Journal articles: 'Forest management of tropical rain forests'

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Kuusipalo, Jussi, Jyrki Kangas, and Lauri Vesa. "Sustainable Forest Management in Tropical Rain Forests." Journal of Sustainable Forestry 5, no. 3-4 (April 10, 1997): 93–118. http://dx.doi.org/10.1300/j091v05n03_06.

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Xiang, Wen, Guang Fan Li, and Yan Rong Li. "Hainan Tropical Rainforest Landslide Analysis and Prevention Measures." Applied Mechanics and Materials 638-640 (September 2014): 648–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.638-640.648.

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By Hainan tropical rainforest area geology, physiognomy, the characteristics of climate, tropical rain forest complex typhoon heavy rainfall weather conditions, and the characteristic of the tropical rainforest landslide occurred, researching and analyzing the relationship of among tropical rainforest landslide, tropical rain forest vegetation destruction the relationship ,the heavy rainfall and human engineering activities. Summed up the vegetation destruction, heavy rains and engineering activities of the three factors of coupling is the most important characteristics of tropical rain forests of landslide, and put forward reasonable tropical rainforest landslide protection and management measures.

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Boomgaard, Peter. "The tropical rain forests of Suriname : exploitation and management 1600-1975." New West Indian Guide / Nieuwe West-Indische Gids 66, no. 3-4 (January 1, 1992): 207–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/13822373-90001997.

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First, an introduction of the geomorphology of Suriname and the characteristics of its forests is given. Then, the author explains how it is possible that Suriname still has a high proportion of tropical rainforest while it has been a plantation economy for centuries. He looks at the usual sources of destruction of wooded areas, government policy, role of the Forest Service, and Western enterprise.

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Turton, Stephen M., and Danny T. Siegenthaler. "Immediate impacts of a severe tropical cyclone on the microclimate of a rain-forest canopy in north-east Australia." Journal of Tropical Ecology 20, no. 5 (August 9, 2004): 583–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0266467404001622.

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Tropical cyclones, which are frequent along the north-eastern Australian coast, can result in severe disturbances to rain forests in the region (Grove et al. 2000, Webb 1958). Branch breakages and tree falls result in high levels of light penetration to the forest floor, which is normally heavily shaded (Turton 1992). This change in microclimate stimulates the growth of normally suppressed seedlings, the germination of seeds that are triggered by sunlight (Chazdon 1988), and often, invasion by weeds. Fragmented rain forests, that are common in the region, are particularly vulnerable to impacts of cyclones because of their large edge to forest area ratio. Appropriate management of such rain forests, following catastrophic disturbance, requires a thorough understanding of recovery processes at a number of temporal and spatial scales (Grove et al. 2000).

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J. Metcalfe, D., and A. J. Ford. "A Re-evaluation of Queensland?s Wet Tropics based on ?Primitive? Plants." Pacific Conservation Biology 15, no. 2 (2009): 80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/pc090080.

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The diversity of angiosperms in primitive families, which occur in the Wet Tropics of Queensland, is frequently cited as evidence of the ancient nature of the Australian rain forests, but appears to be based on flawed taxonomic assumptions. We point out the error of identifying species as being primitive rather than representing families with ancient origins, list the families from near-basal lineages using a current molecular phylogeny, and compare their diversity with other areas of rain forest in Australia, and with other tropical areas in the Pacific. Twenty-eight dicot families below the eudicot clade may be regarded as near-basal; 16 of these are present in rain forest habitat in the Wet Tropics. The diversity of near-basal families, and of the species and endemics within these families, is similar in New Caledonia, and the family diversity similar to Costa Rica. We suggest that these data are consistent with other evidence that rain forest has persisted on the Australian continent for a long time, and that the role of Australian rain forests in harbouring a significant near-basal component has been underestimated. We also suggest that ongoing management might be focussed at conserving the evolutionary history present in the near-basal lineages, especially in the face of changing climatic patterns.

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Bazzaz, Fakhri A., and Manuel T. Lerdau. "Response of Seedlings of Tropical Trees to Cool Temperatures Predicted by ‘Nuclear Winter’ Scenarios." Environmental Conservation 17, no. 4 (1990): 337–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0376892900032781.

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Mathematical models predict that a nuclear war could cause widespread reductions in light intensity and temperature. To assess the possible impact of these reductions on lowland tropical rain-forests, we exposed seedlings of three species of the family Moraceae to various combinations of day and night conditions under reduced light. The species represent three stages in tropical rain-forest succession: Cecropia obtusifolia is an early-successional pioneer, Trichospermum mexicanum is a mid-successional tree, and Brosimum alicastrum is a late-successional tree of mature-phase forests.

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Major, Jack, S. L. Sutton, T. C. Whitmore, and A. C. Chadwick. "Tropical Rain Forest: Ecology and Management." Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical Club 112, no. 4 (October 1985): 455. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2996051.

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Hall, John B. "Tropical rain forest ecology." Forest Ecology and Management 58, no. 1-2 (April 1993): 169–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0378-1127(93)90142-a.

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Banfai, Daniel S., and David M. J. S. Bowman. "Drivers of rain-forest boundary dynamics in Kakadu National Park, northern Australia: a field assessment." Journal of Tropical Ecology 23, no. 1 (January 2007): 73–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0266467406003701.

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Understanding the causes of savanna–forest dynamics is vital as small but widespread changes in the extent of tropical forests can have major impacts on global climate, biodiversity and human well-being. Comparison of aerial photographs for 50 rain-forest patches in Kakadu National Park had previously revealed a landscape-wide monotonic expansion of rain-forest boundaries between 1964 and 2004. Here floristic, structural, environmental and disturbance attributes of the changes were investigated by sampling 588 plots across 30 rain-forest patches. Areas that had changed from savanna to rain forest were associated with a significantly higher abundance of rain-forest trees and less grasses, relative to stable savanna areas. Ordination analyses showed that overall floristic composition was not significantly different between newly established rain forest and longer established rain forest. Generalized linear models also indicated that contemporary levels of disturbance (fire and feral animal impact) and environmental variables (slope and soil texture) were poor predictors of historical vegetation change. We concluded that (1) the rain-forest boundaries are highly dynamic at the decadal scale; (2) rain-forest expansion is consistent with having been driven by global environmental change phenomena such as increases in rainfall and atmospheric CO2; and (3) expansion will continue if current climatic trends and management conditions persist.

