Journal articles on the topic 'Forest conservation Law and legislation'
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1
Marti, Fritz. "Erste Erfahrungen mit der neuen Waldgesetzgebung | Initial consequences of new forest legislation." Schweizerische Zeitschrift fur Forstwesen 153, no. 7 (July 1, 2002): 251–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.3188/szf.2002.0251.
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On the 1st July 1995 the new cantonal glarner forest law came into force, the first such law based on the federal forest law of 4th October 1991. Experiences gained with regard to those articles which brought changes are of particular interest, such as the level of compensation for clearing, management of the forest, prohibition of traffic on forest roads, forestry organisation,the handling of natural catastrophes, forestry planning and the forest conservation concept.
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Molina, Jose Antonio Moreno. "Sustainable Forest Management In Castilla-La Mancha And Spain." Review of Business Information Systems (RBIS) 15, no. 5 (September 28, 2011): 91–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.19030/rbis.v15i5.6024.
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The recent forest legislation of Castilla-La Mancha, in line with international forestry law, the law of the European Union and the State Basic Law on the matter, taking into account the many uses that our society demands of the mountain today, but above all, is based on the prioritization of environmental protection of the forest, in the protection of the biological dimensions of the forest. The object of study in particular the modern concept of forest as forest ecosystem. Forests, welcoming a rich plant and animal life and balances of a typical natural habitat, are a natural resource whose contribution is crucial in maintaining the cycle of life and environmental conservation.
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Bratu, Iulian A., Lucian C. Dinca, Cristian M. Enescu, and Mirela Stanciu. "The Role of Social Media in Public Forest Management Policies during COVID-19: Implications for Stakeholder Engagement." Sustainability 14, no. 7 (March 23, 2022): 3778. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su14073778.
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Social networks have become increasingly popular lately, being a complementary method of expression and communication. With the adoption of quarantine and social distancing imposed by the authorities as measures to limit the spread of the COVID-19 pandemic, society has used the opportunity offered by digital technology to continue its concern related to the protection and conservation of the environment, especially the forest. The purpose of this study was to highlight the public interest regarding the forests in the context of COVID-19, especially the extent to which public opinion expressed on social networks has determined public forest management policies. The results revealed a major interest in preserving biodiversity and forestry, in reducing legal logging and stopping illegal logging, and monitoring of timber shipments as measures to combat illegal logging. During the analyzed period (i.e., 1 February 2020 to 31 July 2020), several legislative acts were adopted that overlap with the requests and needs identified by environmental organizations, acts that address the issue of illegal logging, conservation, and protection of the forest, monitoring the traceability of wood. The legislation adopted in the analyzed timeframe and shortly after responded to several major topics related to the licensing and withdrawal of the logging license for illegal logging, amending the legislation for the conservation of biodiversity and the classification of areas with virgin forests as strictly protected forests. An IT system has also been implemented by the government environmental authority that allows the supervision of timber transport, offering the possibility of active involvement of civil society.
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Keel, Alois, and Willi Zimmermann. "Der Wald im Lichte der neueren bundesgerichtlichen Rechtsprechung | Forest legislation in the recent jurisdiction of the Federal Supreme Court." Schweizerische Zeitschrift fur Forstwesen 160, no. 9 (September 1, 2009): 263–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.3188/szf.2009.0263.
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With the entry into force of the new Swiss Federal Law on Forests on the 1st of January 1993, the basis of decision-making for the Federal Supreme Court concerning forestry issues has, at least formally, fundamentally changed. This article depicts the development of the Federal Supreme Court's jurisdiction during 2000–2008 concerning the legislation on forests. The analysis of about 100 decisions reveals that the federal jurisdiction has, with regard to contents, barely changed in comparison to that of the federal law on supervision of the forest police of 1902. The most frequent causes of dispute are assessments of forest status, authorizations for deforestation, and forest distance regulations. The Federal Supreme Court merely refined the jurisdiction; it did not, or did not need to disclose fundamentally new lines [benchmarks]. It rather adheres to the restrictive definition of forest and the strict conservation of forests, while the cantons do not dispose of a large scope for the deforestation jurisdiction or the definition of the term “forest”. The Federal Supreme Court grants the cantons more freedom to regulate and implement the forest distance. Obvious changes can be observed concerning the number of forest law cases that have been dealt with by the Federal Supreme Court. Compared to the 1980ies and early 1990ies, they have decreased by more than half. Among others, reasons for this decrease are the cantons' obligation to appoint courts only as last cantonal resort, the improvement of the formal and material coordination of the proceedings, and the introduction of the “static forest term” with respect to building zones in the sense of the federal law on area planning.
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MALTCHIK, LEONARDO, VANESSA CALEFFI, CRISTINA STENERT, DAROLD PAUL BATZER, MARIA TERESA FERNANDEZ PIEDADE, and WOLFGANG JOHANNES JUNK. "Legislation for wetland conservation in Brazil: Are existing terms and definitions sufficient?" Environmental Conservation 45, no. 3 (December 11, 2017): 301–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0376892917000522.
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SUMMARYLaws are crucial tools to protect wetlands. How these laws are written has important implications for conservation. We assessed all wetland terms and definitions in Brazilian legislation to identify whether legislation uses any generic terms to represent several or all types of wetlands and to determine if definitions with clear descriptors exist that can easily be used to identify wetland systems. A total of 116 local wetland-related terms and 21 wetland definitions were found in Brazilian legislation. A direct Portuguese translation of the term ‘wetlands’ was found only once in the New Forest Code. The insertion of the term ‘wetlands’ in the New Forest Code has important practical implications for the conservation, since all different Brazilian wetland types would be represented by the generic term ‘wetlands’. The existence of a definition of the term ‘wetlands’ associated with attributes of water and biota in Federal legislation will help environmental technicians to identify wetland systems and to recognize different wetland types. The insertion of this definition in the New Forest Code would make it clear that the drainage of any wetland type – large or small – is prohibited, and those who do so would be breaking Brazilian environmental law.
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Griffel, Alain. "Wald und Recht (Essay)." Schweizerische Zeitschrift fur Forstwesen 163, no. 8 (August 1, 2012): 304–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.3188/szf.2012.0304.
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Forest and Law (essay) The forests of Switzerland are afforded special legal protection. Since 1902, the year in which the first piece of forestry legislation was enacted, Swiss forestry law is governed by the principle of conservation and the interdiction to clear forest land. Hence, during the 20th century Swiss forests were able to recover from past exploitation as well as to remain unscathed, at least in the main. Swiss forest protection is a success story. Recent developments have, however, given cause for concern. The fact that the ban on building outside of building zones has been considerably watered down during the last fifteen years – an end to this trend is unfortunately not yet in sight – could, before long, have a substantial bearing on the forests. Indeed, the Swiss legislator recently amended the Forest Act of 1991, and its next amendment is already in the pipeline. The politics of unsustainable settlement expansion are doing enough damage to the Swiss landscape as it is. We must be vigilant in order to ensure that our forests do not become their next victim.
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Korepina, Anna Viktorovna. "Imposition of cumulative administrative penalty: technical-legal defects and law enforcement problems in the sphere of forest conservation." NB: Административное право и практика администрирования, no. 3 (March 2021): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.7256/2306-9945.2021.3.35777.
