shift from an invertivore-based fish assemblage in forested catchments to a detritivore-based fish assemblage in agricultural catchments that may be a widespread pattern among reservoirs and other aquatic ecosystems.
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Clark, K. E., M. A. Torres, A. J. West, R. G. Hilton, M. New, A. B. Horwath, J. B. Fisher, J. M. Rapp, A. Robles Caceres, and Y. Malhi. "The hydrological regime of a forested tropical Andean catchment." Hydrology and Earth System Sciences 18, no. 12 (December 21, 2014): 5377–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/hess-18-5377-2014.
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Abstract. The hydrology of tropical mountain catchments plays a central role in ecological function, geochemical and biogeochemical cycles, erosion and sediment production, and water supply in globally important environments. There have been few studies quantifying the seasonal and annual water budgets in the montane tropics, particularly in cloud forests. We investigated the water balance and hydrologic regime of the Kosñipata catchment (basin area: 164.4 km2) over the period 2010–2011. The catchment spans over 2500 m in elevation in the eastern Peruvian Andes and is dominated by tropical montane cloud forest with some high-elevation puna grasslands. Catchment-wide rainfall was 3112 ± 414 mm yr−1, calculated by calibrating Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) 3B43 rainfall with rainfall data from nine meteorological stations in the catchment. Cloud water input to streamflow was 316 ± 116 mm yr−1 (9.2% of total inputs), calculated from an isotopic mixing model using deuterium excess (Dxs) and δD of waters. Field streamflow was measured in 2010 by recording height and calibrating to discharge. River run-off was estimated to be 2796 ± 126 mm yr−1. Actual evapotranspiration (AET) was 688 ± 138 mm yr−1, determined using the Priestley and Taylor–Jet Propulsion Laboratory (PT-JPL) model. The overall water budget was balanced within 1.6 ± 13.7%. Relationships between monthly rainfall and river run-off follow an anticlockwise hysteresis through the year, with a persistence of high run-off after the end of the wet season. The size of the soil and shallow groundwater reservoir is most likely insufficient to explain sustained dry-season flow. Thus, the observed hysteresis in rainfall–run-off relationships is best explained by sustained groundwater flow in the dry season, which is consistent with the water isotope results that suggest persistent wet-season sources to streamflow throughout the year. These results demonstrate the importance of transient groundwater storage in stabilising the annual hydrograph in this region of the Andes.
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Dalmagro, Higo, Michael Lathuillière, Fernando Sallo, Maurel Guerreiro, Osvaldo Pinto, Paulo de Arruda, Eduardo Couto, and Mark Johnson. "Streams with Riparian Forest Buffers versus Impoundments Differ in Discharge and DOM Characteristics for Pasture Catchments in Southern Amazonia." Water 11, no. 2 (February 23, 2019): 390. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w11020390.
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Forest to pasture land use change following deforestation in Southern Amazonia can result in changes to stream water quality. However, some pasture streams have riparian forest buffers, while others are dammed for farm ponds. Stream corridor management can have differential effects on hydrology and dissolved organic matter (DOM) characteristics. We examined rainfall-runoff patterns and DOM characteristics in a pasture catchment with a forested riparian buffer, and an adjacent catchment with an impoundment. Total streamflow was 1.5 times higher with the riparian buffer, whereas stormflow represented 20% of total discharge for the dammed stream versus 13% with buffer. Stream corridor management was also the primary factor related to DOM characteristics. In the impounded catchment, DOM was found to be less structurally complex, with lower molecular weight compounds, a lesser degree of humification, and a larger proportion of protein-like DOM. In the catchment with a forested buffer, DOM was dominated by humic-like components, with fluorescence characteristics indicative of DOM derived from humified soil organic matter under native vegetation. Our results suggest that differences in stream corridor management can have important implications for carbon cycling in headwater pasture catchments, and that such changes may have the potential to influence water quality downstream in the Amazon basin.
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Dvořáková, Šárka, Pavel Kovář, and Josef Zeman. "Impact of evapotranspiration on discharge in small catchments." Journal of Hydrology and Hydromechanics 62, no. 4 (December 1, 2014): 285–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/johh-2014-0039.
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Abstract We apply the Linear Storage Model (LSM) to simulate the influence of the evapotranspiration on discharges. High resolution discharge data from two small catchments in the Czech Republic, the Teply Brook and the Starosuchdolsky Brook catchment are used. The results show the runoff process is simpler in a deeper valley of the Starosuchdolsky catchment where the soil zone is deeper and the valley bottom recharges runoff even during very dry periods. Two-soil zone model is adequate to simulate the diurnal runoff variability. Three-soil zone model is needed in the Teply Brook catchment due to the absence of water transport in the most-upper soil zone. Time delays between minimum and maximum discharge during the day reach up to about 20 hours. Evapotranspiration and hydraulic resistances are as high as 14% of catchment daily runoff in the urbanized Starosuchdolsky Brook catchment and 25% of catchment daily runoff in the forested, less impacted Teply Brook catchment
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Bren, L. J., and A. K. Turner. "Hydrologic behaviour of a small forested catchment." Journal of Hydrology 76, no. 3-4 (February 1985): 333–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0022-1694(85)90141-6.
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Lee, Sang Ho, Sangjun Im, and Dixon Gevaña. "Assessing Rainfall Contribution to Storm Flow on a Small Forested Catchment in Republic of Korea." Journal of Environmental Science and Management 17, no. 1 (June 30, 2014): 21–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.47125/jesam/2014_1/03.
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The TOPMODEL was employed to analyze rainfall contribution to runoff generation in a 58.3-ha Myeongseong catchment in Korea. The parameters of the model were calibrated using Monte Carlo simulation by comparing the observed and simulated runoff volume across nine recorded storm events. Parameter estimations gave the model an efficiency of 0.93 for the entire event set. Mean fraction of rainfall to storm flow was 23.1%, ranging from 5.6 to 48.3%. Variations were also observed in rainfall contribution related mainly to antecedent moisture conditions and other hydrological properties of the catchment. Quick response flow that was estimated from the saturated overland flow in the model comprised 41.9 -75.9% of the total runoff for nine storm events, while base flow accounted for 41.7% of streamflow for all events. No significant relationship between rainfall amount and quick response flow was found. This study introduced a modeling approach to identify the source of streamflow on a forested catchment. Difficulties in predicting accurately the runoff were encountered. In general, immense and high quality data are required to overcome the complexity of hydrologic processes that occur in forested catchments.