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Martínez-Ramos, Miguel, and Elena Álvarez-Buylla. "Ecología de las poblaciones de plantas en una selva húmeda de México." Botanical Sciences, no. 56 (April 26, 2017): 121. http://dx.doi.org/10.17129/botsci.1469.

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This paper reviewing plant population ecology studies that have done in Mexican tropical rain forests, particularly at the Los Tuxtlas Tropical Field Station (UNAM). The review considers next topics: (i) population structure and demographic patterns, (ii) population dynamics, (iii) life-history evolution, and (iv) the importance of demography and genetics for conservation and management of tropical rain forest plant products. The studies show an important advance in the description of patterns, in the analysis of population dynamics, and in the detection of some key demographic elements that can be important for forest conservation and management. However, the understanding of causes that originate such patterns and dynamics is yet poor. The studies have focused mainly on abundant arboreal plant species; other plant life-forms and rare species have received virtually null attention. After pointing out conclusions gained from our review, we propose some perspectives for future research.

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Avalos, Gerardo. "Shade tolerance within the context of the successional process in tropical rain forests." Revista de Biología Tropical 67, no. 2SUPL (May 13, 2019): S53—S77. http://dx.doi.org/10.15517/rbt.v67i2supl.37206.

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Shade tolerance (the capacity to survive and grow over long periods under shade) is a key component of plant fitness and the foundation of current theories of forest succession in tropical rain forests. It serves as a paradigm to understand the optimal allocation of limited resources under dynamic light regimes. I analyze how tropical rain forest succession influences the expression of ecophysiological mechanisms leading to shade tolerance, and identify future areas that will increase our understanding of the ecological and evolutionary consequences of this phenomenon. Shade tolerance is a multivariate, continuous functional trait reflecting the growth-mortality trade-off of investing resources under limited light vs. exploiting high light conditions. I propose the life cycle successional trajectory model of Gómez-Pompa & Vázquez-Yanes as an integrative tool to understand tropical rain forest succession. This model shows how species distribute along the successional environmental gradient based on their degree of shade tolerance and represents a more integrative paradigm to understand the interface between different aspects of species diversity (ontogenetic variation and functional diversity) throughout succession. It proposes that different trait combinations determining shade tolerance are expressed at different stages of the life cycle, which affects how and when plants enter the successional trajectory. Models explaining the expression of shade tolerance (resource availability, carbon gain, CSR, resource competition) are based on whole-plant economics and are not mutually exclusive. The analysis of shade tolerance is biased towards tree seedlings in the understory of mature forests. Other life stages (juvenile and adult trees), life forms, and microhabitats throughout the forest profile are almost always excluded from these analyses. More integrative explanations based on the distribution of functional traits among species, ontogenetic stages, and the nature of the environmental gradient are being developed based on long-term data and chronosequence comparisons. In summary, shade-tolerance is a complex phenomenon, is determined by multiple characters that change ontogenetically over space and time and entails considerable plasticity. Current methods do not account for this plasticity. Understanding the nature of shade tolerance and its functional basis is critical to comprehending plant performance and improving the management, restoration and conservation of tropical rain forests given the combined threats of global warming and habitat loss

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Downton, Mary W. "Measuring Tropical Deforestation: Development of the Methods." Environmental Conservation 22, no. 3 (1995): 229–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0376892900010638.

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Estimates of the rate and extent of tropical deforestation differ widely. The accuracy of the estimates for many countries has improved greatly during the last decade, especially with increased use of satellite data and advancements in analysis techniques. A good basis for ongoing global monitoring of tropical forests has been established by the FAO in its Forest Resources Assessment for 1990 (though data for some countries are still inadequate). The FAO assessment estimates that over one million km2 of the Earth's tropical rain-forest and moist deciduous forest was destroyed during 1981–90, representing an annual deforestation rate of 0.75% of such forests throughout the decade.This paper traces the controversy over measurements of deforestation in Brazil's Legal Amazon and the resulting confusion and exaggeration of research findings (in both directions). Some widely-cited estimates are highly inaccurate, indicating a need for critical evaluation of any estimates that are used. A substantial narrowing of the range of estimates is found in recent studies. Landsat data indicate that the deforestation rate in the Legal Amazon declined considerably from 1988 to 1991.

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García de León, David, Lena Neuenkamp, Mari Moora, Maarja Öpik, John Davison, Clara Patricia Peña-Venegas, Martti Vasar, Teele Jairus, and Martin Zobel. "Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungal communities in tropical rain forest are resilient to slash-and-burn agriculture." Journal of Tropical Ecology 34, no. 3 (May 2018): 186–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0266467418000184.

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Abstract:Certain forestry and agricultural practices are known to affect arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungal communities, but the effects of deforestation – including slash-and-burn management and other more severe disturbances – in tropical rain forests are poorly understood. We addressed the effects of anthropogenic disturbance on rain-forest AM fungal communities in French Guiana, by comparing mature tropical rain forest, slash-and-burn (5 y old) and clearcut areas (8 y old). A total of 36 soil samples were collected in six plots and sequenced using a high throughput 454-pyrosequencing platform. A total of 32649 sequences from 103 AM fungal virtual taxa (VT) were recorded. Whereas alpha diversity of AM fungi did not decrease due to land-use intensification, with average richness ranging from 17 to 21 taxa per plot, beta diversity (average distance to multivariate centroid) dropped by 28% from 0.46 in rain forest to 0.33 under clearcutting. AM fungal community composition was correlated with land use and soil chemical properties. Clearcut areas were characterized by the more frequent occurrence of specialist AM fungi, compared with mature forest or slash-and-burn areas. Specifically, clearcuts contained the highest proportions of VT that were geographic (21%), habitat (31%), abundance (97%) or host (97%) specialists based on VT metadata contained in the MaarjAM database. This suggests that certain AM fungi with narrow ecological niches have traits that allow them to exploit conditions of severe disturbance. In conclusion, slash-and-burn management appears to allow diverse AM fungal communities to persist, and may favour regeneration of tropical rain forest after abandonment. More severe disturbance in the form of clearcutting resulted in marked changes in AM fungal communities.

