Journal articles on the topic 'Forest resilience – Climatic factors'
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1
Magruder, Matthew, Sophan Chhin, Brian Palik, and John B. Bradford. "Thinning increases climatic resilience of red pine." Canadian Journal of Forest Research 43, no. 9 (September 2013): 878–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjfr-2013-0088.
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Forest management techniques such as intermediate stand-tending practices (e.g., thinning) can promote climatic resiliency in forest stands by moderating tree competition. Residual trees gain increased access to environmental resources (i.e., soil moisture, light), which in turn has the potential to buffer trees from stressful climatic conditions. The influences of climate (temperature and precipitation) and forest management (thinning method and intensity) on the productivity of red pine (Pinus resinosa Ait.) in Michigan were examined to assess whether repeated thinning treatments were able to increase climatic resiliency (i.e., maintaining productivity and reduced sensitivity to climatic stress). The cumulative productivity of each thinning treatment was determined, and it was found that thinning from below to a residual basal area of 14 m2·ha−1 produced the largest average tree size but also the second lowest overall biomass per acre. On the other hand, the uncut control and the thinning from above to a residual basal area of 28 m2·ha−1 produced the smallest average tree size but also the greatest overall biomass per acre. Dendrochronological methods were used to quantify sensitivity of annual radial growth to monthly and seasonal climatic factors for each thinning treatment type. Climatic sensitivity was influenced by thinning method (i.e., thinning from below decreased sensitivity to climatic stress more than thinning from above) and by thinning intensity (i.e., more intense thinning led to a lower climatic sensitivity). Overall, thinning from below to a residual basal area of 21 m2·ha−1 represented a potentially beneficial compromise to maximize tree size, biomass per acre, and reduced sensitivity to climatic stress, and, thus, the highest level of climatic resilience.
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Galdina, Tat'yana, and Ekaterina Hazova. "INFLUENCE OF CLIMATIC AND GEOGRAPHIC FACTORS ON THE SCOTS PINE ADAPTABILITY." Forestry Engineering Journal 10, no. 3 (October 2, 2020): 35–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.34220/issn.2222-7962/2020.3/4.
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Scotch pine is a widespread species that can adapt to various growing conditions. It is important to trace the patterns of adaptability of the species to xeromorphic conditions, which makes it possible to reasonably expand the boundaries of this plant growing and create conditions for obtaining high-quality pine wood. Comparative anatomical studies of Pinus sylvestris L. needle in natural pine forests have been carried out: zone of broad-leaved forests (Bryansk region), southern forest steppe (Voronezh region), dry steppe (Volgograd region) and in provenances of Bryansk, Voronezh, Volgograd origin, growing in the same conditions of the central forest-steppe. As a result of our studies, anatomical variability of needle organs was revealed when moving to arid conditions, which indicates the adaptive response of the species. Studies of the provenances of Scots pine ecotypes from the zone of deciduous forests, southern forest-steppe and dry steppe, have made it possible to note that morphological and anatomical structure of needles changes to local ecotypes. However, it was noted that regularity of differences in morphological and anatomical structure of needles, observed in different forest conditions, is also traced in geographical cultures of different origins (Bryansk, Voronezh and Volgograd). Thus, structural adaptation of the species to the new growing conditions occurs, but genetic regularity of the subspecies remains, which reflects the duration and intensity of growth of all the plant organs. Genetic indicators (in general) determine the productivity and resilience of plantings.
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Plumpton, Heather J., Francis E. Mayle, and Bronwen S. Whitney. "Long-term impacts of mid-Holocene drier climatic conditions on Bolivian tropical dry forests." Quaternary Research 93 (October 28, 2019): 204–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/qua.2019.55.
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AbstractThe Bolivian Chiquitano dry forest is the largest block of intact seasonally dry tropical forest in South America and is a priority ecoregion for conservation due to its high threat status. However, the long-term impacts of drier climatic conditions on tropical dry forests are not well understood, despite climate models predicting increased droughts over Bolivia in the coming century. In this paper, we assess the impacts of drier climatic conditions during the mid-Holocene on the Bolivian Chiquitano tropical dry forest using fossilised pollen, phytoliths, macro-charcoal, and geochemical proxies from a sediment core from a large lake (Laguna Mandioré) on the Bolivia–Brazil border. Our results show that drier climatic conditions during the mid-Holocene caused a local-scale, ecotonal expansion of upland savannah at the expense of dry forest. Interaction between drier climatic conditions and fire regime likely exerted a stronger control over the position of the dry forest–savannah ecotone than edaphic factors. However, the majority of the dry forest within the lake catchment maintained a closed canopy throughout the drier conditions of the mid-Holocene, despite floristic turnover towards more drought-tolerant taxa. These findings imply overall resilience of the Chiquitano dry forest biome to future drought, albeit with floristic changes and upland savannah encroachment at ecotones.
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Adolf, C., C. Tovar, N. Kühn, H. Behling, J. C. Berrío, G. Dominguez-Vázquez, B. Figueroa-Rangel, et al. "Identifying drivers of forest resilience in long-term records from the Neotropics." Biology Letters 16, no. 4 (April 2020): 20200005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsbl.2020.0005.
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Here, we use 30 long-term, high-resolution palaeoecological records from Mexico, Central and South America to address two hypotheses regarding possible drivers of resilience in tropical forests as measured in terms of recovery rates from previous disturbances. First, we hypothesize that faster recovery rates are associated with regions of higher biodiversity, as suggested by the insurance hypothesis. And second, that resilience is due to intrinsic abiotic factors that are location specific, thus regions presently displaying resilience in terms of persistence to current climatic disturbances should also show higher recovery rates in the past. To test these hypotheses, we applied a threshold approach to identify past disturbances to forests within each sequence. We then compared the recovery rates to these events with pollen richness before the event. We also compared recovery rates of each site with a measure of present resilience in the region as demonstrated by measuring global vegetation persistence to climatic perturbations using satellite imagery. Preliminary results indeed show a positive relationship between pre-disturbance taxonomic richness and faster recovery rates. However, there is less evidence to support the concept that resilience is intrinsic to a region; patterns of resilience apparent in ecosystems presently are not necessarily conservative through time.
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Luo, Xu, Hong He, Yu Liang, Jacob Fraser, and Jialin Li. "Mitigating the Effects of Climate Change through Harvesting and Planting in Boreal Forests of Northeastern China." Sustainability 10, no. 10 (October 1, 2018): 3531. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su10103531.
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The ecological resilience of boreal forests is an important element of measuring forest ecosystem capacity recovered from a disturbance, and is sensitive to broad-scale factors (e.g., climate change, fire disturbance and human related impacts). Therefore, quantifying the effects of these factors is increasingly important for forest ecosystem management. In this study, we investigated the impacts of climate change, climate-induced fire regimes, and forest management schemes on forest ecological resilience using a forest landscape model in the boreal forests of the Great Xing’an Mountains, Northeastern China. First, we simulated the effects of the three studied variables on forest aboveground biomass, growing space occupied, age cohort structure, and the proportion of mid and late-seral species indicators by using the LANDIS PRO model. Second, we calculated ecological resilience based on these four selected indicators. We designed five simulated scenarios: Current fire only scenario, increased fire occurrence only scenario, climate change only scenario, climate-induced fire regime scenario, and climate-fire-management scenario. We analyzed ecological resilience over the five scenarios from 2000 to 2300. The results indicated that the initialized stand density and basal area information from the year 2000 adequately represented the real forest landscape of that year, and no significant difference was found between the simulated landscape of year 2010 and the forest inventory data of that year at the landscape scale. The simulated fire disturbance results were consistent with field inventory data in burned areas. Compared to the current fire regime scenario, forests where fire occurrence increased by 30% had an increase in ecological resilience of 12.4–43.2% at the landscape scale, whereas increasing fire occurrence by 200% would decrease the ecological resilience by 2.5–34.3% in all simulated periods. Under the low climate-induced fire regime scenario, the ecological resilience was 12.3–26.7% higher than that in the reference scenario across all simulated periods. Under the high climate-induced fire regime scenario, the ecological resilience decreased significantly by 30.3% and 53.1% in the short- and medium-terms at landscape scale, while increasing slightly by 3.8% in the long-term period compared to the reference scenario. Compared to no forest management scenario, ecological resilience was decreased by 5.8–32.4% under all harvesting and planting strategies for the low climate-induced fire regime scenario, and only the medium and high planting intensity scenarios visibly increased the ecological resilience (1.7–15.8%) under the high climate-induced fire regime scenario at the landscape scale. Results from our research provided insight into the future forest management and have implications for improving boreal forest sustainability.
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Yan, Haiming, Jinyan Zhan, Bing Liu, Wei Huang, and Zhihui Li. "Spatially Explicit Assessment of Ecosystem Resilience: An Approach to Adapt to Climate Changes." Advances in Meteorology 2014 (2014): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/798428.
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The ecosystem resilience plays a key role in maintaining a steady flow of ecosystem services and enables quick and flexible responses to climate changes, and maintaining or restoring the ecosystem resilience of forests is a necessary societal adaptation to climate change; however, there is a great lack of spatially explicit ecosystem resilience assessments. Drawing on principles of the ecosystem resilience highlighted in the literature, we built on the theory of dissipative structures to develop a conceptual model of the ecosystem resilience of forests. A hierarchical indicator system was designed with the influencing factors of the forest ecosystem resilience, including the stand conditions and the ecological memory, which were further disaggregated into specific indicators. Furthermore, indicator weights were determined with the analytic hierarchy process (AHP) and the coefficient of variation method. Based on the remote sensing data and forest inventory data and so forth, the resilience index of forests was calculated. The result suggests that there is significant spatial heterogeneity of the ecosystem resilience of forests, indicating it is feasible to generate large-scale ecosystem resilience maps with this assessment model, and the results can provide a scientific basis for the conservation of forests, which is of great significance to the climate change mitigation.