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Wilson, Henry F., and Marguerite A. Xenopoulos. "Landscape influences on stream fish assemblages across spatial scales in a northern Great Plains ecoregion." Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 65, no. 2 (February 1, 2008): 245–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/f07-165.
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We examined the relationship between multiple spatial scales of fish assemblage structure and land cover in streams of a northern Great Plains ecoregion. We used regional richness measurements, an index of biotic integrity (IBI), and nonmetric multidimensional scaling (NMS) ordination to characterize fish assemblages. These metrics were related to regional catchment landscape at two spatial scales (overall catchment, overall riparian) and then to a set of local subcatchments from within these catchments at three scales (overall subcatchment, overall riparian buffer, and reach). Relationships between catchment fish richness, IBI scores, and landscape predictors were strongest at the riparian scale, with the strongest single predictor being riparian forest (r2 = 0.63, P < 0.01). NMS ordination analysis showed clear similarities between fish species assemblages in agriculturally dominated catchments and assemblages found in smaller headwater streams. At the same time, forested catchments and catchments with larger areas exhibited similar fish species assemblages. Our results indicate that both local and regional stream fish assemblages are structured by broader-scale landscape characteristics, with land cover providing a better indication of overall available habitat volume than catchment area or stream order.
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Šípek, Václav, and Miroslav Tesař. "Validation of a mesoscale hydrological model in a small-scale forested catchment." Hydrology Research 47, no. 1 (April 28, 2015): 27–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/nh.2015.220.
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The aim of this study was to examine the abilities of the mesoscale ecohydrological model Soil And Water Integrated Model (SWIM) to simulate discharge, soil moisture, and groundwater dynamics in a small-scale forested catchment. Moreover, the influence of two lateral flow computation techniques on the simulation efficiency was assessed. Generally, the discharges were simulated poorly. Groundwater level was estimated reasonably taking into account that the model was not designed for small-scale catchments. The soil moisture simulation exhibited good correspondence with the observed data in the warmer season (April–August). Both the dynamics and the magnitude were estimated sufficiently well. On the other hand, the colder season does not comply satisfactorily with the modelled data, as the decline of moisture content (in the non-precipitation periods) has no model response. The kinematic storage method was found to be more reliable in the case of a small-scale forested catchment compared to the exponential storage lateral flow estimation approach.
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Gaertner, Brandi, Rodrigo Fernandez, and Nicolas Zegre. "Twenty-First Century Streamflow and Climate Change in Forest Catchments of the Central Appalachian Mountains Region, US." Water 12, no. 2 (February 8, 2020): 453. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w12020453.
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Forested catchments are critical sources of freshwater used by society, but anthropogenic climate change can alter the amount of precipitation partitioned into streamflow and evapotranspiration, threatening their role as reliable fresh water sources. One such region in the eastern US is the heavily forested central Appalachian Mountains region that provides fresh water to local and downstream metropolitan areas. Despite the hydrological importance of this region, the sensitivity of forested catchments to climate change and the implications for long-term water balance partitioning are largely unknown. We used long-term historic (1950–2004) and future (2005–2099) ensemble climate and water balance data and a simple energy–water balance model to quantify streamflow sensitivity and project future streamflow changes for 29 forested catchments under two future Relative Concentration Pathways. We found that streamflow is expected to increase under the low-emission pathway and decrease under the high-emission pathway. Furthermore, despite the greater sensitivity of streamflow to precipitation, larger increases in atmospheric demand offset increases in precipitation-induced streamflow, resulting in moderate changes in long-term water availability in the future. Catchment-scale results are summarized across basins and the region to provide water managers and decision makers with information about climate change at scales relevant to decision making.
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MOHD, SHAHWAHID H. O., NOOR A. G. AWANG, RAHIM N. ABDUL, Y. ZULKIFLI, and U. RAZANI. "Trade-offs among competing uses of a Malaysian forested catchments." Environment and Development Economics 4, no. 3 (July 1999): 279–311. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1355770x99000200.
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In this project, an attempt is made to estimate the costs and benefits of managing forested catchments in Malaysia. Three land use options are simulated for four selected catchments in the Hulu Langat Forest Reserves (HLFR), Selangor, Malaysia. These options are no logging or catchment protection (CP), reduced impact logging (RIL) and conventional logging (CL). The potential sedimentation impacts of each option on the dam and water intake ponds in the catchments are calculated. The benefits derived from logging, hydro-electric power (HEP) generation and the water regulatory dam for water treatment and the external costs emanating from the sedimentation under the three options are estimated. The computations are based on data collected from previous studies conducted in adjacent areas with similar hydrological parameters, secondary data from published reports by various departmental agencies and from on-site personnel surveys.
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Aaltonen, Heidi, Tapio Tuukkanen, Marjo Palviainen, Annamari (Ari) Laurén, Sirkka Tattari, Sirpa Piirainen, Tuija Mattsson, Anne Ojala, Samuli Launiainen, and Leena Finér. "Controls of Organic Carbon and Nutrient Export from Unmanaged and Managed Boreal Forested Catchments." Water 13, no. 17 (August 28, 2021): 2363. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w13172363.
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Understanding the anthropogenic and natural factors that affect runoff water quality is essential for proper planning of water protection and forest management, particularly in the changing climate. We measured water quality and runoff from 10 unmanaged and 20 managed forested headwater catchments (7–12,149 ha) located in Finland. We used linear mixed effect models to test whether the differences in total organic carbon (TOC), total nitrogen (TN) and total phosphorus (TP) export and concentrations observed can be explained by catchment characteristics, land use, forest management, soil fertility, tree volume and hydrometeorological variables. Results show that much of variation in TOC, TN and TP concentrations and export was explained by drainage, temperature sum, peatland percentage and the proportion of arable area in the catchment. These models explained 45–63% of variation in concentrations and exports. Mean annual TOC export in unmanaged catchments was 56.4 ± 9.6 kg ha−1 a−1, while in managed it was 79.3 ± 3.3 kg ha−1 a−1. Same values for TN export were 1.43 ± 0.2 kg ha−1 a−1 and 2.31 ± 0.2 kg ha−1 a−1, while TP export was 0.053 ± 0.009 kg ha−1 a−1 and 0.095 ± 0.008 kg ha−1 a−1 for unmanaged and managed, respectively. Corresponding values for concentrations were: TOC 17.7 ± 2.1 mg L−1 and 28.7 ± 1.6 mg L−1, for TN 420 ± 45 µg L−1 and 825 ± 51 µg L−1 and TP 15.3 ± 2.3 µg L−1 and 35.6 ± 3.3 µg L−1. Overall concentrations and exports were significantly higher in managed than in unmanaged catchments. Long term temperature sum had an increasing effect on all concentrations and exports, indicating that climate warming may set new challenges to controlling nutrient loads from catchment areas.
