Academic literature on the topic 'Forest ecology'

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Journal articles on the topic "Forest ecology"

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Kelly, J. M. "Forest Ecology." Journal of Environmental Quality 17, no. 1 (January 1988): 170–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.2134/jeq1988.00472425001700010033x.

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Barkham, J. P., and J. P. Kimmings. "Forest Ecology." Journal of Ecology 76, no. 3 (September 1988): 907. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2260585.

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Millar, C., and J. P. Kimmins. "(1987). Forest Ecology." Journal of Applied Ecology 26, no. 1 (April 1989): 363. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2403676.

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Zimmerman, Jess K. "Tropical Forest Ecology." Ecology 81, no. 8 (August 2000): 2352–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1890/0012-9658(2000)081[2352:tfe]2.0.co;2.

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Sugden, A. M. "ECOLOGY: Forest Productivity." Science 295, no. 5563 (March 22, 2002): 2179c—2179. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.295.5563.2179c.

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Smiet, Alfred C. "Forest ecology on Java: human impact and vegetation of montane forest." Journal of Tropical Ecology 8, no. 2 (May 1992): 129–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s026646740000626x.

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ABSTRACTNatural forests on Java have been generally cleared and remnants are now confined to mountain areas Although legally protected, these forests are used by local people for products like firewood, timber and fodder Locally, such exploitation is carried out daily by hundreds of people, whose livelihood depends on forest products Using a landscape-guided approach, a 15,500 ha area of montane forest in East Java has been sampled and analysed at the sylvatic mosaic level Vegetation types, sociologic species groups and vegetation structure are described for landscape units The most accessible landscape units have the most degraded forest with basal area values < 15 m2 ha−1 and a canopy closure of < 20% The least accessible units have relatively undisturbed forest with basal area values of > 45 m2 ha−1 and a canopy closure of > 60% Human activities such as tree cutting have altered species composition and modified forest structure to such an extent that large stretches of forest have been replaced by woodland or shrubland Forest degradation is described as a human induced process in which basal area and canopy closure are ultimately reduced, in spite of regrowth Comparison with other forest areas on Java shows that degradation as a result of tree cutting is a widespread phenomenon
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Grassi, G. "Forest Ecology. Basic knowledge of forest ecosystems." Forest@ - Rivista di Selvicoltura ed Ecologia Forestale 1, no. 1 (October 12, 2004): 16. http://dx.doi.org/10.3832/efor0198-001.

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Milne, Robert J., Lorne P. Bennett, and Paul J. Harpley. "Contributions of landscape ecology, multifunctionality and wildlife research toward sustainable forest management in the Greater Toronto Area." Forestry Chronicle 82, no. 3 (May 1, 2006): 403–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.5558/tfc82403-3.

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Forested lands in southern Ontario are threatened by a myriad of demands. In order to capture the multi-scale, multi-use and multifunction reality of forests within such intense human-nature interdependent landscapes, an integrative approach to sustainable forest management is necessary. Such forest management may be possible by combining the framework of landscape ecology with an understanding of forest multifunctionality. Within the Greater Toronto Area, the management of forests is provided by several agencies; some are responsible for 1) geological landscapes (e.g., the Niagara Escarpment), 2) for watersheds (e.g., Conservation Authorities) and 3) for political regions (e.g., York Region). In this paper, case studies reflecting important management issues are introduced. Wildlife research is then presented to link these issues to landscape ecology and forest multifunctionality in order to illustrate a means of enhancing sustainable forest management. Key words: landscape ecology, multifunctionality, multifunctional approach, sustainable forest management, Greater Toronto Area, wildlife function, integrative forest management
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Styring, Alison R., and Mohamed Zakaria bin Hussin. "Foraging ecology of woodpeckers in lowland Malaysian rain forests." Journal of Tropical Ecology 20, no. 5 (August 9, 2004): 487–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0266467404001579.

