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Journal articles on the topic 'Forest policy – Portugal – History'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 10 March 2023

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1

Hearn, Kyle P., and Jesús Álvarez-Mozos. "A Diachronic Analysis of a Changing Landscape on the Duero River Borderlands of Spain and Portugal Combining Remote Sensing and Ethnographic Approaches." Sustainability 13, no. 24 (December 17, 2021): 13962. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su132413962.

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The Arribes del Duero region spans the border of both Spain and Portugal along the Duero River. On both sides of the border, the region boasts unique human-influenced ecosystems. The borderland landscape is dotted with numerous villages that have a history of maintaining and managing an agrosilvopastoral use of the land. Unfortunately, the region in recent decades has suffered from massive outmigration, resulting in significant rural abandonment. Consequently, the once-maintained landscape is evolving into a more homogenous vegetative one, resulting in a greater propensity for wildfires. This study utilizes an interdisciplinary, integrated approach of “bottom up” ethnography and “top down” remote sensing data from Landsat imagery, to characterize and document the diachronic vegetative changes on the landscape, as they are perceived by stakeholders and satellite spectral analysis. In both countries, stakeholders perceived the current changes and threats facing the landscape. Remote sensing analysis revealed an increase in forest cover throughout the region, and more advanced, drastic change on the Spanish side of the study area marked by wildfire and a rapidly declining population. Understanding the evolution and history of this rural landscape can provide more effective management and its sustainability.

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2

García-Pereda, Ignacio. "The Emergence of Forest Genetics in Portugal." Historical Studies in the Natural Sciences 47, no. 1 (February 1, 2017): 76–106. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/hsns.2017.47.1.76.

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This paper aims to contribute to a better understanding of the history of biology and forestry in Portugal. It will focus on the one state-owned cork oak station devoted to forestry research, showing how its foresters and scientists shaped, and relied on, the state-controlled unions, both for producing and distributing varieties of cork oak and for controlling the seeds and plants forest owners used. Portugal played a very special role in the international development of Mediterranean forest genetics during the first half of the twentieth century. Forestry genetics were decisive for the Estado Novo government, and the Alcobaça Station became a model for the future organization of other countries’ applied forestry research centers. The paper shows how the milieu of forestry scientists and breeders played an important role in the development and institutionalization of genetics in Portugal. The paper will explore how these relationships made it possible for the scientists to test, multiply, and distribute the seeds and plants they produced at the laboratory throughout the Portuguese landscape, thus demonstrating the role of scientists as active agents of state formation and landscape transformation within a corporate political economy. The history of the Alcobaça Forest Station is an important example of fascist institution building.

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3

Friesen, Gerald, R. Peter Gillis, and Thomas R. Roach. "Lost Initiatives: Canada's Forest Industries, Forest Policy and Forest Conservation." Journal of American History 74, no. 4 (March 1988): 1351. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1894458.

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4

Nelles, H. V., R. Peter Gillis, and Thomas R. Roach. "Lost Iniatives: Canada's Forest Industries, Forest Policy, and Forest Conservation." American Historical Review 93, no. 2 (April 1988): 531. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1860117.

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5

Bugalho, L., B. Café, L. Pessanha, J. Sanches, A. V. Sousa, and R. Tavares. "Assessment of forest fire risk in Portugal combining meteorological and vegetation information." Forest Ecology and Management 234 (November 2006): S69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.foreco.2006.08.097.

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6

Mathews, Andrew Salvador. "Mexican Forest History." Journal of Sustainable Forestry 15, no. 1 (January 2002): 17–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1300/j091v15n01_02.

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7

Catry, Filipe X., Francisco Moreira, Rui Tujeira, and Joaquim S. Silva. "Post-fire survival and regeneration of Eucalyptus globulus in forest plantations in Portugal." Forest Ecology and Management 310 (December 2013): 194–203. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.foreco.2013.08.036.

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8

de Almeida, António Pereira, and Hans Riekerk. "Water balance of Eucalyptus globulus and Quercus suber forest stands in south Portugal." Forest Ecology and Management 38, no. 1-2 (December 1990): 55–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0378-1127(90)90085-p.

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9

Hines, Sally, and Ana Cristina Santos. "Trans* policy, politics and research: The UK and Portugal." Critical Social Policy 38, no. 1 (October 30, 2017): 35–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0261018317732880.