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Votrubova, Jana, Michal Dohnal, Tomas Vogel, Martin Sanda, and Miroslav Tesar. "Episodic runoff generation at Central European headwater catchments studied using water isotope concentration signals." Journal of Hydrology and Hydromechanics 65, no. 2 (June 1, 2017): 114–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/johh-2017-0002.
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AbstractHydrological monitoring in small headwater catchments provides the basis for examining complex interrelating hydraulic processes that govern the runoff generation. Contributions of different subsurface runoff mechanisms to the catchment discharge formation at two small forested headwater catchments are studied with the help of their natural isotopic signatures. The Uhlirska catchment (Jizera Mts., Czech Republic) is situated in headwater area of the Lusatian Neisse River. The catchment includes wetlands at the valley bottom developed over deluviofluvial granitic sediments surrounded by gentle hillslopes with shallow soils underlain by weathered granite. The Liz catchment (Bohemian Forest, Czech Republic) is situated in headwater area of the Otava River. It belongs to hillslope-type catchments with narrow riparian zones. The soil at Liz is developed on biotite paragneiss bedrock. The basic comparison of hydrological time series reveals that the event-related stream discharge variations at the Uhlirska catchment are bigger and significantly more frequent than at Liz. The analysis of isotope concentration data revealed different behavior of the two catchments during the major rainfall-runoff events. At Uhlirska, the percentage of the direct runoff formed by the event water reaches its maximum on the falling limb of the hydrograph. At Liz, the event water related fraction of the direct outflow is maximal on the rising limb of the hydrograph and then lowers. The hydraulic functioning of the Uhlirska catchment is determined by communication between hillslope and riparian zone compartments.
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Zabaleta, A., and I. Antigüedad. "Streamflow response of a small forested catchment on different timescales." Hydrology and Earth System Sciences 17, no. 1 (January 22, 2013): 211–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/hess-17-211-2013.
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Abstract. The hydrological response of a catchment to rainfall on different timescales is result of a complex system involving a range of physical processes which may operate simultaneously and have different spatial and temporal influences. This paper presents the analysis of streamflow response of a small humid-temperate catchment (Aixola, 4.8 km2) in the Basque Country on different timescales and discusses the role of the controlling factors. Firstly, daily time series analysis was used to establish a hypothesis on the general functioning of the catchment through the relationship between precipitation and discharge on an annual and multiannual scale (2003–2008). Second, rainfall-runoff relationships and relationships among several hydrological variables, including catchment antecedent conditions, were explored at the event scale (222 events) to check and improve the hypothesis. Finally, the evolution of electrical conductivity (EC) during some of the monitored storm events (28 events) was examined to identify the time origin of waters. Quick response of the catchment to almost all the rainfall events as well as a considerable regulation capacity was deduced from the correlation and spectral analyses. These results agree with runoff event scale data analysis; however, the event analysis revealed the non-linearity of the system, as antecedent conditions play a significant role in this catchment. Further, analysis at the event scale made possible to clarify factors controlling (precipitation, precipitation intensity and initial discharge) the different aspects of the runoff response (runoff coefficient and discharge increase) for this catchment. Finally, the evolution of EC of the waters enabled the time origin (event or pre-event waters) of the quickflow to be established; specifically, the conductivity showed that pre-event waters usually represent a high percentage of the total discharge during runoff peaks. The importance of soil waters in the catchment is being studied more deeply.
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Wooldridge, S. A., and J. D. Kalma. "Regional-scale hydrological modelling using multiple-parameter landscape zones and a quasi-distributed water balance model." Hydrology and Earth System Sciences 5, no. 1 (March 31, 2001): 59–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/hess-5-59-2001.
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Abstract. Regional-scale catchments are characterised typically by natural variability in climatic and land-surface features. This paper addresses the important question regarding the appropriate level of spatial disaggregation necessary to guarantee a hydrologically sound consideration of this variability. Using a simple hydrologic model along with physical catchment data, the problem is reconsidered as a model parameter identification problem. With this manner of thinking the subjective nature as to what to include in the disaggregation scheme is removed and the problem reconsidered in terms of what can be supported by the available data. With such an approach the relative merit of different catchment disaggregation schemes is viewed in terms of their ability to provide constrained parameterisations that can be explained in terms of the physical processes deemed active within a catchment. The outlined methodology was tested for a regional-scale catchment, located in eastern Australia, and involved using the quasi-distributed VIC catchment model to recover the characteristic responses resulting from the disaggregation of the catchment into combinations of climate, soil and vegetation characteristics. A land-surface classification based on a combination of soil depth and land cover type was found to provide the most accurate streamflow predictions during a 10-year validation period. Investigation of the uncertainty associated with the predictions due to weakly identified parameters however, revealed that a simpler classification based solely on land cover actually provided a more robust parameterisation of streamflow response. The result alludes to the hydrological importance of distinguishing between forested and non-forested land cover types at the regional-scale, and suggests that given additional information soil-depth / storage considerations may also have proved significant. Improvements to the outlined method are discussed in terms of increasing the informative content available to differentiate between competing catchment responses. Keywords: regional-scale, spatial variability, disaggregation, hydrotype, quasi-distributed, parameterisation, uncertainty
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Roy, Allison H., Christina L. Faust, Mary C. Freeman, and Judith L. Meyer. "Reach-scale effects of riparian forest cover on urban stream ecosystems." Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 62, no. 10 (October 1, 2005): 2312–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/f05-135.
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We compared habitat and biota between paired open and forested reaches within five small streams (basin area 1020 km2) in suburban catchments (9%49% urban land cover) in the Piedmont of Georgia, USA. Stream reaches with open canopies were narrower than forested reaches (4.1 versus 5.0 m, respectively). There were no differences in habitat diversity (variation in velocity, depth, or bed particle size) between open and forested reaches. However, absence of local forest cover corresponded to decreased large wood and increased algal chlorophyll a standing crop biomass. These differences in basal food resources translated into higher densities of fishes in open (9.0 individuals·m2) versus forested (4.9 individuals·m2) reaches, primarily attributed to higher densities of the herbivore Campostoma oligolepis. Densities of terrestrial invertebrate inputs were higher in open reaches; however, trends suggested higher biomass of terrestrial inputs in forested reaches and a corresponding higher density of terrestrial prey consumed by water column feeding fishes. Reach-scale biotic integrity (macroinvertebrates, salamanders, and fishes) was largely unaffected by differences in canopy cover. In urbanizing areas where catchment land cover drives habitat and biotic quality, management practices that rely exclusively on forested riparian areas for stream protection are unlikely to be effective at maintaining ecosystem integrity.