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The subject of this research is the social relations arising in the context of application of administrative sanctions for violating forestry legislation. The object of this research is the legislation on administrative offenses of the Russian Federation and foreign countries, law enforcement and judicial practice. The author observes the ambiguity of application of legislation on administrative offences by the state forestry departments in some constituent entities of the Russian Federation. Therefore, this scientific article indicates one of the relevant issues that stir up disputes among the law enforcement agencies – imposition of cumulative administrative penalty for violating forestry legislation. Using the universal dialectical, descriptive, and hermeneutical methods, the author analyzes the current administrative legal norms that regulate the procedure for imposition of cumulative administrative penalty. Special attention is given to the factors of ambiguity in law enforcement practice in terms of imposition of cumulative administrative penalty, which has developed due to the flaws in legal writing: 1) the absence of conceptual scientific developments dedicated to imposition of administrative penalty for cumulative administrative offenses; 2) simplified approach towards legal regulation of certain institutions of administrative responsibility that generates gaps in the legislation on administrative responsibility, which must filled in by law enforcement practice; 3) inappropriate interpretation of norms of the Article 4.4. of the Code of the Russian Federation on Administrative Offences by the law enforcement, and namely, judicial bodies. The scientific novelty consists in recommendations for improving the provisions of the Code of the Russian Federation on Administrative Offenses in this sphere. The conclusions are based on the formal-legal and logical methods of research.
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Christmas, Sandy Kurnia, Marzellina Hardiyanti, and Syailendra Anantya Prawira. "Role in the Forest Village Community-Based Forest Management Sustainable Development." Journal of Judicial Review 23, no. 1 (June 1, 2021): 115. http://dx.doi.org/10.37253/jjr.v23i1.4387.
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The Village Forest Society Institution is present on the basis of the existence of a Joint Community Forest Management (CBFM) program from one form of Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR). This PHBM policy seeks to empower communities around forest areas with managed areas under the authority of Perum Perhutani in the Provinces of Central Java, East Java, West Java and Banten, except for conservation forests which are implemented to provide welfare efforts for forest village communities so that they can participate in enjoying the results. forest production through a sharing system based on SK. Directors of Perum Perhutani No.682 / KPTS / DIR / 2009 concerning Guidelines for Collaborative Forest Resource Management, Law on Forestry, Village Law, and other supporting legislation..The role of LMDH is needed so that the partnership system in PHBM is able to reach forest village communities through an institution that is formed as an institution that receives delegations from the central / regional government in the management of production forests in the area specified in PP No. 72 of 2010 concerning State Forestry Public Company. With the existence of this LMDH, it is ecpected to be able to provide welfare for the communites around the forest and jointly manage forests based on sustainable development, so that the sustainability and availability of forest resources for future generations can be maintained.
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Ulber, Marcus. "Der Einfluss von Naturschutzorganisationen auf Rechtsetzung und Vollzug." Schweizerische Zeitschrift fur Forstwesen 164, no. 3 (March 1, 2013): 65–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.3188/szf.2013.0065.
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Influence of nature conservation organisations on legislation and law enforcement Nature conservation organisations influence laws and ordinances, administrative strategies and law enforcement. By doing this, they seek to improve the position of nature. The exertion of influence by organisations is a traditional element of Swiss politics. The nature conservation organisations bring in their claims and their expertise on all political levels and at all stages of legislation.
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Степан Мхитарович, Оганесян,, and Чибидин, Александр Сергеевич. "Theoretical and Historical Aspect of Development of Law and Legal Terms in the Field of Forest Relations in Russia." ЖУРНАЛ ПРАВОВЫХ И ЭКОНОМИЧЕСКИХ ИССЛЕДОВАНИЙ, no. 4 (December 12, 2022): 56–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.26163/gief.2022.64.81.009.
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В статье рассмотрен теоретико-исторический аспект развития права, юридических терминов в области лесных отношений. Обозначен ключевой термин в сфере лесного законодательства, нормативно-правовых актов. Проведен историко-правовой анализ определения «сохранение лесов». Даны краткие предложения по развитию лесных правоотношений. The article deals with theoretical and historical aspect of the development of law along with legal terms in the field of forest relations in Russia. The key term is designated with regard to the forestry legislation and regulatory legal acts. Historical and legal analysis is conducted in respect of the «forest conservation» definition with some short suggestions for the development of forest law relations being proposed.
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Malysheva, Nataliia, and Olena Kovtun. "Nature protection law of Ukraine in the context of globalization challenges." Law Review of Kyiv University of Law, no. 1 (May 5, 2021): 234–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.36695/2219-5521.1.2021.45.
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law of Ukraine in the context of globalization challenges. Attention is focused on both the opportunities and the constraints associatedwith globalization, in its impact on the development trends of nature protection law in Ukraine. This branch of Ukrainian law asa whole is formed, both in the general norms of ecological law, as well as in the land, water, subsoil, forest, floristic legislation, andalso in the territorial planning legislation. At the same time, new globalization challenges related to the need to address nature conservationand biodiversity protection are prompting an increasingly active shift in the legal regulation of relevant relations from the localand national to the international level. And nature protection legislation in its development must take into account appropriate approa -ches. The general structural and systemic factors of the Ukrainian national legislation cannot be neglected. The article analyzes Ukraine's participation in international cooperation in the field of nature protection and biodiversity conservation. Important factors that motivateUkraine’s environmental law to further development are related to Ukraine’s European integration. One of the main aspects ofUkraine's implementation of the Association Agreement is the approximation of Ukrainian legislation to EU law. Moreover, "natureprotection, in particular biological and landscape diversity (eco-networks) conservation and protection" stands out among the principalareas of environmental cooperation between Ukraine and the EU. International and European environmental requirements cannot beimplemented mechanically, but thoughtfully, comprehensively analyzing the possible consequences for the law-making and lawenforcementsphere of Ukraine. It is from such positions that the article critically evaluates the Draft Law of Ukraine "On the Territoriesof the Emerald Network" in order to fulfill the Ukrainian obligations under the Association Agreement.
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Savoia, Remo. "Hungarian Environmental Law and Biodiversity Protection." European Energy and Environmental Law Review 9, Issue 6 (June 1, 2000): 182–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/275546.
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A review of the state of the law on biodiversity protection in Hungary. Current ecological conditions. Early measures, going back to 1961, embracing a number of surprisingly modern principles. The recent legislation, on general environmental protection rules; nature conservation; the protection of forests; the regulation of hunting and the protection of wild fauna, and on genetic technology. The principles underlying the Hungarian legislation. Relationship with EU biodiversity strategy and the process of harmonisation.
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Wagner, Stefan. "Verfügungsrechte vertraglich regeln: ein Modell zur Vermeidung von Umweltkonflikten?" Schweizerische Zeitschrift fur Forstwesen 163, no. 1 (January 1, 2012): 29–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.3188/szf.2012.0029.