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This article explores law and social policy regarding trans* activism amongst trans* and non-binary social movements, and academic research addressing trans* in the UK and Portugal. In considering different possibilities for theorising gender diversity, this article positions a politics of difference and embodied citizenship as fruitful for synergising the issues under discussion. The authors consider recent law and policy shifts around gender recognition in each country and examine the gaps and the connections between policy developments, activism and research around trans*. Though each country has divergence in terms of the history of trans* activism and research, the article identifies significant similarities in the claims of activist groups in the UK and Portugal and the issues and questions under consideration in academic research on trans* and non-binary.

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10

Harrell, Stevan, Yang Qingxia, Sara Jo Viraldo, R. Keala Hagmann, Amanda H. Schmidt, and Thomas Hinckley. "Forest is Forest and Meadows are Meadows." Archiv orientální 84, no. 3 (December 16, 2016): 595–623. http://dx.doi.org/10.47979/aror.j.84.3.595-623.

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Present-day landscapes are shaped by historical forces that combine natural change (generated by climate, geological processes etc.) with anthropogenic change (locally generated in interaction with larger political and economic forces). In the Jiuzhaigou region of Northern Sichuan, humans have shaped landscapes to their needs for at least 3,500 years. In recent centuries, landscape change has probably accelerated, particularly in response to changes in the political economy of the region since the late 19th century. At present, Amdo and Baima Tibetan communities in the region are faced with generally similar but locally differing political and economic pressures, including economic development, tourism, and policies of conservation and reforestation. The communities have reacted to these pressures in diverse ways that produce different landscape outcomes, demonstrating that neither local cultural landscape ideals alone nor policy prescriptions alone can explain current landscape configurations or predict the precise future impact of policies. However, constraints imposed by bureaucratic planning may lead to landscapes with diminished biodiversity and reduced adaptive capacity.

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11

Fernandes, P., and H. Botelho. "Analysis of the prescribed burning practice in the pine forest of northwestern Portugal." Journal of Environmental Management 70, no. 1 (January 2004): 15–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2003.10.001.

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12

Ribeiro, Sónia Carvalho, and Andrew Lovett. "Associations between forest characteristics and socio-economic development: A case study from Portugal." Journal of Environmental Management 90, no. 9 (July 2009): 2873–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2008.02.014.

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13

LEITÃO, NICOLAU ANDRESEN. "A Flight of Fantasy? Portugal and the First Attempt to Enlarge the European Economic Community, 1961–1963." Contemporary European History 16, no. 1 (February 2007): 71–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0960777306003638.

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AbstractThis article explains the position of Portugal during the first attempt to enlarge the European Economic Community in 1961–3. It first makes clear the motives behind the Portuguese government's policy option in favour of EEC associate membership and future entry. Next, it analyses the attitude of the EEC members and Portugal's EFTA partners to this policy option. The article concludes that such a policy was condemned to failure, due to the authoritarian nature of the Portuguese regime and the country's colonial policy, and that, had the negotiations progressed, Lisbon would probably have had to opt in favour of a provisional agreement.

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14

Veenman, Sietske, Duncan Liefferink, and Bas Arts. "A short history of Dutch forest policy: The ‘de-institutionalisation’ of a policy arrangement." Forest Policy and Economics 11, no. 3 (May 2009): 202–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.forpol.2009.03.001.

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15

Alves, André, Filipe Marcelino, Eduardo Gomes, Jorge Rocha, and Mário Caetano. "Spatiotemporal Land-Use Dynamics in Continental Portugal 1995–2018." Sustainability 14, no. 23 (November 22, 2022): 15540. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su142315540.

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Monitoring land-use patterns and its trends provides useful information for impact evaluation and policy design. The latest in-depth studies of land-use dynamics for continental Portugal are outdated, and have not examined how municipalities may be classified into a typology of observed dynamics or considered the trajectory profiles of land-use transitions. This paper presents a comprehensive analysis of the spatiotemporal dynamics of land-use in continental Portugal from 1995 to 2018. Our multi-scalar approach used land-use maps in geographic information systems with the following objectives: (i) quantify variations of land-use classes, (ii) assess the transitions between uses, and (iii) derive a municipal typology of land-use dynamics. The methodology employed involved calculating statistical indicators of land-use classes, transition matrices between uses and combinatorial analysis for the most common trajectory-profiles. For the typology, a principal component analysis was used for dimensionality reduction and the respective components were classified by testing several clustering techniques. Results showed that the land-use transitions were not homogeneous in space or time, leading to the growth of territorial asymmetries. Forest (Δ5%), water bodies (Δ28%) and artificial surfaces (Δ35%) had a greater expansion, as opposed to agricultural areas, which had the biggest decline (Δ-8%). Despite the decline of agricultural activities, olive-grove expansion (Δ7%) was a relevant dynamic, and in the case of forests, the increment of eucalyptus (Δ34%) replaced native species such as the maritime pine (Δ-20%). A land-use-dynamics typology was estimated, dividing continental Portugal into 11 clusters, which is informative for sectoral policies and spatial planning, as zonings in need of interventions tailored to their specificities. The findings are a contribution to the study of land-use dynamics in continental Portugal, presenting various challenges for sustainable land uses with regard to the urban system, forest management, food production, soil preservation, and ecosystem protection.

