Journal articles: 'Forest management – Peru'

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Sears, Robin R., Manuel R. Guariguata, Peter Cronkleton, and Cristina Miranda Beas. "Strengthening Local Governance of Secondary Forest in Peru." Land 10, no. 12 (November 23, 2021): 1286. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/land10121286.

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Natural forest regrowth is critical for restoring ecosystem services in degraded landscapes and providing forest resources. Those who control tenure and access rights to these secondary forest areas determine who benefits from economically charged off-farm opportunities such as finance for forest restoration, selling carbon credits, and receiving payment for ecosystem services. We explore multiple dimensions of secondary forest governance in Peru, where the lack of official government statistics of the extent, geography, and ownership, coupled with low state capacity, prevents the development of governance structures that could stimulate their sustainable management. In this paper, we review the challenges to secondary forest governance, and the opportunities to strengthen it, focusing on beneficial outcomes for smallholder farmers. We characterize secondary forest types, extent, and persistence in Peru, followed by a presentation of the social dimensions of their governance. We identify four entry points for government to take action: national mapping of the socio-geography of second growth forest, regularize the property rights of untitled landholders, relax forest regulations, and provide incentives, not sanctions, for secondary forest management. Overall, we recommend folding secondary forest governance into a landscape approach. In Peru, strengthening local forest governance could help to drive benefits of climate change mitigation incentives directly to local forest stewards.

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Palminteri, Suzanne, George V. N. Powell, and Carlos A. Peres. "Regional-scale heterogeneity in primate community structure at multiple undisturbed forest sites across south-eastern Peru." Journal of Tropical Ecology 27, no. 2 (February 1, 2011): 181–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0266467410000684.

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Abstract:The forests of western Amazonia support high site-level biological diversity, yet regional community heterogeneity is poorly understood. Using data from line transect surveys at 37 forest sites in south-eastern Peru, we assessed whether local primate assemblages are heterogeneous at the scale of a major watershed. We examined patterns of richness, abundance and community structure as a function of forest type, hunting pressure, land-management regime and geographic location. The primate assemblage composition and structure varied spatially across this relatively small region of Amazonia (≈ 85 000 km2), resulting from large-scale species patchiness rather than species turnover. Primate species richness varied among sites by a factor of two, community similarity by a factor of four and aggregate biomass by a factor of 45. Several environmental variables exhibited influence on community heterogeneity, though none as much as geographic location. Unflooded forest sites had higher species richness than floodplain forests, although neither numerical primate abundance nor aggregate biomass varied with forest type. Non-hunted sites safeguarded higher abundance and biomass, particularly of large-bodied species, than hunted sites. Spatial differences among species assemblages of a relatively generalist taxon like primates in this largely undisturbed forest region imply that community heterogeneity may be even greater in more species-rich taxa, as well as in regions of greater forest habitat diversity.

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de Jong, Wil, Luis Freitas, Juan Baluarte, Petra van de Kop, Angel Salazar, Erminio Inga, Walter Melendez, and Camila Germaná. "Secondary forest dynamics in the Amazon floodplain in Peru." Forest Ecology and Management 150, no. 1-2 (September 2001): 135–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0378-1127(00)00687-3.

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Peinhardt, Clint, Alisha A. Kim, and Viveca Pavon-Harr. "Deforestation and the United States–Peru Trade Promotion Agreement." Global Environmental Politics 19, no. 1 (February 2019): 53–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/glep_a_00498.

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Do environmental provisions in trade agreements make a difference? In part to coopt environmental criticisms, the United States has included environmental components to trade agreements since NAFTA side agreements in the mid-1990s. Environmental components are increasingly more integrated and more specific, as illustrated by the 2009 United States–Peru Trade Promotion Agreement (PTPA). In exchange for increased market access to the United States, the Peruvian government agreed to reduce illegal logging and improve forest sector governance. Recent qualitative assessments of deforestation highlight difficulties in implementing the specific requirements of the PTPA’s Annex on Forest Sector Governance, but tests with Peruvian data on logging appear unreliable. We circumvent this difficulty by using satellite imagery of deforestation across Peruvian border regions and by engaging multiple methods to estimate the PTPA’s impact. All results suggest that deforestation has actually increased since the PTPA entered force, although no more than in other Amazonian countries. We conclude by emphasizing the limits of external imposition of environmental rules, which appear prone to failure unless domestic interests mobilize in their support.

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Piperno, Dolores R., Crystal H. McMichael, Nigel C. A. Pitman, Juan Ernesto Guevara Andino, Marcos Ríos Paredes, Britte M. Heijink, and Luis A. Torres-Montenegro. "A 5,000-year vegetation and fire history for tierra firme forests in the Medio Putumayo-Algodón watersheds, northeastern Peru." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 118, no. 40 (June 7, 2021): e2022213118. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2022213118.

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This paper addresses an important debate in Amazonian studies; namely, the scale, intensity, and nature of human modification of the forests in prehistory. Phytolith and charcoal analysis of terrestrial soils underneath mature tierra firme (nonflooded, nonriverine) forests in the remote Medio Putumayo-Algodón watersheds, northeastern Peru, provide a vegetation and fire history spanning at least the past 5,000 y. A tree inventory carried out in the region enables calibration of ancient phytolith records with standing vegetation and estimates of palm species densities on the landscape through time. Phytolith records show no evidence for forest clearing or agriculture with major annual seed and root crops. Frequencies of important economic palms such as Oenocarpus, Euterpe, Bactris, and Astrocaryum spp., some of which contain hyperdominant species in the modern flora, do not increase through prehistoric time. This indicates pre-Columbian occupations, if documented in the region with future research, did not significantly increase the abundance of those species through management or cultivation. Phytoliths from other arboreal and woody species similarly reflect a stable forest structure and diversity throughout the records. Charcoal 14C dates evidence local forest burning between ca. 2,800 and 1,400 y ago. Our data support previous research indicating that considerable areas of some Amazonian tierra firme forests were not significantly impacted by human activities during the prehistoric era. Rather, it appears that over the last 5,000 y, indigenous populations in this region coexisted with, and helped maintain, large expanses of relatively unmodified forest, as they continue to do today.

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Young, Kenneth R. "Threats to biological diversity caused bycoca/cocaine deforestation in Peru." Environmental Conservation 23, no. 1 (March 1996): 7–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0376892900038200.

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SummaryIndirect sources were used to characterize the nature and magnitude of threats to the native plants and forest ecosystems caused by the cultivation and control ofcoca, the precursor to cocaine, in the Huallaga valley of Peru, whence the majority of the world's cocaine originates. Deforestation is concentrated between 500 and 2000 m in the tropical premontane forest belt. Recent listing of Peru's seed plants permitted a quantification of plant species known from the department of San Martin between 500–2000 m and thus at risk due to forest degradation. This flora consists of 169 plant families, almost 900 genera, and about 2600 species. Fifteen percent of the species are restricted in distribution to Peru, while 6% are known only from San Martin. An additional 778 species, including 46 narrow endemics, are known from vegetation types found below 500 m. More than 223 000 ha of land were found to be in ‘hill agriculture’, consisting predominantly ofcocafields and this suggests that the total impact ofcoca/cocaine deforestation is greatly under-estimated by using simply the area ofcocaunder cultivation. Degraded tropical pre-montane forest may amount to as much as 1 000 000 ha in all of Peru.