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Contractual regulation of property rights: a model for avoiding environmental conflicts? The article presents “The problem of social cost” by Coase within the current legal context. It illustrates the challenges, which the purely market-oriented solution to environmental conflicts is confronted with. Thereafter, it outlines the application area of the solutions bound by contracts in nature conservation legislation, hunting and forest law.
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Silva, Liliane Garcia da, Bruno Araujo Furtado de Mendonça, Eliane Maria Ribeiro da Silva, and Márcio Rocha Francelino. "Atlantic Forest scenarios under the parameters of forestry laws." Ciência e Agrotecnologia 42, no. 1 (February 2018): 21–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1413-70542018421003417.
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ABSTRACT Remote sensing allows for identification of regularities and irregularities in land use and land coverage (LULC) change in relation to environmental legislation. The aim of this study was to delimit scenarios in the permanent preservation areas (PPAs) according to the Brazilian forestry law, with or without consolidated uses in the basin of Capivari River and the State of Rio de Janeiro in the Atlantic Forest biome. Mapping and analysis were performed on LULC in areas of permanent preservation using the following data: RapidEye-REIS satellite scenes acquired in 2012 and Bhattacharyya distance classifier and hydrography of the basin and digital elevation model (1:25.000) using Spring and ArcGIS software. The legal scenarios adopted were as follows: I) Federal Law N°. 4,771/1965 and the National Council for the Environment (CONAMA) N°. 303/2002; II) Federal Law N°. 12,651/2012; and III) Federal Law N°. 12,651/2012 and N°. 12,727/2012. The classification presented an excellent overall accuracy of 91.15% and a Kappa Index of 0.86 in relation to the samples of the six multipurpose classes having the anthropic uses of agriculture, burned pasture, exposed soil and urbanization, which were present with conflicting uses for Scenarios I, II and III. The new forest legislation for the PPAs of Scenario III impacted the reduction of 68% compared to Scenario I, which corroborates with the concerns on the conservation of water and soil resources.
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Nurhidayah, Laely, and Shawkat Alam. "The forest and its biodiversity: assessing the adequacy of biodiversity protection laws in Indonesia." Asia Pacific Journal of Environmental Law 23, no. 2 (December 10, 2020): 178–201. http://dx.doi.org/10.4337/apjel.2020.02.04.
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Forests are a critical component of biodiversity and are essential for a wide range of ecosystem services. There is a rapid and alarming decline of biodiversity worldwide. Indonesian biodiversity, in particular, is increasingly under serious threat of environmental degradation as a result of the prevalence of criminal activities such as deforestation, poaching, illegal wildlife trade, and forest fires. The occurrence of deforestation in Indonesia can be primarily attributed to two main factors: forest conversion into oil palm plantation and wood fiber plantation. This article examines the adequacy of the legal framework in Indonesia in addressing biodiversity loss, the challenges it experiences and any prospects for the implementation of biodiversity laws and policies. This examination will be undertaken through the theoretical frameworks of the ecosystem approach, and political ecology. It is concluded that the effectiveness of legislation related to biodiversity conservation is hindered by top-down approaches and the political and economic structural legacies of previous governments which tend to favour economic development at the expense of adequate biodiversity protection. To address the complex problems of biodiversity protection, Indonesia not only needs stronger legislation in protecting biodiversity, but must address other factors that hinder the effectiveness of efforts to protect biodiversity. In addition, despite the current prospect of initiatives and policy reforms aimed at reducing deforestation and forest degradation since the implementation of REDD+, each initiative has practical, financial and legal limits. Therefore, it is suggested that the effective coordination of each strategy is needed. Particularly at the local level, the capacity of the community to be engaged in conservation and the ability of the government to implement and effectively enforce biodiversity laws has proven challenging and needs to be addressed.
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Luiz, Carlos Henrique Pires, and Valdir Adilson Steinke. "Recent Environmental Legislation in Brazil and the Impact on Cerrado Deforestation Rates." Sustainability 14, no. 13 (July 2, 2022): 8096. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su14138096.
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This study aims to relate the recent trajectory of Brazilian environmental policies with the last 20 years deforestation rates observed in the Cerrado through the PRODES-Cerrado monitoring initiative. The main hypothesis is that the improvement of environmental legislation in Brazil, mainly during the period between 2005 and 2012, influenced the decrease in deforestation rates. In addition, policies to control environmental compliance, such as the Rural Environmental Registry (CAR) also influenced the reduction of deforestation. In the early 2000s, there was a significant increase in public environmental policies and implementation of an environmental management structure with the creation of conservation, protection, and management agency for conservation units (ICMBio), the Brazilian Forest Service for the management of public forests and Rural Environment Registry (CAR). Comparing the annual deforestation rate, it was observed that between 2000 and 2005, when 12.60% of the Cerrado was deforested, the annual deforestation average rate was 2.52%. Between 2006 and 2012, the period that precedes the revision of the Forest Code, the total deforestation is equivalent to 7.98%, which results in an annual average rate of 1.33%. After the enactment of the new Forest Code, between 2013 and 2020, there was a deforestation of 7.03% of the Cerrado area, which is equivalent to a deforestation annual average rate of 1.00%. One of the positive aspects of the new legislation was the creation of CAR, which obliges rural landowners to make an environmental attributes declaration of their property, this program being the main environmental management tool created in Brazil recently. After CAR regulation in 2014, there was a decrease in deforestation from 10,904 km2 to 7905 km2 in 2020. On the other hand, since 2016, changes occurred in the political scenario that increased agribusiness influence and the rise of a more conservative agenda, which jeopardizes the future of environmental quality in Brazil (illustrated, for example, by the increased release of pesticides from 104 in 2010 to 493 in 2020). As the main conclusion of this research, we showed that the state’s commitment to environmental management can contribute to deforestation reduction. The regulation of programs such as CAR can also contribute to the reduction of deforestation since it is one more tool for monitoring and ensure compliance of environmental regularization and recovery vegetation programs. At the same time, is necessary to keep on monitoring deforestation once the influence of the agricultural lobby has gained strength.
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NUNES, SÂMIA S., JOS BARLOW, TOBY A. GARDNER, JOÃO V. SIQUEIRA, MÁRCIO R. SALES, and CARLOS M. SOUZA. "A 22 year assessment of deforestation and restoration in riparian forests in the eastern Brazilian Amazon." Environmental Conservation 42, no. 3 (November 4, 2014): 193–203. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0376892914000356.
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SUMMARYBrazilian environmental law imposes more restrictions on land-use change by private landowners in riparian forests than in non-riparian forest areas, reflecting recognition of their importance for the conservation of biodiversity and key ecosystem services. A 22-year time series of classified Landsat images was used to evaluate deforestation and forest regeneration in riparian permanent preservation areas over the past two decades, focusing on the municipality of Paragominas in the state of Pará in eastern Amazonia. There was no evidence that riparian forests had been more effectively protected than non-riparian forests. Instead, deforestation was found to be comparatively higher inside riparian permanent preservation areas as recently as 2010, indicating a widespread failure of private property owners to comply with environmental legislation. There was no evidence for higher levels of regeneration in riparian zones, although property owners are obliged by law to restore such areas. A number of factors limit improvements in the protection and restoration of riparian forests. These include limited awareness of environmental compliance requirements, the need for improved technical capacity in mapping the distribution and extent of riparian forests and the boundaries of private properties, and improved access to the financial resources and technical capacity needed to support restoration projects.