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16

Schuck, A., R. Päivinen, T. Häme, J. Van Brusselen, P. Kennedy, and S. Folving. "Compilation of a European forest map from Portugal to the Ural mountains based on earth observation data and forest statistics." Forest Policy and Economics 5, no. 2 (July 2003): 187–202. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1389-9341(03)00024-8.

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17

Cabral, Tiago S. "The 15th anniversary of the Portuguese drug policy: Its history, its success and its future." Drug Science, Policy and Law 3 (January 2017): 205032451668364. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2050324516683640.

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Fifteen years ago when Portugal decriminalized the consumption of all narcotic drugs and psychotropic substances it was both a bold and a desperate move to curb the drug problem that the country faced at the time. In this paper, I analyse the Portuguese drug policy, its historical foundation, its success and its possible future.

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18

Santos, Yvette. "Portuguese emigration, shipping companies and the state: The business of migrant transport after the Belle Époque." International Journal of Maritime History 30, no. 1 (February 2018): 74–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0843871417745508.

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This article seeks to understand why Portugal, with its strong migration tradition and its close ties with Brazil, did not manage to assert itself in the transport of emigrants to Brazil in the face of foreign competition from the mid-nineteenth century. We identify the primary internal and external factors that led to the loss of visibility of Portuguese shipping companies on the Portugal–Brazil route, even as migration reached a peak during the Belle Époque. An assessment is made of the extent to which the retreat of the major shipping nations from the maritime routes as a result of the First World War provided Portugal with an opportunity to assert itself as an international maritime power. We also analyse the politically motivated attempt to strengthen maritime contacts with Brazil through the Transportes Marítimos do Estado, and the weaknesses of that policy, which owed much to the unstable international maritime context and foreign competition.

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19

Fernandez, Helena Maria, Fernando M. Granja-Martins, Celestina M. G. Pedras, Patrícia Fernandes, and Jorge M. G. P. Isidoro. "An Assessment of Forest Fires and CO2 Gross Primary Production from 1991 to 2019 in Mação (Portugal)." Sustainability 13, no. 11 (May 21, 2021): 5816. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13115816.

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Forest-fire rates have increased in Southern European landscapes. These fires damage forest ecosystems and alter their development. During the last few decades, an increase in fast-growing and highly fuel-bearing plant species such as bush, Eucalyptus globulus Labill., and Pinus pinaster Ait. has been observable in the interior of Portugal. This study aims to verify this assumption by the quantification of the biomass carbon sink in the forests of the Mação municipality. Maps of fire severity and forest biomass evolution after a wildfire event were produced for the period of 1991 to 2019. To quantify carbon retention in this region, this evolution was correlated with gross primary production (GPP) on the basis of satellite imagery from Landsat 5, Landsat 8, and MODIS MYD17A2H. Results show that wildfires in Mação increased in area and severity with each passing decade due to the large accumulation of biomass promoted by the abandonment of rural areas. Before the large fires of 2003, 2017, and 2019, carbon rates reached a daily maximum of 5.4, 5.3, and 4.7 gC/m2/day, respectively, showing a trend of forest-biomass accumulation in the Mação municipality.

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20

Carvalho-Ribeiro, S. M., A. Lovett, and T. O’Riordan. "Multifunctional forest management in Northern Portugal: Moving from scenarios to governance for sustainable development." Land Use Policy 27, no. 4 (October 2010): 1111–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.landusepol.2010.02.008.

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21

Tarling, Nicholas. "Britain, Portugal and East Timor in 1941." Journal of Southeast Asian Studies 27, no. 1 (March 1996): 132–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022463400010730.

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During the period between the opening of the war in Europe in September 1939 and the attack on Pearl Harbor and Malaya in December 1941, the British sought to limit Japanese penetration into Southeast Asia, while guarding, insofar as they could, against any Japanese advance. The policy applied to East Timor. But the Portuguese were touchy about interference and apprehensive about Macau.

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22

Malico, Isabel, and Ana Cristina Gonçalves. "Eucalyptus globulus Coppices in Portugal: Influence of Site and Percentage of Residues Collected for Energy." Sustainability 13, no. 11 (May 21, 2021): 5775. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13115775.