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We investigated the foraging ecology of 13 species of woodpecker in logged and unlogged lowland rain forest at two forest reserves in West Malaysia (Pasoh Forest Reserve and Sungai Lalang Forest Reserve). The parameters perch diameter and microhabitat/substrate type explained more variation in the data than other parameters, and effectively divided the guild into two groups: (1) ‘conventional’ – species that excavated frequently, used relatively large perches, and foraged on snags and patches of dead wood, and (2) ‘novel’ – species that used smaller perches and microhabitats that are available in tropical forests on a year-round basis (e.g. external, arboreal ant/termite nests and bamboo). These novel resources may explain, in part, the maintenance of high woodpecker diversity in tropical rain forests.
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Lewis, Kathy J., and B. Staffan Lindgren. "A conceptual model of biotic disturbance ecology in the central interior of B.C.: How forest management can turn Dr. Jekyll into Mr. Hyde." Forestry Chronicle 76, no. 3 (June 1, 2000): 433–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.5558/tfc76433-3.

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In forested ecosystems, insects and pathogens play an important role in ecosystem function, and there is increasing evidence that these organisms are primary determinants of forest structure and composition. Recent research has confirmed this even in sub-boreal forests, where fire was traditionally thought to be the major agent of disturbance and hence the main driver of successional processes. This paper presents a conceptual model of biotic disturbance ecology in sub-boreal forests of central B.C. We also describe how forest management practices can lead to forest health problems by disrupting these ecological processes, and the natural population dynamics of insects and pathogens. Key words: disturbance ecology, succession, forest pest, sub-boreal, forest management, forest health
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Forest ecology"

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Manokaran, N. "Population dynamics of tropical forest trees." Thesis, Available from the University of Aberdeen Library and Historic Collections Digital Resources, 1988. http://digitool.abdn.ac.uk:80/webclient/DeliveryManager?application=DIGITOOL-3&owner=resourcediscovery&custom_att_2=simple_viewer&pid=59678.

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Canham, Lois. "Ecology of capercaillie within a managed pine forest." Thesis, University of Stirling, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/1893/1754.

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The capercaillie is a rare species of forest bird which is once again facing extinction in Britain. Working pine forests are thought to represent the future for capercaillie in Scotland. However, few studies have focused on capercaillie within working forests and as a result current management recommendations are based on studies conducted within semi-natural pinewoods. Therefore study of the ecology of capercaillie within working forests is vital for the survival of the species in Scotland. The present study investigated the ecology of capercaillie, based on indirect measures of capercaillie use, within Morangie Forest, a pine plantation managed by the Forestry Commission. Monthly dropping counts were collected over a 30 month period to gain insight into the capercaillie population at Morangie Forest, and to explore the use of faecal counts as a non-invasive monitoring tool. Habitat analysis, dietary analysis of droppings and genetic analysis of feathers were further conducted to fully explore ecology of capercaillie within Morangie Forest. Results showed that the capercaillie population in Morangie Forest was subject to seasonal movements and that movements were not confined to the bounds of the forest. Substantial mixing occurred with capercaillie from neighbouring Novar Forest. In addition, capercaillie within Morangie Forest selected habitat at a radius of 50m and beyond. The population of capercaillie at Morangie Forest was estimated at around 65 individuals based on measures from dropping counts and genetic determination of individuals from feathers. Results also suggested that winter dropping counts could represent a useful tool for forest managers to monitor the size and movement of capercaillie populations frequenting their forests. In addition winter dropping counts could be used in conjunction with habitat data to plan management of habitat for capercaillie. The present study contributes towards future management strategies for the conservation of capercaillie within working forests and suggests further research priorities for capercaillie in Scotland, particularly those focused at a landscape scale.
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Hollis, Steven Scott. "Patterns of mineral element retranslocation in four species of tropical montane forest trees in Monteverde, Costa Rica." Online pdf file accessible through the World Wide Web, 2008. http://archives.evergreen.edu/masterstheses/Accession86-10MES/Hollis_SSMESThesis2008.pdf.