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Oh, Kyoung-Doo, Byong-Ho Jun, Hyung-Geun Han, Sung-Won Jung, Young-Ho Cho, and Soo-Yun Park. "Curve Number for a Small Forested Mountainous Catchment." Journal of Korea Water Resources Association 38, no. 8 (August 1, 2005): 605–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.3741/jkwra.2005.38.8.605.
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Krecek, J., L. Palán, and E. Stuchlík. "Acid atmospheric deposition in a forested mountain catchment." iForest - Biogeosciences and Forestry 10, no. 4 (August 31, 2017): 680–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.3832/ifor2319-010.
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Palán, Ladislav, Josef Křeček, and Yoshinobu Sato. "Leaf area index in a forested mountain catchment." Hungarian Geographical Bulletin 67, no. 1 (March 31, 2018): 3–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.15201/hungeobull.67.1.1.
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ROMANO, M. C., M. THIEL, U. SCHWARZ, J. KURTHS, H. LANGE, and M. HAUHS. "CONCEPTUAL MODEL OF RUNOFF FROM A FORESTED CATCHMENT." International Journal of Bifurcation and Chaos 11, no. 10 (October 2001): 2567–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218127401003619.
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We investigate the relationship between precipitation and runoff data from a small forested catchment in the Harz mountains (Germany). For this purpose, we develop a conceptual model including memory effects to predict the runoff signal using the precipitation data as input. An enhanced variant of the model also includes air temperature as input variable. We show in terms of correlation functions that this model describes the main dynamical properties of the runoff, especially the delay between rain event and runoff response as the annual persistence in the runoff data.
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Blaurock, Katharina, Burkhard Beudert, Benjamin S. Gilfedder, Jan H. Fleckenstein, Stefan Peiffer, and Luisa Hopp. "Low hydrological connectivity after summer drought inhibits DOC export in a forested headwater catchment." Hydrology and Earth System Sciences 25, no. 9 (September 22, 2021): 5133–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/hess-25-5133-2021.
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Abstract. Understanding the controls on event-driven dissolved organic carbon (DOC) export is crucial as DOC is an important link between the terrestrial and the aquatic carbon cycles. We hypothesized that topography is a key driver of DOC export in headwater catchments because it influences hydrological connectivity, which can inhibit or facilitate DOC mobilization. To test this hypothesis, we studied the mechanisms controlling DOC mobilization and export in the Große Ohe catchment, a forested headwater in a mid-elevation mountainous region in southeastern Germany. Discharge and stream DOC concentrations were measured at an interval of 15 min using in situ UV-Vis (ultraviolet–visible) spectrometry from June 2018 until October 2020 at two topographically contrasting subcatchments of the same stream. At the upper location (888 m above sea level, a.s.l.), the stream drains steep hillslopes, whereas, at the lower location (771 m a.s.l.), it drains a larger area, including a flat and wide riparian zone. We focus on four events with contrasting antecedent wetness conditions and event size. During the events, in-stream DOC concentrations increased up to 19 mg L−1 in comparison to 2–3 mg L−1 during baseflow. The concentration–discharge relationships exhibited pronounced but almost exclusively counterclockwise hysteresis loops which were generally wider in the lower catchment than in the upper catchment due to a delayed DOC mobilization in the flat riparian zone. The riparian zone released considerable amounts of DOC, which led to a DOC load up to 7.4 kg h−1. The DOC load increased with the total catchment wetness. We found a disproportionally high contribution to the total DOC export of the upper catchment during events following a long dry period. We attribute this to the low hydrological connectivity in the lower catchment during drought, which inhibited DOC mobilization, especially at the beginning of the events. Our data show that not only event size but also antecedent wetness conditions strongly influence the hydrological connectivity during events, leading to a varying contribution to DOC export of subcatchments, depending on topography. As the frequency of prolonged drought periods is predicted to increase, the relative contribution of different subcatchments to DOC export may change in the future when hydrological connectivity will be reduced more often.
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Stevens, P. A., B. Reynolds, S. Hughes, D. A. Norris, and A. L. Dickinson. "Relationships between spruce plantation age, solute and soil chemistry in Hafren forest." Hydrology and Earth System Sciences 1, no. 3 (September 30, 1997): 627–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/hess-1-627-1997.
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Abstract. Rain, throughfall, soil waters from surface peaty O horizon and deeper mineral B horizon, and stream water, were collected every four weeks for one year in a moorland catchment, and in four forested catchments. The four forested catchments represented an age sequence of first rotation Sitka spruce plantations, aged 14, 28, 37 and 53 years. All water samples were analysed for all major solutes, including dissolved organic nitrogen (DON-N); stream water and B horizon soil waters were also subjected to aluminium speciation. In each catchment, soil samples were collected on one occasion and pH was measured. Concentrations of most solutes were substantially higher in the 37 year old forest stand than in the moorland catchment, with intermediate concentrations in the two younger stands and 53 year old stand. In particular, higher nitrate-N concentrations were found in the soils and streams of the older forests, although these concentrations tended to be highest in the 37 year old stand. Acid neutralizing capacity (ANC) of soil waters was lower in the B horizon of the forest stands than in the moorland, and tended to decline with increasing forest age. Soil water from both O and B horizons was most acid in the 37 year old stand, and the water from the soil O horizon in all four forest stands was more acid than that in moorland sites. The pH of the soil itself (as measured in a deionised water slurry) was lower in the forest stands than in moorland, although trends with forest age were complex.
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Zabaleta, A., and I. Antigüedad. "Streamflow response of a small forested catchment on different time scales." Hydrology and Earth System Sciences Discussions 9, no. 8 (August 6, 2012): 9257–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/hessd-9-9257-2012.