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Mensah, Caleb, Ladislav Šigut, Milan Fischer, Lenka Foltýnová, Georg Jocher, Otmar Urban, Cosmos Senyo Wemegah, et al. "Environmental Effects on Normalized Gross Primary Productivity in Beech and Norway Spruce Forests." Atmosphere 12, no. 9 (September 1, 2021): 1128. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/atmos12091128.
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The strong effects of climate change are expected to negatively impact the long-term resilience and function of forest ecosystems, which could lead to changes in forest carbon balance and productivity. However, these forest responses may vary with local conditions and forest types. Accordingly, this study was carried out to determine gross primary productivity (GPP) sensitivity to changes in environmental parameters. Central European beech (at Štítná) and spruce species (at Bílý Kr̆íz̆ and Rájec), growing under contrasting climatic conditions, were studied. The comparative analyses of GPP were based on a five-year-long dataset of eddy covariance fluxes during the main growing season (2012–2016). Results of forest GPP responses with changes in environmental factors from a traditional Stepwise multiple linear regression model (SMLR) were used and compared with Random forest (RF) analyses. To demonstrate how actual GPP trends compare to potential GPP (GPPpot) courses expected under near-optimal environmental conditions, we computed normalized GPP (GPPnorm) with values between 0 and 1 as the ratio of the estimated daily sum of GPP to GPPpot. The study confirmed the well-known effect of total intensity of the photosynthetically active radiation and its diffuse fraction on GPPnorm across all the forest types. However, the study also showed the secondary effects of other environmental variables on forest productivity depending on the species and local climatic conditions. The reduction in forest productivity at the beech forest in Štítná was presumed to be mainly induced by edaphic drought (anisohydric behaviour). In contrast, reduced forest productivity at the spruce forest sites was presumably induced by both meteorological and hydrological drought events, especially at the moderately dry climate in Rájec. Overall, our analyses call for more studies on forest productivity across different forest types and contrasting climatic conditions, as this productivity is strongly dependent on species type and site-specific environmental conditions.
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Gundale, Michael J., David A. Wardle, and Marie-Charlotte Nilsson. "The effect of altered macroclimate on N-fixation by boreal feather mosses." Biology Letters 8, no. 5 (June 13, 2012): 805–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsbl.2012.0429.
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Plant productivity is predicted to increase in boreal forests owing to climate change, but this may depend on whether N inputs from biological N-fixation also increases. We evaluated how alteration of climatic factors affects N input from a widespread boreal N-fixer, i.e. cyanobacteria associated with the feather moss Pleurozium schreberi . In each of 10 forest stands in northern Sweden, we established climate-change plots, including a control (ambient climate) plot and three plots experiencing a +2°C temperature increase, an approximately threefold reduction in precipitation frequency, and either 0.07, 0.29 or 1.16 times normal summer precipitation. We monitored N-fixation in these plots five times between 2007 and 2009, and three times in 2010 after climate treatments ended to assess their recovery. Warmer temperatures combined with less frequent precipitation reduced feather moss moisture content and N-fixation rates regardless of total precipitation. After climate treatments ended, recovery of N-fixation rates occurred on the scale of weeks to months, suggesting resilience of N-fixation to changes in climatic conditions. These results suggest that modelling of biological N-inputs in boreal forests should emphasize precipitation frequency and evaporative water loss in conjunction with elevated temperature rather than absolute changes in mean precipitation.
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Van Bogaert, Rik, Sylvie Gauthier, Frédéric Raulier, Jean-Pierre Saucier, Dominique Boucher, André Robitaille, and Yves Bergeron. "Exploring forest productivity at an early age after fire: a case study at the northern limit of commercial forests in Quebec." Canadian Journal of Forest Research 45, no. 5 (May 2015): 579–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjfr-2014-0273.
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Interest in northern forests is increasing worldwide for both timber production and climate change mitigation. Studies exploring forest productivity at an early age after fire and its determining factors are greatly needed. We studied forest productivity, defined as the combined quality of stocking and growth, of 116 10- to 30-year-old postfire sites. The sites were spread over a 90 000 km2 area north of the Quebec commercial forestry limit and were dominated by Picea mariana (Mill.) B.S.P. and Pinus banksiana Lamb. Seventy-two percent of our sites were classified as unproductive, mainly because of poor growth. Because growth was mostly determined by climatic factors, afforestation alone may not be sufficient to increase stand productivity in our study area. In addition, our results suggest that P. banksiana on dry sites may be less resilient to fire than previously thought, presumably because of poor site quality and climate. Overall, this is one of the first studies to explore productivity issues at an early age in natural northern forests, and the analysis scheme that defines forest productivity as the result of growth and stocking could provide a useful tool to identify similar issues elsewhere.
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Rodríguez-Ramírez, Ernesto C., Leccinum J. García-Morales, Othón Alcántara-Ayala, J. Antonio Vázquez-García, and Isolda Luna-Vega. "Leaf Vein Morphological Variation in Four Endangered Neotropical Magnolia Species along an Elevation Gradient in the Mexican Tropical Montane Cloud Forests." Plants 10, no. 12 (November 26, 2021): 2595. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/plants10122595.
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Climatic variations influence the adaptive capacity of trees within tropical montane cloud forests species. Phenology studies have dominated current studies on tree species. Leaf vein morphology has been related to specific climatic oscillations and varies within species along altitudinal gradients. We tested that certain Neotropical broad leaf Magnolia species might be more vulnerable to leaf vein adaptation to moisture than others, as they would be more resilient to the hydric deficit. We assessed that leaf vein trait variations (vein density, primary vein size, vein length, and leaf base angle) among four Magnolia species (Magnolia nuevoleonensis, M. alejandrae, M. rzedowskiana, and Magnolia vovidesii) through the Mexican Tropical montane cloud forest with different elevation gradient and specific climatic factors. The temperature, precipitation, and potential evaporation differed significantly among Magnolia species. We detected that M. rzedowskiana and M. vovidesii with longer leaves at higher altitude sites are adapted to higher humidity conditions, and that M. nuevoleonensis and M. alejandrae inhabiting lower altitude sites are better adjusted to the hydric deficit. Our results advance efforts to identify the Magnolia species most vulnerable to climate change effects, which must focus priorities for conservation of this ecosystem, particularly in the Mexican tropical montane cloud forests.
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Liu, Qi, Bolin Fu, Zhili Chen, Li Chen, Lixi Liu, Wudi Peng, Yaquan Liang, and Lin Chen. "Evaluating Effects of Post-Fire Climate and Burn Severity on the Early-Term Regeneration of Forest and Shrub Communities in the San Gabriel Mountains of California from Sentinel-2(MSI) Images." Forests 13, no. 7 (July 5, 2022): 1060. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f13071060.
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Studying the early changes in post-fire vegetation communities may improve the overall resilience of forests. The necessity for doing so was demonstrated by the Bobcat Fire, which seriously threatened the central San Gabriel Mountains and the Angeles National Forest in California. This study aimed to monitor and quantify the effects of climatological and topographic conditions along with burn severity on early (within 1 year) post-fire forests and shrubs community regeneration. In this study, we used Sentinel-2(MSI) intensive time-series imagery (July 2020–October 2021) to make a confusion matrix combined with 389 vegetation sample points on Google Earth Pro. The overall accuracy (OA) and the Kappa coefficient, calculated from the confusion matrix, were used as evaluation parameters to validate the classification results. With multiple linear regression models and Environmental Systems Research Institute (ESRI) historical images, we analyzed the effects of climate and slope aspects on the regeneration of post-fire forest and shrub communities. We also quantitatively analyzed the regeneration rates based on five burn severity types. The results show that the normalized burning rate (NBR) was the most accurate vegetation classification indicator in this study (OA: 92.3–99.5%, Kappa: 0.88–0.98). The vegetation classification accuracy based on SVM is about 6.6% higher than K-Means. The overall accuracy of the burn area is 94.87%. Post-fire climate factors had a significant impact on the regeneration of the two vegetation communities (R2: 0.42–0.88); the optimal regeneration slope was 15–35°; and the fire severity changed the original competition relationship and regeneration rate. The results provide four main insights into the regeneration of post-fire vegetation communities: (1) climate factors in the first regenerating season have important impacts on the regeneration of forest and shrub communities; (2) daytime duration and rainfall are the most significant factors for forests and shrubs regeneration; (3) tolerable low burn severity promotes forests regeneration; and (4) forests have a certain ability to resist fires, while shrubs can better tolerate high-intensity fire ecology. This study could support the implementation of strategies for regionalized forest management and the targeted enhancement of post-fire vegetation community resilience.
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Wohlgemuth, Thomas, Marco Conedera, Andrea Kupferschmid Albisetti, Barbara Moser, Tilo Usbeck, Peter Brang, and Matthias Dobbertin. "Effekte des Klimawandels auf Windwurf, Waldbrand und Walddynamik im Schweizer Wald | Effects of climate change on windthrow, forest fire and forest dynamics in Swiss forests." Schweizerische Zeitschrift fur Forstwesen 159, no. 10 (October 1, 2008): 336–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.3188/szf.2008.0336.