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Kincaid, Joshua A. "Spatial models of forest-environment relationships on the Appalachian Plateaus the Allegheny Mountain section, western Maryland /." Morgantown, W. Va. : [West Virginia University Libraries], 2001. http://etd.wvu.edu/templates/showETD.cfm?recnum=2090.

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Thesis (M.A.)--West Virginia University, 2001.
Title from document title page. Document formatted into pages; contains vi, 43 p. : map. Includes abstract. Includes bibliographical references (p. 40-43).
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Butler, Sarah Marie. "Forest Disturbance History and Stand Dynamics of the Coweeta Basin, Western North Carolina." Fogler Library, University of Maine, 2006. http://www.library.umaine.edu/theses/pdf/ButlerSM2006.pdf.

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Valencia, Niels. "Ecology of forests on the western slopes of the Peruvian Andes." Thesis, University of Aberdeen, 1990. http://digitool.abdn.ac.uk:80/webclient/DeliveryManager?pid=128343.

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Dry cloud forests on the western slopes of the Peruvian Andes were mapped from aerial photographs, 306 stands being recorded from 4o50'S to 12o47'S. The frequency and area of these stands, as well as most parameters analyzed in the eight sample sites, show a steep decreasing latitudinal trend and are strongly correlated with the latitudinal rainfall gradient. The mean area of the forest stands decreases from 115 ha in northern Peru to 42 ha in central Peru. The number of species recorded decreases along the study area from 52 to 13 and there is a well defined latitudinal sequence of species. Mean density and basal area per hectare of stems ≥10 cm gbh decreases from 2995 individuals and 79.91 m^2 in the north to 500 individuals and 17.27 m^2 in central Peru. The vertical structure is similar throughout the study area, emergent trees reaching on average 22 m and the main canopy 12 m in the north and 13 m and 7 m respectively in central Peru. Regeneration is very active in northern Peru. Juveniles have been found for a high proportion of species, including all common ones, and most species show a logarithmic decline in number of stems with increasing girth. There is a steep decreasing trend towards central Peru, where few species regenerate, mostly shrubs. The pattern found may be the result of the combined effect of grazing and a climatic change towards drier conditions evidenced in the regeneration pattern of most sites.
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Painter, Luke. "Growth rates and the definition of old-growth in forested wetlands of the Puget Sound region." Online pdf file accessible through the World Wide Web, 2007. http://archives.evergreen.edu/masterstheses/Accession86-10MES/Painter_L%20MESThesis%202007.pdf.

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Jucker, Tommaso. "Relating aboveground wood production to tree diversity in forest ecosystems." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2015. https://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.709094.

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Tacconi, Luca. "The process of forest conservation in Vanuatu : a study in ecological economics /." [Canberra : s.n.], 1995. http://www.library.unsw.edu.au/%7Ethesis/adt-ADFA/public/adt-ADFA20041111.140928/index.html.

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Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of New South Wales.
Photocopy of original held in Defence Academy Library, University College, University of New South Wales. Includes bibliographical references. Also issued online.
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Thomas, R. C. "The historical ecology of Bernwood Forest." Thesis, Oxford Brookes University, 1987. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.376569.

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Books on the topic "Forest ecology"

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Hanley, Donald P. Forest ecology in Washington. [Pullman, Wash.]: Cooperative Extension, Washington State University, 2002.

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Singh, G. B. Forest ecology of India. Jaipur: Rawat Publications, 1987.

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1930-, Barnes Burton Verne, and Spurr Stephen Hopkins, eds. Forest ecology. 4th ed. New York: Wiley, 1998.

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Van der Valk, A. G., ed. Forest Ecology. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-90-481-2795-5.

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1930-, Barnes Burton Verne, ed. Forest ecology. 3rd ed. Malabar, Fla: Krieger Pub. Co., 1992.