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Moll-Rocek, Julian, Matthew E. Gilbert, and Eben N. Broadbent. "Brazil Nut (Bertholletia excelsa, Lecythidaceae) Regeneration in Logging Gaps in the Peruvian Amazon." International Journal of Forestry Research 2014 (2014): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/420764.

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Brazil nut (Bertholletia excelsaBonpl.) extraction serves as an important economic resource in the Madre de Dios region of Peru simultaneously promoting forest conservation, yet, under current management, it cannot compete with other land uses. This study investigated the effects of logging gaps on Brazil nut natural regeneration. A total of 48 paired logging gap-understory sites were visited in Brazil nut concessions in the Tambopata province of Madre de Dios, Peru. At each site, the number of Brazil nut recruits was counted and canopy openness and gap area were measured. Significantly higher levels of recruit density were found in logging gaps than in understory sites. Additionally, recruit density was positively correlated with canopy openness. Further, in experimental plantings in paired gap and understory sites, canopy openness, height, total leaf area, and number were recorded from August 2011 to February 2012. Height, total leaf area, and leaf number were significantly higher for tree-fall gap grown seedlings, lending further evidence to improved recruitment success of Brazil nuts in forest gaps. These results suggest that multiple-use forest management could be considered as an alternative for the sustainable extraction of Brazil nuts but also highlight that further studies are required.

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Ramírez, Fred C., Gumercindo A. Castillo, Ymber Flores, Octavio F. Galván, Luisa Riveros, and Lyanna H. Sáenz. "Composition, structure and ecological importance of Moraceae in a residual forest of Ucayali, Peru." Sustainable Forestry 5, no. 1 (June 1, 2022): 62. http://dx.doi.org/10.24294/sf.v5i1.1621.

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Species of the Moraceae family are of great economic, medicinal and ecological importance in Amazonia. However, there are few studies on their diversity and population dynamics in residual forests. The objective was to determine the composition, structure and ecological importance of Moraceae in a residual forest. The applied method was descriptive and consisted of establishing 16 plots of 20 m × 50 m (0.10 ha), in a residual forest of the Alexánder von Humboldt substation of the National Institute of Agrarian Innovation-INIA, Pucallpa, department of Ucayali, where individuals of arboreal or hemi-epiphytic habit, with DBH ≥ 2.50 cm, were evaluated. The floristic composition was represented by 33 species, distributed in 12 genera; five species not recorded for Ucayali were found. Structurally, the family was represented by 138 individuals/ha with a horizontal distribution similar to an irregular inverted “J”. However, there were different horizontal structures among species. It was determined that 85% of the species were in diameter class I (2.50 to 9.99 cm), being the most abundant Pseudolmedia laevis (Ruiz & Pav.) J.F. Macbr. (41.88 individuals/ha); and the most dominant were Brosimum utile (Kunth) Oken (1.71 m2∕ha) and Brosimum alicastrum subsp. bolivarense (Pittier) C.C.Berg (0.90 m2/ha). Likewise, P. laevis and B. utile were the most ecologically important. The information from the present research will allow the establishment of a baseline, which can be used to propose the management of Moraceae in residual forests in the same study area.

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Cotrina Sánchez, Dany A., Elgar Barboza Castillo, Nilton B. Rojas Briceño, Manuel Oliva, Cristóbal Torres Guzman, Carlos A. Amasifuen Guerra, and Subhajit Bandopadhyay. "Distribution Models of Timber Species for Forest Conservation and Restoration in the Andean-Amazonian Landscape, North of Peru." Sustainability 12, no. 19 (September 25, 2020): 7945. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12197945.

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The Andean-Amazonian landscape has been universally recognized for its wide biodiversity, and is considered as global repository of ecosystem services. However, the severe loss of forest cover and rapid reduction of the timber species seriously threaten this ecosystem and biodiversity. In this study, we have modeled the distribution of the ten most exploited timber forest species in Amazonas (Peru) to identify priority areas for forest conservation and restoration. Statistical and cartographic protocols were applied with 4454 species records and 26 environmental variables using a Maximum Entropy model (MaxEnt). The result showed that the altitudinal variable was the main regulatory factor that significantly controls the distribution of the species. We found that nine species are distributed below 1000 m above sea level (a.s.l.), except Cedrela montana, which was distributed above 1500 m a.s.l., covering 40.68%. Eight of 10 species can coexist, and the species with the highest percentage of potential restoration area is Cedrela montana (14.57% from Amazonas). However, less than 1.33% of the Amazon has a potential distribution of some species and is protected under some category of conservation. Our study will contribute as a tool for the sustainable management of forests and will provide geographic information to complement forest restoration and conservation plans.

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Whaley, Oliver Q., David G. Beresford-Jones, William Milliken, Alfonso Orellana, Anna Smyk, and Joaquín Leguía. "An ecosystem approach to restoration and sustainable management of dry forest in southern Peru." Kew Bulletin 65, no. 4 (December 2010): 613–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12225-010-9235-y.

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Plamondon, AndréP, Rene A. Ruiz, Carmen F. Morales, and Marino C. Gonzalez. "Influence of protection forest on soil and water conservation (Oxapampa, Peru)." Forest Ecology and Management 38, no. 3-4 (February 1991): 227–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0378-1127(91)90144-k.

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Serrano-Rojas, Shirley J., Andrew Whitworth, Julio A. Paredes-Garcia, Ruthmery Pillco-Huarcaya, Lawrence Whittaker, Karl H. Huaypar-Loayza, and Ross MacLeod. "Indigenous Lands are Better for Amphibian Biodiversity Conservation Than Immigrant-Managed Agricultural Lands: A Case Study From Manu Biosphere Reserve, Peru." Tropical Conservation Science 15 (January 2022): 194008292211348. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/19400829221134811.

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The efficacy of protected areas is tied to the management of surrounding areas. Still, the importance of buffer zones for biodiversity conservation is overlooked. Manu Biosphere Reserve is one of the most biodiverse places on earth, yet destructive land-use practices are degrading the ecological integrity of its buffer zone. To better understand the importance of different land-uses within Manu’s buffer zone for biodiversity conservation, we assessed amphibian communities across a land-use gradient in the buffer zone (immigrant agricultural land, forests used by three Indigenous communities, and a regenerating forest), in addition to a reference site in its core protected area. We surveyed six sites and sampled amphibian communities using visual encounter surveys and leaf litter searches over dry and wet seasons. Overall, in 2249 ha surveyed of the buffer zone, we recorded 70 amphibian species (57% of the 124 species recorded in the Manu Biosphere Reserve from the same elevational range within our study). Species richness, evenness, and diversity of amphibians decreased with habitat degradation and were lowest in the agricultural land. Conversely, the richness and diversity of amphibians in the regenerating forest and the Indigenous communities’ forests were similar to that of the core protected area, and each had a relatively unique community composition, whereas the agricultural land was dominated by generalist species. Our results suggest that increasing degradation through expanding agriculture traditionally adopted by immigrant communities could significantly threaten biodiversity within the buffer zone. However, our findings also underscore the high potential of buffer zones managed by Indigenous communities for biodiversity conservation. A combination of sustainable livelihood activities, cultural practices, and forest protection, as observed in many Indigenous communities, is critical to fulfilling the role of a Biosphere Reserve—to reconcile the conservation of biological and cultural diversity while improving social and economic development.