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Kay, Kelly. "Breaking the bundle of rights: Conservation easements and the legal geographies of individuating nature." Environment and Planning A: Economy and Space 48, no. 3 (October 7, 2015): 504–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0308518x15609318.
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This paper bridges critical legal geography and geographical work on neoliberal natures to illustrate the vital role that US law has played in reimagining the values of nature as divisible from their supporting contexts and the spatial outcomes of this “individuation.” The development and widespread use of conservation easements by nonprofit land trust groups serves as a precedent-setting case study. I review the two major pieces of enabling legislation: the Uniform Conservation Easement Act, and the addition of Section 170(h) to the federal tax code, to argue that these legal changes mark a pivotal moment of reregulation that has been significant for regularizing the separation of conservation values from their socio-ecological contexts. Finally, I offer three examples of the spatial manifestations of the legal foundations of conservation easements: shifting geographies of conservation prompted by highest and best use valuation and tax deductibility, an altered public/private divide in protected areas, and the creation of new spaces of accumulation, through the use of easement law by entrepreneurial forest carbon firms.
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Lehtonen, Emily, Lena Gustafsson, Asko Lõhmus, and Henrik von Stedingk. "What does FSC forest certification contribute to biodiversity conservation in relation to national legislation?" Journal of Environmental Management 299 (December 2021): 113606. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2021.113606.
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Magano, Deivid Araujo, Ivan Ricardo Carvalho, Danieli Jacoboski Hutra, Murilo Vieira Loro, Marta Tremea, Valéria Escaio Bubans, Francine Lautenchleger, Luiz Leonardo Ferreira, Maicon Roberto Ribeiro Machado, and Joaquim Almério Jerónimo. "Brazilian forest code: Advances and setbacks." July 2021, no. 15(07):2021 (July 7, 2021): 965–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.21475/ajcs.21.15.07.p3285.
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In a scenario of expansion of agricultural frontiers, based on the production of grain and other commodities, Brazil today lives in a privileged position when it comes to the production and productivity of various agricultural crops and livestock. However we can see that developments in the legislative system often do not keep pace with anthropic action, which makes the degradation of the natural environment potentially disturbing. The evolution in jurisprudence has to occur concisely and quickly based on landscape parameters, and from the perspective of the technique, with a holistic behavior focused on the actions of preservation and conservation of natural resources. Forests are indispensable systems in the process of 'water generation', contributing significantly to the dynamics of the hydrological cycle, a complex and fundamental mechanism for the maintenance and regulation of life on earth. In this sense, the objective of this article is to explain some environmental, technical and legislative aspects related to the Forest Codes that were in force in Brazil, analyzing its historical relevance, flaws and finally major changes. Its preparation was based on articles, books and materials available online from the available knowledge bases. A broad revision was carried out including the Magna Carta in addition to the laws that deal with the Brazilian Forest Code, in its three versions of 1934, 1965 and 2012. As articulated considerations it can be verified that despite the evolution in the form of proposition of the current law, some modifications still need to be made, considering that the current Forest Code contains residual political and economic sequelae that neglect the socio-environmental character, and that even after the adoption of its latest version, severe damage is still being caused to the natural environment, which requires greater commitment from regulators to enforce legislation
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Zulaihah, Zulaihah. "Sanksi terhadap Pelanggaran Konservasi Taman Hutan Raya R. Soerjo di Mojokerto." al-Daulah: Jurnal Hukum dan Perundangan Islam 4, no. 01 (April 1, 2014): 25–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.15642/ad.2014.4.01.25-44.
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Abstract: This paper focuses on the concept of criminal (jinayah) jurisprudence toward the sanction of the conservational violation of the Taman Hutan Raya R.Soerjo (TAHURA R.Soerjo) according to Undang-Undang No. 41 tahun 1999 on Forestry. This is a qualitative research and will be analyzed descriptively with deductive framework. Some of the conservational violations in the Taman Hutan Raya R.Soerjo are entering the forest, harvesting or collecting the forest’s product, shepherding cattle in the forest area, damaging forest, and logging which is conducted by the surrounding community. The violations are described in article 50 Undang-Undang No. 41 tahun1999 on forestry. Penalty for violation of TAHURA R.Soerjo in SKPPKH Mojokerto region given by the local officer is in the form of guidance, warning, making a statement “not to repeat the action for the second offense”. However, it will be directly handed over to the police if the evidence has been sufficient. Sanction for such violations will be given by the competent authority in accordance with the legislation. The sentence is in accordance with article 78 and 79 Undang-Undang No. 41 tahun 1999. The sanction of the conservational violation of the Taman Hutan Raya R.Soerjo, in Islamic criminal law, is a part of ta’zir because it has not reached a nishab of theft.Keywords: Jurisprudence, jinayah, sanction, violation, conservation
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Mendes, Carlos Jose, Cintia Urbano Neves, and Ricardo Berger. "ÁREAS DE PRESERVAÇÃO PERMANENTE E RESERVA LEGAL: PERCEPÇÃO DOS PROPRIETÁRIOS RURAIS DO MUNICÍPIO DE OTACÍLIO COSTA, SC." FLORESTA 42, no. 4 (December 31, 2012): 671. http://dx.doi.org/10.5380/rf.v42i4.17283.
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ResumoA Reserva Legal Florestal é a área de conservação obrigatória dentro de uma propriedade rural, estabelecida pelo código florestal, a fim de manter a sustentabilidade dos recursos naturais. A preocupação em garantir grande parte das florestas intactas vem crescendo à medida que aumenta a perda de biodiversidade. O presente trabalho avaliou a visão dos proprietários frente ao conhecimento da legislação florestal, em particular a lei 4.771, de 15/09/1965 (Código Florestal), e a lei 11.428, de 22/12/2006, que tratam da Reserva Legal Florestal. Os dados foram obtidos através da aplicação de questionários aos produtores rurais no município de Otacílio Costa (SC). A interpretação dos resultados indica que os proprietários rurais têm pouco conhecimento sobre legislação e que a grande maioria (75%) das propriedades apresenta-se irregular quanto à adequação da Reserva Legal. Para a difusão do conhecimento técnico e da legislação florestal ambiental, é recomendado o desenvolvimento de políticas públicas por órgãos competentes e de programas pelas empresas de base florestal atuantes na região, levados aos proprietários sob a forma de capacitação, assistência técnica e desenvolvimento, através dos programas de fomento florestal e de extensão rural. AbstractPermanent Preservation Areas and Legal Reserve: perception of land owners from the rural city of Otacílio Costa, SC. The Legal Forest Reserve is a required conservation area for rural properties, established by the Brazilian forest code in order to keep the sustainability of the natural resources. The worries about keeping large part of the forests untouched are increasing at the same time that environmental resources decrease. Therefore, the present work dealt with the evaluation of the landowner’s vision, their knowledge about Brazilian forest legislation, which includes the Legal Forest Reserve regulation. The data were collected based on questionnaires applied to the landowners in Otacílio Costa city, Santa Catarina State. The results points to landowners’ short knowledge about legislation as well as any sort of irregularities in 75% of their properties according to the Brazilian forest code. In order to spread information about forest technology and environmental forests law it is recommended the implementation of government policies by public institutions and private companies. Those policies need to be transferred to land owners by training sections and technical assistance and development involving tree farm programs and extension.Keywords: Legal Forest Reserve; environmental legislation; rural property.