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Boehm, Diane A. Forestry: Research, ecology, and policies. Hauppauge, N.Y: Nova Science, 2011.

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Valk, A. G. Forest Ecology: Recent Advances in Plant Ecology. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2009.

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Perera, Ajith H., Lisa J. Buse, and Thomas R. Crow, eds. Forest Landscape Ecology. New York, NY: Springer New York, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-0-387-34280-1.

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Landsberg, J. J. Applications of physiological ecology to forest management. San Diego: Academic Press, 1997.

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V, Fournier Mathéo, ed. Forest regeneration: Ecology, management and economics. Hauppauge, N.Y: Nova Science, 2009.

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Book chapters on the topic "Forest ecology"

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Haavik, Laurel J., and Fred M. Stephen. "Insect Ecology." In Forest Entomology and Pathology, 91–113. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-11553-0_4.

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AbstractInsect ecology is the study of how insects interact with the environment. The environment consists of both physical characteristics (abiotic) and other organisms (biotic). Insects are natural components of forests and perform a variety of essential functions that help maintain forests as ecosystems. As consumers of forest products, people sometimes compete with insects for forest resources.
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Zhang, Xianping, Mengben Wang, and Xiaoming Liang. "Quantitative classification and carbon density of the forest vegetation in Lüliang Mountains of China." In Forest Ecology, 1–9. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-90-481-2795-5_1.

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Sang, Weiguo, and Fan Bai. "Vascular diversity patterns of forest ecosystem before and after a 43-year interval under changing climate conditions in the Changbaishan Nature Reserve, northeastern China." In Forest Ecology, 115–30. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-90-481-2795-5_10.

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Hart, Justin L., and Henri D. Grissino-Mayer. "Gap-scale disturbance processes in secondary hardwood stands on the Cumberland Plateau, Tennessee, USA." In Forest Ecology, 131–46. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-90-481-2795-5_11.

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Newbery, D. M., and M. Lingenfelder. "Plurality of tree species responses to drought perturbation in Bornean tropical rain forest." In Forest Ecology, 147–67. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-90-481-2795-5_12.

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Cavallin, N., and L. Vasseur. "Red spruce forest regeneration dynamics across a gradient from Acadian forest to old field in Greenwich, Prince Edward Island National Park, Canada." In Forest Ecology, 169–80. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-90-481-2795-5_13.

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Yamazaki, Miki, Susumu Iwamoto, and Kenji Seiwa. "Distance- and density-dependent seedling mortality caused by several diseases in eight tree species co-occurring in a temperate forest." In Forest Ecology, 181–96. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-90-481-2795-5_14.

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Ainsworth, Alison, and J. Boone Kauffman. "Response of native Hawaiian woody species to lava-ignited wildfires in tropical forests and shrublands." In Forest Ecology, 197–209. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-90-481-2795-5_15.

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González-Alday, J., C. Martínez-Ruiz, and F. Bravo. "Evaluating different harvest intensities over understory plant diversity and pine seedlings, in a Pinus pinaster Ait. natural stand of Spain." In Forest Ecology, 211–20. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-90-481-2795-5_16.

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Svenning, Jens-Christian, Karen H. Baktoft, and Henrik Balslev. "Land-use history affects understorey plant species distributions in a large temperate-forest complex, Denmark." In Forest Ecology, 221–34. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-90-481-2795-5_17.

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Conference papers on the topic "Forest ecology"

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Shirokova, O. V., and V. A. Arutyunyan. "THE FOREST ECOLOGY OF LIPETSK REGION." In All-Russian Scientific Conference, dedicated to the 90th anniversary of the Voronezh State Forestry University named after G.F. Morozov. Знание-М, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.38006/907345-73-7.2020.418.423.