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Mitchell, Ann M., Blanca Vargas de Corredor, Alexander I. Gray, and Andrés Corredor. "Sabedores-sabedoras: Indigenous Methods of Recuperation, Preservation and Management of Forest Varzea, Amazonas – Colombia, Brazil, Peru, Ecuador." International Journal of Environmental, Cultural, Economic, and Social Sustainability: Annual Review 6, no. 6 (2010): 129–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.18848/1832-2077/cgp/v06i06/54852.

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Marin, Nilton Atalaya, Elgar Barboza, Rolando Salas López, Héctor V. Vásquez, Darwin Gómez Fernández, Renzo E. Terrones Murga, Nilton B. Rojas Briceño, et al. "Spatiotemporal Dynamics of Grasslands Using Landsat Data in Livestock Micro-Watersheds in Amazonas (NW Peru)." Land 11, no. 5 (May 1, 2022): 674. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/land11050674.

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In Peru, grasslands monitoring is essential to support public policies related to the identification, recovery and management of livestock systems. In this study, therefore, we evaluated the spatial dynamics of grasslands in Pomacochas and Ventilla micro-watersheds (Amazonas, NW Peru). To do this, we used Landsat 5, 7 and 8 images and vegetation indices (normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI), enhanced vegetation index (EVI) and soil adjusted vegetation index (SAVI). The data were processed in Google Earth Engine (GEE) platform for 1990, 2000, 2010 and 2020 through random forest (RF) classification reaching accuracies above 85%. The application of RF in GEE allowed surface mapping of grasslands with pressures higher than 85%. Interestingly, our results reported the increase of grasslands in both Pomacochas (from 2457.03 ha to 3659.37 ha) and Ventilla (from 1932.38 ha to 4056.26 ha) micro-watersheds during 1990–2020. Effectively, this study aims to provide useful information for territorial planning with potential replicability for other cattle-raising regions of the country. It could further be used to improve grassland management and promote semi-extensive livestock farming.

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Cordero, I., M. D. Jiménez, J. A. Delgado, L. Villegas, and L. Balaguer. "Spatial and demographic structure of tara stands (Caesalpinia spinosa) in Peru: Influence of present and past forest management." Forest Ecology and Management 377 (October 2016): 71–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.foreco.2016.06.034.

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Morales-Aranibar, Luis Fortunato, Edward Enrique Rojas de la Puente, and Juan F. Costa. "ECOLOGY OF POLYLEPIS SPP FORESTS, AND PROPOSAL FOR ITS CONSERVATION IN THE ANDEAN REGION OF TACNA, PERU." ENVIRONMENT. TECHNOLOGIES. RESOURCES. Proceedings of the International Scientific and Practical Conference 1 (June 20, 2019): 180. http://dx.doi.org/10.17770/etr2019vol1.4105.

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The forests of Polylepis (queñoales) is one of the most important Andean forest ecosystems and with the greatest impact due to human activities. The objectives of the study were to determine the distribution and diversity of queñoa forests in the Andean region of Tacna, Peru. With this information, We propose the restoration and conservation plan for the Polylepis spp. For this purpose plots of 500 m2 were established. The sampling was simple random, taking a population census in each of the sample units in the 4 provinces (Jorge Basadre, Tacna, Tarata and Candarave). The total evaluation area was 27,491 hectares. The presence of two Polylepis species was identified. Polylepis rugulosa Bitter was registered in 9 districts with an altitudinal range of 3050 to 4226 m.a.s.l. in 6 life zones. Polylepis tarapacana Phil is distributed in the provinces of Tarata and Tacna within 3 districts. P. tarapacana occurs in an altitudinal range between 4230 and 4750 m.a.s.l. in 5 life zones. The tall and diameter of tree were variable for two species. The human impact for P. rugulosa was recorded: Not Intervented (76%), Semi Intervening (21%) and Intervened (3%). For P. tarapacana it was: Not Intervented (77%), Semi Interventions (21%) and Intervened (2%). According to the data gathered, the conservation plan is proposed, consisting of 5 guidelines: 1) education, 2) communication and capacity building, 3) conservation and sustainable management, 4) policies and regulations, and 5) research and monitoring.

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Staver, Charles, Robert Simeone, and Anthony Stocks. "Land Resource Management and Forest Conservation in Central Amazonian Peru: Regional, Community, and Farm-Level Approaches among Native Peoples." Mountain Research and Development 14, no. 2 (May 1994): 147. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3673797.

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Myers, Rodd, Micah Fisher, Iliana Monterroso, Nining Liswanti, Ahmad Maryudi, Anne M. Larson, Esther Mwangi, and Tuti Herawati. "Coordinating forest tenure reform: Objectives, resources and relations in Indonesia, Kenya, Nepal, Peru, and Uganda." Forest Policy and Economics 139 (June 2022): 102718. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.forpol.2022.102718.

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van Straaten, Oliver, Marife D. Corre, Katrin Wolf, Martin Tchienkoua, Eloy Cuellar, Robin B. Matthews, and Edzo Veldkamp. "Conversion of lowland tropical forests to tree cash crop plantations loses up to one-half of stored soil organic carbon." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 112, no. 32 (July 27, 2015): 9956–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1504628112.

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Tropical deforestation for the establishment of tree cash crop plantations causes significant alterations to soil organic carbon (SOC) dynamics. Despite this recognition, the current Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) tier 1 method has a SOC change factor of 1 (no SOC loss) for conversion of forests to perennial tree crops, because of scarcity of SOC data. In this pantropic study, conducted in active deforestation regions of Indonesia, Cameroon, and Peru, we quantified the impact of forest conversion to oil palm (Elaeis guineensis), rubber (Hevea brasiliensis), and cacao (Theobroma cacao) agroforestry plantations on SOC stocks within 3-m depth in deeply weathered mineral soils. We also investigated the underlying biophysical controls regulating SOC stock changes. Using a space-for-time substitution approach, we compared SOC stocks from paired forests (n = 32) and adjacent plantations (n = 54). Our study showed that deforestation for tree plantations decreased SOC stocks by up to 50%. The key variable that predicted SOC changes across plantations was the amount of SOC present in the forest before conversion—the higher the initial SOC, the higher the loss. Decreases in SOC stocks were most pronounced in the topsoil, although older plantations showed considerable SOC losses below 1-m depth. Our results suggest that (i) the IPCC tier 1 method should be revised from its current SOC change factor of 1 to 0.6 ± 0.1 for oil palm and cacao agroforestry plantations and 0.8 ± 0.3 for rubber plantations in the humid tropics; and (ii) land use management policies should protect natural forests on carbon-rich mineral soils to minimize SOC losses.

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Salo, Matti, Jukka-Pekka Puro, and Karoliina Knuuti. "Control and intimacy in the Amazonian reality: Newspaper rhetoric on forest sector reform in Peru." Land Use Policy 35 (November 2013): 226–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.landusepol.2013.05.022.