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Studies that quantify forest bioenergy potentials hardly address the questions of site quality, proportion and type of residues removed from the stands, and environmental impacts of those removals. However, those factors are important for energy-potential results and forest sustainability. This study compares, in terms of residual biomass availability for energy production and of sustainability, different locations, site indices, and forest management strategies in Eucalyptus globulus stands for pulp and paper in northern and central Portugal. A growth and production simulator was used to calculate the availability of residues and the area needed to supply a biomass-fired power plant under a variety of scenarios. Regions with more rainfall generate more residues, but site index and quantity and type of residues harvested are the most important factors. Under the different scenarios analyzed, the amount of residues potentially harvested range from 0.7 to 4.3 Mg ha−1 a−1, the upper bound corresponding to a scenario where stumps are valorized. The maximization of residue removal maximizes the bioenergy produced but has to be considered prudently. Studies indicate that stump removal has limited effect on Eucalyptus globulus stand productivity, diversity, and system sustainability, but impacts of residue removals increase with a decrease in site index.

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23

Farinha, Joana, Lúcio Cunha, and Luca Antonio Dimuccio. "Exploratory Spatial Analysis of Social Vulnerability and Forest Fire Risk in the Pinhal Interior Sul (Central Portugal)." Sustainability 14, no. 5 (March 4, 2022): 3010. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su14053010.

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Mainland Portugal is a Mediterranean country, particularly known for the recurrence of forest fires in terms of burnt areas, losses, and damage. The central Portugal administrative area has been in a “stage” of prominence for this dangerous phenomenon, with the sub-region Pinhal Interior Sul being one of the most critical territories. In addition to the manifestation of the dangerous process itself, it is important to state the importance of vulnerability, which has been relatively ignored in the definition of public policies in terms of spatial planning. Vulnerability concerns the way people and their assets are exposed to forest fires (as they represent the main targets of their harmful consequences), as well as how they are affected by, resist, and recover from them. This paper investigates only one of the components of vulnerability—social vulnerability—in terms of demographic, cultural, socio-economic, and infrastructural conditions to establish a comparative analysis among the parishes of the sub-region Pinhal Interior Sul (in particular, between the more urban and rural ones in each municipality). In the studied area, the high values of social vulnerability reinforce the high hazard level. At the municipality level, it is possible to conclude that the population living in more markedly rural and peripheral parishes is more vulnerable to forest fires than those living in the more urban conditions.

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24

SALM, Christian. "Diffusing Democracy in Europe: The European Parliament and European Community Enlargement Policy 1974-79." Journal of European Integration History 27, no. 1 (2021): 99–120. http://dx.doi.org/10.5771/0947-9511-2021-1-99.

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The article explores the role of the European Parliament (EP) in European Community (EC) Southern enlargement policy during the phase of democratic transitions in Greece, Portugal and Spain. It demonstrates how the EP insisted on adherence to core democratic principles as a condition for any accession negotiations, in particular the holding of free and fair parliamentary elections. Furthermore, the article shows how the EP made strategic use of the Southern European democratic transitions to demand the democratisation of the EC and the EP itself, with the holding of direct elections to the EP as its primary demand. Moreover, it discusses the EP’s attempt to make the observance of democratic principles a formal requirement of EC membership, both for applicant countries and for existing member states. Finally, it reconstructs the EP’s relations with counterparts in Greece, Portugal and Spain, which were intended to prepare the baselines of enlargement policy and EC accession.

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25

Rogers, Edward J. "Monoproductive Traits in Brazil’s Economic Past." Americas 23, no. 2 (April 2004): 130–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/980580.

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During the first three hundred years of its existence, Brazil had no opportunity to develop its potential natural resources for the benefit of its inhabitants. Portugal, Brazil’s mother country, exploited the colony as a source of wealth for itself and did not administer it for the purpose of creating a sound economic structure for the good of Brazil. Its foreign commerce was a Crown monopoly until 1808. During this colonial period, easily exploited minerals and those crops which would command quick, lucrative profits on the world market, were stressed by Portuguese administrators. Thus, early in its history, the disastrous seeds of monoculture were sown in Brazil. These products were taken to Lisbon, which served as a jobbing center for the Empire, and from there they were distributed by vessel to other countries. Large-scale industry was discouraged by Portugal, and in some instances, actually forbidden. In this, Portugal was following the general colonial policy common to many European nations during that period. Characteristic of the Portuguese attitude was Queen Maria’s order in 1785 for the destruction of all industries and factories in Brazil that were not devoted to the production of sugar; a product from which Portugal at this time derived much of its national income. In return for the lucrative slave crops of sugar and cotton, the colony was forced to buy expensive finished goods from the mother country. The exchange profited Portugal greatly and strangled Brazil economically.