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Abstract. The hydrological response of a catchment to rainfall on different time scales is result of a complex system involving a range of physical processes which may operate simultaneously and have different spatial and temporal influences. This paper presents the analysis of streamflow response of a small humid-temperate catchment (Aixola, 4.8 km2) in the Basque Country on different time scales and discusses the role of the controlling factors. Firstly, daily time series analysis was used to establish a hypothesis on the general functioning of the catchment through the relationship between precipitation and discharge on an annual and multi-annual scale (2003–2008). Second, rainfall-runoff relationships and relationships among several hydrological variables, including catchment antecedent conditions, were explored at the event scale (222 events) to check and improve the hypothesis. Finally, the evolution of electrical conductivity (EC) during some of the monitored storm events (28 events) was examined to identify the time-origin of waters. Quick response of the catchment to almost all the rainfall events as well as a considerable regulation capacity was deduced from the correlation and spectral analyses. These results agree with runoff event scale data analysis; however the event analysis revealed the non-linearity of the system, as antecedent conditions play a significant role in this catchment. Further, analysis at the event scale made possible to clarify factors controlling (precipitation, precipitation intensity and initial discharge) the different aspects of the runoff response (runoff coefficient and discharge increase) for this catchment. Finally, the evolution of EC of the waters enabled the time origin (event or pre-event waters) of the quickflow to be established; specifically, the conductivity showed that pre-event waters usually represent a high percentage of the total discharge during runoff peaks. The importance of soil waters in the catchment is being studied more deeply.
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Neal, C., B. Reynolds, M. Neal, H. Wickham, L. Hill, and B. Williams. "The impact of conifer harvesting on stream water quality: the Afon Hafren, mid-Wales." Hydrology and Earth System Sciences 8, no. 3 (June 30, 2004): 503–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/hess-8-503-2004.
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Abstract. Results for long term water quality monitoring are described for the headwaters of the principal headwater stream of the River Severn, the Afon Hafren. The results are linked to within-catchment information to describe the influence of conifer harvesting on stream and shallow groundwater quality. A 19-year record of water quality data for the Hafren (a partially spruce forested catchment with podzolic soil) shows the classic patterns of hydrochemical change in relation to concentration and flow responses for upland forested systems. Progressive felling of almost two-thirds of the forest over the period of study resulted in little impact from harvesting and replanting in relation to stream water quality. However, at the local scale, a six years’ study of felling indicated significant release of nitrate into both surface and groundwater; this persisted for two or three years before declining. The study has shown two important features. Firstly, phased felling has led to minimal impacts on stream water. This contrasts with the results of an experimental clear fell for the adjacent catchment of the Afon Hore where a distinct water quality deterioration was observed for a few years. Secondly, there are localised zones with varying hydrology that link to groundwater sources with fracture flow properties. This variability makes extrapolation to the catchment scale difficult without very extensive monitoring. The implications of these findings are discussed in relation to strong support for the use of phased felling-based management of catchments and the complexities of within catchment processes. Keywords: deforestation, water quality, acidification, pH, nitrate, alkalinity, ANC, aluminium, dissolved organic carbon, Plynlimon, forest, spruce, Afon Hafren, podzol
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Rocha, João, André Duarte, Margarida Silva, Sérgio Fabres, José Vasques, Beatriz Revilla-Romero, and Ana Quintela. "The Importance of High Resolution Digital Elevation Models for Improved Hydrological Simulations of a Mediterranean Forested Catchment." Remote Sensing 12, no. 20 (October 10, 2020): 3287. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs12203287.
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Eco-hydrological models can be used to support effective land management and planning of forest resources. These models require a Digital Elevation Model (DEM), in order to accurately represent the morphological surface and to simulate catchment responses. This is particularly relevant on low altimetry catchments, where a high resolution DEM can result in a more accurate representation of terrain morphology (e.g., slope, flow direction), and therefore a better prediction of hydrological responses. This work intended to use Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) to assess the influence of DEM resolutions (1 m, 10 m and 30 m) on the accuracy of catchment representations and hydrological responses on a low relief forest catchment with a dry and hot summer Mediterranean climate. The catchment responses were simulated using independent SWAT models built up using three DEMs. These resolutions resulted in marked differences regarding the total number of channels, their length as well as the hierarchy. Model performance was increasingly improved using fine resolutions DEM, revealing a bR2 (0.87, 0.85 and 0.85), NSE (0.84, 0.67 and 0.60) and Pbias (−14.1, −27.0 and −38.7), respectively, for 1 m, 10 m and 30 m resolutions. This translates into a better timing of the flow, improved volume simulation and significantly less underestimation of the flow.
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Reader, H. E., C. A. Stedmon, and E. S. Kritzberg. "Seasonal contribution of terrestrial organic matter and biological oxygen demand to the Baltic Sea from three contrasting river catchments." Biogeosciences 11, no. 12 (June 27, 2014): 3409–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/bg-11-3409-2014.
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Abstract. To examine the potential influence of terrestrially derived DOM on the Baltic Sea, a year-long study of dissolved organic matter (DOM) was performed in three river catchments in Sweden. One catchment drains into the Bothnian Sea, while two southern catchments drain into the Baltic proper. Dissolved organic carbon (DOC) concentrations were positively correlated with discharge from forested catchments over the year. While the overall concentrations of DOC were several times higher in the southern two catchments, higher discharge in the northern catchment resulted in the annual loadings of DOC being on the same order of magnitude for all three catchments. Biological oxygen demand (BOD) was used as a proxy for the lability of carbon in the system. The range of BOD values was similar for all three catchments, however, the ratio of BOD to DOC (an indication of the labile fraction) in Ume river was four times higher than in the southern two catchments. Total annual BOD loading to the Baltic Sea was twice as high in the northern catchment than in the two southern catchments. Lower winter temperatures and preservation of organic matter in the northern catchment combined with an intense spring flood help to explain the higher concentrations of labile carbon in the northern catchment. Lower lability of DOM as well as higher colour in the southern catchments suggest that wetlands (i.e. peat bogs) may be the dominant source of DOM in these catchments, particularly in periods of low flow. With climate change expected to increase precipitation events and temperatures across the region, the supply and quality of DOM delivered to the Baltic Sea can also be expected to change. Our results indicate that DOM supply to the Baltic Sea from boreal rivers will be more stable throughout the year, and potentially have a lower bioavailability.
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Marc, V., and M. Robinson. "The long-term water balance (1972–2004) of upland forestry and grassland at Plynlimon, mid-Wales." Hydrology and Earth System Sciences 11, no. 1 (January 17, 2007): 44–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/hess-11-44-2007.