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Eisfeld, Rozane De Loyola, Julio Eduardo Arce, Carlos Roberto Sanquetta, and Evaldo Muñoz Braz. "IS IT FORBIDDEN THE WOOD USE OF Araucaria angustifolia? AN ANALYSIS ON THE CURRENT LEGAL BUDGET." FLORESTA 50, no. 1 (December 20, 2019): 971. http://dx.doi.org/10.5380/rf.v50i1.60023.
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The objective of this work was to analyze the legal arrangements on a very complex theme in the forest sector: the use of a species threatened with extinction, araucaria. After years of intense deforestation, linked to the country's economic growth, after 1960 decade, it was edited an array of regulations aimed to control the forest use through strict laws and expansion of the environmental bureaucracy. In 2014, MMA Decree 443, araucaria was included in the danger category, restricting any timber use, including the ones gathered under forest management. The justification for this inclusion comes from the population reduction, deforestation and logging. Regarding the justification of its inclusion, it is important to note the non-disclosure of official data, an obligation of the State, on the remaining area and number of individuals. Decree 443 collides with the Brazilian forest low removing rights, as forest management, not established by Law number 12.651 of 2012. It also defies the Complementary Law 140 which establishes reports and technical-scientific studies for framing the listed species. Nor does it comply with the steps required in article 5º MMA Decree 43, which precedes Decree 443. By analyzing the regulations regarding the araucaria and its commercial use: there is no law prohibiting the use, through management and planting; what exists are Decrees and resolutions. Whoever is in the messianic right to forbid the cutting of the species, subsidizes itself in Decrees and resolutions. Moreover, who believes they have the right to cut it, is not aware of the legislation.
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Matheus, Ana Carolina Couto. "UMA NOVA PERSPECTIVA DE DESENVOLVIMENTO SUSTENTÁVEL NO SETOR FLORESTAL POR MEIO DO PAGAMENTO DE SERVIÇOS AMBIENTAIS." Ponto de Vista Jurídico 7, no. 1 (August 9, 2018): 101. http://dx.doi.org/10.33362/juridico.v7i1.1383.
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<p class="resumo">Diante das diversas mudanças econômicas, políticas, sociais e culturais surgidas no decorrer do século XX e no início do século XXI, principalmente com o incremento das relações comerciais globalizadas, verifica-se uma maior preocupação mundial com a questão da proteção e conservação do meio ambiente especialmente o patrimônio florestal. Insiste-se na urgência de uma mudança de mentalidade da real importância da preservação e conservação das florestas. Verifica-se na legislação pátria, vários dispositivos legais visando à manutenção e preservação das florestas brasileiras a exemplo do Código Florestal Brasileiro (Lei 12.651/2012) e a Carta Magna de 1988. Procura-se demonstrar que infelizmente não está havendo um cumprimento legal da legislação pátria, já que os índices de queimadas e derrubadas ilegais das florestas brasileiras avança em índices alarmantes. Busca-se analisar as áreas de preservação permanente ou mata ciliar e as áreas de reserva legal sob o ponto de vista de uma mudança de mentalidade em prol da conservação e preservação ambiental e também possíveis alternativas como o uso do manejo sustentável ou a implementação do pagamento de serviços ambientais.</p><p class="resumo"><strong>Palavras-chave: </strong>Reserva legal. Mata ciliar. Pagamento por serviços ambientais.</p><h3>A NEW PERSPECTIVE OF SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT IN THE FORESTRY SECTOR THROUGH THE PAYMENT OF ENVIRONMENTAL SERVICES</h3><div><p class="abstractCxSpFirst"><strong>Abstract: </strong>In the face of the various economic, political, social and cultural changes that have arisen in the course of the twentieth century and the beginning of the twenty-first century, especially with the increase of globalized trade relations, there is a growing worldwide concern with the protection and conservation of the environment Especially the forest patrimony. There is a pressing need for a change in mentality of the real importance of the preservation and conservation of forests. There are several legal provisions in the country's legislation aimed at the maintenance and preservation of Brazilian forests, for example of the Brazilian Forest Law (Law 12.651/2012) and the Constitution of 1988. It is sought to demonstrate that unfortunately there is no legal compliance of the country's legislation, since the rates of burning and illegal clearing of Brazilian forests are advancing at alarming rates. The aim is to analyze the areas of permanent preservation or ciliary forest and legal reserve areas from the point of view of a change of mentality in favor of conservation and environmental preservation and also possible alternatives such as the use of sustainable management or the implementation of the payment environmental services.</p><p class="abstractCxSpLast"><strong>Keywords: </strong>Legal reserve. Ciliary forest. Payment for environmental services.</p></div>
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do Prado Capanema, Vinicius, Maria Isabel Sobral Escada, Pedro R. Andrade, and Lucas Gustavo Landini. "Assessing logging legislation parameters and forest growth dissimilarities in the Brazilian Amazon." Forest Ecology and Management 513 (June 2022): 120170. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.foreco.2022.120170.
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Mayda, Jaro. "Forest management and the environment: Worldwide trends in legislation and institutional arrangements." Forest Ecology and Management 14, no. 4 (May 1986): 241–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0378-1127(86)90171-4.
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Vergara, Pablo M., and Roberto P. Schlatter. "Conservation of birds in evergreen Chilean forests: the effect of partial cutting systems." Wildlife Research 35, no. 2 (2008): 134. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wr07009.
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Current legislation in Chile allows two alternative regeneration methods for evergreen forest: heavy shelterwood (retaining 30% of the basal area at the time of regeneration harvest) and strip cutting. We compared bird abundance among four stands: two evergreen forest stands managed with these cutting systems, an undisturbed stand and a light shelterwood stand (with a retention level of 65%). Eight out of 15 species, in addition to total bird abundance, were affected by partial cutting. Light shelterwood tended to be the treatment with the smaller negative effect on bird abundance, reducing the abundance of only two species, possibly due to the loss of the understorey vegetation. Nevertheless, the abundance of three species of trunk and foliage gleaners, as well as total bird abundance, decreased only in the heavy shelterwood and the strip cut stands. Further, the abundance of trunk and foliage gleaners was greater in the light shelterwood stand than in the other cutting stands, indicating that these species are particularly sensitive to partial cutting with low retention levels. Therefore, in order to reduce the detrimental effect of partial cutting systems on the evergreen forest birds, we suggest the use of shelterwood cutting with a retention level higher than 50% of the standing basal area at the time of the regeneration harvest.
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Markovic, Aleksandar, and Ljilјana Keca. "Determining PES compliance in sectoral acts connected to forestry." Bulletin of the Faculty of Forestry, no. 121 (2020): 61–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/gsf2021061m.