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Savilaakso, Sini, Paolo Omar Cerutti, Javier G. Montoya Zumaeta, Ruslandi, Edouard E. Mendoula, and Raphael Tsanga. "Timber certification as a catalyst for change in forest governance in Cameroon, Indonesia, and Peru." International Journal of Biodiversity Science, Ecosystem Services & Management 13, no. 1 (December 27, 2016): 116–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/21513732.2016.1269134.

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Ochieng, R. M., I. J. Visseren-Hamakers, M. Brockhaus, L. F. Kowler, M. Herold, and B. Arts. "Historical development of institutional arrangements for forest monitoring and REDD + MRV in Peru: Discursive-institutionalist perspectives." Forest Policy and Economics 71 (October 2016): 52–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.forpol.2016.07.007.

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Hiedanpää, Juha, Juha Kotilainen, and Matti Salo. "Unfolding the organised irresponsibility: Ecosystem approach and the quest for forest biodiversity in Finland, Peru, and Russia." Forest Policy and Economics 13, no. 3 (March 2011): 159–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.forpol.2010.11.007.

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Singh, Damien, Frederick Cubbage, Ronalds Gonzalez, and Robert Abt. "Locational determinants for wood pellet plants: A review and case study of North and South America." BioResources 11, no. 3 (July 14, 2016): 7928–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.15376/biores.11.3.singh.

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The European Union’s Renewable Energy Directive has led many electricity producers in Europe to use wood pellets in place of fossil fuels. North America has become one of the primary suppliers of wood pellets to Europe. This paper critically examines literature, economic models and data, as well as the supply chain and country risk factors, related to wood pellet production to anticipate where North and South American pellet mills should be built to meet Europe’s demand. Canada, the United States, and Brazil maintain the largest natural forest area, planted forest area, and industrial roundwood production; however, South American countries achieve faster plantation growth rates. The World Bank’s Logistic Procurement Index and IHS’s Country Risk Index were used to score and rank countries’ investment climates, based on their supply chain and risk factors. In this regard, the United States, Canada, and Chile performed best, in contrast to Venezuela, Bolivia, and Ecuador. When considering both wood supply and investment climates, the United States, Canada, and Chile were the most attractive countries to build a pellet mill, while countries, such as Argentina, Brazil, Colombia, Paraguay, and Peru present significant trade-offs between having significant wood resources and riskier investment climates.

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Ferreira, Cassiana A., Janet G. Inga, Osir D. Vidal, Walter E. Goytendia, Sthefany M. Moya, Thonny B. Centeno, Andrés Vélez, Daniel Gamarra, and Mario Tomazello-Filho. "Identification of tree species from the Peruvian tropical amazon “Selva Central” forests according to wood anatomy." BioResources 16, no. 4 (September 9, 2021): 7161–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.15376/biores.16.4.7161-7179.

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The “Selva Central” of Peru is characterized by its forest species richness that produces quality wood for countless uses. Therefore, it is necessary to identify the wood and its macroscopic anatomy, which is an important tool for the botanical identification of tree species. For this purpose, 13 sawmills located in 3 provinces were selected that exploit several tree species of “Selva Central”. Sampling of representative woods was carried out, identified by common names and, in the laboratory, they were polished, examined, and grouped by the similarity of the macroscopic anatomical structure, leading to the tree species identification. Twenty tree species were identified, belonging to 17 genera, with emphasis on the Lauraceae and Fabaceae families. However, Moraceae, Meliaceae, Lecythidaceae, Euphorbiaceae, Bignoniaceae, Myristicaceae, Combretaceae, and Burseraceae families were also identified. The anatomical structures of all the identified tree species were described, transversal and longitudinal tangential cross section images were collected, and a species identification key was constructed. The implications and importance of tree species identification via wood anatomy were discussed, in terms of controlling forest exploitation, traceability of the production chain, and the future development of an artificial intelligence tree-species identification method.

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Walentowski, Helge, Steffi Heinrichs, Stefan Hohnwald, Alexander Wiegand, Henry Heinen, Martin Thren, Oscar Gamarra Torres, Ana Sabogal, and Stefan Zerbe. "Vegetation Succession on Degraded Sites in the Pomacochas Basin (Amazonas, N Peru)—Ecological Options for Forest Restoration." Sustainability 10, no. 3 (February 27, 2018): 609. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su10030609.

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Meza Mori, Gerson, Nilton B. Rojas-Briceño, Alexander Cotrina Sánchez, Manuel Oliva-Cruz, Christian M. Olivera Tarifeño, Marlon Y. Hoyos Cerna, Jhonny D. Ramos Sandoval, and Cristóbal Torres Guzmán. "Potential Current and Future Distribution of the Long-Whiskered Owlet (Xenoglaux loweryi) in Amazonas and San Martin, NW Peru." Animals 12, no. 14 (July 13, 2022): 1794. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani12141794.

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The IUCN has listed the long-whiskered owlet (Xenoglaux loweryi) as vulnerable due to the presence of few geographic records, its restricted range, and anthropogenic threats. Its natural history and ecology are largely unknown, and its distribution is widely debated; therefore, there is an urgent need for the real-time conservation of X. loweryi. In this study, 66 geo-referenced records of X. loweryi, 18 environmental variables, and the maximum entropy model (MaxEnt) have been used to predict the current and future (2050 and 2070) potential distribution of X. loweryi in the Amazonas and San Martin regions of northwestern Peru. In fact, under current conditions, areas of “high”, “moderate”, and “low” potential habitat suitability cover 0.16% (140.85 km2), 0.46% (416.88 km2), and 1.16% (1048.79 km2) of the study area, respectively. Moreover, under future conditions, the “high”, “moderate”, and “low” probability areas present profits and losses in terms of habitat suitability. Based on the environmental variables, this species mostly inhabits areas with a forest fraction with presence of trees with an emergent tree canopy of ~10–30 metres and depends on Yunga montane forest habitats with high humidity but it is not dependent on bare cover area, crops, or grasslands. Nevertheless, most of the current and future distribution areas are not part of the protected natural areas of Amazonas and San Martin. Additionally, the combination of climate change and anthropogenic activities contribute to further losses of this species habitat. Therefore, from the management point of view, corrective and preventive actions will help to preserve this species over time.

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NUNES, FELIPE, BRITALDO SOARES-FILHO, RENZO GIUDICE, HERMANN RODRIGUES, MARIA BOWMAN, RAFAELLA SILVESTRINI, and ELSA MENDOZA. "Economic benefits of forest conservation: assessing the potential rents from Brazil nut concessions in Madre de Dios, Peru, to channel REDD+ investments." Environmental Conservation 39, no. 2 (February 7, 2012): 132–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0376892911000671.

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SUMMARYBrazil nut collection is key to reconciling sustainable economic development with forest conservation in the Amazon. Whether the activity is profitable, however, remains uncertain due to the paucity of information on spatial distribution and productivity of trees as well as the costs of collection and processing. To fill this gap, this study developed and used a spatially-explicit rent model of Brazil nut production to assess yields and potential profits (rents) from the Brazil nut concessions in Madre de Dios (Peru), under three scenarios of processing and management (unshelled, shelled and shelled-certified nuts). Potential annual production in the region was estimated to be 14.1 ± 2.4 thousand tonnes of unshelled nuts; at 2008 regional sale prices this corresponded to profits of between US$ 3.1 ± 0.5 ha−1 yr−1 for unshelled nuts to US$ 8.4 ± 1.4 ha−1 yr−1 for shelled-certified nuts. Investment of c. US$ 14−17 ha−1 is required to develop certified production in Madre de Dios concessions; this would approximately triple rents in these areas. Such investment could be channelled through REDD+ projects; sustainable management of Brazil nut concessions may contribute to a 42–43% reduction in deforestation in Madre de Dios by 2050.