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Küchli, Christian, and Jürgen Blaser. "Schweizer Waldpolitik – zwischen internationaler Verantwortung und nationalen Interessen (Essay) | Swiss forest policy – balancing international responsibility and national interests (essay)." Schweizerische Zeitschrift fur Forstwesen 162, no. 4 (April 1, 2011): 96–106. http://dx.doi.org/10.3188/szf.2011.0096.

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Through its commitment to forest issues at international level, the Swiss Confederation aims to identify solutions for global forest problems, on the one hand, and to protect its own forest-related national interests, on the other. The general public's awareness of topics like the destruction of the rain forest and the trade in tropical timber is focused mainly on global problems, the resolution of which is a matter of particular concern for the Swiss population. The outcome of the associated international environmental negotiations also influences forest-relevant policies at national level as international agreements also have to be implemented at home. This essay identifies such correlations and provides information about international processes and the approaches adopted by the federal authorities to improve conditions for the protection and sustainable management of all forests. The challenges facing forests at national, European and international levels are also examined.

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TARAKESWARA NAIDU, Maradana, Owk ANIEL KUMAR, and Malleboyina VENKAIAH. "Taxonomic Diversity of Lianas in Tropical Forests of Northern Eastern Ghats of Andhra Pradesh, India." Notulae Scientia Biologicae 6, no. 1 (March 12, 2014): 59–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.15835/nsb619193.

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Lianas are important in forest ecosystem and strongly influence the forest dynamics and diversity. Lianas are common in the tropical moist deciduous and rain forests, which are competing with other forest trees. Little information is known on the habitat specialization in tropical lianas diversity and the root causes for variation among forests in liana species composition. A total of 170 liana species (≥ 1.5 cm girth at breast height) representing 109 genera and 43 families were reported in 5×5 m quadrate samples along with their climbing modes in the tropical forests of northern Eastern Ghats of Andhra Pradesh, India. A total of 210 grids were sampled in study area and reported that Convolvulaceae was the dominant family with 23 species followed by Papilionaceae, 22 species and Asclepiadaceae, 19 species and Ipomoea was the largest genera. Woody lianas were dominated by 128 species and these are classified into six climbing modes consisting in stem climbers (53.5%) that were the most predominant followed by stragglersunarmed (14.7%), stragglers armed and tendril climbers (13.5% each), root climbers (2.9%) and hook climbers (1.8%). The most dominant liana species in the northern Eastern Ghats were Acacia sinuata and Bauhinia vahlii. The results of this investigation suggests that better management and protection is an important for in situ conservation of liana diversity and involving local people is emphasized.

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Jang, Christine J., Yasuko Nishigami, and Yukio Yanagisawa. "Assessment of global forest change between 1986 and 1993 using satellite-derived terrestrial net primary productivity." Environmental Conservation 23, no. 4 (December 1996): 315–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0376892900039175.

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SummaryAlthough forest removal has been well documented at a global level, knowledge of how major forest processes such as photosynthesis have been affected remains poor. Global forest change between 1986 and 1993 was assessed using the NOAA/AVHRR satellite data converted to terrestrial net primary productivity (NPP). Forest loss was a dominant feature in tropical regions, with the most severe destruction in Latin America followed by southeast Asia and Africa. Loss of high-productivity forests over wide areas was observed for countries such as Brazil and Bolivia. Further analysis showed that approximately 12% (9100999 km2) and 19% (2 600000 km2) of the low-NPP regions (<500 g m−2yr−1, e.g., deserts, tundra) and the high-NPP regions (> 2000 g m−2yr−1, e.g., tropical rain forests), respectively, were transformed to intermediate-NPP regions (500–1500 g m−2yr−1, e.g., savanna, grassland, or cultivated land), between 1986 and 1993. The extent of global forest degradation or fragmentation may be more severe than the deforestation itself. Low-latitude ecosystems were more prone to decline in NPP than mid- and high-latitude ecosystems. The NPP method offers insight into global forest change in a timely, practical and consistent manner.

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Chalermsri, Anussara, La-aw Ampornpan, and Witoon Purahong. "Seed Rain, Soil Seed Bank, and Seedling Emergence Indicate Limited Potential for Self-Recovery in a Highly Disturbed, Tropical, Mixed Deciduous Forest." Plants 9, no. 10 (October 20, 2020): 1391. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/plants9101391.

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Human activity negatively affects the sustainability of forest ecosystems globally. Disturbed forests may or may not recover by themselves in a certain period of time. However, it is still unclear as to what parameters can be used to reasonably predict the potential for self-recovery of human-disturbed forests. Here, we combined seed rain, soil seed bank, and seed emergence experiments to evaluate the potential for self-recovery of a highly disturbed, tropical, mixed deciduous forest in northeastern Thailand. Our results show a limited potential for self-recovery of this forest due to low seedling input and storage and an extremely high mortality rate during the drought period. There were 15 tree species of seedlings present during the regeneration period in comparison with a total number of 56 tree species in current standing vegetation. During the dry season, only four tree seedling species survived, and the highest mortality rate reached 83.87%. We also found that the correspondence between the combined number of species and composition of plant communities obtained from seed rain, soil seed bank, and seedling emergence experiments and the standing vegetation was poor. We clearly show the temporal dynamics of the seed rain and seedling communities, which are driven by different plant reproductive phenology and dispersal mechanisms, and drought coupled with mortality. We conclude that this highly disturbed forest needs a management plan and could not recover by itself in a short period of time. We recommend the use of external seed and seedling supplies and the maintenance of soil water content (i.e., shading) during periods of drought in order to help increase seedling abundances and species richness, and to reduce the mortality rate.

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Lotfiomran, Neda, and Michael Köhl. "Retrospective analysis of growth A contribution to sustainable forest management in the tropics." IAWA Journal 38, no. 3 (November 7, 2017): 297—S21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/22941932-20170173.