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Abstract. This paper reviews research into the hydrological impacts of UK upland forestry and updates the water balance of the Plynlimon research catchments for the period 1972–2004. Comparison of this network of densely instrumented coniferous forest and grassland catchments builds upon previously reported differences in annual evaporation of the two land uses and, most crucially, provides evidence of systematic, age-related, variations in forest evaporation losses over a managed plantation forest cycle. In comparison with the grassland catchment, the additional water use of the 70% forested catchment fell from 250 to 150 mm yr−1 because of increasing forest age; this is equivalent to a decline from 370 mm to 210 mm extra evaporation from a complete forest cover. At present, with up to half of the forest area felled or only recently replanted, the difference in evaporation between the forest and grass catchments is negligible. Knowledge of the period of maximum tree water use may be critically important for the future management of multi-use forests. This is also being investigated by micro-meteorological measurements at the scale of the forest stand using eddy covariance, in conjunction with the long-term catchment monitoring.
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Csáfordi, Péter, Andrea Pődör, Jan Bug, and Zoltán Gribovsyki. "Soil Erosion Analysis in a Small Forested Catchment Supported by ArcGIS Model Builder." Acta Silvatica et Lignaria Hungarica 8, no. 1 (December 1, 2012): 39–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/v10303-012-0004-5.
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Abstract - To implement the analysis of soil erosion with the USLE in a GIS environment, a new workflow has been developed with the ArcGIS Model Builder. The aim of this four-part framework is to accelerate data processing and to ensure comparability of soil erosion risk maps. The first submodel generates the stream network with connected catchments, computes slope conditions and the LS factor in USLE based on the DEM. The second submodel integrates stream lines, roads, catchment boundaries, land cover, land use, and soil maps. This combined dataset is the basis for the preparation of other USLE-factors. The third submodel estimates soil loss, and creates zonal statistics of soil erosion. The fourth submodel classifies soil loss into categories enabling the comparison of modelled and observed soil erosion. The framework was applied in a small forested catchment in Hungary. Although there is significant deviation between the erosion of different land covers, the predicted specific soil loss does not increase above the tolerance limit in any area unit. The predicted surface soil erosion in forest subcompartments mostly depends on the slope conditions.
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Hobara, Satoru, Naoko Tokuchi, Nobuhito Ohte, Keisuke Koba, Masanori Katsuyama, Su-Jin Kim, and Asami Nakanishi. "Mechanism of nitrate loss from a forested catchment following a small-scale, natural disturbance." Canadian Journal of Forest Research 31, no. 8 (August 1, 2001): 1326–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/x01-064.
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In Matsu-zawa catchment, central Japan, nitrate concentrations in stream water increased following a small-scale, natural disturbance involving an outbreak of pine wilt disease that affected ~25% of the forested catchment. To clarify nutrient dynamics in soils and their relationship with stream water nitrate, we investigated soil nitrogen dynamics and soil water chemistry in disturbed and undisturbed, water-unsaturated and -saturated plots. The highest values for nitrification rate, nitrate concentration in soil solution, and nitrate exported from the root zone were observed for the disturbed plot. The ratio of nitrification to mineralization in surface soil of the disturbed plot dramatically increased from 1989 (pre-disturbance) to 1997. Root zone leachate from the disturbed area showed gradually increasing groundwater nitrate concentrations in the temporarily saturated zone during lateral, matrix flow. The catchment's deep soils and associated hydrologic processes limited the degree of plant uptake of the nitrate generated in the disturbed area. It was inferred that the persistent high levels of nitrate observed in the stream water resulted largely from the stable high nitrate concentrations observed in the saturated groundwater of this catchment. Stream water nitrate loads discharged following the disturbance were about 16 times greater than prior to it.
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Strohmeier, S., K. H. Knorr, M. Reichert, S. Frei, J. H. Fleckenstein, S. Peiffer, and E. Matzner. "Concentrations and fluxes of dissolved organic carbon in runoff from a forested catchment: insights from high frequency measurements." Biogeosciences Discussions 9, no. 8 (August 31, 2012): 11925–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/bgd-9-11925-2012.
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Abstract. Concentrations of dissolved organic carbon (DOC) in runoff from catchments are often subject to substantial short term variations. The aim of this study was to identify the spatial sources of DOC and the causes for short term variations in runoff from a forested catchment. Furthermore, we investigated the implication of short term variations for the calculation of annual runoff fluxes. High frequency measurements (30 min intervals) of DOC in runoff, of discharge and groundwater table were conducted for one year in the 4.2 km2 forested Lehstenbach catchment, Germany. Riparian wetland soils represent about 30% of the catchment area. The quality of DOC was investigated by three dimensional fluorescence excitation-emission matrices in samples taken from runoff, deep groundwater and shallow groundwater from the riparian wetland soils. The concentrations of DOC in runoff were highly variable at an hourly to daily time scale, ranging from 2.6 mg l−1 to 34 mg l−1 with an annual average of 9.2 mg l−1. The concentrations were positively related to discharge, with a pronounced, counter clockwise hysteresis. Relations of DOC to discharge were steeper in the summer/fall than in the winter/spring season. Dynamics of groundwater table, discharge, DOC concentrations and DOC quality parameters indicated that DOC in runoff originated mainly from the riparian wetland soils, both under low and high flow conditions. The annual export of DOC from the catchment was 84 kg C ha−1 yr−1 when calculated from the high frequency measurements. If the annual export was calculated by simulated random fortnightly samplings, the range was 47 to 124 kg C ha−1 yr−1. Calculations of DOC export fluxes might result in significant errors when based on infrequent (e.g. fortnightly) sampling intervals. Future changes in the precipitation and discharge patterns will influence the DOC dynamics in this catchment, with largest effects in the summer season.
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Strohmeier, S., K. H. Knorr, M. Reichert, S. Frei, J. H. Fleckenstein, S. Peiffer, and E. Matzner. "Concentrations and fluxes of dissolved organic carbon in runoff from a forested catchment: insights from high frequency measurements." Biogeosciences 10, no. 2 (February 8, 2013): 905–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/bg-10-905-2013.