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Most natural disturbances to Swiss forests are caused by climatically induced extreme events: winter storms, foehn and thunderstorms predominate in the North of the Alps, and forest fires in the Southern Alps. Many studies predict a general increase of these extreme events under continued climatic change. How resistant are Swiss forests against wind and fire disturbance, and how resilient are they after disturbance? Because in Switzerland most of the severe winds happen in the wintertime, conifers such as Norway spruce and silver fir are the most vulnerable species. Beyond gust speeds of more than 40 m/s, all tree species are damaged. The fire resistance of forests depends on the flammability, which will increase due to increasing drought frequency. Forests in the Ticino will be most affected by this development, and to a lesser extent also forests in the Central Alps and those north of the Alps. After wind and fire disturbance, forest has re-established in almost all regions of Switzerland. Results from various studies in disturbed forests show that the amount of tree regeneration decreases with increasing elevation (R2 = 0.31). After fire, the speed of regeneration depends on various factors such as tree species, drought and the transient absence of mycorrhiza. The natural regeneration process after severe forest disturbances reflects a first step towards a forest more adapted to the future. Trees that establish in big gaps and under repeated drought may resist the future climate.
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Harjadi, Beny. "Climate Change Vulnerability Analysis of Baluran National Park." Forum Geografi 30, no. 2 (December 13, 2016): 140. http://dx.doi.org/10.23917/forgeo.v30i2.1000.
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Every ecosystem has a different level of susceptibility to environmental disturbances it receives, both from natural factors or anthropogenic disturbance. National Park (NP) Baluran is one national park that has a representation of a complete ecosystem that includes upland forest ecosystems, lowland forests, coastal forests, mangroves, savanna and evergreen forest. The objective of this study is to get a formula calculation of vulnerability analysis of constant and dynamic factors. Baluran NP vulnerability assessment to climate change done by looking at the dynamic and fixed factors. Vulnerability remains a vulnerability factor to the condition of the original (control), whereas vulnerability is the vulnerability of the dynamic change factors which affected the condition from the outside. Constant Vulnerability (CV) in Baluran NP dominated resistant conditions (61%), meaning that the geomorphology and other fixed factors (slope and slope direction/aspect, then the condition in Baluran NP sufficiently resilient to climate change. Dynamic Vulnerability (DV) is the vulnerability of an area or areas that change because of pressure from external factors. DV is influenced by climatic factors (WI = Wetness Index), soil (SBI = Soil Brightness Index), and vegetation (GI = Greenness Index). DV in Baluran NP from 1999 to 2010 shifted from the original category of being (84.76%) and shifted to the susceptible (59.88%). The role of remote sensing for the analysis of raster digital system, while the geographic information system to display the results of cartographic maps.
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Han, Feifei, Junjie Yan, and Hong-bo Ling. "Variance of vegetation coverage and its sensitivity to climatic factors in the Irtysh River basin." PeerJ 9 (May 5, 2021): e11334. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.11334.
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Background Climate change is an important factor driving vegetation changes in arid areas. Identifying the sensitivity of vegetation to climate variability is crucial for developing sustainable ecosystem management strategies. The Irtysh River is located in the westerly partition of China, and its vegetation cover is more sensitive to climate change. However, previous studies rarely studied the changes in the vegetation coverage of the Irtysh River and its sensitivity to climate factors from a spatiotemporal perspective. Methods We adopted a vegetation sensitivity index based on remote sensing datasets of high temporal resolution to study the sensitivity of vegetation to climatic factors in the Irtysh River basin, then reveal the driving mechanism of vegetation cover change. Results The results show that 88.09% of vegetated pixels show an increasing trend in vegetation coverage, and the sensitivity of vegetation to climate change presents spatial heterogeneity. Sensitivity of vegetation increases with the increase of coverage. Temperate steppe in the northern mountain and herbaceous swamp and broadleaf forest in the river valley, where the normalized difference vegetation index is the highest, show the strongest sensitivity, while the desert steppe in the northern plain, where the NDVI is the lowest, shows the strongest memory effect (or the strongest resilience). Relatively, the northern part of this area is more affected by a combination of precipitation and temperature, while the southern plains dominated by desert steppe are more sensitive to precipitation. The central river valley dominated by herbaceous swamp is more sensitive to temperature-vegetation dryness index. This study underscores that the sensitivity of vegetation cover to climate change is spatially differentiated at the regional scale.
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Zhang, Jian, Shongming Huang, and Fangliang He. "Half-century evidence from western Canada shows forest dynamics are primarily driven by competition followed by climate." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 112, no. 13 (March 16, 2015): 4009–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1420844112.
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Tree mortality, growth, and recruitment are essential components of forest dynamics and resiliency, for which there is great concern as climate change progresses at high latitudes. Tree mortality has been observed to increase over the past decades in many regions, but the causes of this increase are not well understood, and we know even less about long-term changes in growth and recruitment rates. Using a dataset of long-term (1958–2009) observations on 1,680 permanent sample plots from undisturbed natural forests in western Canada, we found that tree demographic rates have changed markedly over the last five decades. We observed a widespread, significant increase in tree mortality, a significant decrease in tree growth, and a similar but weaker trend of decreasing recruitment. However, these changes varied widely across tree size, forest age, ecozones, and species. We found that competition was the primary factor causing the long-term changes in tree mortality, growth, and recruitment. Regional climate had a weaker yet still significant effect on tree mortality, but little effect on tree growth and recruitment. This finding suggests that internal community-level processes—more so than external climatic factors—are driving forest dynamics.
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Li, Avital, and James Ford. "Understanding Socio-Ecological Vulnerability to Climatic Change through a Trajectories of Change Approach: A Case Study from an Indigenous Community in Panama." Weather, Climate, and Society 11, no. 3 (June 18, 2019): 577–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/wcas-d-18-0093.1.
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Abstract This paper identifies and characterizes vulnerability to climatic change in the Ngöbe-Buglé Indigenous community of Playitas, Panama, using a “trajectories of change” approach. Playitas is a community composed of swidden forest farmers that is undergoing rapid rates of change as a result of demographic shifts, regional development, and climate change. Working in collaboration with a community organization, various methods were used to identify and characterize livelihoods, social-ecological dynamics, environmental change, and behavioral responses to change, with the aim of informing future planning in the community. Qualitative methods included semistructured interviews (n = 26), community workshops, and participant observation. Causal-loop diagrams based on field data and the perceptions of community members were created to model trajectories of change. The research reveals that change is driven by both internal and external factors and that the responses of community members create both reinforcing and balancing feedback loops that overall generate increased stress in agricultural systems, social structures, and environmental components. Although community members historically relied on social relationships, Indigenous knowledge, and remoteness as sources of resilience to external disturbances, climate change is acting as a “multiplier” of their existing vulnerabilities and is undermining their capacity to adapt to current and future climatic changes.
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PIMPLE, Uday. "Dynamique spatio-temporelle de la forêt de mangrove dans la province de Trat en Thaïlande." BOIS & FORETS DES TROPIQUES 353 (October 1, 2022): 93–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.19182/bft2022.353.a36999.
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In the United Nations 2021–2030 ecosystem restoration programme, coastal ecosystems such as mangroves are listed as a priority for biodiversity restoration. Therefore, understanding mangrove species diversity and changes over time are essential to predict ecosystem health, viability and resilience to changing climatic and human pressures. However, when considering future conservation ambitions and policies for mangroves, it is also crucial to understand the effects of conservation interventions. To address these concerns, we needed to develop reliable inventory methods for mangrove forests, spatialised predictions of biodiversity and good practices for using Earth observation data. In this study, we investigated the gaps in knowledge concerning the spatial organisation, intertidal zones and the recent history of mangroves in Thailand's Trat province. We investigated the impacts on forest diversification of environmental parameters, such as topography, and of human interventions such as stand rehabilitation or plantations. We were able to integrate historical multi-satellite data, current ecological data and micro-topographic measurements to establish the status and describe the spatial organisation of the mangrove forests in the Province of Trat. Using the method described in this study, we were able to overcome the technical limitations of monitoring protocols and thus develop a powerful decision-support system to assess the recovery period of mangrove forests, their structural growth and the species composition of plantations and natural native stands over three decades. Our study also identifies the main influencing factors that compromise the quality of Earth observation data, and proposes specific best practices for monitoring mangrove ecosystems. In addition, we developed the ARMA tool (Automatic Regrowth Monitoring Algorithm) and summarized functional indicators (secondary succession) by type of stand. ARMA can identify the years of planting, recovery period, age and structural development of rehabilitated mangroves compared to adjacent natural and naturally regenerating mangroves. We believe that our study makes a significant contribution to research on mangrove biodiversity, as it has several potential applications for forest restoration planning and management. It can therefore be a useful tool to measure and assess biodiversity and thereby improve ecosystem-based mangrove forest management.
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Wang, Yixuan, Gang Dong, Luping Qu, Zhitao Wu, Fangyuan Zhao, and Changliang Shao. "Ecosystem Functioning of the Loess Plateau in China from Vegetation Restoration Relied Largely on Climate." Forests 14, no. 1 (December 23, 2022): 27. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f14010027.
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Climate change and anthropogenic replantation are supposed to greatly change vegetation coverage and ecosystem stability and functions, e.g., net primary productivity (NPP), evapotranspiration (ET) and water use efficiency (WUE). Our study compared WUE of nature- and human-induced forest cover increase on the Loess Plateau since 2000 using satellite-derived Vegetation Continuous Fields (VCF), NPP, ET. This study also applied over 30 years of model-based NPP and meteorological observations to compare the stability and changes brought up by the Grain for Green Project. The result showed that the average forest coverage fraction increased from 7.1% (~4.5 × 104 km2) in 2000 to 11.2% (~7.3 × 104 km2) in 2014. Artificial forest cover increase occupied 76.43% of the significantly increasing tree cover regions. The role of revegetation practice in NPP and ET became gradually more dominant than climate factors in artificial forests from the northern to the southern part of the Loess Plateau. For areas experiencing limited forest coverage increase, artificial forest areas showed higher WUE than natural forest areas under similar mean annual precipitation (MAP). The difference in stability was small between neighboring natural and artificial forest areas. The northwest of the Loess Plateau had an increasing resilience, whereas the south of the Plateau had an increased resistance to precipitation and temperature change. The higher dependency of the northern reforested areas on climate fluctuation indicates a growing threat of water scarcity to the sustainability of anthropogenic reforestation in semi-arid regions.