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Castro-Nunez, Augusto Carlos, Ma Eliza J. Villarino, Vincent Bax, Raphael Ganzenmüller, and Wendy Francesconi. "Broadening the Perspective of Zero-Deforestation Interventions in Peru by Incorporating Concepts from the Global Value Chain Literature." Sustainability 13, no. 21 (November 3, 2021): 12138. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su132112138.

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Global narratives around the links between deforestation and agricultural commodity production have led to the application of voluntary zero-deforestation agreements between companies, governments, and civil society. The continued tropical deforestation warrants a re-examination of this approach in order to customize its application for a particular location. Our paper contributes to this by exploring the spatial associations between deforestation and the production of cacao, coffee, and oil palm in the Amazon region in Peru. The geographical overlaps between deforestation, and the distribution of these commodity crops, indicate four types of spatial associations: (1) a high degree of deforestation and a high degree of commodity production (high-high); (2) a high degree of deforestation and a low degree of commodity production (high-low); (3) a low degree of deforestation and a high degree of commodity production (low-high); and (4) a low degree of deforestation and a low degree of commodity production (low-low). On the basis of these associations, we present four scenarios in which zero-deforestation supply chain interventions may operate in Peru and argue that broadening the perspective of such interventions by adopting a global value chain lens can improve the use of previously deforested lands, prevent unintended or future deforestation and, in turn, ensure that no forest area is left behind.

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Bouffard, Lucien A., and Daniel M. Brooks. "The Role of the White-Winged Guan (Penelope albipennis) in Seed Dispersal and Predation in Tumbesian Dry Forest, Peru." Journal of Sustainable Forestry 33, no. 2 (January 31, 2014): 184–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10549811.2013.836720.

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Fisher, Joshua, Poonam Arora, and Sophia Rhee. "Conserving Tropical Forests: Can Sustainable Livelihoods Outperform Artisanal or Informal Mining?" Sustainability 10, no. 8 (July 24, 2018): 2586. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su10082586.

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The viability of conservation efforts, including protected areas and buffer zones, depends on finding ways to make those strategies more attractive and viable for local populations. This paper presents a pilot study utilizing a rapid rural appraisal of livelihoods in the buffer zone of Tambopata National Reserve in Madre de Dios, Peru, threatened by illegal gold mining and logging. We evaluated three predominant economic activities—artisanal gold mining, Brazil nut harvesting, and fish farming—in terms of potential economic returns. The main research question we ask is whether the latter two potentially sustainable land uses can match or exceed the returns from mining. Contrary to popular belief, we find that enhancing value creation at product origin could make existing forest-friendly livelihoods as or more lucrative than extractive ones. This has implications on local conservation policy encouraging implementable strategies incentivizing sustainable livelihoods in tandem with, and in support of, conservation goals.

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SCHAFFER-SMITH, DANICA, JENNIFER J. SWENSON, and ANTONIO J. BÓVEDA-PENALBA. "Rapid conservation assessment for endangered species using habitat connectivity models." Environmental Conservation 43, no. 3 (March 3, 2016): 221–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0376892915000405.

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SUMMARYTo avoid extinction of rare species in regions of active environmental change, strategic approaches are needed to manage remaining habitat. When observations of dispersal or metapopulation information are not available, habitat connectivity simulations may offer a valuable alternative source of information to assess threats and evaluate conservation options. For the Critically Endangered San Martin titi monkey (Callicebus oenanthe) in north central Peru, an updated distribution model was generated and land cover in the heavily deforested northern range of the species was mapped. The value of remaining forest fragments was characterized and threats from future land use change were assessed using complementary connectivity models. It is estimated that the species range is less than 14 000 km2. Remote sensing analysis reveals that at least 34% of lowland forest in the northern range has been lost, while nearly 95% of remaining habitat fragments are likely too small to support viable populations and less than 8% of this habitat lies within conservation areas. Areas with the highest modelled connectivity comprise only 10% of the remaining forest in the northern range and small patches may contribute disproportionately to movement; these lands represent opportunities for conservation and reforestation to prevent potentially significant impacts from future mining and urban development. This study prioritized remaining suitable habitat patches using modelled connectivity and local knowledge to gain insight into the status of an understudied species. This approach offers a relatively rapid method to identify potential land use conflicts, and to further focus research and locally appropriate conservation.

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KIRKBY, CHRISTOPHER A., RENZO GIUDICE, BRETT DAY, KERRY TURNER, BRITALDO SILVEIRA SOARES-FILHO, HERMANN OLIVEIRA-RODRIGUES, and DOUGLAS W. YU. "Closing the ecotourism-conservation loop in the Peruvian Amazon." Environmental Conservation 38, no. 1 (March 2011): 6–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0376892911000099.

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SUMMARYAnnual revenue flow to developing countries for ecotourism could be as large as US$ 29 billion, providing an enormous financial incentive against habitat loss and exploitation. However, surprisingly little quantitative evidence exists on the profitability of the rainforest ecotourism sector, which determines the incentive and capacity of the sector to engage in conservation. A Peruvian rainforest ecotourism cluster generated US$ 11.6 million in 2005. The after-tax profit margin was at least 14% and has increased with tourist volume. High profitability, coupled with new legislation, has allowed operators to put 54 358 ha of rainforest near the new Interoceánica Sur highway under private management and to engage in conservation actions. A previously published microeconomic contract model of protected-areas management identifies two key features of rainforest tourism that link ecotourism to conservation: (1) tourists demand an immersive experience, which incentivizes the acquisition of large amounts of forest cover, and (2) institutional reforms have increased the expected effectiveness of conservation actions. In Peru, these conditions appear to be met, so that profits from ecotourism can combine with new land tenure rights to create a governance structure within which the industry can act as an independently financed partner to the conservation community.

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SANTOS, DANUSY LOPES, SILIONAMÃ PEREIRA DANTAS, and FAUSTO NOMURA. "The tadpole of Adelphobates galactonotus (Steindachner, 1864) (Amphibia, Anura, Dendrobatidae)." Zootaxa 4422, no. 2 (May 23, 2018): 287. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4422.2.8.