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Reliable information on tree growth is a prerequisite for sustainable forest management (SFM). However, in tropical forests its implementation is often hampered by insufficient knowledge of the growth dynamics of trees. Although tree ring analysis of tropical trees has a long history, its application for SFM has only recently been considered. In the current study, we illustrate both the potentials and limitations of a retrospective growth assessment by tree ring analysis under the prevailing tropical conditions in a Surinamese rain forest. For this purpose, 38 commercial tree species were screened and grouped into three categories according to the visibility of their tree ring boundaries: (I) tree rings absent or indistinct, (II) distinct but partially vague tree rings which enable approximate age estimation, (III) very distinct tree rings. In 22 out of 38 commercial tree species distinct to very distinct tree ring boundaries could be identified. The anatomy of tree ring boundaries was described following Worbes and Fichtler (2010). Four species with distinct growth rings, Cedrela odorata, Hymenaea courbaril, Pithecellobium corymbosum and Goupia glabra, were studied in greater detail. Time-series analysis was used to characterise their radial growth. From the tree ring width, the annual diameter increment and cumulative diameter growth were calculated to find long-term growth patterns. Pithecellobium corymbosum and partially Hymenaea courbaril followed a typical S-shaped growth curve. By contrast, Goupia glabra and Cedrela odorata did not exhibit an age-related decrease of growth, but showed a constant linear growth over their entire life span. If based on more sample trees, such data can provide target-oriented information for improving SFM in tropical forests.

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Myers, Norman. "Tropical rain forests in the far east." Forest Ecology and Management 13, no. 3-4 (December 1985): 289–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0378-1127(85)90041-6.

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Myers, Norman. "The tropical rain forest: A first encounter." Forest Ecology and Management 28, no. 1 (July 1989): 71–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0378-1127(89)90075-3.

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Lundgren, B. "Tropical rain forest ecosystems: Structure and function." Forest Ecology and Management 10, no. 1-2 (February 1985): 185–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0378-1127(85)90021-0.

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Fownes, James H., Robin A. Harrington, and Darrell A. Herbert. "673 Resistance and Resilience of Native Forests to Disturbance by Hurricane Iniki." HortScience 34, no. 3 (June 1999): 564C—564. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.34.3.564c.

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Two studies were established in upland native forest of northwestern Kauai before Hurricane Iniki (Sept. 1992). One study was a gradient study in Acacia koa forest in the leeward rain shadow and the second study was a replicated fertilization experiment in mesic Metrosideros polymorpha forest. Both studies escaped devastation by high-intensity microbursts. Removal of LAI (from 3% to 80%) was proportional to pre-hurricane LAI, suggesting that resistance to damage was higher in low LAI, low-productivity sites. LAI recovered to prehurricane levels within 2 years, except in plots with major limb and stem loss. In the Acacia forest, damage to overstory trees was less than to understory trees, whereas in Metrosideros forest, larger trees were more damaged than smaller trees. During 2 years of recovery, both forests lost LAI in winter storms nearly equivalent to the hurricane damage. Disturbance is more frequent than previously known, which suggests that chronic disturbance needs to be better understood as a force regulating ecosystem structure and function. In both studies, the relative rate of recovery was faster in the more productive but more disturbed plots, suggesting that ecosystem resistance and resilience were traded off. These results have application to land use planning, agroforestry systems management, and other perennial crop management decisions following damage by a tropical cyclone.

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Oktoberina, Sri Rahayu, and Tristam P. Moeliono. "Prinsip Common But Differentiated Responsibility Dalam Pengelolaan Lingkungan Hidup, Sumber Daya Alam Dan Hutan Tropis." Veritas et Justitia 2, no. 2 (December 27, 2016): 278. http://dx.doi.org/10.25123/vej.2268.

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AbstractThe common but differentiated responsibility is or will become an important principle of international environmental law, specifically related to the management of tropical rain forest. The issue at hand is how this principle is understood by developing states, which by its geographical position, is entrusted with the responbility to manage tropical rain forest. In this article the author traces the reason justifying the differentiation of (international) responsibilities and attempts to relate this (mis-) understanding of the principle to Indonesia’ s unwillingness or inability to manage its tropical rain forest.

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Hall, John B. "Tropical rain forest ecosystems: Biogeographical and ecological studies." Forest Ecology and Management 40, no. 3-4 (May 1991): 311–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0378-1127(91)90050-6.

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Bonilla-Mata, Rafael, and Luis Guillermo Acosta-Vargas. "Dynamic and growth of the forests of the Isla del Coco National Park, Costa Rica." Revista de Biología Tropical 68, S1 (March 24, 2020): S89—S102. http://dx.doi.org/10.15517/rbt.v68is1.41171.

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Introduction: Islands are essential for world biodiversity. Isla del Coco National Park is an oceanic island in which a tropical rain forest grows; however, its ecology and the effect of introduced species are poorly understood. Objective: To evaluate the mortality, recruitment, regeneration, and growth of forest canopy species. Methods: We measured 15 permanent sampling plots (PSP), nine in the Premontane Pluvial Rainforest (PPR), and six in the Cloud Forest (CF); trees with DBH > 5 cm (diameter at breast height) were measured. The sampling regeneration was done within every PSP, along two transects of 1 X 50 m. Data analyses were performed using data obtained in 2006 and 2012 as baseline. Results: In the period 2012-2017, the annual mortality rate in the PPR was 5.75 % and for CF 6.31 %. The yearly recruitment rate in the PPR was 5.38 %, and 5.90 % for CF. For the PPR the total registered regeneration was 5 656 individuals and 8 700 for the CF. Sacoglottis holdridgei reported the highest mortality and the lowest values of recruitment and regeneration. Forest structure fits the inverted J model for most of the tropical forests. Sacoglottis holdridgei define the forest population structure above DBH > 20 cm. But, diameters under 20 cm are strongly influenced by H. succosa, because it reported the highest abundance of regeneration and recruitment. The annual average increase in diameter between forest was statically different (p = 0.0414; N = 15), 0.36 cm/year in the PPR, and 0.33 cm/year the in CF. Conclusions: The PPR and CF differ in the patterns of mortality, recruitment, and regeneration, confirming the uniqueness of these ecosystems. More successful regeneration of H. succosa will lead to changes in structure and composition of forests, mainly PPR. The changes in forest structure will have a strong impact on epiphytic flora, microclimate conditions, and bird nesting such as Gygis alba (White Tern) due to the loss of mature trees of Sacoglottis. The low regeneration of S. holdridgei is associated with the presence of introduced herbivores, their management is needed for restoring the forest.

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Clark, Deborah A., and David B. Clark. "ASSESSING THE GROWTH OF TROPICAL RAIN FOREST TREES: ISSUES FOR FOREST MODELING AND MANAGEMENT." Ecological Applications 9, no. 3 (August 1999): 981–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1890/1051-0761(1999)009[0981:atgotr]2.0.co;2.