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26

Collins, Ross D., Richard de Neufville, João Claro, Tiago Oliveira, and Abílio P. Pacheco. "Forest fire management to avoid unintended consequences: A case study of Portugal using system dynamics." Journal of Environmental Management 130 (November 2013): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2013.08.033.

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27

Marques, Marlene, Nataly Juerges, and José G. Borges. "Appraisal framework for actor interest and power analysis in forest management - Insights from Northern Portugal." Forest Policy and Economics 111 (February 2020): 102049. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.forpol.2019.102049.

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28

Lopes, Sérgio Miguel Gomes, Domingos Xavier Viegas, Maria Teresa Viegas, and Luís Teixeira de Lemos. "Moisture content of fine forest fuels in the Central Portugal (Lousã) for the Period 1996–2004." Forest Ecology and Management 234 (November 2006): S71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.foreco.2006.08.103.

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29

Hamnett, Brian. "Spain and Portugal and the Loss of their Continental American Territories in the 1820s: An Examination of the Issues." European History Quarterly 41, no. 3 (July 2011): 397–412. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0265691411405295.

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The least studied aspect of Ibero-American Independence is the impact on Spain and Portugal. Many complex issues were involved, including the nature of the economic impact, the degree of political readjustment, and the international position of the former metropoles. The 1820s exposed the contradictions in Iberian responses to the loss of continental American territories. Spanish merchants turned towards the domestic and Caribbean markets, and Portuguese policy shifted away from Brazil to the southern-African territories. Although the monarchy survived in both Spain and Portugal, each experienced dynastic convulsions of differing dimensions. The survival of empire beyond continental America complicated the development of European identities and of specifically Spanish and Portuguese national sentiment.

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30

Edmunds, D., and E. Wollenberg. "Historical Perspectives on Forest Policy Change in Asia: An Introduction." Environmental History 6, no. 2 (April 1, 2001): 190–212. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/envhis/6.2.190.

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31

Hall, J. Peter. "Science and policy issues in the Eastern Ontario Model Forest." Forestry Chronicle 82, no. 3 (May 1, 2006): 429–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.5558/tfc82429-3.

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The Eastern Ontario Model Forest is unique in its dense population and long history of land use change, exploitation and environmental impacts. The Forest Science Committee has developed science and policy framework to complement decision-making processes that demonstrates the value of science in addressing the issues affecting all elements of sustainability. Of primary importance are the questions about the evolving values and attitudes of stakeholders and how changing forest management policies affect them. Key words: model forest, science policy framework, sustainability issues

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32

Bandiaky-Badji, S., and S. Bandiaky-Badji. "Gender equity in Senegal's forest governance history: why policy and representation matter." International Forestry Review 13, no. 2 (June 1, 2011): 177–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1505/146554811797406624.

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33

Carolo, Daniel Fernando, and José António Pereirinha. "The development of the Welfare State in Portugal: trends in social expenditure between 1938 and 2003." Revista de Historia Económica / Journal of Iberian and Latin American Economic History 28, no. 3 (December 2010): 469–501. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0212610910000133.

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AbstractThis paper presents a data series on social expenditure in Portugal for the period 1938-2003. The series was built with the aim of identifying and characterizing the most significant phases in the process leading up to the current welfare state system in this country. The establishment of a social insurance (Previdência) in 1935 was one of the founding pillars of the Estado Novo (New State). Reforms to Social Welfare (Previdência Social) in 1962, while in the full throes of the New State, policy measures taken after the revolution of 1974 and a new orientation for social policy following the accession of Portugal to the European Economic Community (EEC) in the mid-1980s brought about significant transformations in the institutional organizational structure that provided welfare and conferred social rights in Portugal. To understand this process, knowledge is needed of the transformations to the institutional structures governing the organizations that provided welfare, welfare coverage in terms of the type of benefit and the population entitled to social risk protection, the magnitude of spending on benefits associated with these risks, as well as how benefits were allocated between the institutions. We built a data series for the period 1938-1980, which can then be matched to data already published in the OECD Social Expenditure Database from 1980 onwards. As a result, a consistent series for social expenditure from 1938 to 2003 was obtained. The methodology used to create the series enabled us to measure the impact of the variation in population coverage for social risks and the average generosity of benefits on the relative share of social expenditure in GDP. We present an interpretive reading for the full period, covering the New State and the Democracy from 1974, of the process of building the welfare state in Portugal.

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McLaren, Brian, and Jason Pollard. "Restructuring of the boreal forest and the forest sector in Newfoundland, Canada." Forestry Chronicle 85, no. 5 (October 1, 2009): 772–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.5558/tfc85772-5.