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Rajput, Preeti, and Manish Kumar Sinha. "Geospatial evaluation of drought resilience in sub-basins of Mahanadi river in India." Water Supply 20, no. 7 (August 7, 2020): 2826–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/ws.2020.178.
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Abstract Development is said to be sustainable in respect of drought if the effect has been absorbed by the existing system. Occurrence of drought depends on physiographical, climatic factors and optimum utilization of available resources of the river basin. This study aims to evaluate the vulnerability and resilience of river basin systems for the identification of priority areas under drought susceptibility for three different river basins, namely Arpa, Kharun and Upper Seonath of Mahanadi river in central India, as a pilot area for this study. The study represents an approach to evaluate the drought susceptibility of river basins based on physiographical factors and anthropogenic activities. A model proposed for vulnerability assessment based on variables of exposure, sensitivity and adaptive capacity, and a geospatial database of basin characteristics contributing to vulnerability, was generated using remote sensing and a geographic information system. Multi-criteria decision analysis was done to evaluate the influence of river basin characteristics, population load and land-use/cover on drought susceptibility for assessing the drought vulnerability of the river basin and suggest the solution for the optimum utilization of natural resources according to the river basin characteristics. The result of this study demarcates the area in four categories of Extremely vulnerable, Moderately vulnerable, Vulnerable and Not vulnerable. On the analysis, only 3.86% of Upper Seonath is Not vulnerable, followed by Kharun basin having 15.59% as Not vulnerable area and 48.23% of the area of Arpa river basin identified as Not vulnerable. Arpa river basin is least affected by drought due to its lower population density and high coverage of forest and agriculture area.
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Dinca, Lucian, Mirabela Marin, Vlad Radu, Gabriel Murariu, Romana Drasovean, Romica Cretu, Lucian Georgescu, and Voichița Timiș-Gânsac. "Which Are the Best Site and Stand Conditions for Silver Fir (Abies alba Mill.) Located in the Carpathian Mountains?" Diversity 14, no. 7 (July 7, 2022): 547. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/d14070547.
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Silver fir (Abies alba Mill.) is one of the most valuable and productive tree species across European mountains, that accomplish multiple economic, protective and ecologic functions. Alongside spruce (Picea abies (L.) Karst) and beech (Fagus sylvatica L.), silver fir is a characteristic species for the Romanian Carpathians. Although silver fir tree is recommended for the diversification of forests in order to increase the resistance to climate change, it is very sensitive to climatic excesses, especially those that proceed rapidly. Therefore, the aim of this study is to investigate both the environmental conditions and stand characteristics of fir from five mountain ranges of the Romanian Carpathians. The study is based on data recorded over a period of 10 years (1990–2000). As such, a total of 77,251 stands that occupy 211,954 hectares have been investigated in regard to silver fir behaviour. MATLAB scripts were used for analysing consistent data volumes as well as the impact of eight factors on the silver fir productivity (altitude, field aspect, field slope, soil type, participation percentage, road distance, structure and consistency). Our analysis has revealed that higher silver fir productivity is found at altitudes of up to 1200 m, on mid and upper slopes, on NW field aspects, on eutric cambisols and dystric cambisols, with a 10–20% participation in stand composition and in relatively-even aged stands with a full consistency. This study offers valuable insights for forest managers that require comprehensive information in adopting effective strategies to enhance forest resilience under climate change.
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Asteria, D., A. Brotosusilo, H. A. Negoro, and M. R. Sudrajad. "Contribution of Customary Law in Sustainable Forest Management for Supporting Climate Action." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 940, no. 1 (December 1, 2021): 012080. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/940/1/012080.
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Abstract In support of climate action, a paradigm shift in environmental management needs to occur by acknowledging the perspective of traditional communities and customary law to preserve the environment. Efforts to anticipate and mitigate the impacts of climate change are important in sustainable development. Sustainability of forest management is highly dependent on the participation of local communities which enforce customary law in forest management. Reducing and preventing deforestation can accelerate efforts in mitigation and improving resilience. This paper aims to describe the contribution of customary law as an approach to sustainable forest management for supporting climate action. The research method uses a qualitative approach with literature study and document study. This study shows that customary law has contributed in sustainable forest management approach for the protection by integrating aspects based on ecological and social characteristics in forest ecosystem. In addition, the existence of indigenous people in the context of forest resource conservation is one of the important factors in the practice of just and sustainable management of conservation areas. The contribution of this research is by serving as a reflection and evaluation of forest management practices in order to integrate customary law in regulation and the formation of public discourse regarding awareness of environmental protection.
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S., Shobana, and M. Sujithra. "AGRICULTURAL DATA ANALYSIS." International Journal of Advanced Research 9, no. 08 (August 31, 2021): 807–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.21474/ijar01/13330.
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In agriculture sector where farmers and agribusinesses have to make innumerable decisions every day and intricate complexities involves the various factors influencing them. An essential issue for agricultural planning intention is the accurate yield estimation for the numerous crops involved in the planning. Data mining techniques are necessary approach for accomplishing practical and effective solutions for this problem. Agriculture has been an obvious target for big data. Environmental conditions, variability in soil, input levels, combinations and commodity prices have made it all the more relevant for farmers to use information and get help to make critical farming decisions. This paper focuses on the analysis of the agriculture data and finding optimal parameters to maximize the crop production using Machine learning techniques like random forest regressor and Linear Regression. Mining the large amount of existing crop, soil and climatic data, and analysing new, non-experimental data optimizes the production and makes agriculture more resilient to climatic change.
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de la Cueva, Antonio Vázquez. "Relative Contributions of Forest Vegetation, Land Cover, Topography and Climate in Explaining Fire Regime Patterns (1974–2005) in Peninsular Spain." ISRN Forestry 2012 (November 21, 2012): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.5402/2012/479491.
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The relevance of forest fires as a major disturbance factor in vegetation composition, dynamics, and structure is increasing in several ecosystem types. In order to develop adaptation procedures and to strengthen the resilience under future altered fire regimes, it is important to gain a greater understanding of the factors involved in regional fire regimes. This paper evaluates the relative contributions of forest vegetation, land cover, topography, and climate in explaining the fire regime patterns. The analyses were performed independently for 15 territory types delimited according to potential vegetation criteria. Redundancy analysis was used to enable the simultaneous ordination of the response (fire regime) and the explanatory variables. The results reveal important differences among the 15 territories. The explained variance ranged from low to medium depending on the territory. However, for the five territories with greatest fire incidence, the variance explained was more than 39%. The proportion of territory covered by forest (derived from land cover information) was found to be the most relevant variable. Unexpectedly, the type of forest vegetation (derived from forest inventory data) appears to have played, at least in this approach and for some territories, a secondary role in explaining the registered fire regime patterns.
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Marajh, Leah, and Yuhong He. "Temperature Variation and Climate Resilience Action within a Changing Landscape." Remote Sensing 14, no. 3 (February 2, 2022): 701. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs14030701.
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Temperature change can have profound impacts on livelihood activities and human well-being. Specific factors such as land transitions and climate knowledge can influence temperature variation and actions for adaptation. In addition to meteorological data, this study integrates land surface temperature (LST) derived from satellite imagery and local temperature perceptions obtained through interviews to advance a deeper understanding of spatial temperature and its impacts, which is not often seen within climate studies. This study examines local temperature across three different land types (rural mountains, rural agricultural lowlands, urban areas) in the Greater Angkor Region of Cambodia to highlight important insights about temperature and climate resilience action. The results revealed that changes in temperature were most pronounced in Phnom Kulen National Park (rural mountain) and in the rural agricultural lowlands, where residents discussed direct impacts and disruptions to their lives. Temperature, in both the LST results and through local perceptions, demonstrated a strong correlation to ground features, where areas with low vegetation exhibited high temperatures and areas with high vegetation observed low temperatures. While climate action in the form of tree planting and forest conservation are major climate mitigation strategies being undertaken in this region, social awareness and the ability to adapt to changes in temperature was revealed to be uneven across the landscape, suggesting that local entities should mobilize around gaining more education and training for all residents.
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Hoffrén, Raúl, Héctor Miranda, Manuel Pizarro, Pablo Tejero, and María B. García. "Identifying the Factors behind Climate Diversification and Refugial Capacity in Mountain Landscapes: The Key Role of Forests." Remote Sensing 14, no. 7 (April 1, 2022): 1708. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs14071708.
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Recent studies have shown the importance of small-scale climate diversification and climate microrefugia for organisms to escape or suffer less from the impact of current climate change. These situations are common in topographically complex terrains like mountains, where many climate-forcing factors vary at a fine spatial resolution. We investigated this effect in a high roughness area of a southern European range (the Pyrenees), with the aid of a network of miniaturized temperature and relative humidity sensors distributed across 2100 m of elevation difference. We modeled the minimum (Tn) and maximum (Tx) temperatures above- and below-ground, and maximum vapor pressure deficit (VPDmax), as a function of several topographic and vegetation variables derived from ALS-LiDAR data and Landsat series. Microclimatic models had a good fit, working better in soil than in air, and for Tn than for Tx. Topographic variables (including elevation) had a larger effect on above-ground Tn, and vegetation variables on Tx. Forest canopy had a significant effect not only on the spatial diversity of microclimatic metrics but also on their refugial capacity, either stabilizing thermal ranges or offsetting free-air extreme temperatures and VPDmax. Our integrative approach provided an overview of microclimatic differences between air and soil, forests and open areas, and highlighted the importance of preserving and managing forests to mitigate the impacts of climate change on biodiversity. Remote-sensing can provide essential tools to detect areas that accumulate different factors extensively promoting refugial capacity, which should be prioritized based on their high resilience.