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Diaz-Martin, Zoë, Varun Swamy, John Terborgh, Patricia Alvarez-Loayza, and Fernando Cornejo. "Identifying keystone plant resources in an Amazonian forest using a long-term fruit-fall record." Journal of Tropical Ecology 30, no. 4 (June 23, 2014): 291–301. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0266467414000248.

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Abstract:The keystone plant resources (KPR) concept describes certain plant species in tropical forests as vital to community stability and diversity because they provide food resources to vertebrate consumers during the season of scarcity. Here, we use an 8-y, continuous record of fruit fall from a 1.44-ha mature forest stand to identify potential KPRs in a lowland western Amazonian rain forest. KPRs were identified based on four criteria: temporal non-redundancy; year-to-year reliability; abundance of reproductive-size individuals and inferred fruit crop size; and the variety of vertebrate consumers utilizing their fruit. Overall, seven species were considered excellent KPRs: two of these belong to the genusFicus, confirming that this taxon is a KPR as previously suggested.Celtis iguanaea(Cannabaceae) – a canopy liana – has also been previously classified as a KPR; in addition,Pseudomalmea diclina(Annonaceae),Cissus ulmifolia(Vitaceae),Allophylus glabratus(Sapindaceae) andTrichilia elegans(Meliaceae) are newly identified KPRs. Our results confirm that a very small fraction (<5%) of the plant community consistently provides fruit for a broad set of consumers during the period of resource scarcity, which has significant implications for the conservation and management of Amazonian forests.

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Villicaña-Hernández, G. Jashui, Daniela A. Martínez-Natarén, Ricardo X. Alvarez-Espino, and Miguel A. Munguía-Rosas. "Seed Rain in a Tropical Dry Forest and Adjacent Home Gardens in the Yucatan." Tropical Conservation Science 13 (January 2020): 194008292097459. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1940082920974599.

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Tropical home gardens are widely recognized as reservoirs of biodiversity. Typically, Maya home gardens have an area of intensive management and one of extensive management. In the latter, some wild plant species may find safe sites for establishment, since they exhibit a high degree of similarity (in terms in plant species composition) to the surrounding forest and are dominated by plants with fleshy fruit. Therefore, this may attract frugivorous animals, which in turn may generate some seed rain. The objective of our study was to compare seed rain in the extensively managed areas of home gardens and in the surrounding forest during the fruiting peak in a rural landscape in the Yucatan. We assessed seed rain using seed traps in two habitats: the extensively managed areas of home gardens and an adjacent tropical forest. Seed rain was more abundant, denser and more diverse in the home gardens than in the adjacent forest. Approximately one quarter of the seeds recorded are from species shared between the forest and home gardens, suggesting there is notable seed exchange between these habitats. Also 50% of the seed species exclusively found in home gardens are allochthonous, likely rare species from the forest. In general, our results suggest that home gardens—particularly their extensively managed areas—are effective seed traps for forest species.

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GROVE, SIMON J., STEPHEN M. TURTON, and DANNY T. SIEGENTHALER. "Mosaics of canopy openness induced by tropical cyclones in lowland rain forests with contrasting management histories in northeastern Australia." Journal of Tropical Ecology 16, no. 6 (November 2000): 883–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0266467400001784.

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Tropical Cyclone ‘Rona’ crossed the coast of the Daintree lowlands of northeastern Australia in 1999. This study reports on its impact on forest canopy openness at six lowland rain forest sites with contrasting management histories (old-growth, selectively logged and regrowth). Percentage canopy openness was calculated from individual hemispherical photographs taken from marked points below the forest canopy at nine plots per site 3–4 mo before the cyclone, and at the same points a month afterwards. Before the cyclone, when nine sites were visited, canopy openness in old-growth and logged sites was similar, but significantly higher in regrowth forest. After the cyclone, all six revisited sites showed an increase in canopy openness, but the increase was very patchy amongst plots and sites and varied from insignificant to severe. The most severely impacted site was an old-growth one, the least impacted a logged one. Although proneness to impact was apparently related to forest management history (old-growth being the most impacted), underlying local topography may have had an equally strong influence in this case. It was concluded that the likelihood of severe impact may be determined at the landscape-scale by the interaction of anthropogenic with meteorological, physiographic and biotic factors. In the long term, such interactions may caution against pursuing forest management in cyclone-prone areas.

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Keay, Ronald W. J. "Guest Editorial: Perspective in the Tropical Rain-forest." Environmental Conservation 17, no. 3 (1990): 193–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0376892900032318.

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Valois-Cuesta, Hamleth, Carolina Martínez-Ruiz, and Yorley Urrutia-Rivas. "Formación del banco de semillas durante la revegetación temprana de áreas afectadas por la minería en un bosque pluvial tropical del Chocó, Colombia." Revista de Biología Tropical 65, no. 1 (September 23, 2016): 393. http://dx.doi.org/10.15517/rbt.v65i1.23190.

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Mining is one of the main economic activities in many tropical regions and is the cause of devastation of large areas of natural tropical forests. The knowledge of the regenerative potential of mining disturbed areas provides valuable information for their ecological restoration. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of age of abandonment of mines and their distance from the adjacent forest, on the formation of soil seed bank in abandoned mines in the San Juan, Chocó, Colombia. To do this, we determined the abundance and species composition of the soil seed bank, and the dynamics of seed rain in mines of different cessation period of mining activity (6 and 15 years), and at different distances from the adjacent forest matrix (50 and 100 m). Seed rain was composed by five species of plants with anemocorous dispersion, and was more abundant in the mine of 6 years than in the mine of 15 years. There were no significant differences in the number of seeds collected at 50 m and 100 m from the adjacent forest. The soil seed bank was represented by eight species: two with anemocorous dispersion (common among the seed rain species) and the rest with zoochorous dispersion. The abundance of seeds in the soil did not vary with the age of the mine, but was higher at close distances to the forest edge than far away. During the early revegetation, the formation of the soil seed bank in the mines seems to be related to their proximity to other disturbed areas, rather than their proximity to the adjacent forest or the cessation activity period of mines. Therefore, the establishment of artificial perches or the maintenance of isolated trees in the abandoned mines could favour the arrival of bird-dispersed seeds at mines. However, since the soil seed bank can be significantly affected by the high rainfall in the study area, more studies are needed to evaluate management actions to encourage soil seed bank formation in mines of high-rainfall environments in the Chocó region.