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The systematics of the dart-poison frogs, family Dendrobatidae, experienced several taxonomic rearrangements over time (e.g., Grant et al. 2006, 2017; Brown et al. 2011). Currently, this family comprises 194 described species organized in three sub-families and 15 genera (Frost 2018). Among them, the genus Adelphobates Grant, Frost, Caldwell, Gagliardo, Haddad, Kok, Means, Noonan, Schargel, & Wheeler, 2006, comprises three species, all distributed in Central and lower Amazon drainage of Peru and Brazil, and possibly in northeast of Bolivia (Grant et al. 2006; Frost 2018). Adelphobates galactonotus (Steindachner 1864) is an endemic Brazilian frog, and can be found throughout Pará, Maranhão, Mato Grosso and Tocantins states (Hoogmoed & Avila-Pires 2012), related to Amazon forest formations and also in transitional areas between the Cerrado and the Amazon forest (Valdujo et al. 2012). Despite this species is classified as Least Concern (Rodrigues et al. 2010), several threats are known. First, its geographic distribution coincides with the so-called Amazonian Deforestation Arc, which comprehends the southeastern portion of the Amazonian Forest that has been rapidly converted into pasture and crop areas or being flooded due to the construction of hydroelectric power plants (Hoogmoed & Avila-Pires 2012). Also, this species is present in Appendix II of CITES as a target for illegal trade, and their commercial exploitation should be controlled to avoid that this species become seriously endangered in the near future (see a case study in Paula et al. 2012). These threats are of deeper concern because despite A. galactonotus has been described since more than 150 years (Steindachner 1864), its tadpole remains unknown. Without a better understanding of the natural history of A. galactonotus, attempts of conservation strategies and population management are inefficient. In an effort to fill the knowledge gaps about this species natural history, we present a detailed description of the external morphology of the A. galactonotus tadpole.

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Meza Mori, Gerson, Cristóbal Torres Guzmán, Manuel Oliva-Cruz, Rolando Salas López, Gladys Marlo, and Elgar Barboza. "Spatial Analysis of Environmentally Sensitive Areas to Soil Degradation Using MEDALUS Model and GIS in Amazonas (Peru): An Alternative for Ecological Restoration." Sustainability 14, no. 22 (November 10, 2022): 14866. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su142214866.

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Land degradation is a permanent global threat that requires an interdisciplinary approach to addressing solutions in a given territory. This study, therefore, analyses environmentally sensitive areas to land degradation using the Mediterranean Desertification and Land Use (MEDALUS) and Geographic Information System (GIS) method through a multi-criteria approach in the district of Florida (Peru). For the method, we considered the main quality indicators such as: Climate Quality Index (CQI), Soil Quality Index (SQI), Vegetation Quality Index (VQI), and Management Quality Index (MQI). There were also identified groups of parameters for each of the quality indicators analyzed. The results showed that 2.96% of the study area is classified as critical; 48.85% of the surface is classified as fragile; 15.48% of the areas are potentially endangered, and 30.46% are not threatened by degradation processes. Furthermore, SQI, VQI, and MQI induced degradation processes in the area. Based on the results, five restoration proposals were made in the study area: (i) organic manure production, (ii) cultivated and improved pastures and livestock improvement, (iii) native forest restoration, (iv) construction of reservoirs in the top hills and (v) uses of new technologies. The findings and proposals can be a basic support and further improved by decision-makers when implemented in situ to mitigate degradation for a sustainable use of the territory.

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Awad, Mohamad M., and Marco Lauteri. "Self-Organizing Deep Learning (SO-UNet)—A Novel Framework to Classify Urban and Peri-Urban Forests." Sustainability 13, no. 10 (May 16, 2021): 5548. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13105548.

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Forest-type classification is a very complex and difficult subject. The complexity increases with urban and peri-urban forests because of the variety of features that exist in remote sensing images. The success of forest management that includes forest preservation depends strongly on the accuracy of forest-type classification. Several classification methods are used to map urban and peri-urban forests and to identify healthy and non-healthy ones. Some of these methods have shown success in the classification of forests where others failed. The successful methods used specific remote sensing data technology, such as hyper-spectral and very high spatial resolution (VHR) images. However, both VHR and hyper-spectral sensors are very expensive, and hyper-spectral sensors are not widely available on satellite platforms, unlike multi-spectral sensors. Moreover, aerial images are limited in use, very expensive, and hard to arrange and manage. To solve the aforementioned problems, an advanced method, self-organizing–deep learning (SO-UNet), was created to classify forests in the urban and peri-urban environment using multi-spectral, multi-temporal, and medium spatial resolution Sentinel-2 images. SO-UNet is a combination of two different machine learning technologies: artificial neural network unsupervised self-organizing maps and deep learning UNet. Many experiments have been conducted, and the results showed that SO-UNet overwhelms UNet significantly. The experiments encompassed different settings for the parameters that control the algorithms.

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Pokorny, Benno, Valentina Robiglio, Martin Reyes, Ricardo Vargas, and Cesar Francesco Patiño Carrera. "The potential of agroforestry concessions to stabilize Amazonian forest frontiers: a case study on the economic and environmental robustness of informally settled small-scale cocoa farmers in Peru." Land Use Policy 102 (March 2021): 105242. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.landusepol.2020.105242.

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Zhang, Zhaoming, Tengfei Long, Guojin He, Mingyue Wei, Chao Tang, Wei Wang, Guizhou Wang, Wenqing She, and Xiaomei Zhang. "Study on Global Burned Forest Areas Based on Landsat Data." Photogrammetric Engineering & Remote Sensing 86, no. 8 (August 1, 2020): 503–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.14358/pers.86.8.503.

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Forests are an extremely valuable natural resource for human development. Satellite remote sensing technology has been widely used in global and regional forest monitoring and management. Accurate data on forest degradation and disturbances due to forest fire is important to understand forest ecosystem health and forest cover conditions. For a long time, satellite-based global burned area products were only available at coarse native spatial resolution, which was difficult for detecting small and highly fragmented fires. In order to analyze global burned forest areas at finer spatial resolution, in this study a novel, multi-year 30 meter resolution global burned forest area product was generated and released based on Landsat time series data. Statistics indicate that in 2000, 2005, 2010, 2015, and 2018 the total area of burned forest land in the world was 94.14 million hm2, 96.65 million hm2, 59.52 million hm2, 76.42 million hm2, and 83.70 million hm2, respectively, with an average value of 82.09 million hm2. Spatial distribution patterns of global burned forest areas were investigated across different continents and climatic domains. It was found that burned forest areas were mainly distributed in Africa and Oceania, which accounted for approximately 73.85% and 6.81% of the globe, respectively. By climatic domain, the largest burned forest areas occurred in the tropics, with proportions between 88.44% and 95.05% of the world's total during the study period. Multi-year dynamic analysis shows the global burned forest areas varied considerably due to global climate anomalies, e.g., the La Niña phenomenon.

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Petaloudi, Lydia-Maria, Petros Ganatsas, and Marianthi Tsakaldimi. "Exploring Biodiversity and Disturbances in the of Peri-Urban Forests of Thessaloniki, Greece." Sustainability 14, no. 14 (July 11, 2022): 8497. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su14148497.

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Forests host important plant biodiversity. Nevertheless, due to climate change and human disturbances, the floristic quality of forest ecosystems is degraded. Greek peri-urban forests biodiversity is threatened by anthropogenic activities such as forest fragmentation, pollution, garbage, etc. Measurement of biodiversity status and the floristic quality assessment can be used to estimate the degree of forest degradation caused by anthropogenic disturbances. In this study, we compared and evaluated six forest ecosystem types in the peri-urban forests of Thessaloniki, northern Greece, by using Shannon’s biodiversity index as well as and α and β diversity Sørensen indices. Furthermore, we recorded the prevailing anthropogenic disturbances and compared the plant families and the ruderal species appearing in each forest ecosystem. Finally, the average conservatism value (C value) of the plant species found in each ecosystem was determined in order to calculate the ecosystem floristic quality index. Analysis of the results showed that the floristic and ecological parameters tested greatly vary among ecosystems. Broadleaf forests of higher altitude hosted the greatest biodiversity, and the higher floristic quality index and plant conservation value. On the contrary, most disturbances and most ruderal species were recorded in ecosystems of lower altitude, adjacent to the city (Pinus brutia forest and Maqui vegetation), the least disturbed ecosystems were found in the steep slopes (Castanea sativa forest). Most ruderal species found belonged to the Asteraceae and Rosaceae families. Accessibility and attractiveness of stands were positively correlated with disturbances. Insufficient management, lack of protection measures, and littering removal contribute to the increase in the level of disturbance.