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One of the ways to preserve nature and ecosystems from a group of market mechanisms is a mechanism called Payments for Ecosystem Services - PES. In this paper, sectoral laws related to forestry and nature protection are analyzed to determine whether the existing legislation has elements that are similar to PES and support its implementation or are closer to the principle of ?command and control?. Three acts were selected for analysis: the Forest law, the Water law, and the Environmental Protection Act. These are the three sectoral acts that are closely related to nature conservation policy, with forest and water systems being the largest suppliers of ecosystem services and the most common subject of PES schemes. The aim of this research is to find those articles of these laws that contain the basic elements of the PES definition, by using certain keywords to search for articles of the acts. Qualitative and quantitative content analysis was used for the analysis. First, keywords were identified to distinguish the articles of acts that are relevant to the research itself, and later the meaning of each article was transformed into one or more terms called ?determinants?. In this way, the meaning of the articles was determined and quantified to determine if there was a number of articles that overlapped with the PES principles to some extent. In this research, we found that there are very few articles and parts of the legislation that fully support PES, and ecosystems and ecosystem services are not explicitly linked to valuation and funding. In each of the acts in the chapters related to financing, there are elements of PES and there is some form of financing of activities aimed at preserving and improving the ecosystems and the environment. The closest to the PES is the Water law. The Forest law has certain disadvantages, as funds are collected from sources that have no connection with forest ecosystems, and EPA is based on the ?Polluter pays? principle and is farthest from the PES concept.
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KHATRI, DIL, KRISHNA SHRESTHA, HEMANT OJHA, GOVINDA PAUDEL, NAYA PAUDEL, and ADAM PAIN. "Reframing community forest governance for food security in Nepal." Environmental Conservation 44, no. 2 (October 17, 2016): 174–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0376892916000369.
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SUMMARYThe growing challenge of food insecurity in the Global South has called for new research on the contribution of forests to food security. However, even progressive forest management institutions such as Nepal's community forestry programme have failed to address this issue. We analyse Nepal's community forestry programme and find that forest policies and local institutional practices have historically evolved to regulate forests either as sources of timber or as a means of biodiversity conservation, disregarding food security outcomes for local people. Disciplinary divisions between forestry and the agriculture sector have limited the prospect of strengthening forest–food security linkages. We conclude that the policy and legislative framework and formal bureaucratic practices are influenced by ‘modern forestry science’, which led to community forestry rules and practices not considering the contribution of forests to food security. Furthermore, forestry science has a particularly narrow focus on timber production and conservation. We argue for the need to recognise the importance of local knowledge and community practices of using forests for food. We propose adaptive and transformational approaches to knowledge generation and the application of such knowledge in order to support institutional change and policy reform and to enable landscape-specific innovations in forest–food linkages.
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Enríquez-de-Salamanca, Álvaro, Rosa M. Martín-Aranda, and Ruben Diaz-Sierra. "Towards an Integrated Environmental Compensation Scheme in Spain: Linking Biodiversity and Carbon Offsets." Journal of Environmental Assessment Policy and Management 19, no. 02 (April 16, 2017): 1750006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s1464333217500065.
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Biodiversity offsets and carbon markets are both environmental compensation schemes, which have much in common despite their different origins and development. They need active markets to succeed with actual offer and demand, which are currently practically non-existent in Spain. The inclusion of land use and forestry activities in greenhouse gas accounting could encourage carbon sinks, stimulating the development of carbon markets. Conservation banking was incorporated into Spanish legislation in the 2013 Environmental Assessment Act, as a tool for biodiversity offsets, but the current situation is hindering its development. Combining carbon and biodiversity offsets in a global compensation scheme would provide great opportunities: ecologically, creating and protecting habitats and species; socially, creating employment and deriving financial resources to rural areas; climatically, reducing greenhouse gas (GHG) concentration levels; and politically, contributing to the compliance of GHG emission targets. Conservation banking is an appropriate candidate for this integration in Spain, as long as it is regulated flexibly, and different bank models are allowed that are able to integrate forest and agriculture production, conservation and compensation.
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Richards, Michael. "Protected areas, people and incentives in the search for sustainable forest conservation in Honduras." Environmental Conservation 23, no. 3 (September 1996): 207–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0376892900038820.
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SummaryAttitudes and incentives of people living around protected areas are widely considered to constrain successful management of these areas. Two contrasting protected areas in Honduras, a Biosphere Reserve of high biodiversity rainforest, and a cloud forest providing essential environmental services to the capital city, are analyzed in terms of their management problems and the strategies used for their protection. The response at the national level to the issues raised in these case studies is then assessed, focusing on the impact of government policies, legal changes affecting land tenure and use, and the role of state institutions in protected area management. The case studies indicate that while the non-government organizations (NGOs) have tried to promote a more participatory approach to conservation (with mixed success), the Honduras Government has tried to follow a more regulatory approach but without the resources and political will to implement it effectively. Opportunities have been missed to provide positive incentives for protection, for example in the area of eco-tourism and community-based natural forest management in situations where this would appear to be a viable option. The participatory approach has also been complicated by policies and land legislation which have sent out negative or ambiguous signals to local communities. Above all the case studies show how critical local attitudes are to the achievement of conservation objectives, and demonstrate the need for positive economic incentives that link development with conservation in buffer zones and surrounding areas.
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Rezende, Washington Passos, Otavio Duarte Giunti, Thiago Cardoso de Oliveira, Ariana Vieira Silva, and Marcelo Antonio Morais. "Adequações ambientais à legislação florestal brasileira em três propriedades distintas no sul de Minas Gerais." Revista Verde de Agroecologia e Desenvolvimento Sustentável 11, no. 5 (December 31, 2016): 82. http://dx.doi.org/10.18378/rvads.v11i5.4074.