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Newfoundland pulp logs were once considered an abundant resource available for export, but over the last part of the 20th century became a shrinking commodity, imported to the island to keep 3 paper mills supplied. What were the concurrent changes in the human and the forested landscapes? Faced with increasing resource and labour costs, forest operations became increasingly centralized and mechanized during the second half of the 20th century. Labour productivity increased and, until the mid-1970s, pulpwood processing also increased as a means for forest companies to remain competitive. By the mid-1970s, processed volumes began to fall, but the number of employees in the forest sector continued to decline, resulting in a steady increase in the volume of pulpwood required to support a forest sector job. Forests accessed by loggers were first concentrated around waterways and then became more dispersed across the landscape, as a result of changes in wood extraction and transportation technologies. Beginning in the 1950s and increasingly through the 1980s, pulpwood was cut from targeted, high-volume stands. Eventually 2 of the 3 paper mills was forced to close, in part because of higher costs associated with accessing pulpwood. Newfoundland’s history of forestry restructuring is similar to the experience elsewhere in Canada. We suggest that signals of overexploitation have been often overlooked by policy-makers and changes in the forest sector can be more easily viewed as a response to new technologies and global markets than policy-making. Key words: Canada, employment, history, landscape, logging, Newfoundland and Labrador, policy, restructuring, sustainability

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35

Adélia, Nunes, and Duarte Jorge. "Assessment of forest fire risk in the Serra da Estrela Natural Park (Portugal): Methodological application and validation." Forest Ecology and Management 234 (November 2006): S51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.foreco.2006.08.072.

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36

Tsafack, Noelline, Gábor Pozsgai, Mário Boieiro, Alejandra Ros-Prieto, Rui Nunes, Maria Teresa Ferreira, and Paulo A. V. Borges. "Edge effects constraint endemic but not introduced arthropod species in a pristine forest on Terceira (Azores, Portugal)." Forest Ecology and Management 528 (January 2023): 120646. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.foreco.2022.120646.

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37

Alegria, Cristina. "Vegetation Monitoring and Post-Fire Recovery: A Case Study in the Centre Inland of Portugal." Sustainability 14, no. 19 (October 6, 2022): 12698. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su141912698.

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Wildfires are a major environmental issue that have an impact on land degradation. Remote sensing spectral indices provide valuable information for short-term mitigation and rehabilitation after wildfires. A study area in the Centre inland of Portugal occupied with Maritime pine and Eucalypts forests and affected by wildfires in 2003, 2017 and 2020 was used. The aims of the study were twofold: (1) to compute the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) and with forest inventory data derivate a Maritime pine production model, differentiate evergreen coniferous forests (e.g., Maritime pine), evergreen broadleaved forests (e.g., Eucalypts), and shrubland, and monitor vegetation and its post-fire recovery; and (2) to compute the Normalized Burn Ratio (NBR) difference between pre-fire and post-fire dates for burn severity levels assessment. The plots of a previous forest inventory were used to follow the NDVI values in 2007 and from 2020 to 2022. An aerial coverage in 2007 and the Sentinel-2 imagery in 2020–2022 were used. Linear models fitted maritime pine production with the transformed NDVI by age, showing a fitting efficiency of 60%. The stratification of cover types by stand development stage and fire occurrence was possible using the NDVI time curve, which also showed the impact of fire and of low precipitation. Cover types were ranked by decreasing NDVI values as follows: mature Eucalypts plantations, young Maritime pine regeneration, mature Maritime pine, young Eucalypts plantations, Strawberry tree shrubland, Eucalypts plantations post-fire, Maritime pine post-fire, tall shrubland, and short shrubland. Vegetation post-fire recovery was lower in higher burn severity level areas. Maritime pine areas have lost their natural regeneration capability due to the wildfires’ short cycles. Spectral indices were effective tools to differentiate cover types and assist in the evaluation of forest and shrubland conditions.

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Anderson, Robert L. "Changing Forests and Forest Management Policy in Relation to Dealing with Forest Diseases." Phytopathology® 93, no. 8 (August 2003): 1041–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/phyto.2003.93.8.1041.