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Lingua, Federico, Nicholas C. Coops, Valentine Lafond, Christopher Gaston, and Verena C. Griess. "Characterizing, mapping and valuing the demand for forest recreation using crowdsourced social media data." PLOS ONE 17, no. 8 (August 11, 2022): e0272406. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0272406.

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Mapping and valuing of forest recreation is time-consuming and complex, hampering its inclusion in forest management plans and hence the achievement of a fully sustainable forest management. In this study, we explore the potential of crowdsourced social media data in tackling the mapping and valuing of forest recreation demand. To do so, we assess the relationships between crowdsourced social media data, acquired from over 350,000 Flickr geotagged pictures, and demand for forest recreation in British Columbia (BC) forests. We first identify temporal and spatial trends of forest recreation demand, as well as the countries of origin of BC forests visitors. Second, we estimate the average number of annual recreational visits with a linear regression model calibrated with empirically collected secondary data. Lastly, we estimate recreational values by deriving the average consumer surpluses for the visitors of BC forested provincial parks. We find that annually, on average, over 44 million recreational experiences are completed in BC forests, with peaks during the summer months and during the weekends. Moreover, a crowdsourced travel cost approach allowed us to value the recreational ecosystem service in five forested provincial parks ranging from ~2.9 to ~35.0 million CAN$/year. Our findings demonstrate that social media data can be used to characterize, quantify and map the demand for forest recreation (especially in peri-urban forests), representing a useful tool for the inclusion of recreational values in forest management. Finally, we address the limitations of crowdsourced social media data in the study of forest recreation and the future perspectives of this rapidly growing research field.

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Andon, N'guessan Simon, Kouadio Augustin Alla, and Kouacou Jean-Marie Atta. "Participation in the Management of a Peri-Urban Protected Forest in Northern Côte d'Ivoire: Case of the Mount Korhogo Classified Forest." European Journal of Social Sciences 1, no. 3 (November 29, 2018): 21. http://dx.doi.org/10.26417/ejss.v1i3.p21-33.

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The evolution of tropical forest deforestation in Côte d'Ivoire is very alarming. From 16 million hectares in 1900, the area increased to 9 million hectares in 1965 to less than 2.5 million hectares in 2016. Even forests protected by the State of Côte d'Ivoire are not spared while peri-urban protected forests are the most exposed. The finding reveals many shortcomings in the state monopoly of protected area management. Yet, elsewhere in Africa, many experiences of participatory management have shown significant advances in protection and their introduction in Côte d'Ivoire from 1990. To understand the effectiveness of this new consultation framework adopted as a management tool, national policies and locally adopted strategies on the Mount Korhogo classified forest in northern Côte d'Ivoire have been analyzed. Results show a failure of participation at the national level since 1996 and a lack of participation at the local level. Despite the establishment of a local committee for forest defense and fight against bush fires, the lack of consultation undermines the proper functioning of this organization, thus leading to the exacerbation of deforestation. Mount Korhogo Classified Forest.Keywords: participatory management, consultation framework, protected forest, urbanization, deforestation

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Motta, R., and JB Larsen. "A new paradigm for sustainable forest management: closeR to nature forest management." Forest@ - Rivista di Selvicoltura ed Ecologia Forestale 19, no. 3 (June 30, 2022): 52–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.3832/efor4124-019.

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Santiago Larreategui Romero, David, and Lizeth Veronica Lafuente Cevallos. "1639. Outbreak of Human Bartonellosis Due to Bartonella bacilliformis in the Ecuadorian Andes." Open Forum Infectious Diseases 6, Supplement_2 (October 2019): S597—S598. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ofid/ofz360.1503.

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Abstract Background Bartonellosis affects small Andean communities in Peru, Colombia, and Ecuador. Research in this area has been limited; our study presents a continuous outbreak of cases that occurred in 2018 in areas near the cloud forest of the Ecuadorian Andes. Methods Retrospective review of 101 cases of human bartonellosis managed in Quito - Ecuador, during the last outbreak in our country in the last year (2018). The study focused upon the most recent outbreak in order to look at current manifestations of disease and existing practices in diagnosis and management, and how closely these followed the latest guidelines to manage this disease. Results Of the 101 patients reviewed, 52% were male and 48% were female. The mean age of cases was 24.3 years, (mean age of males = 23.7, mean age females = 25.3). The median age of patients was 20 years (min = 4 years, max = 71 years, IQR = 15). There was a peak in acute cases after the rainy season; mainly in moths march to June, chronic cases presented less constantly throughout the year. The sensitivity of blood smear against blood culture in acute disease was 35%. The most commonly used treatment for chronic disease was rifampicin; chloramphenicol and ciprofloxacin was used to treat most acute cases. Complications arose in 16.8% and the most frequent was anemia, and there were 2 deaths. Conclusion Recognize the physiopathological and microbiological characteristics of the disease, as well as improve the diagnostic and treatment algorithms for acute and chronic bartonellosis which have been developed without a strong evidence base. Preparation of ready-to-go operational research projects for future outbreaks would strengthen the evidence base for diagnostic and treatment strategies and enhance opportunities for control and prevent deaths. Disclosures All authors: No reported disclosures.

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Colantoni, Andrea, Gianluca Egidi, Giovanni Quaranta, Roberto D’Alessandro, Sabato Vinci, Rosario Turco, and Luca Salvati. "Sustainable Land Management, Wildfire Risk and the Role of Grazing in Mediterranean Urban-Rural Interfaces: A Regional Approach from Greece." Land 9, no. 1 (January 14, 2020): 21. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/land9010021.

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Mediterranean regions are likely to be the most vulnerable areas to wildfires in Europe. In this context, land-use change has promoted land abandonment and the consequent accumulation of biomass (fuel) in (progressively less managed) forests and (non-forest) natural land, causing higher fire density and severity, economic damage, and land degradation. The expansion of Wildland-Urban Interfaces (WUIs) further affects fire density by negatively impacting peri-urban farming and livestock density. Assuming the role of grazing in controlling fuel accumulation in forests and non-forest natural land as an indirect measure of wildfire containment around large Mediterranean cities, our work focuses on the role of nomadic livestock, i.e., sheep and goats—the most abundant and traditional farm species in the area. The present study (i) investigates the relationship between fire frequency/extent and livestock decline at the regional level in Greece, (ii) explores changes over time in regional wildfire regimes, comparing Attica, a particularly vulnerable peri-urban region which includes Athens (the Greek capital city), with the rest of the country, and (iii) quantifies trends over time in livestock characteristics (population structure and dynamics) over a sufficiently long time interval (1961–2017) at the same spatial scale, with the aim to document the progressive reduction of nomadic livestock in peri-urban districts. A comprehensive analysis of statistical data, corroborated with a literature review, outlined the relationship between livestock decline over time and changes in specific wildfire characteristics at the regional scale, evidencing peculiar environmental conditions in Attica. In this region, a rapid decline of nomadic livestock was observed compared to in the rest of Greece, leading to a higher wildfire risk. The results of this study suggest that nomadic livestock contributes to sustainable management of peri-urban land, stimulating grazing that may prevent fuel accumulation in fringe woodlands.