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Abstract. Concentrations of dissolved organic carbon (DOC) in runoff from catchments are often subject to substantial short-term variations. The aim of this study was to identify the compartmental sources of DOC in a forested catchment and the causes for short-term variations in runoff. Furthermore, we investigated the implication of short-term variations for the calculation of annual runoff fluxes. High frequency measurements (30 min intervals) of DOC in runoff, of discharge and groundwater table were conducted for one year in the 4.2 km2 forested Lehstenbach catchment, Germany. Riparian wetland soils represent about 30% of the catchment area. The quality of DOC was investigated by three dimensional fluorescence excitation-emission matrices in samples taken from runoff, deep groundwater and shallow groundwater from the riparian wetland soils. The concentrations of DOC in runoff were highly variable at an hourly to daily time scale, ranging from 2.6 mg L−1 to 34 mg L−1 with an annual average of 9.2 mg L−1. The concentrations were positively related to discharge, with a counter clockwise hysteresis. Relations of DOC to discharge were steeper and the degree of hysteresis larger in the summer/fall than in the winter/spring period. Dynamics of groundwater table, discharge, DOC concentrations and DOC quality parameters indicated that DOC in runoff originated mainly from the riparian wetland soils, both under low and high flow conditions. The annual export of DOC from the catchment was 84 kg C ha−1 yr−1 when calculated from the high frequency measurements. If the annual export was calculated by simulated samplings of >2 days intervals substantial deviations resulted. Predicted changes in precipitation and discharge patterns as well as generally increasing temperatures likely will cause raising DOC exports from this catchment.
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Ávila, Anna, Josep Piñol, Ferran Rodà, and Colin Neal. "Storm solute behaviour in a montane Mediterranean forested catchment." Journal of Hydrology 140, no. 1-4 (December 1992): 143–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0022-1694(92)90238-q.
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Dvořáková, Šárka, Pavel Kovář, and Josef Zeman. "Implementation of conceptual linear storage model of runoff with diurnal fluctuation in rainless periods / Aplikace konceptuálního lineárního modelu základního odtoku s denní variabilitou v bezesrážkovém období, Česká republika. J. Hydrol. Hydromech., 60, 2012, 4; 27 lit., 8 obr., 3 tab." Journal of Hydrology and Hydromechanics 60, no. 4 (December 1, 2012): 217–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/v10098-012-0019-y.
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The aim of this paper is to set up the model describing the depletion runoff process when a catchment is supplied only from subsurface water sources and also to describe a transpiration effect when depleted mostly by riparian vegetation considering it as a diurnal process in hot and rainless period. This model is conceived as a simple linear description of all forms of subsurface runoff supplying the stream flow in fully forested the Teply Brook small catchment (district Zdar nad Sazavou, the Czech Republic) for the dry seasons of 2003 to 2007 when the discharges were continuously recorded at the outlet. There are three interconnected soil water zones, represented by the corresponding subsurface storages in the model. Actual evapotranspiration from the riparian part of the catchment is approximated by a special form of the Fourier series. The model simulates a runoff process using seven independent parameters, evapotranspiration is simulated through another four parameters. The paper points out how the model can be successfully implemented in the simulation of diurnal discharge fluctuation on the small forested experimental catchment in dry periods.
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Dąbrowska, Jolanta, Paweł Dąbek, and Iwona Lejcuś. "Identifying Surface Runoff Pathways for Cost-Effective Mitigation of Pollutant Inputs to Drinking Water Reservoir." Water 10, no. 10 (September 21, 2018): 1300. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w10101300.
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Surface runoff (overland flow) is the main element of the water cycle and is also crucial in the delivery of phosphorus and nitrogen from catchments to water bodies. Watercourses and reservoirs in agricultural catchments are particularly vulnerable to the delivery of biogenic compounds via surface runoff. Forested riparian buffers are considered effective in reducing nutrients and sediment loads in runoff from agricultural areas. Regrettably, the concentration of surface runoff may significantly limit the buffering capacity of vegetation strips, as channelised overland flow tends to avoid buffers without making optimal use of their ability to retain nutrients and sediment. The aim of the undertaken research was to delineate surface runoff pathways from surrounding areas to a drinking water reservoir as well as to identify potential concentration spots of overland flow. The research was conducted for the Dobromierz drinking water reservoir (GPS N: 50°54′27″, E: 16°14′37″). The reservoir is situated in a submountain catchment, where rainfall is an important factor taking part in driving diffuse P and N loads from land to water. Presented GIS-based method using high resolution Digital Terrain Model obtained from Light Detection and Ranging (LiDAR) allowed to determine areas with a tendency for high accumulation (concentration) of overland flow in the direct catchment of the reservoir. As main surface runoff areas, three sites each exceeding 100 ha were designated. The analysis of spatial data also allowed to establish the risk of agricultural diffuse pollution transfer via channelised overland flow to the reservoir from individual accumulation areas. It was found that in the forested part of the catchment (serving as a riparian buffer) there is no visible tendency for concentration of surface runoff, but simultaneously the vegetation strip does not prevent the transfer of runoff waters from agricultural areas through the privileged pathways of concentrated flow.
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Sutmöller, J., S. Hentschel, J. Hansen, and H. Meesenburg. "Coupled forest growth-hydrology modelling as an instrument for the assessment of effects of forest management on hydrology in forested catchments." Advances in Geosciences 27 (March 9, 2011): 149–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/adgeo-27-149-2011.
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Abstract. The type and intensity of forest management directly influences regional catchment hydrology. Future forest management must optimise the effects of its practices to achieve sustainable management. With scenario analysis of forestry practices, the effects of different forest utilisation strategies on the hydrology of forested catchments can be temporally and spatially quantified. The approach adopted in this study necessitated the development of an interactive system for the spatially distributed modelling of hydrology in relation to forest stand development. Consequently, a forest growth model was used to simulate stand development assuming various forest management activities. Selected simulated forest growth parameters were entered into the hydrological model to simulate water fluxes under different conditions of forest structure. The approach enables the spatially differentiated quantification of changes in the water regime (e.g. increased evapotranspiration). The results of hydrological simulations in the study area, the Oker catchment (northern Harz Mountains), show that forests contribute to the protection of water systems because they have a balancing effect on the hydrological regime. As scenario simulations also suggest, however, forestry practices can also lead to substantial changes in water budgets of forested catchments. The preservation of the hydrological services of forests requires a sustainable and long-term forest conversion on the basis of current management directives for near natural silviculture. Management strategies on basis of moderate harvesting regimes are preferred because of their limited impact on the water budget.
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Reader, H. E., C. A. Stedmon, and E. S. Kritzberg. "Seasonal contribution of terrestrial organic matter and biological oxygen demand to the Baltic Sea from three contrasting river catchments." Biogeosciences Discussions 11, no. 1 (January 22, 2014): 1355–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/bgd-11-1355-2014.