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<p>Este trabalho teve por objetivo analisar a situação de três propriedades distintas na região de Poço Fundo, sul de Minas Gerais, em relação à adequação das mesmas à legislação florestal. Para cada propriedade, foi feito um levantamento topográfico, com a construção da tabela de uso e ocupação atual do solo. Foi feita a adequação de cada propriedade à Lei n° 4.771 (antigo Código Florestal) e uma nova tabela de uso e ocupação foi construída com base nessa adequação. Também foi realizada a adequação de cada propriedade à Lei n° 12.651 (novo Código Florestal), com a respectiva confecção da tabela de uso e ocupação do solo. De posse dessas tabelas, foi feita uma comparação, objetivando-se avaliar os impactos ambientais e econômicos da alteração legislacional, principalmente em relação às Áreas de Preservação Permanente (APP) e Reserva Legal (RL). Como resultados, o Novo Código Florestal (Lei nº 12.651/2012), ao ser comparado com a Lei nº 4771/1965, mostrou-se mais benéfico às três propriedades, do ponto de vista econômico, uma vez que a área destinada para a regularização das APP’s e RL pela nova legislação ambiental mostrou-se inferior à exigida pela legislação anterior, o que pode resultar na continuidade da exploração agrícola em algumas áreas que anteriormente deveriam ser consideradas de preservação ou conservação, com utilização extremamente restrita. Em relação a aspectos ambientais, essas reduções de áreas podem impactar em diminuição da biodiversidade, qualidade e quantidade de recursos hídricos, que pode comprometer a sustentabilidade da produção agrícola.</p><p align="center"><strong><em>Environmental adjustments to the Brazilian forest legislation in three different properties in south of Minas Gerais</em></strong></p><pre><strong>Abstract:</strong> This study aimed to analyze the situation of three distinct properties in the region of Poço Fundo, south of Minas Gerais, in relation to the adequacy of the same forest legislation. For each property, a survey was made, with the construction of the table of current soil use and occupation. The suitability of each property to federal law nº 4.771 (previous Forest Code) and a and a new table of current soil use and occupation was built based on this adaptation. It was also carried out the suitability of each property to federal law nº 12.651 (New Forest Code), with the respective preparation of the table of current soil use and occupation. With these tables, a comparison was made, aiming to assess the environmental and economic impacts of legislacional change, especially in relation to the Permanent Preservation Areas (PPA) and Legal Reserve (LR). As a result, the New Forest Code (federal law nº12.651 / 2012), to be compared to federal law nº. 4.771/1965 was more beneficial to the three properties, from an economic point of view, since the area for the regularization of PPAs and LR by new environmental legislation was lower than that required by the previous legislation, which may result in the continued operation agriculture in some areas that should be considered before the preservation or conservation, with extremely restricted use. In relation to environmental aspects, these reductions may impact areas in decrease of biodiversity, quality and quantity of water resources, which may compromise the sustainability of agricultural production.</pre>
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BROWN, H. CAROLYN PEACH, and JAMES P. LASSOIE. "Institutional choice and local legitimacy in community-based forest management: lessons from Cameroon." Environmental Conservation 37, no. 3 (August 12, 2010): 261–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0376892910000603.
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SUMMARYDecentralization of forest management has become a common policy globally which has allowed communities to regain rights removed through colonization and central state management of forests. However, socioeconomic and environmental outcomes of such community-based forest management schemes have been mixed. Studies have shown the importance of institutions in influencing the success of these new governance arrangements. Based on an extensive literature review supplemented by qualitative research, using focus groups and semi-structured interviews, conducted in nine villages in the humid forest zone comprising three community forests, this research investigated the successes and challenges from decentralization of forest management in Cameroon. A key constraint on success was the inappropriate institutional structure at the local level with responsibility to manage community forests. Community forest management committees with no internally recognized legitimacy and dominated by local elites had replaced roles once played by traditional authorities. Qualitative research showed that in the humid forest zone of Cameroon, the system of accountability for forest resources, prior to the enactment of community forest legislation, included those with historical traditional cultural authority, in the form of clan or lineage heads, as well as the village chief, a legacy of colonial power. Village chiefs or other members of the village council are also selected on the basis of their good moral character. Community forest management committees that are a hybrid of customary authorities and other representatives of the population chosen following the criteria for local legitimacy may capture the best of historical social regulation and build on it so that the local committee may be seen as being accountable to the local population. Since such hybrid institutions are not without their risks, it is important that these institutions be accountable to a local democratic government to further increase their transparency and accountability. Models of community-based natural resource management that incorporate culturally appropriate requirements of legitimacy and accountability in crafting local institutions may have more success in accomplishing both socioeconomic and environmental goals.
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KIRKBY, CHRISTOPHER A., RENZO GIUDICE, BRETT DAY, KERRY TURNER, BRITALDO SILVEIRA SOARES-FILHO, HERMANN OLIVEIRA-RODRIGUES, and DOUGLAS W. YU. "Closing the ecotourism-conservation loop in the Peruvian Amazon." Environmental Conservation 38, no. 1 (March 2011): 6–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0376892911000099.
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SUMMARYAnnual revenue flow to developing countries for ecotourism could be as large as US$ 29 billion, providing an enormous financial incentive against habitat loss and exploitation. However, surprisingly little quantitative evidence exists on the profitability of the rainforest ecotourism sector, which determines the incentive and capacity of the sector to engage in conservation. A Peruvian rainforest ecotourism cluster generated US$ 11.6 million in 2005. The after-tax profit margin was at least 14% and has increased with tourist volume. High profitability, coupled with new legislation, has allowed operators to put 54 358 ha of rainforest near the new Interoceánica Sur highway under private management and to engage in conservation actions. A previously published microeconomic contract model of protected-areas management identifies two key features of rainforest tourism that link ecotourism to conservation: (1) tourists demand an immersive experience, which incentivizes the acquisition of large amounts of forest cover, and (2) institutional reforms have increased the expected effectiveness of conservation actions. In Peru, these conditions appear to be met, so that profits from ecotourism can combine with new land tenure rights to create a governance structure within which the industry can act as an independently financed partner to the conservation community.
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Johansson, Therese, Joakim Hjältén, Johnny de Jong, and Henrik von Stedingk. "Environmental considerations from legislation and certification in managed forest stands: A review of their importance for biodiversity." Forest Ecology and Management 303 (September 2013): 98–112. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.foreco.2013.04.012.
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Bertouille, S. "Wildlife law and policy." Animal Biodiversity and Conservation 35, no. 2 (December 2012): 159–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.32800/abc.2012.35.0159.