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Vagizov, M. R., and A. M. Zayats. "The infrastructure concept for a single geo-information centre for forest management (part 1)." Vestnik SSUGT (Siberian State University of Geosystems and Technologies) 27, no. 3 (2022): 50–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.33764/2411-1759-2022-27-3-50-61.

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The article offers the concept of a single specialized complex for management, data analysis and peri-odic monitoring of the forestry fund spatial data of the Russian Federation based on centralized server architecture of geoinformation centre and innovative information technologies. The objective of the study is to improve the quality of management, updating and periodic monitoring of spatial data on the forest fund of the Russian Federation. As research methods, a server-side strategy for the develop-ment of a geoinformation centre and the organization infrastructure of the main types of geospatial data used in forestry are proposed. To implement the development, the methodological substatiation for the application of the proposed conceptual solutions in accordance with the territorial peculiarities of the organization of forestry in Russia is revealed. As a result of the research, in the first part of the article, the concept of the infrastructure of a single geoinformation center for forest management is formed, which will provide information about the forest area and integrate visualization of geospatial forestry data at different territorial levels of information representation. Well-timed provision of relia-ble forestry information will not only improve the quality of forest management, but also allow more selective forest management activities, taking into account the important ecosystem significance of forests.

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Cao, Yujuan, Jiyou Zhu, Chengyang Xu, and Richard J. Hauer. "Responses of Visual Forms to Neighboring Competition: A Structural Equation Model for Cotinus coggygria var. cinerea Engl." Forests 12, no. 8 (August 11, 2021): 1073. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f12081073.

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Background: The visual forms of individual trees in peri-urban forests are driven by a complex array of simultaneous cause-and-effect relationships. Materials and Methods: Structural Equation Modeling (SEM), as a specialized analytical technique, was used to model and understand the complex interactions. It was applied to find out responses of visual forms to neighboring competition in a peri-urban forest dominated by Cotinus coggygria var. cinerea Engl. in Beijing, China. Research Highlights: Light interception and space extrusion have substantial effects on visual forms, expressed as crown forms and foliage forms. The structural model in SEM tested hypothetical correlations among latent variables, namely neighboring competition, crown forms, and foliage forms. Results: The fitted model suggested a direct negative effect of neighboring competition on crown forms and an insignificant negative direct effect on foliage forms. Moreover, an indirect positive effect on foliage forms mediated by crown forms was revealed. Conclusions: The fitted SEM and associated findings should facilitate peri-urban forest landscape management by providing insight into causal mechanisms of visual forms of individual trees and thereby assisting in the visual quality promotion.

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Hernando, Ana, Lara A. Arroyo, Javier Velázquez, and Rosario Tejera. "Objects-based Image Analysis for Mapping Natura 2000 Habitats to Improve Forest Management." Photogrammetric Engineering & Remote Sensing 78, no. 9 (September 1, 2012): 991–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.14358/pers.78.9.991.

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Tilahun, Deneke, Kassahun Gashu, and Getnet Tarko Shiferaw. "Effects of Agricultural Land and Urban Expansion on Peri-Urban Forest Degradation and Implications on Sustainable Environmental Management in Southern Ethiopia." Sustainability 14, no. 24 (December 9, 2022): 16527. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su142416527.

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Policy failure in controlling horizontal urban expansion coupled with agricultural/cultivated land expansion typically leads to forest degradation mostly in developing countries. Peri-urban areas are havens and vulnerable and dispute areas of uncontrolled urban expansion and forest degradation. This study was aimed to assess the effect of cultivated land and urban expansion land use/land cover change (LULCC) dynamics rate on peri-urban forest degradation and implications on sustainable environment management there by identifying the derivers of LULCC. The study used Landsat images of 2002, 2010 and 2018 and examines the underlying factors. The results revealed significant conversion from forest and grass land to built-up and cultivated land. The proportion of built-up area and cultivated land increased to 75 ha yr−1 and 85 ha yr−1 of the study area from 2002 to 2018, respectively. The identified drivers were generally grouped as proximate and underlying drivers. The effect of driving factors in shaping LULCC tends to remain stable over time, and the gradual enforcement of spatial planning policies appears to be important factors in dynamics of LULCC. Hence, it was suggested that integrated land-use planning and management has a paramount importance of reducing peri-urban forest degradation and maintaining sustainable environmental management.

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Bianchini, Leonardo, Rosanna Salvia, Giovanni Quaranta, Gianluca Egidi, Luca Salvati, and Alvaro Marucci. "Forest Transition and Metropolitan Transformations in Developed Countries: Interpreting Apparent and Latent Dynamics with Local Regression Models." Land 11, no. 1 (December 22, 2021): 12. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/land11010012.

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Metropolitan fringes in Southern Europe preserve, under different territorial contexts, natural habitats, relict woodlands, and mixed agro-forest systems acting as a sink of biodiversity and ecosystem services in ecologically vulnerable landscapes. Clarifying territorial and socioeconomic processes that underlie land-use change in metropolitan regions is relevant for forest conservation policies. At the same time, long-term dynamics of fringe forests in the northern Mediterranean basin have been demonstrated to be rather mixed, with deforestation up to the 1950s and a subsequent recovery more evident in recent decades. The present study makes use of Forest Transition Theory (FTT) to examine spatial processes of forest loss and expansion in metropolitan Rome, Central Italy, through local regressions elaborating two diachronic land-use maps that span more than 80 years (1936–2018) representative of different socioeconomic and ecological conditions. Our study evaluates the turnaround from net forest area loss to net forest area gain, considering together the predictions of the FTT and those of the City Life Cycle (CLC) theory that provides a classical description of the functioning of metropolitan cycles. The empirical findings of our study document a moderate increase in forest cover depending on the forestation of previously abandoned cropland as a consequence of tighter levels of land protection. Natural and human-driven expansion of small and isolated forest nuclei along fringe land was demonstrated to fuel a polycentric expansion of woodlands. The results of a Geographically Weighted Regression (GWR) reveal the importance of metropolitan growth in long-term forest expansion. Forest–urban dynamics reflect together settlement sprawl and increased forest disturbance. The contemporary expansion of fringe residential settlements and peri-urban forests into relict agricultural landscapes claims for a renewed land management that may reconnect town planning, reducing the intrinsic risks associated with fringe woodlands (e.g., wildfires) with environmental policies preserving the ecological functionality of diversified agro-forest systems.

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Bovio, G., M. Marchetti, L. Tonarelli, M. Salis, G. Vacchiano, R. Lovreglio, M. Elia, P. Fiorucci, and D. Ascoli. "Forest fires are changing: let’s change the fire management strategy." Forest@ - Rivista di Selvicoltura ed Ecologia Forestale 14, no. 4 (August 31, 2017): 202–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.3832/efor2537-014.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Forest management – Peru'

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