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Abstract. To examine the potential influence of terrestrially derived DOM on the Baltic Sea, a year-long study of dissolved organic matter (DOM) was performed in three river catchments in Sweden. One catchment drains into the Bothnian Sea, while two southern catchments drain into the Baltic Proper. Dissolved organic carbon (DOC) concentrations were positively correlated with discharge from forested catchments over the year and while the overall concentrations of DOC were several times higher in the southern two catchments, annual loading of DOC was on the same order for all three catchments, due to differences in discharge. Biological oxygen demand (BOD) was used as a proxy for the lability of carbon in the system. The range of BOD values was similar for all three catchments, however, the ratio of BOD to DOC (an indication of the labile fraction) in Ume älv was four times higher than in the southern two catchments. Total annual BOD loading to the Baltic Sea was twice as high in the northern catchment. Lower winter temperatures and preservation of organic matter in the northern catchment combined with an intense spring flood help to explain the higher concentrations of labile carbon in the northern catchment. Lower lability of DOM as well as higher colour in the southern catchments suggest that wetlands (i.e. peat bogs) may be the dominant source of DOM in these catchments, particularly in periods of low flow. With climate change expected to increase precipitation events and temperatures across the region, the supply and quality of DOM delivered to the Baltic Sea can also be expected to change. Our results indicate that DOM supply will be more stable throughout the year, and potentially have a lower bioavailability.
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Blake, David, Petter Nyman, Helen Nice, Frances M. L. D'Souza, Christopher R. J. Kavazos, and Pierre Horwitz. "Assessment of post-wildfire erosion risk and effects on water quality in south-western Australia." International Journal of Wildland Fire 29, no. 3 (2020): 240. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wf18123.
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Investigations of wildfire impact on water resources have escalated globally over the last decade owing to an awareness of climate-related vulnerabilities. Within Australia, research into post-wildfire erosion has focused on water supply catchments in the south-eastern region. Here, we examine post-wildfire erosion risk and its potential for water quality impacts in a catchment in south-western Australia. The catchment of the Harvey River, which drains from forested escarpments onto an agricultural coastal plain and into valuable coastal wetlands, was burnt by wildfire in 2016. The aims of this study were to determine erosion risk across contrasting landforms and variable fire severity, using the Revised Universal Soil Loss Equation (RUSLE), and to determine whether post-fire water quality impacts could be detected at permanent river monitoring stations located on the coastal plain. RUSLE outputs showed erosion hot-spots at intersections of steep terrain and high fire severity and that these areas were confined to forested headwaters and coastal dunes. Monthly water quality data showed conspicuous seasonal patterns, but that sampling frequency was temporally too coarse to pick up predicted event-related effects, particularly given that the pre-existing monitoring sites were distal to the predicted zone of contamination.
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LaFevor, Matthew C., and Carlos E. Ramos-Scharrón. "Effects of Hillslope Trenching on Surface Water Infiltration in Subalpine Forested Catchments." Hydrology 8, no. 4 (September 30, 2021): 147. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/hydrology8040147.
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Concerns over freshwater scarcity for agriculture, ecosystems, and human consumption are driving the construction of infiltration trenches in many mountain protected areas. This study examines the effectiveness of infiltration trenches in a subalpine forested catchment in central Mexico, where public and private organizations have been constructing trenches for ~60 years. We rely on empirical data to develop rainfall-runoff models for two scenarios: a baseline (no trenches) and a trenched scenario. Field measurements of infiltration capacities in forested and trenched soils (n = 56) and two years of meteorological data are integrated into a semi-distributed runoff model of 28 trenched sub-catchments. Sensitivity analysis and hydrographs are used to evaluate differences in total runoff and infiltration between the two scenarios. Multiple logistic regression is used to evaluate the effects of environmental and management variables on the likelihood of runoff response and trench overtopping. The findings show that soil infiltration capacity and rainfall intensity are primary drivers of runoff and trench overtopping. However, trenches provided only a 1.2% increase in total infiltration over the two-year period. This marginal benefit is discussed in relation to the potential adverse environmental impacts of trench construction. Overall, our study finds that as a means of runoff harvesting in these forested catchments, trenches provide negligible infiltration benefits. As a result, this study cautions against further construction of infiltration trenches in forested catchments without careful ex ante assessment of rainfall-runoff relationships. The results of this study have important implications for forest water management in Mexico and elsewhere, where similar earthworks are employed to enhance runoff harvesting and surface water infiltration.
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Hossain, Shahadat, Bradley Eyre, and David McConchie. "Spatial and temporal variations of suspended sediment responses from the subtropical Richmond River catchment, NSW, Australia." Soil Research 40, no. 3 (2002): 419. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sr01041.
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Suspended sediment exports from the Richmond River catchment were examined during 2 hydrological years (1994–96). On a yearly basis, the Richmond River catchment produced <2% suspended sediment load during dry seasons, whereas about 75–91% of the yearly suspended sediments were exported during floods which occurred <5% of the year. Annual suspended sediment exports from the Richmond River catchment varied more than 7-fold from dry year to wet year. Among the 3 major subcatchments, Richmond and Wilsons River subcatchments generated >93% of the suspended sediment load, while sediment exports from the Bungawalbin Creek subcatchment always remained low due to its flat topography and extensive forest coverage. Suspended sediment hysteresis patterns exhibited a clockwise response for 2 steep and less forested subcatchments and an anti-clockwise response for relatively low gradient and more forested subcatchment during all flood events. Land use changes in the Richmond River subcatchments indicate a possible increase of suspended sediment load of about 6-fold from their pristine condition.
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Shamsuddin, Siti Aisah, Zulkifli Yusop, and Shoji Noguchi. "Influence of Plantation Establishment on Discharge Characteristics in a Small Catchment of Tropical Forest." International Journal of Forestry Research 2014 (2014): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/408409.
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A study was conducted on the impact of forest clearance on discharge from newly established Hopea odorata plantations catchment (14.4 ha). The stands were two years old when this study commenced in year 2006 and the data collection was carried out for two years. The forested catchment (C3) was clear-cut during the preparation of the forest plantation and catchment C1 was left undisturbed. Discharge and rainfall were measured continuously for two years. The discharge measured from years 1997 to 2003 was used also to determine the water yield before and after forest clear-cut. This study showed that the plantation catchment is more responsive to storm with higher total water yield than in the forested catchment. The effect of forest clear cutting to discharge was clearly shown by the increment in the amount following the clear-cut activities and time taken for the recovery of the discharge back to its original state was almost three years. The peak discharge in C3 also was affected in which the biggest change was obtained during the forest clear-cutting period compared with during calibration and after clearing periods. This study is useful as basis for improving the existing guidelines on forest plantation establishment.