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Drexler, Kristin. "Climate-Smart Adaptations and Government Extension Partnerships for Sustainable Milpa Farming Systems in Mayan Communities of Southern Belize." Sustainability 13, no. 6 (March 10, 2021): 3040. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13063040.
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There are disproportionate adverse impacts related to climate change on rural subsistence farmers in southern Belize, Central America who depend directly on natural resources for their food and livelihood security. Promoting a more resilient farming system with key climate-smart agriculture (CSA) adaptations can improve productivity, sustainability, and food security for Mayan milpa farming communities. Once a sustainable system, the milpa has become less reliable in the last half century due to hydroclimatic changes (i.e., droughts, flooding, hurricanes), forest loss, soil degradation, and other factors. Using interviews with both milpa farmers and Extension officers in southern Belize. This qualitative study finds several socio-ecological system linkages of environmental, economic, socio-cultural, and adaptive technology factors, which influence the capacity for increasing CSA practices. Agriculture Extension, a government service of Belize, can facilitate effective CSA adaptations, specifically, an increase in mulching, soil nutrient enrichment, and soil cover, while working as partners within Maya farming traditions. These CSA practices can facilitate more equitable increases in crop production, milpa farm system sustainability, and resilience to climate change. However, there are several institutional and operational barriers in Extension which challenge their efficacy. Recommendations are presented in this study to reduce Extension barriers and promote an increase in CSA practices to positively influence food and livelihood security for milpa communities in southern Belize.
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Wei, Hui, Jiayue Yang, Ziqiang Liu, and Jiaen Zhang. "Data Integration Analysis Indicates That Soil Texture and pH Greatly Influence the Acid Buffering Capacity of Global Surface Soils." Sustainability 14, no. 5 (March 4, 2022): 3017. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su14053017.
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Soil acidification is a global environmental issue that decreases soil functions, and it has been significantly accelerated by anthropogenic activities in recent decades. Soils can resist acidification upon receiving acid inputs due to the resistance or/and resilience capacity of soils, which is termed the acid buffering capacity of soils, and it is often indicated by the soil pH buffering capacity (pHBC). An increasing number of studies have been conducted to quantify soil pHBC at various sites, but to date, integration of global data is lacking; therefore, the variations in large-scale soil pHBC and the factors that influence these variations are still unclear. In this study, we collected previously published data on soil pHBC to analyze its variations on a large scale, as well as investigate the underlying factors influencing these variations. The results showed that soil pHBC varied substantially from site to site, with a mean of 51.07 ± 50.11 mmol kg−1 pH−1. Soil texture and pH, separately or collectively, explained a considerable proportion of the total variation of global soil pHBC. It is well-established that a series of processes contribute to the soil acid buffering capacity in different pH ranges, and the global data analyses showed that pH 5.5 could be a key threshold value; different buffering systems may be active at pH > 5.5 and pH < 5.5. Moreover, tropical soils were more acid-sensitive than temperate and subtropical soils, and forest soils had significantly lower soil pHBCs than grassland and cropland soils. This could be attributed in part to the different soil properties, such as soil texture or pH, among the different climatic zones and ecosystems.
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DOBRESCU, Elisabeta, Cristina R. MĂNESCU, Mihaela I. GEORGESCU, Florin STĂNICĂ, Ion TUCĂ, Sorina A. PETRA, Florin TOMA, and Diana M. GÂDEA. "Restorative regeneration of woody ornamental plants in the historical gardens of Peleș Royal Castle, Romania." Notulae Botanicae Horti Agrobotanici Cluj-Napoca 49, no. 1 (March 8, 2021): 12223. http://dx.doi.org/10.15835/nbha49112223.
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Historical gardens’ restoration is a complex process including not only built features of the layout, but also vegetation. Climate changes, air pollution, new pests and other factors have an important impact on vegetation and make sometimes impossible to restore the garden to the original model. Therefore, vegetation restoration requires investigations, to establish the tendencies, dynamics and resilience of different species in the garden, and decisions to adopt sustainable solutions. Woody plants from Peleș Royal Castle Gardens (Sinaia, Romania) were investigated to reveal the diachronic transformations of the vegetation and to establish an objective starting point in garden restoration. Despite of decades of neglected maintenance, historical events and changes in building function, the garden has a considerable number of old valuable trees and shrubs. Woody plants located on terraces were in a significantly poorer condition compared with those planted on the lawn. Natural forest surrounding the garden and native species cultivated in the garden acted as a source of landscape regeneration. Climate changes, affecting the mountain zone, allow the cultivation of woody species of warmer climates. Results of present study will be essential for all the future decisions about woody vegetation and gardens restoration.
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Chinchilla-Soto, Cristina, Ana María Durán-Quesada, Mayela Monge-Muñoz, and Marco V. Gutiérrez-Soto. "Quantifying the Annual Cycle of Water Use Efficiency, Energy and CO2 Fluxes Using Micrometeorological and Physiological Techniques for a Coffee Field in Costa Rica." Forests 12, no. 7 (July 7, 2021): 889. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f12070889.
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Coffee is one of the most commonly traded agricultural commodities globally. It is important for the livelihoods of over 25 million families worldwide, but it is also a crop sensitive to climate change, which has forced producers to implement management practices with effects on carbon balance and water use efficiency (WUE) that are not well understood due to data scarcity. From this perspective, we propose crop canopy coupling to the atmosphere (Ώ) as an index of resilience and stability and we undertook an integrated observational approach for the scaling-up of measurements along the soil–plant–atmosphere continuum at different stages of the coffee crop phenological cycle. Additionally, we develop this perspective under pronounced climatic seasonality and variability, in order to assess carbon balance, WUE, and agroecosystem resilience in a sun-grown coffee field. Further, we devised a field layout that facilitates the measurement of intrinsic, instantaneous, and actual water use efficiency and the assessment of whether coffee fields differ in canopy structure, complexity, and agronomic management and whether they are carbon sources or sinks. Partitioning soil and canopy energy balances and fluxes in a sun-grown coffee field using eco-physiological techniques at the leaf and whole plant levels (i.e., sap flow and gas exchange), as proposed here, will allow the scaling-up to whole fields in the future. Eddy covariance was used to assess real-time surface fluxes of carbon, gross primary productivity (GPP), and evapotranspiration, as well as components of the energy balance and WUE. The preliminary results support the approach used here and suggested that coffee fields are CO2 sinks throughout the year, especially during fruit development, and that the influence of seasonality drives the surface–atmosphere coupling, which is dominant prior to and during the first half of the rainy season. The estimated WUE showed consistency with independent studies in coffee crops and a marked seasonality driven by the features of the rainy season. A plan for the arborization of the coffee agroecosystem is suggested and the implications for WUE are described. Future comparison of sun- and shade-grown coffee fields and incorporation of other variables (i.e., crop coefficient-KC for different leaf area index (LAI) values) will allow us to better understand the factors controlling WUE in coffee agroecosystems.
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Akbar, Hadia, L. Allen, David Rosenberg, and Yoshimitsu Chikamoto. "Ranchers Adapting to Climate Variability in the Upper Colorado River Basin, Utah." Climate 8, no. 9 (August 21, 2020): 96. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cli8090096.
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In the Upper Colorado River Basin, agriculture is a major contributor to Utah’s economy, which may be stressed due to the changing climate. In this study, two data-mining techniques and interview data are used to explore how climate variability affects agricultural production and the way the farmers have been adapting their practices to these changes. In the first part of the study, we used multilinear regression and random forest regression to understand the relationship between climate and agricultural production using temperature, precipitation, water availability, hay production, and cattle herd size. The quantitative results showed weak relations among variables. In the second part of the study, we interviewed ranchers to fill the gaps in the quantitative analysis. Over the 35 years (1981–2015), the quantitative analysis shows that temperature has affected cattle and hay production more than precipitation. Among non-climatic variables, resource availability and commodity prices are the most important factors that influence year-to-year production. Farmers are well-aware of these effects and have adapted accordingly. They have changed irrigation practices, cropping patterns, and are experimenting to produce a hybrid species of cattle, that are resilient to a hotter temperature and can use a wider variety of forage.
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Michael, Patrick S. "Current Evidence and Future Projections: a Comparative Analysis of the Impacts of Climate Change on Critical Climate-Sensitive Areas of Papua New Guinea." SAINS TANAH - Journal of Soil Science and Agroclimatology 16, no. 2 (December 30, 2019): 229. http://dx.doi.org/10.20961/stjssa.v16i2.35712.
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Climate change is a global concern arising from spatial or temporal changes in precipitation, temperature and greenhouse gases. The impacts of this on critical climate-sensitive areas are largely on land, marine resources, forestry and agriculture, and their biodiversity and ecosystems. In Papua New Guinea (PNG), the mainstay (85%) of the rural people is on land and agriculture, compared to resources obtained from the marine areas and forest. Productivity on land depends on climatic factors and a compromised climate affects land, which in turn affects forestry, agriculture and the marine environment (resources and ecosystems). Because of this, a lot of resources have been invested in climate change to understand the impacts; however, much is yet to be achieved, especially in the developing nations. In PNG, understanding the types of changes in climate that will be experienced is important to be resilient, to mitigate and to adapt. In this review, the potential impact of global climate change on climate of PNG and the impact of the new (future) climate on land, marine and forest resources and their biodiversity and ecosystems are analyzed. Moreover, the impacts on crop agriculture are discussed. Analysis of available data shows that the temporal and spatial changes in precipitation and temperature projections of the future climate are within current optimum crop production ranges, at least up to 2090. Since most staple and plantation crops in PNG are C<sub>3</sub> plants, an increase in CO<sub>2</sub> levels will have a fertilizing effect on productivity. The plastic effects on certain crops may benefit some farmers as temperature, precipitation and CO<sub>2</sub> levels change.