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Tran, Anh Tuan, Kim Anh Nguyen, Yuei An Liou, Minh Hang Le, Van Truong Vu, and Dinh Duong Nguyen. "Classification and Observed Seasonal Phenology of Broadleaf Deciduous Forests in a Tropical Region by Using Multitemporal Sentinel-1A and Landsat 8 Data." Forests 12, no. 2 (February 18, 2021): 235. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f12020235.

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Broadleaf deciduous forests (BDFs) or dry dipterocarp forests play an important role in biodiversity conservation in tropical regions. Observations and classification of forest phenology provide valuable inputs for ecosystem models regarding its responses to climate change to assist forest management. Remotely sensed observations are often used to derive the parameters corresponding to seasonal vegetation dynamics. Data acquired from the Sentinel-1A satellite holds a great potential to improve forest type classification at a medium-large scale. This article presents an integrated object-based classification method by using Sentinel-1A and Landsat 8 OLI data acquired during different phenological periods (rainy and dry seasons). The deciduous forest and nondeciduous forest areas are classified by using NDVI (normalized difference vegetation index) from Landsat 8 cloud-free composite images taken during dry (from February to April) and rainy (from June to October) seasons. Shorea siamensis Miq. (S. siamensis), Shorea obtusa Wall. ex Blume (S. obtusa), and Dipterocarpus tuberculatus Roxb. (D. tuberculatus) in the deciduous forest area are classified based on the correlation between phenology of BDFs in Yok Don National Park and backscatter values of time-series Sentinel-1A imagery in deciduous forest areas. One hundred and five plots were selected during the field survey in the study area, consisting of dominant deciduous species, tree height, and canopy diameter. Thirty-nine plots were used for training to decide the broadleaf deciduous forest areas of the classified BDFs by the proposed method, and the other sixty-six plots were used for validation. Our proposed approach used the changes of backscatter in multitemporal SAR images to implement BDF classification mapping with acceptable accuracy. The overall accuracy of classification is about 79%, with a kappa coefficient of 0.7. Accurate classification and mapping of the BDFs using the proposed method can help authorities implement forest management in the future.

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“Jack” Putz, F. E. "Science-to-conservation disconnections in Borneo and British Columbia." Forestry Chronicle 96, no. 01 (May 2020): 20–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.5558/tfc2020-004.

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Borneo differs fundamentally from Canada, but reflections on the struggles to improve the fates of its tropical rain forests may resonate with people engaged in the same struggles on the other side of the Pacific. I frame these reflections around the question of why my efforts as a researcher in Borneo failed to cause a change from predatory logging of old growth to conservation through improved forest management. Perhaps my most fundamental mistake was unwillingness to recognize the immense profitability of forest liquidation through multiple-premature re-entry logging, especially when followed by conversion to plantations of African oil palm or Australian acacias. Superimposed on the high opportunity costs of conservation were governance failures that diminished the effectiveness of policies set by government as well as those set by certifiers of responsible management. Conservation of the mostly remote, flooded, and steep hinterlands still covered by forest will benefit from acknowledgment of the internationally recognized intrinsic land rights of Borneo’s indigenous peoples combined with full economic cost accounting of the consequences of forest degradation and conversion. Given the global importance of old growth in Borneo, Canada, and elsewhere, global funding for conservation should be made available with safeguards such as UNESCO Biosphere designations.

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Atta-Boateng, James, and John William Moser, Jr. "A compatible growth and yield model for the management of mixed tropical rain forest." Canadian Journal of Forest Research 30, no. 2 (February 15, 2000): 311–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/x99-210.

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The lack of appropriate analytical tools to evaluate the impact of forest management policies has hindered the sustainable use of the rain forest. Decisions about the level of forest management and financial investment require accurate predictions of future forest yields. A technique, using hierarchical clustering and canonical discriminant procedures, was developed previously to pool 112 timber species with similar growth increment characteristics into seven groups suitable for the construction of growth and yield models. Compatible growth and yield models were developed for each group by the solution of a system of differential equations expressing the rate of change of ingrowth, mortality, and survival growth components within a forest stand. The solution provides the means to project the status of the timber stand at any future time given some predefined initial stand conditions. The models are useful for inventory updating, allowable annual cut calculations, and management planning for natural or managed stands. They also provide a means to test hypotheses concerning the influence of stand characteristics on increment and to project future product assortments.

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Singh, V. P., and J. S. Singh. "Man and Forests: A Case-study from the Dry Tropics of India." Environmental Conservation 16, no. 2 (1989): 129–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0376892900008900.

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The present study analyses the energy-budget of ‘village ecosystems’ in a dry tropical environment. These systems depend to a great extent on the surrounding natural forest/savanna ecosystems. Accordingly the objectives of the study were to quantify (i) the energy efficiency of rain-fed agriculture at the ecosystem level, and (ii) the indirect impact of agricultural activity on the surrounding forest/savanna ecosystems.Agronomic output from farming is not sufficient to meet the food-energy requirements of the villagers, hence 27.0 to 51.0% of the requirement is met from outside markets. Operation of the agro-ecosystems involved requires a considerable amount of subsidy from the surrounding forest/savanna ecosystems in terms of fodder and fuel-wood. About 81 to 100% of the fuel needs, and 80–87% of the fodder needs, are met from the natural forest/savanna ecosystems. Thus, for each unit of energy obtained in agronomic yield (including milk), 3.1 units of energy are expended from the surrounding natural ecosystems in the form of fodder and fuel-wood.The erratic and ill-distributed nature of monsoon rains results in moisture deficit which affects the crop production in dry-land farming, causing partial or total failure of the crops. For achieving increased and stable agronomic production under rain-fed conditions, improved dry-land farming techniques have to be applied. Some of these techniques are: (1) introduction of crops and varieties that would be capable of maturing in a period of 90–100 days, and adequate use of appropriate fertilizers; (2) planned rain-water management including storage of surface runoff; and (3) practices of intercropping with crops of longer duration than those currently grown, having slow growth-rates in the early part of their life-cycles.

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Osho, J. S. A. "Optimal Sustainable Harvest Models for a Nigerian Tropical Rain Forest." Journal of Environmental Management 45, no. 2 (October 1995): 101–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/jema.1995.0061.