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в данном исследовательском материале проанализирована экологическая ситуация в Липецкой области (субъекте Российской Федерации, который относится к числу неблагоприятных для жизни по показателям атмосферного воздуха) по состоянию на 2020 год и аналогичные периоды прошлых лет, рассмотрены проблемы и перспективы развития экологии лесов региона, приведены примеры опыта улучшения показателей лесного хозяйства, предложены варианты совершенствования управления в указанной сфере в соответствии с выявленными кризисными ситуациями. В статье также рассматриваются примеры успешных практик сохранения окружающей среды и оцениваются способы адаптации этих практик для конкретной отрасли или региона. Авторы на личном примере подтверждают возможность каждого неравнодушного гражданина принимать участие в мероприятиях по охране окружающей природной среды в условиях внешней нестабильности.
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Lin, Yi, Miao Jiang, and Kerstin Wiegand. "Laser scanning advancing 3D forest ecology." In IGARSS 2019 - 2019 IEEE International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium. IEEE, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/igarss.2019.8897984.

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Zamiusskaya, E., V. Koza, and E. Moiseeva. "ASSESSMENT OF THE STATE OF FOREST STANDS OF ROSSOSHANSKY FORESTRY." In Modern problems of animal and plant ecology. FSBE Institution of Higher Education Voronezh State University of Forestry and Technologies named after G.F. Morozov, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.34220/mpeapw2021_20-24.

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This article discusses the results of the assessment of the state of forest stands of the Rossoshansky forestry. The research was conducted in 2020 at 2 trial sites. When conducting a survey on wood species from infectious pathologies at the trial sites of the Rossoshansky forestry, diseases of the assimilation apparatus, necrotic-cancerous diseases, root and stem rot were noted. Also identified entomovrediteley this plant. The stability class, the average score of the stand state, the digression stage, and the fautiness of the trees were determined.
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Teshebaeva, Z. A., G. I. Zhusupbaeva, G. A. Momunova, and A. M. Kalykberdieva. "Modern forest pathological state of the walnut-fruit forests of Kyrgyzstan." In INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE “SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT: VETERINARY MEDICINE, AGRICULTURE, ENGINEERING AND ECOLOGY” (VMAEE2022). AIP Publishing, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/5.0149434.

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Kondrat'eva, Anastasiya. "THE PLACE OF QUERCUS ROBUR L. IN THE DYNAMICAL PROCESSES IN THE OAK FORESTS OF FOREST-STEPPE ZONE." In Modern problems of animal and plant ecology. FSBE Institution of Higher Education Voronezh State University of Forestry and Technologies named after G.F. Morozov, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.34220/mpeapw2021_33-36.

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A new view of the position of oak in the successional processes of oak forests of the forest-steppe is presented, based on the population strategy of this species and the peculiarities of the conditions for the development of pregenerative stages. The preferable conditions for natural regeneration of oak in forest communities and their relationship with the dynamics of deciduous communities of the forest-steppe are analyzed.
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Mokhtari, Mohammad, Mazlan Abd Ghaffar, Gires Usup, and Zaidi Che Cob. "The ecology of fiddler crab Uca forcipata in mangrove forest." In THE 2013 UKM FST POSTGRADUATE COLLOQUIUM: Proceedings of the Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Faculty of Science and Technology 2013 Postgraduate Colloquium. AIP Publishing LLC, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.4858704.

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Ferzli, Miriam, Betty Black, and Lisa Paciulli. "TEACHING FOREST ECOLOGY TO INTRODUCTORY BIOLOGY STUDENTS USING VIRTUAL REALITY." In 13th International Technology, Education and Development Conference. IATED, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.21125/inted.2019.0717.

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Koza, V., Elena Mikhina, and Vyacheslav Mikhin. "FOREST RECLAMATION COMPLEXES OF THE ROSSOSHANSKY DISTRICT OF THE VORONEZH REGION." In Modern problems of animal and plant ecology. FSBE Institution of Higher Education Voronezh State University of Forestry and Technologies named after G.F. Morozov, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.34220/mpeapw2021_29-32.