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Maradiaga-Marín, Mª Fernanda, and Paloma Cariñanos. "An Indicator-Based Approach to Assess the Readiness of Urban Forests for Future Challenges: Case Study of a Mediterranean Compact City." Forests 12, no. 10 (September 27, 2021): 1320. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f12101320.
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Urban Forests (UFs) are key elements in Mediterranean compact cities, as they provide numerous ecosystem benefits and increase the resilience of cities against the anticipated impacts of climate change. It is, thus, necessary to review all the aspects that may have a negative effect on their ecosystem functions and the services that they provide. In this paper, a set of indicators is proposed that allow for a preliminary evaluation of some of the main disservices and factors that Mediterranean UFs present and the ways to maximize their benefits for users. For this purpose, 20 indicators, divided into three categories—Biodiversity, Accessibility/Facilities, and Infrastructure—were selected. Within these three categories, a range of values was established, from low to high or absence/presence. The indicators were tested in 24 urban forests of different types, all of which are representative of a medium-sized compact Mediterranean city. The results highlight that the UFs have adequate species richness and diversity, but among the species present are quite a few that emit BVOCs and allergens, as well as some that have invasive behavior. Poor cleaning, absence of night lightning, and scarcity of water points are aspects to improve in a good number of UFs; while a high surface area of impermeable soil, low tree cover, and extensive areas of grass that require large amounts of water for maintenance are the main issues of the infrastructure block that need medium-term planning to be addressed. It can be concluded that the proposed set of indicators allows for a general assessment of the readiness of UFTs in Mediterranean cities for the upcoming climatic, social, and ecological challenges.
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Park, Sugyeong, Chul-Hee Lim, Sea Jin Kim, Erkin Isaev, Sol-E. Choi, Sung-Dae Lee, and Woo-Kyun Lee. "Assessing Climate Change Impact on Cropland Suitability in Kyrgyzstan: Where Are Potential High-Quality Cropland and the Way to the Future." Agronomy 11, no. 8 (July 27, 2021): 1490. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agronomy11081490.
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Climate change is one of the greatest challenges in Kyrgyzstan. There have been negative spillover effects in agriculture. This study aims to assess the climate change impacts on cropland suitability in Kyrgyzstan. We used the random forest algorithm to develop a model that captures the effects of multiple climate and environment factors at a spatial resolution of 1 km2. The model was then applied in the scenario analysis for an understanding of how climate change affects cropland distribution. The potential high-quality cropland was found to be included in existing croplands, while the remaining were distributed around the Chu-Talas valley, the Issyk-kul area, and the Fergana valley. These potential high-quality croplands comprise grasslands (47.1%) and croplands (43.7%). In the future, the potential high-quality cropland exhibited inland trends at the periphery of original cropland category, with grassland and cropland as the primary land components. Due to climate change, potential high-quality cropland is expected to gradually reduce from the 2050s to the 2070s, exhibiting the largest reduction in potential high-quality areas for the Representative Concentration Pathway 8.5 scenario. Therefore, the short- and long-term adaptation strategies are needed for prioritizing the croplands to ensure food security and agricultural resilience.
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Norris, Andrea R., Kathy Martin, and Kristina L. Cockle. "Weather and nest cavity characteristics influence fecundity in mountain chickadees." PeerJ 10 (November 11, 2022): e14327. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.14327.
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Background Examining direct and indirect effects on reproduction at multiple scales allows for a broad understanding of species’ resilience to environmental change. We examine how the fecundity of the mountain chickadee (Poecile gambeli), a secondary cavity-nesting, insectivorous bird, varied in relation to factors at three scales: regional weather conditions, regional- and site-level food availability, site-level community dynamics, and nest-level cavity characteristics. We hypothesized that earlier laying dates and higher fecundity (clutch size, nest survival, brood size) would be associated with milder climatic conditions, increased food from insect outbreaks, lower densities of conspecifics and nest predators (red squirrel; Tamiasciurus hudsonicus), and safer (smaller, higher) cavities. Methods We collected data on laying date, clutch size, brood size, nest fate (success/failure), and cavity characteristics from 513 mountain chickadee nests in tree cavities in temperate mixed coniferous-broadleaf forest in interior British Columbia, Canada, from 2000 to 2011. We surveyed annual abundances of mountain chickadees and squirrels using repeated point counts, and mountain pine beetle (Dendroctonus ponderosae) and lepidopteran defoliators by monitoring host trees and by using regional-scale aerial overview forest insect survey data. We used weather data (temperature, rain, snow) from a local Environment and Climate Change Canada weather station. We modeled laying date, clutch size, daily nest survival, and brood size as a function of predictors at regional-, site-, and nest-scales. Results and Conclusions Measures of fecundity varied dramatically across years and spatial scales. At the regional (study-wide) scale, chickadees laid earlier and larger first clutches in warmer springs with minimal storms, and daily nest survival (DSR) increased with a 2-year lag in growing season temperature. Despite a doubling of mountain chickadee density that roughly accompanied the outbreaks of mountain pine beetle and lepidopteran defoliators, we found little evidence at the site scale that fecundity was influenced by insect availability, conspecific density, or predator density. At the nest scale, DSR and brood size increased with clutch size but DSR declined with nest cavity size indicating a positive reproductive effect of small-bodied cavity excavators. Double-brooding, rare in chickadees, occurred frequently in 2005 and 2007, coinciding with early breeding, high food availability from insect outbreaks, and warm spring temperatures with 0-1 spring storms. Our results support the idea that fecundity in secondary cavity-nesting species is impacted directly and indirectly by weather, and indirectly through changes in community dynamics (via cavity resource supply). We stress the importance of adopting holistic, community-level study frameworks to refine our understanding of fecundity in opportunistic and climate-sensitive species in future.
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Hájek, Vojtěch, Stanislav Vacek, Zdeněk Vacek, Jan Cukor, Václav Šimůnek, Michaela Šimková, Anna Prokůpková, Ivo Králíček, and Daniel Bulušek. "Effect of Climate Change on the Growth of Endangered Scree Forests in Krkonoše National Park (Czech Republic)." Forests 12, no. 8 (August 22, 2021): 1127. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f12081127.
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Scree forests with large numbers of protected plants and wildlife are seriously threatened by climate change due to more frequent drought episodes, which cause challenges for very stony, shallow soils. The effect of environmental factors on the radial growth of five tree species—European beech (Fagus sylvatica L.), Norway spruce (Picea abies (L.) Karst.), sycamore maple (Acer pseudoplatanus L.), European ash (Fraxinus excelsior L.), and mountain elm (Ulmus glabra Huds.)—was studied in the mixed stands (105–157 years) in the western Krkonoše Mountains (Czech Republic) concerning climate change. These are communities of maple to fir beechwoods (association Aceri-Fagetum sylvaticae and Luzulo-Abietetum albae) on ranker soils at the altitude 590–700 m a.s.l. Production, structure, and biodiversity were evaluated in seven permanent research plots and the relationships of the radial growth (150 cores) to climatic parameters (precipitation, temperature, and extreme conditions) and air pollution (SO2, NOX, ozone exposure). The stand volume reached 557–814 m3 ha−1 with high production potential of spruce and ash. The radial growth of beech and spruce growing in relatively favorable habitat conditions (deeper soil profile and less skeletal soils) has increased by 16.6%–46.1% in the last 20 years. By contrast, for sycamore and ash growing in more extreme soil conditions, the radial growth decreased by 12.5%–14.6%. However, growth variability increased (12.7%–29.5%) for all tree species, as did the occurrence of negative pointer years (extremely low radial growth) in the last two decades. The most sensitive tree species to climate and air pollution were spruce and beech compared to the resilience of sycamore and ash. Spectral analysis recorded the largest cyclical fluctuations (especially the 12-year solar cycle) in spruce, while ash did not show any significant cycle processes. The limiting factors of growth were droughts with high temperatures in the vegetation period for spruce and late frosts for beech. According to the degree of extreme habitat conditions, individual tree species thus respond appropriately to advancing climate change, especially to an increase in the mean temperature (by 2.1 °C), unevenness in precipitation, and occurrence of extreme climate events in the last 60 years.
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Vančura, Karel, Michaela Šimková, Zdeněk Vacek, Stanislav Vacek, Josef Gallo, Václav Šimůnek, Vilém Podrázský, et al. "Effects of environmental factors and management on dynamics of mixed calcareous forests under climate change in Central European lowlands." Dendrobiology 87 (April 11, 2022): 79–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.12657/denbio.087.006.
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Mixed lowland forests reserved for natural succession are sparse in the Czech Republic. However, their development provides essential insights into the natural processes of these forests and recommendations for forest management in a changing climate. The research describes the dynamics, productivity, structure, diversity, dead wood, and radial growth of hornbeam-oak groves and calcareous beech-dominated forests in the Karlštejn National Nature Reserve (Czechia) based on inventory in 2002, 2008, 2014 and 2020. The objective was to evaluate changes in differently managed stands (high forest, coppice with standards, and coppice) after leaving the stands to spontaneous development in 2004. The tree density increased by 2–10% from 2002 to 2014 and decreased by 6–18% in 2020. In the high forest, an increase in the stand volume was observed during the whole period, while in the coppice with standards and coppice, only until 2014. The stand volume ranged from 190 (coppice) to 630 (high forest) m³ ha−1 in 2020 and increased by an average of 28% over 18 years. Overall diversity of tree layer showed an uneven structure in the high forest and a substantially diverse structure in the other variants. The deadwood volume has been steadily increasing (18–35 m³ ha−1 in 2020), accumulating an average of 1 m³ ha−1 yr−1. A lack of precipitation and high temperatures from June to August were the main limiting factors of the radial growth of tree species, while the number of negative pointer years has increased in the last decade. European beech (Fagus sylvatica L.) was the most sensitive tree species to climate compared to the resilient European ash (Fraxinus excelsior L.). The lowest fluctuations in the diameter increment were recorded in Norway maple (Acer platanoides L.) and the highest in beech in the temperature cycles of 7–15 years. Over the last 20 years, sessile oak [Quercus petraea (Matt.) Liebl.] showed an increase in radial growth by 7%, while other tree species reported a decrease with a maximum in beech (by −38%). The forest stands managed as high forest, characterized by a higher production potential and lower diversity, had slower dynamics when compared to coppice with standards and coppice.