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Horwich, Robert H. "How to develop a community sanctuary – an experimental approach to the conservation of private lands." Oryx 24, no. 2 (April 1990): 95–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0030605300034748.

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Ashuman pressure on tropical forests grows, conservation needs new approaches. An experiment in conserving tropical rain forests on private lands on the Belize River is under way in Belize. Over 70 landowners have signed pledges to abide by a management plan devised for the conservation of the black howler monkeyAlouatta pigra.The author discusses what was involved in creating the Community Baboon Sanctuary and how this approach could be used in similar projects to benefit both wildlife and local people.

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Khalyani, Azad Henareh, William A. Gould, Eric Harmsen, Adam Terando, Maya Quinones, and Jaime A. Collazo. "Climate Change Implications for Tropical Islands: Interpolating and Interpreting Statistically Downscaled GCM Projections for Management and Planning." Journal of Applied Meteorology and Climatology 55, no. 2 (February 2016): 265–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jamc-d-15-0182.1.

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AbstractThe potential ecological and economic effects of climate change for tropical islands were studied using output from 12 statistically downscaled general circulation models (GCMs) taking Puerto Rico as a test case. Two model selection/model averaging strategies were used: the average of all available GCMs and the average of the models that are able to reproduce the observed large-scale dynamics that control precipitation over the Caribbean. Five island-wide and multidecadal averages of daily precipitation and temperature were estimated by way of a climatology-informed interpolation of the site-specific downscaled climate model output. Annual cooling degree-days (CDD) were calculated as a proxy index for air-conditioning energy demand, and two measures of annual no-rainfall days were used as drought indices. Holdridge life zone classification was used to map the possible ecological effects of climate change. Precipitation is predicted to decline in both model ensembles, but the decrease was more severe in the “regionally consistent” models. The precipitation declines cause gradual and linear increases in drought intensity and extremes. The warming from the 1960–90 period to the 2071–99 period was 4.6°–9°C depending on the global emission scenarios and location. This warming may cause increases in CDD, and consequently increasing energy demands. Life zones may shift from wetter to drier zones with the possibility of losing most, if not all, of the subtropical rain forests and extinction risks to rain forest specialists or obligates.

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Huth, Andreas, Martin Drechsler, and Peter Köhler. "Multicriteria evaluation of simulated logging scenarios in a tropical rain forest." Journal of Environmental Management 71, no. 4 (July 2004): 321–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2004.03.008.

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Nykvist, Nils. "Do Logs from Tropical Rain Forests Contain More Plant Nutrients than Logs from Temperate Forests." Journal of Sustainable Forestry 7, no. 1-2 (October 16, 1997): 1–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1300/j091v07n01_01.

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Mwavu, Edward N., and Edward T. F. Witkowski. "Seedling regeneration, environment and management in a semi-deciduous African tropical rain forest." Journal of Vegetation Science 20, no. 5 (October 2009): 791–804. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1654-1103.2009.01084.x.

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Munawar, A., and Wiryono. "Soil as A Fundamental Element of Silviculture for Sustainable Tropical Rain Forest Management." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 394 (December 6, 2019): 012035. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/394/1/012035.

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Parker, Paul K. "Australian Rain-forest Subdivisions and Conservation Strategies." Environmental Conservation 14, no. 1 (1987): 37–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0376892900011085.

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The subdivision of Australian tropical rain-forest into one- and two-hectares' residential blocks changes the local ecology in a dramatic manner. It opens the canopy, changes the humidity regime, decimates ancient climax vegetation, and introduces weed species. As a result, the practice is incompatible with the objectives alike of the World Conservation Strategy and the National Conservation Strategy for Australia. Government intervention will be required if the Strategy is to be implemented. The first step towards implementation is the evaluation of current and proposed practices. A brief analysis of the incidence of costs and benefits demonstrates the skewed distribution which results from rain-forest subdivision. A few sellers and promoters receive millions of dollars in capital gains, while millions of other people lose the public and recreational benefits offered by the existing rain-forest, and the world as a whole loses much of scientific value. The information gained by this brief analysis provides the Government with a better basis on which to act than heretofore.

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Hody, James W., and Roland Kays. "Mapping the expansion of coyotes (Canis latrans) across North and Central America." ZooKeys 759 (May 22, 2018): 81–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.759.15149.

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The geographic distribution of coyotes (Canislatrans) has dramatically expanded since 1900, spreading across much of North America in a period when most other mammal species have been declining. Although this considerable expansion has been well documented at the state/provincial scale, continent-wide descriptions of coyote spread have portrayed conflicting distributions for coyotes prior to the 1900s, with popularly referenced anecdotal accounts showing them restricted to the great plains, and more obscure, but data-rich accounts suggesting they ranged across the arid west. To provide a scientifically credible map of the coyote’s historical range (10,000–300 BP) and describe their range expansion from 1900 to 2016, we synthesized archaeological and fossil records, museum specimens, peer-reviewed reports, and records from wildlife management agencies. Museum specimens confirm that coyotes have been present in the arid west and California throughout the Holocene, well before European colonization. Their range in the late 1800s was undistinguishable from earlier periods, and matched the distribution of non-forest habitat in the region. Coyote expansion began around 1900 as they moved north into taiga forests, east into deciduous forests, west into costal temperate rain forests, and south into tropical rainforests. Forest fragmentation and the extirpation of larger predators probably enabled these expansions. In addition, hybridization with wolves (C.lupus, C.lycaon, and/or C.rufus) and/or domestic dogs has been documented in the east, and suspected in the south. Our detailed account of the original range of coyotes and their subsequent expansion provides the core description of a large scale ecological experiment that can help us better understand the predator-prey interactions, as well as evolution through hybridization.

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Sailo, Lalrammuana, F. Lalnunmawia, and Kalidas Upadhyaya. "Effects of Disturbance on Seed Production and Seed Rain Dynamics of Dendrocalamus longispathus Kurz in Bamboo Natural Forests of Mizoram, North-East, India." Science & Technology Journal 8, no. 2 (July 1, 2020): 8–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.22232/stj.2020.08.02.02.