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The forest landscape of the United States has changed over time, as has public concern for the trees, water, and wildlife. Early in the history of the United States, forests were viewed as an encumbrance and an inexhaustible resource, used to meet the needs of a growing nation. Around 1900, it became clear that old approaches were not sustainable and forest pathology saw its beginning. Annual lumber production increased from 5.4 billion to 44.5 billion board feet. Forest pathologists were called upon to help manage forests for a variety of products, with a focus on decays of wood and wood products. Projection of timber famine stirred public concern, and a number of laws were enacted to deal with the issue. Pathologists were called upon to deal with many of the issues associated with intensive management, and new pests such as chestnut blight and white pine blister rust demanded attention. Then pathologists were called upon to help manage for multiple benefits, and the issues became more complex. Pests such as mistletoes, root diseases, rusts, nursery pests, and urban pests presented new challenges. Concepts such as landscape level assessments, ecosystem management, and multiple-use led to the management of forests to provide for a complex variety of needs. Management objectives vary across the landscape, and pathologists find themselves working with managers who want to maximize fiber production, those that manage areas set aside for special purposes, and all combinations in between. Issues such as acceptable levels of pests, nonnative invasive species, landowner values, visual and watershed quality, and best management practices must be considered in an ever-changing landscape.

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39

Moreira, Francisco, Filipe Catry, Tito Lopes, Miguel N. Bugalho, and Francisco Rego. "Comparing survival and size of resprouts and planted trees for post-fire forest restoration in central Portugal." Ecological Engineering 35, no. 5 (May 2009): 870–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoleng.2008.12.017.

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40

Tyapkin, M. O. "Journal "Lesa Respubliki" as a Source on the History of Forest Policy of the RSFSR in 1918-1919." Izvestiya of Altai State University, no. 2(118) (June 4, 2021): 35–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.14258/izvasu(2021)2-05.

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The article provides a source analysis of the journal "Lesa Respubliki", published in the RSFSR in 1918-1919 and which was the official press organ of the People's Commissariat of Agriculture. Issues of forest policy gained particular relevance after the revolutionary events of 1917, the abolition of all types of forest ownership, a radical restructuring of the entire state apparatus and the rejection of forest legislation of pre-revolutionary Russia. The journal discussed various directions of development of the forestry sector of the national economy of Soviet Russia. Special attention was paid to the issues of forestry legislation, the system of local and central government, forest protection, the development of forest trade and industry, staffing of forestry, and the organization of specialized education. Under the influence of the civil war and the deepest socioeconomic crisis associated with it, the issue of providing fuel to industrial enterprises, transport, Soviet institutions and individual citizens acquired the most acute sound. The journal "Lesa Respubliki" is a valuable source in the study of the genesis of the national state forest policy.

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Carvalho-Ribeiro, Sónia Maria, and Andrew Lovett. "Is an attractive forest also considered well managed? Public preferences for forest cover and stand structure across a rural/urban gradient in northern Portugal." Forest Policy and Economics 13, no. 1 (January 2011): 46–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.forpol.2010.09.003.

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42

Kennedy, Michael I. L., Thomas M. Beckley, and Van A. Lantz. "Expanding socio-economic considerations in the management of New Brunswick's Crown land forests." Forestry Chronicle 83, no. 5 (September 1, 2007): 708–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.5558/tfc83708-5.

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New Brunswick is in the midst of a forest policy debate regarding wood supply. This paper outlines the historical context, presents recent data and provides a detailed update on policy activities related to this debate. In 2004, the bi-partisan Legislative Select Committee on Wood Supply produced a report complete with recommendations for action. We report on the provincial government response to those recommendations, which has been to: broaden public input into forest management and planning; broaden the range of forest values considered in forest management/policy; and employ new tools, indicators and analysis to provide information to policy-makers. Key words: New Brunswick, wood supply, Crown land policy history, policy debate, socio-economic indicators, public participation in forest management

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43

Toussaint, Bert. "(Transport) history as policy lab for democratic governance." Journal of Transport History 40, no. 2 (May 9, 2019): 270–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0022526619847393.

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In the past decades we witnessed a rise of public participation in transport and land-use projects, and often those practices have been formalised in a solid juridical framework. In the Netherlands and other EU-countries, the cornerstones of this participatory planning framework are the Environmental Impact Study and the Environment Impact Assessment. However, historical appraisals of the impact of these instruments on participatory processes are lacking. Using the case study of the contested Dutch motorway project passing through the Amelisweerd forest (1970s), this paper aims to appraise the role of deliberative democracy concepts and practices. This paper is a plea for a novel academic agenda driven by the research questions: to what extent have participatory processes in transport, land-use and water management policies had an impact on deliberative democracy concepts and practices? Which role did citizens and users have in shaping the decision-making process?

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Turyahabwe, N., and A. Y. Banana. "An overview of history and development of forest policy and legislation in Uganda." International Forestry Review 10, no. 4 (December 2008): 641–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1505/ifor.10.4.641.