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Stan, Kayla, and Arturo Sanchez-Azofeifa. "Tropical Dry Forest Diversity, Climatic Response, and Resilience in a Changing Climate." Forests 10, no. 5 (May 23, 2019): 443. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f10050443.
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Central and South America tropical dry forest (TDF) is a water-limited biome with a high number of endemic species and numerous ecosystem services which has experienced a boom in research in the last decade. Although the number of case studies across these seasonal, water-limited, tropical forests has increased, there has not been a comprehensive review to assess the physiological variability of this biome across the continent and assess how these forests respond to climatic variables. Additionally, understanding forest change and resilience under climatic variability, currently and in the future, is essential for assessing the future extent and health of forests in the future. Therefore, the objective of this paper is to provide a literature review on the variability of TDF diversity and structure across a latitudinal gradient and to assess how these components respond to differences in climatic variables across this geographic area. We first assess the current state of understanding of the structure, biomass, phenological cycles, and successional stages across the latitudinal gradient. We subsequently review the response of these five areas to differences in precipitation, temperature, and extreme weather events, such as droughts and hurricanes. We find that there is a range of adaptability to precipitation, with many areas exhibiting drought tolerance except under the most extreme circumstances, while being susceptible to damage from increased extreme precipitation events. Finally, we use this climatic response to provide a commentary on the projected resilience of TDFs under climatic changes, finding a likelihood of resilience under drying scenarios, although model projections do not agree on the magnitude or direction of precipitation change. This review of quantitative studies will provide more concrete details on the current diversity that encompasses the TDF, the natural climatic ranges under which this ecosystem can survive and thrive, and can help inform future forest management practices under climate change scenarios.
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Diamond, Sarah E., Lauren M. Nichols, Shannon L. Pelini, Clint A. Penick, Grace W. Barber, Sara Helms Cahan, Robert R. Dunn, Aaron M. Ellison, Nathan J. Sanders, and Nicholas J. Gotelli. "Climatic warming destabilizes forest ant communities." Science Advances 2, no. 10 (October 2016): e1600842. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.1600842.
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How will ecological communities change in response to climate warming? Direct effects of temperature and indirect cascading effects of species interactions are already altering the structure of local communities, but the dynamics of community change are still poorly understood. We explore the cumulative effects of warming on the dynamics and turnover of forest ant communities that were warmed as part of a 5-year climate manipulation experiment at two sites in eastern North America. At the community level, warming consistently increased occupancy of nests and decreased extinction and nest abandonment. This consistency was largely driven by strong responses of a subset of thermophilic species at each site. As colonies of thermophilic species persisted in nests for longer periods of time under warmer temperatures, turnover was diminished, and species interactions were likely altered. We found that dynamical (Lyapunov) community stability decreased with warming both within and between sites. These results refute null expectations of simple temperature-driven increases in the activity and movement of thermophilic ectotherms. The reduction in stability under warming contrasts with the findings of previous studies that suggest resilience of species interactions to experimental and natural warming. In the face of warmer, no-analog climates, communities of the future may become increasingly fragile and unstable.
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Stubenrauch, Jessica, Beatrice Garske, Felix Ekardt, and Katharina Hagemann. "European Forest Governance: Status Quo and Optimising Options with Regard to the Paris Climate Target." Sustainability 14, no. 7 (April 6, 2022): 4365. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su14074365.
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This article assesses and develops policy instruments for forest governance in the EU. Methodologically, it examines opportunities and limits for negative emissions by means of a literature review. On this basis, it conducts a qualitative governance analysis of the most important instruments of EU forest policy and presents optimizing policy options, measured against the binding climate and biodiversity targets under international law. Our analysis shows that the potential benefits of afforestation and reforestation for climate mitigation are overestimated, and are often presented as the new saviours to assist in reaching climate neutrality, inter alia, since only biodiverse and thus resilient forests can function as a carbon sink in the long term. Furthermore, we demonstrate that the existing EU law fails to comply with climate and biodiversity targets. Quantity governance systems for livestock farming, fossil fuels and similar drivers of deforestation represent a more promising approach to forest governance than the dominant regulatory and subsidy-based governance. They are most effective when not directly addressing forests due to their heterogeneity but central damaging factors such as fossil fuels and livestock farming. Selected aspects of regulatory and subsidy law can supplement these quantity governance systems when focusing on certain easily attainable and thus controllable subjects. These include, e.g., the regulatory protection of old-growth forests with almost no exceptions and a complete conversion of all agricultural and forest subsidies to “public money for public services” to promote nature conservation and afforestation.
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Lv, Guo Hong, Guang Shen Zhou, and Xiao Ying Wang. "Factors Controlling Litterfall Production of Forest in China." Advanced Materials Research 726-731 (August 2013): 4248–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.726-731.4248.
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Litterfall production was shown to have a significant linear relationship with NPP in both natural and planted forests (R2= 0.67, 0.30,P<0.001). Correlation of litterfall production and climatic factors was higher in natural forest than in planted forest. Through correlative and path analyses, it was found that the climatic factors that most affect litterfall production in natural forest are annual mean maximum temperature, annual mean minimum temperature, annual extreme minimum temperature, and relative humidity, but in planted forest, they are annual extreme minimum temperature and annual mean minimum temperature. In both natural and planted forests, climatic factors could not account for the error in litterfall production predicted using the NPP.
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Yan, Haiming, Jinyan Zhan, and Tao Zhang. "Resilience of Forest Ecosystems and its Influencing Factors." Procedia Environmental Sciences 10 (2011): 2201–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.proenv.2011.09.345.
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Sáenz-Romero, Cuauhtémoc, Antoine Kremer, László Nagy, Éva Újvári-Jármay, Alexis Ducousso, Anikó Kóczán-Horváth, Jon Kehlet Hansen, and Csaba Mátyás. "Common garden comparisons confirm inherited differences in sensitivity to climate change between forest tree species." PeerJ 7 (January 15, 2019): e6213. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.6213.
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The natural distribution, habitat, growth and evolutionary history of tree species are strongly dependent on ecological and genetic processes in ecosystems subject to fluctuating climatic conditions, but there have been few experimental comparisons of sensitivity between species. We compared the responses of two broadleaved tree species (Fagus sylvatica and Quercus petraea) and two conifer tree species (Pinus sylvestris and Picea abies) to climatic transfers by fitting models containing the same climatic variables. We used published data from European provenance test networks to model the responses of individual populations nested within species. A mixed model approach was applied to develop a response function for tree height over climatic transfer distance, taking into account the climatic conditions at both the seed source and the test location. The two broadleaved species had flat climatic response curves, indicating high levels of plasticity in populations, facilitating adaptation to a broader range of environments, and conferring a high potential for resilience in the face of climatic change. By contrast, the two conifer species had response curves with more pronounced slopes, indicating a lower resilience to climate change. This finding may reflect stronger genetic clines in P. sylvestris and P. abies, which constrain their climate responses to narrower climatic ranges. The response functions had maxima that deviated from the expected maximum productivity in the climate of provenance towards cooler/moister climate conditions, which we interpreted as an adaptation lag. Unilateral, linear regression analyses following transfer to warmer and drier sites confirmed a decline in productivity, predictive of the likely impact of ongoing climate change on forest populations. The responses to mimicked climate change evaluated here are of considerable interest for forestry and ecology, supporting projections of expected performance based on “real-time” field data.
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Sun, Siboyu, and Yude Geng. "Livelihood Resilience and Its Influencing Factors of Worker Households in the Face of State-Owned Forest Areas Reform in China." Sustainability 14, no. 3 (January 25, 2022): 1328. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su14031328.
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To promote the sustainable development of state-owned forest areas, the Chinese government announced the reform of state-owned forest areas in 2015. It mainly includes the logging ban of natural forests and the separation of government and enterprises. Timely investigation of the changes in the livelihood resilience of worker households before and after the reform of state-owned forest areas is of great significance to the sustainable development of state-owned forest areas. With the application of livelihood resilience theory, we established an evaluation index system from three dimensions of buffer capacity, self-organization, and learning capacity. Taking five forest industry enterprises operating state-owned forest areas in Northeast and Inner Mongolia in China as an example, we measured worker households’ livelihood resilience, and identified the key factors of worker households’ livelihood resilience. The results showed: (1) The reform of state-owned forest areas has improved the livelihood resilience of worker households in Longjiang, Daxing’anling, Inner Mongolia, and Jilin forest industry groups, but reduced the livelihood resilience of worker households in Changbai Mountain forest industry groups. (2) With the advancement of the reform of state-owned forest areas, the gap of livelihood resilience of worker households of forest industry groups shows an expanding trend. (3) The influencing factors that affect the worker households’ livelihood resilience of various forest industry groups are similar. Among them, the education of household head, household head health, household size, work experience, and neighborhood relationships are the key factors that affect the resilience of worker households.
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Du, Ziqiang, Xuejia Liu, Zhitao Wu, Hong Zhang, and Jie Zhao. "Responses of Forest Net Primary Productivity to Climatic Factors in China during 1982–2015." Plants 11, no. 21 (October 31, 2022): 2932. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/plants11212932.