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Dendrocalamus longispathus Kurz clumps located in Mamit District, Mizoram, India was observed to study the quality and quantity of seed produced during the sporadic flowering as an ecological indicator for further flowering precaution in Mizoram. Soil seed bank and seed drop quantity of seeds in a culm were estimted for further afforestation of D. longispathus in a barren or wasteland lands in tropical sloppy mountainous conditions. The study would be applicable in reforestation, programme by dispersing the collected seeds into a forest areas decreasing in numbers of D. longispathus. The study between the disturbed site and undisturbed site compared to understand the difference between the two sites in terms of their seed quantity, seed drop, seed viability and soil seed bank. The number of seed produced by a flowering D. longispathus culm was higher in undisturbed bamboo forest. Seed viability test using tissue paper test indicated that there was 50.5% and 55.7% viability for disturbed and undisturbed sites respectively. However, using 1% solution of 2, 3, 5-triphenyltetrazolium chloride from a disturbed and undisturbed sitess showed 52.2 % and 56 % viability respectively. Adoption of scientific management techniques advocated for both bamboo plantations and natural bamboo forests to improve the quality and growing stock volume of bamboo in Mizoram.

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Ashton, Mark S., Elaine R. Hooper, Balangoda Singhakumara, and Sisira Ediriweera. "Regeneration recruitment and survival in an Asian tropical rain forest: implications for sustainable management." Ecosphere 9, no. 2 (February 2018): e02098. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ecs2.2098.

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Saalu, Faith Nyangute, Silas Oriaso, and Benjamin Gyampoh. "Effects of a changing climate on livelihoods of forest dependent communities." International Journal of Climate Change Strategies and Management 12, no. 1 (January 20, 2020): 1–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijccsm-01-2018-0002.

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Purpose Climate change and variability present different challenges to the livelihoods of forest-dependent communities. This paper aims to determine climate variability/change and its effects on the livelihoods of the Buyangu community, which depends on Kakamega tropical rain forest in Kenya. Design/methodology/approach Rainfall and temperature trends were analysed using Mann–Kendall tests and Sen’s slope estimator. The effects of climate variability on the community were determined using household survey questionnaires, focus group discussions and in-depth interviews with key stakeholders. Findings Temperature trend analyses represent statistically significant trends for the period of 1980-2015. Results reveal a warming trend for both mean annual maximum temperatures and mean annual minimum temperatures by 0.04°C/year and 0.02°C/year, respectively. Moreover, analysis of annual precipitation (1923-2015) indicated an increase of 0.068 mm/year; however, the mean monthly rainfall showed a decreasing trend. As a result, crop production and livestock rearing are negatively affected. Although there is a high level of awareness of climate variability and its related effects on livelihoods, a majority of the Buyangu community still do not understand the influence of climate change on forests and the provision of forest products. Lack of knowledge on this subject will consequently limit adaptation responses. Originality/value This research fulfills the need to study climate variability and its effects on the livelihoods of forest-dependent communities. The study calls for all-round stakeholder participation of local and national players in formulating coherent adaptation strategies that will enhance the resilience of forest-dependent communities to a changing climate.

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Clark, Colin. "Empirical Evidence for the Effect of Tropical Deforestation on Climatic Change." Environmental Conservation 19, no. 1 (1992): 39–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s037689290003023x.

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If large areas of tropical rain-forest are replaced by grassland, there is likely to be about 300 mm less evapo-transpiration and 650–800 mm less rainfall during each year in these areas than is currently experienced. Lower rates of evapotranspiration will allow more energy to be used for sensible heat, and this will lead to surface air temperatures that are higher than currently by about 3°C. Reduced cloud-cover will also lead to even higher temperatures, because clouds have a net cooling effect. When this additional heat is combined with the extrasensible heating, the overall effect is expected to be a rise in temperature of about 4–5°C.These contentions are based upon data obtained from ‘natural experiments’. They have given results which suggest that tropical deforestation will have a larger effect on temperature than was hitherto expected, and that the effect on both temperature and rainfall will be more widespread than has been expected hitherto. The effects on global climate cannot as yet be determined by a ‘natural experiment’.The removal of so much of the tropical rain-forest as is now projected will have such a dramatic effect on local and even wider climate that no further replacement of the rain-forest ecocomplex by others or other land-uses should be allowed to take place.

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Van Stan, John T., Ethan D. Gutmann, Elliott S. Lewis, and Trent E. Gay. "Modeling Rainfall Interception Loss for an Epiphyte-Laden Quercus virginiana Forest Using Reformulated Static- and Variable-Storage Gash Analytical Models." Journal of Hydrometeorology 17, no. 7 (July 1, 2016): 1985–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jhm-d-16-0046.1.

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Abstract Barrier island forests are sensitive to changing precipitation characteristics as they typically rely on a precipitation-fed freshwater lens. Understanding and predicting significant rainfall losses is, therefore, critical to the prediction and management of hydrometeorological processes in the barrier island forest ecosystem. This study measures and models one such loss, canopy rainfall interception, for a barrier island forest common across subtropical and tropical coastlines: epiphyte-laden Quercus virginiana on St. Catherine’s Island (Georgia, United States). Reformulated Gash analytical models (RGAMs) relying on static- and variable-canopy-storage formulations were parameterized using common maximum water storage (minimum, mean, maximum, and laboratory submersion) and evaporation (Penman–Monteith, saturated rain–throughfall regression, and rain–interception regression) estimation methods. Cumulative interception loss was 37% of rainfall, and the epiphyte community contribution to interception loss was 11%. Variable-storage RGAMs using inferred evaporation and maximum water storage estimates performed best: mean absolute error of 1–2 mm, normalized mean percent error of 15%–25%, and model efficiency of 0.88–0.97, resulting in a 2%–5% overestimate of cumulative interception. Static- and variable-storage RGAMs using physically derived evaporation (Penman–Monteith) underestimated observed interception loss (40%–60%), yet the error was significantly lowered for submersion estimates of maximum water storage. Greater apparent error when using Penman–Monteith rates may result from unknown drying times, evaporation sources, and/or in situ epiphyte storage dynamics. As such, it is suggested that future research apply existing technologies to quantify evaporative processes during rainfall (e.g., eddy covariance) and to develop new methods to directly monitor in situ epiphyte water storage.

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Filho, Walter D. S. Leal. "Destruction of the Tropical Rain-forests: How ‘Green’ is Brazil's New President?" Environmental Conservation 17, no. 3 (1990): 277–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0376892900032550.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Forest management of tropical rain forests'

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