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45

Johann, Elisabeth. "Zur Entwicklung des Forschungsgebietes Wald- und Forstgeschichte in Europa – Rückblick und Ausblick | The development of forest and forest history research in Europe: a retrospective and future prospects." Schweizerische Zeitschrift fur Forstwesen 157, no. 9 (September 1, 2006): 372–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.3188/szf.2006.0372.

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Up until the 1970s «Classical Forest History» was regarded, above all in central European countries, predominantly as an empirical science. The discipline was seen as a contribution to a better understanding of the actual situation of a certain forest stand or area and thereby as a support to forest planning. As a logical consequence forest history was very closely joined to forest policy. Although at the time research also included human activities outside the forest, priorities lay with wood production,forest utilization, forest policy, management and planning. Methods and topics changed only gradually. However, while priority was given to matters of sustainable development forest historians also began to focus their scientific research on problems confronting the global woodland. The finding that forests represent the central resource of society showed the way to the implementation of new methods in research and teaching. These methods originated in Zurich but also came to influence research activities in the neighbouring countries. This development consequently resulted in a move towards environmental history. Today research in the field of forest history focuses on the interrelationship between man and forest in a wider context. International and interdisciplinary cooperation and networking thus continue to be of great importance.

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Filatov, Georgy. "António Salazar and the Economy of Portugal (1928—1959)." ISTORIYA 13, no. 5 (115) (2022): 0. http://dx.doi.org/10.18254/s207987840021551-5.

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Researchers debate on whether the economic policy of António Salazar’s regime was effective, as good macroeconomic performance contrasted with high levels of poverty and low wages. The article proposes to abandon the universalist view on efficiency and consider instead, what goals the Portuguese government put forward and to what extent they were achieved. The paper analyzes the first 30 years of António Salazar’s being in power, when the regime set different goals. In the early years, it pursued financial and economic stability. It was only since the mid-1930s, however, when the first modest steps were taken to increase economic development. The results corresponded with these goals. The severe economic crisis was overcome by the early 1930s, and the country’s moderate economic growth was consistent with the modest goals set by the António Salazar’s government.

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Fellows, E. S. "Forestry's Future Frustrated or A Condensed History of Canadian Foresters' Concern for Forest Renewal." Forestry Chronicle 62, no. 1 (February 1, 1986): 35–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.5558/tfc62035-1.

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A 40-year review of the concerns of Canadian foresters over the lack of a national forest policy in general and over failure to provide adequately for forest renewal in particular, as told chiefly in the words of contemporary writings and speeches.

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Reis, Bruno C. "Decentering the Cold War in Southern Africa: The Portuguese Policy of Decolonization and Détente in Angola and Mozambique (1974–1984)." Journal of Cold War Studies 21, no. 1 (April 2019): 3–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/jcws_a_00873.

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Contrary to the expectations of many, the break between Portugal and its former colonies in southern Africa was far from complete after decolonization. This article points to three major reasons. First, the impact on relations with Angola and Mozambique of the fragmentation of Portuguese state power and tense polarization in the Portuguese polity after the military coup of 24 April 1974 has been overstated and was far from entirely negative. Second, diplomatic relations were normalized between Portugal, Angola, and Mozambique during the Cold War in a way that has significant parallels with West Germany's Ostpolitik. Portugal's Südpolitik saw a cultural identity worth preserving despite geopolitical divisions and pushed for better relations and deepened ties with these states to help move them away from strict alignment with the Soviet bloc. Third, officers of the Armed Forces Movement that carried out the April 1974 coup exercised a fundamental, positive influence in Portuguese policies toward Angola and Mozambique during decolonization and for years afterward.

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Fairhead, James, and Melissa Leach. "Reading Forest History Backwards: The Interaction of Policy and Local Land Use in Guinea's Forest-Savanna Mosaic, 1893-1993." Environment and History 1, no. 1 (February 1, 1995): 55–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.3197/096734095779522708.

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50

Apsey, T. M. (Mike). "Canadians and their forest: Development of the National Forest Strategy." Forestry Chronicle 79, no. 4 (August 1, 2003): 757–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.5558/tfc79757-4.

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Canada's forest has evolved since the retreat of the last ice age, over a period of about 10 000 years. The forest has been modified by humans over much of this time, beginning with Aboriginal peoples' use of fire. Since the arrival of European colonists in the 16th century, use of the forest has been based on a changing series of policies and practices, leaving 94% of the original forest. Over the past 25 years, extensive public processes have led to a series of national forest strategies, each reflecting the evolving importance that Canadians hold for their forest. Key words: forest history, policy development, national forest strategy, Canada Forest Accord, sustained yield, sustainable forest management.

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