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Forest ecosystems play an important role in the global carbon cycle. Clarifying the large-scale dynamics of net primary productivity (NPP) and its correlation with climatic factors is essential for national forest ecology and management. Hence, this study aimed to explore the effects of major climatic factors on the Carnegie–Ames–Stanford Approach (CASA) model-estimated NPP of the entire forest and all its corresponding vegetation types in China from 1982 to 2015. The spatiotemporal patterns of interannual variability of forest NPP were illustrated using linear regression and geographic information system (GIS) spatial analysis. The correlations between forest NPP and climatic factors were evaluated using partial correlation analysis and sliding correlation analysis. We found that over thirty years, the average annual NPP of the forests was 887 × 1012 g C/a, and the average annual NPP per unit area was 650.73 g C/m2/a. The interannual NPP of the entire forest and all its corresponding vegetation types significantly increased (p < 0.01). The increase in the NPP of evergreen broad-leaved forests was markedly substantial among forest types. From the spatial perspective, the NPP of the entire forest vegetation gradually increased from northwest to southeast. Over the years, the proportions of the entire forest and all its corresponding vegetation types with a considerable increase in NPP were higher than those with a significant decrease, indicating, generally, improvements in forest NPP. We also found climatic factors variably affected the NPP of forests over time considering that the rise in temperature and solar radiation improved the interannual forest NPP, and the decline in precipitation diminished the forest NPP. Such varying strength of the relationship between the interannual forest NPP and climatic factors also varied across many forest types. Understanding the spatiotemporal pattern of forest NPP and its varying responses to climatic change will improve our knowledge to manage forest ecosystems and maintain their sustainability under a changing environment.
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Flores, Bernardo M., Milena Holmgren, Chi Xu, Egbert H. van Nes, Catarina C. Jakovac, Rita C. G. Mesquita, and Marten Scheffer. "Floodplains as an Achilles’ heel of Amazonian forest resilience." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 114, no. 17 (April 10, 2017): 4442–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1617988114.
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The massive forests of central Amazonia are often considered relatively resilient against climatic variation, but this view is challenged by the wildfires invoked by recent droughts. The impact of such fires that spread from pervasive sources of ignition may reveal where forests are less likely to persist in a drier future. Here we combine field observations with remotely sensed information for the whole Amazon to show that the annually inundated lowland forests that run through the heart of the system may be trapped relatively easily into a fire-dominated savanna state. This lower forest resilience on floodplains is suggested by patterns of tree cover distribution across the basin, and supported by our field and remote sensing studies showing that floodplain fires have a stronger and longer-lasting impact on forest structure as well as soil fertility. Although floodplains cover only 14% of the Amazon basin, their fires can have substantial cascading effects because forests and peatlands may release large amounts of carbon, and wildfires can spread to adjacent uplands. Floodplains are thus an Achilles’ heel of the Amazon system when it comes to the risk of large-scale climate-driven transitions.
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Liu, Congcong, Yuanfang Chai, Boyuan Zhu, Yunping Yang, Jinyun Deng, and Yong Hu. "River regulation and resilience: an approach for the Yangtze watershed." Water Supply 21, no. 4 (February 2, 2021): 1817–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/ws.2021.035.
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Abstract Many studies have focused on analyzing variation characteristics of the watershed resilience based on different indicators, while few efforts have been made to quantificationally evaluate contributions of climatic and anthropogenic factors to the varied resilience. In this study, we investigate changes in the seasonal runoff resilience of the entire Yangtze River basin during 1961–2014 by using a convex model and a resilience indicator (Pi). The MIKE 11HD model and the regression method were adopted to further differentiate effects of climate variations and human activities. Results show that climate variation (especially droughts and floods) and human activities exert negative and positive effects, respectively, and become primary reasons for falling and increasing trends in entire watershed resilience. These impacts grow with time under the gradually intensified climate variability and human activity. HIGHTLIGHTS Effects of climatic and anthropogenic factors on the varied watershed runoff resilience are quantificationally estimated. Investigating the changes in the watershed resilience in the entire Yangtze River.
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Patasaraiya, Maneesh Kumar, Rinku Moni Devi, Bhaskar Sinha, Jigyasa Bisaria, Sameer Saran, and Rajeev Jaiswal. "Understanding the Resilience of Sal and Teak Forests to Climate Variability Using NDVI and EVI Time Series." Forest Science 67, no. 2 (January 11, 2021): 192–204. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/forsci/fxaa051.
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Abstract This study attempts to understand the climatic resilience of two forest types of central India—that is, Tectona grandis (Teak) forest of Satpura Tiger Reserve and Shorea robusta (Sal) forest of Kanha Tiger Reserve—using normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI), enhanced vegetation index (EVI) extracted from MODIS, and climate variable data sets at highest spatial and temporal scales. Teak and Sal forests within the core area of the selected tiger reserves represent the least anthropogenic disturbances, and therefore, the observed changes in NDVI and EVI over the past 16 years could be analyzed in the context of climate change. The correlation analysis between climatic variables (minimum temperature, maximum temperature, mean temperature, and total annual rainfall) and forest response indicators (NDVI/EVI) at seasonal and annual scales revealed that Teak and Sal forests are more sensitive to change in past temperature as compared with rainfall. Also, the changes in NDVI and EVI of Sal forest are correlated more to minimum temperature, and that of Teak forest to maximum temperature. The analysis of sapling girth class of Sal and Teak further revealed that Sal as compared with Teak is more affected because of the changing climate variables of the recent past. The findings of the study will help manage forests more efficiently in the context of changing climate.
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Latte, Nicolas, Philippe Taverniers, Tanguy de Jaegere, and Hugues Claessens. "Dendroecological assessment of climate resilience of the rare and scattered forest tree species Tilia cordata Mill. in northwestern Europe." Forestry: An International Journal of Forest Research 93, no. 5 (June 2, 2020): 675–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/forestry/cpaa011.
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Abstract To increase forest resilience to global change, forest managers are often directing forest stands towards a broader diversity of tree species. The small-leaved lime (Tilia cordata Mill.), a rare and scattered species in northwestern Europe, is a promising candidate for this purpose. Its life traits suggest a high resilience to climate change and a favourable impact on forest ecosystem services. This study used a dendroecological approach to assess how lime tree radial growth had responded to the past climatic change. First, 120 lime trees from nine sites were selected in southern Belgium based on criteria adapted to the rareness of the species. Chronology quality was assessed and resulting tree-ring series were validated at site and region levels. Second, a range of dendrochronological methods was used to analyze the changes over time in the variability and long-term trends of lime tree growth and their relation to climate during the period 1955–2016. Last, behaviour of lime trees was compared with that of beech from the same region and time period. For this purpose, the same methodology was applied to an additional beech tree-ring dataset (149 trees from 13 sites). Beech is the climax tree species of the region, but is known to be drought-sensitive and has shown weaknesses in the current climate. The quality of our tree-ring series attests that dendroecological investigation using rare and scattered species is possible, opening the way to further analysis on other such lesser-known forest tree species. The analysis showed that the small-leaved lime had been resilient to the past climatic change in multiple ways. Lime growth increased during the preceding decades despite an increased frequency and intensity of stressful climatic events. Lime growth quickly recovered in the years following the stresses. The growth–climate relationships were either stable over time or had a positive evolution. The behaviour of lime contrasted strongly with that of beech. Lime performed better than beech in every analysis. Small-leaved lime is thus a serious candidate for addressing climate change challenges in the region. It should be considered by forest managers planning to improve the sustainability and resilience of their forests, in particular in vulnerable beech stands.
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Schaeffer-Novelli, Yara, Eduardo Juan Soriano-Sierra, Claudia Câmara do Vale, Elaine Bernini, André Scarlate Rovai, Marcelo Antonio Amaro Pinheiro, Anders Jensen Schmidt, et al. "Climate changes in mangrove forests and salt marshes." Brazilian Journal of Oceanography 64, spe2 (2016): 37–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1679-875920160919064sp2.
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Abstract This synthesis is framed within the scope of the Brazilian Benthic Coastal Habitat Monitoring Network (ReBentos WG 4: Mangroves and Salt Marshes), focusing on papers that examine biodiversity-climate interactions as well as human-induced factors including those that decrease systemic resilience. The goal is to assess difficulties related to the detection of climate and early warning signals from monitoring data. We also explored ways to circumvent some of the obstacles identified. Exposure and sensitivity of mangrove and salt marsh species and ecosystems make them extremely vulnerable to environmental impacts and potential indicators of sea level and climate-driven environmental change. However, the interpretation of shifts in mangroves and salt marsh species and systemic attributes must be scrutinized considering local and setting-level energy signature changes; including disturbance regime and local stressors, since these vary widely on a regional scale. The potential for adaptation and survival in response to climate change depends, in addition to the inherent properties of species, on contextual processes at the local, landscape, and regional levels that support resilience. Regardless of stressor type, because of the convergence of social and ecological processes, coastal zones should be targeted for anticipatory action to reduce risks and to integrate these ecosystems into adaptation strategies. Management must be grounded on proactive mitigation and collaborative action based on long-term ecosystem-based studies and well-designed monitoring programs that can 1) provide real-time early warning and 2) close the gap between simple correlations that provide weak inferences and process-based approaches that can yield increasingly reliable attribution and improved levels of anticipation.
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Elli, EF, BO Caron, A. Behling, E. Eloy, V. Queiróz De Souza, F. Schwerz, and JR Stolzle. "Climatic factors defining the height growth curve of forest species." iForest - Biogeosciences and Forestry 10, no. 3 (June 30, 2017): 547–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.3832/ifor2189-010.
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