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Forest reclamation complexes in the Rossoshan district of the Voronezh region are mainly represented with the participation of white acacia, silver birch, green ash, common elm and Tatar maple. The area occupied by them in the agricultural landscape is 2009 hectares. In cultures of hanging birch at the age of 19 years with a change in width from 6.0 m to 15.0 m, there is a decrease in the preservation of species by 8.8% and a decrease in wind protection height by 16.5% with a plant density of 3334 pcs / ha and placement of 3 , 0 x 1.0 m. According to the growth of plantings, they are estimated as Ia class of bonitet. In mixed crops aged 34 years, consisting of fast-growing and accompanying species with a planting width of 16.0 m, the highest height is for drooping birch (20.1 m), the lowest for green ash (14.3 m). The safety of such breeds is 46.8% and 60.6%, respectively. Forest belts, represented by white acacia, drooping birch, Tatar maple at the age of 36 years, have a preservation of species of 38.3-55.2%. The drooping birch has the highest height (22.4 m). In artificial linear plantations, consisting of common elm, drooping birch, Tatar maple and green ash at the age of 38 years, the greatest preservation is observed in the Tatar maple (54.7%), the lowest in green ash (32.7%). The drooping birch has the greatest windproof height (20.6 m) and is estimated in growth according to the Ia class of bonitet. Each breed has certain ecological and biological properties.
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Mishakova, Natalya A., Zinaida S. Ruchkina, and A. A. Nagiev. "Bioindication Of The State Of The Losiny Ostrov Forest." In International Scientific and Practical Conference "Biotechnology, Ecology, Nature Management". European Publisher, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.15405/epls.22011.16.

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de Macedo, Margarete. "Chrysomelidae (Coleoptera) ecology in a tropical montane forest in Southeast Brazil." In 2016 International Congress of Entomology. Entomological Society of America, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1603/ice.2016.92797.

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Reports on the topic "Forest ecology"

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Nadkarni, Nalini. Engaging faith-based communities in forest ecology. Waltham, MA: Brandeis University Materials Research Science Engineering Center, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.26812/scilinkreports.72.

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Fischer, William C., and Anne F. Bradley. Fire ecology of western Montana forest habitat types. Ogden, UT: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Intermountain Research Station, 1987. http://dx.doi.org/10.2737/int-gtr-223.

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Crane, M. F., and William C. Fischer. Fire ecology of the forest habitat types of central Idaho. Ogden, UT: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Intermountain Research Station, 1986. http://dx.doi.org/10.2737/int-gtr-218.

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Rogers, Paul. Disturbance ecology and forest management: A review of the literature. Ogden, UT: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Intermountain Research Station, 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.2737/int-gtr-336.

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Smith, Jane Kapler, and William C. Fischer. Fire ecology of the forest habitat types of northern Idaho. Ogden, UT: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Intermountain Research Station, 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.2737/int-gtr-363.

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Butler, Eric. The Invasion Ecology of Ivy (Hedera spp.) in Portland's Forest Park. Portland State University Library, January 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.15760/etd.7138.

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Schustrom, Bill, Reed Kuennen, and Raymond C. Shearer. Miller Creek Demonstration Forest ecology activities - a teachers supplement to the field guide. Ft. Collins, CO: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.2737/rmrs-gtr-15.

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Strain, B. R., and R. B. Thomas. Forest response to CO{sub 2} enrichment: Physiology and ecology of loblolly pine. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), March 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/573255.

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Hanley, T. A., C. T. Robbins, and D. E. Spalinger. Forest habitats and the nutritional ecology of Sitka black-tailed deer: a research synthesis with implications for forest management. Portland, OR: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Research Station, 1989. http://dx.doi.org/10.2737/pnw-gtr-230.

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DelGuidice, Glenn D., Michael E. Nelson, and L. David Mech. Winter nutrition and population ecology of white-tailed deer in the central Superior National Forest. St. Paul, MN: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, North Central Forest Experiment Station, 1991. http://dx.doi.org/10.2737/nc-gtr-147.

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