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One of the crucial issues of our decades is how to stop the loss of biodiversity. Policy–makers need reliable data to base their decisions on. Managing wildlife populations requires, first of all, science–based knowledge of their abundance, dynamics, ecology, behaviour and dispersal capacities based on reliable qualitative data. The importance of dialogue and communication with the local actors should be stressed (Sennerby Forsse, 2010) as bag statistics and other monitoring data in wildlife management could be more precise if local actors, notably hunters, were better informed and aware of their importance, especially in supporting existing and emerging policies at national and international levels. Another essential issue in wildlife management is the conflicts generated by humans and their activities when they interact with wildlife (Heredia & Bass, 2011). A sociologic approach is required to take into account those human groups whose interests are divergent, facilitating communication and collaborative learning among these users of the same ecosytem. Obstacles should be addressed and solutions devised to protect and encourage a sustainable use of this ecosystem in, as much as possible, a win–win relationship. Policy objectives and mana-gement strategies should be discussed and debated among the stakeholders involved, then formulated. Policies can be translated into different types of instruments, economic and legislative, but also informative and educa-tive. As awareness of the actors is a key factor of successful regulation, the regulations should be sufficiently explained and stakeholders should be involved in the implementation of these regulations as much as possible. Finally, the effectiveness of the regulations should be evaluated in light of their objectives, and where necessary, the regulations should be strengthened or adapted to improve their performance (Van Gossum et al., 2010).The various aspects of the processes described above were highlighted in the plenary talk and the five oral communications presented during the session on wildlife law and policy. In his plenary talk, Dr Borja Heredia, Head of the Scientific Unit of the Secretariat of the CMS/UNEP in Bonn, pointed out different sources of human–wildlife conflicts, such as the logging activities in subtropical forests that induce overexploitation and poaching for bushmeat consumption; the problem of predators on livestock and the poisoning of lions in the Masaï Reserve; animals invading the human territory; and game species as a vector of diseases in humans and livestock (Heredia & Bass, 2011). Heredia stressed the importance for wildlife managers to deal with the human dimension; he stressed the importance of successful conflict management based on principles such as a non–adversial framework, an analytical approach, a problem–solving orientation, the direct participation of the conflicting parties, dialogue as a basis for mutual understanding and facilitation by a trained third party. Heredia explained how the Convention on Migratory Species of Wild Animals (UNEP/CMS) contributes to confict resolution and in this way increases the chance of survival of these species. The CMS (see CMS website) works for the con-servation of a wide array of endangered migratory animals worldwide through the negotiation and implementation of agreements and action plans. Migratory species threatened with extinction are listed in Appendix I of the Con-vention. CMS parties strive towards strictly protecting these animals, conserving or restoring the places where they live, mitigating obstacles to migration and controlling other factors that might endanger them. Besides establishing obligations for each State joining the CMS, CMS promotes concerted action among the Range States of many of these species. Migratory species that need, or would significantly benefit from, international co–operation are listed in Appendix II of the Convention. For this reason, the Convention encourages the Range states to reach global or regional agreements. The Convention acts, in this res-pect as a framework convention. The Agreements may range from legally binding treaties (called agreements, there are seven) to less formal instruments, such as Memoranda of Understanding, or actions plans (there are 20), and they can be adapted to the requirements of particular regions. The development of models tailored according to the conservation needs throughout the migratory range is a unique capacity to CMS. Heredia detailed inter alia the Agreement on the Conservation of Albatrosses and Petrels, the Great Apes Survival Part-nership, the Agreement on the Conservation of Gorillas and their Habitats, the MoU on the Saïga Antelope, and the Programme for the Conservation and sustainable use of the wild saker falcon (Falco cherrug) in Mongolia.The talk of Sarah Wilks, research fellow at the School of Law, University of Western Sydney, illus-trated the importance of adequate transparency and public consultation in environmental and conservation law and decision making. Wilks (2012) examined the Australian legislation concerning animal welfare and the export of Australian wildlife products and, as a case study, explored the Tasmanian State Government’s recent decision to promote the com-mercial harvest and export of brushtail possums She pointed out that although the Enviromment Protection and Biodiversity Conservation 1999 (EPBC) process intended to be open and co–operative, it is not, in prac-tice, co–operative, public and transparent. The export of possum products requires Australian Government approval under the Department of Primary Industries, Parks, Water and Environment (EPBC). Wilks (2012) assessed the Tasmanian Wildlife Trade Management Plan for Common Brushtail Possums developed by the EPBC, the public submissions to the Austra-lian Government, and the Australian Government’s response against the provisions of the EPBC. As a result, she deplored that welfare outcomes, like that of back or pouch juveniles whose mother had been trapped or killed have not been adequately considered either at Tasmanian State or at Australian Govenment level. She concluded by deploring that submissions on ethical grounds could not yet be considered by the Australian Government because the decision to harvest or not to harvest is made at State level, and yet the Tasmanian State legislation is deficient in mandating public consultation.Data on hunting and game resources provide quan-titative and qualitative information on game species, but moreover, game monitoring has shown to be efficient in identifying threats to biodiversity, such as biodiversity problems in agriculture and forest ecosystems, and also to be an early warning in assessing threats from invasive alien species (Sennerby Forsse, 2010). They are an essential tool for game managers, scientists and policy–makers, and hunters and hunter organisations are key resources in the collection of this information.The ARTEMIS data bank was initiated by the Federation of Asssociations of Hunting and Conservation of the Euro-pean Union FACE (see ARTEMIS website) to improve information about game in support of existing and emer-ging European policies. The objective of ARTEMIS is to centralise and analyse, in a coordinated and coherent Animal Biodiversity and Conservation 35.2 (2012)161extending the ban to all waterfowl hunting and not only that undertaken in protected wetlands.The presentation of K. E. Skordas, from the Hunting Federation of Macedonia and Thrace, Research Divi-sion, Greece, illustrated the contribution of the Hellenic Hunters Confederation (HHC) to law enforcement for wildlife protection. It showed how stakeholders, hun-ters, set up heir own Game Warden Service in 1999, through their Hunting Associations, in order to assume responsibility for the control of illegal hunting and wil-dlife protection, in collaboration with the local Forest Service. These game wardens carry out repressive and preventive controls and prosecutions. Besides this initiative, information campaigns are organised by the HHC to improve hunters’ awareness (see website of the Hellenic Hunters Confederation, HHC). Skordas & Papaspyropoulos (2011) analysed the relation between law enforcement, hunter awareness and infringement categories, classed in degree of influencing wildlife protection. They observed a strong reduction in the number of infringements; particularly, they found that hunting out of season and hunting without a license decreased from 23.4% to 7.31% and from 30.12% to 11.8%, respectively.All the talks presented in this session stressed the importance of dialogue in wildlife management as a basis for mutual understanding. Communication and involvement of the local actors/stakeholders are key factors at different stages of wildlife management: when collecting reliable data on which policy–makers may draw up their decisions, when debating policy objectives and strategies, and when implementing regulations and administrative acts
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Liao, Zhen, Zhang, and Metternicht. "Understanding Dynamics of Mangrove Forest on Protected Areas of Hainan Island, China: 30 Years of Evidence from Remote Sensing." Sustainability 11, no. 19 (September 27, 2019): 5356. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su11195356.
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Implementation of the UN Sustainable Development Goals requires countries to determine targets for the protection, conservation, or restoration of coastal ecosystems such as mangrove forests by 2030. Satellite remote sensing provides historical and current data on the distribution and dynamics of mangrove forests, essential baseline data that are needed to design suitable policy interventions. In this study, Landsat time series were used to map trends and dynamics of mangrove change over a time span of 30 years (1987–2017) in protected areas of Hainan Island (China). A support vector machine algorithm was combined with visual interpretation of imagery and result showed alternating periods of expansion and loss of mangrove forest at seven selected sites on Hainan Island. Over this period, there was a net decrease in mangrove area of 9.3%, with anthropic activities such as land conversion for aquaculture, wastewater disposal and discharge, and tourism development appearing to be the likely drivers of this decline in cover. Long-term studies examining trends in land use cover change coupled with assessments of drivers of loss or gain enable the development of evidence based on policy and legislation. This forms the basis of financing of natural reserves of management and institutional capacity building, and facilitates public awareness and participation, including co-management.
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Osemeobo, Gbadebo Jonathan. "Effects of Land-use and Collection on the Decline of African Giant Snails in Nigeria." Environmental Conservation 19, no. 2 (1992): 153–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0376892900030630.
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The African Giant Snail is a dependable source of animal protein for a large proportion of Nigerians. However, in the past few decades, the supply of this Snail and two others of different genera but similar use, has declined. The causes, examined in this paper, which affect its collection and decline in forest reserves are due to a combination of socio-economic and cultural factors: a cultural orientation of the rural dwellers towards the collection and utilization of snails for food, cash, traditional medicine, and sacrifice; indiscriminate destruction of snail habitats due to ignorance or neglect of the resource; and lack of incentives and inadequate data for snail management.Snail collection is a legitimate occupation of rural dwellers. However, because forestry laws in Nigeria regard snails as minor forest products, no legislative, conservational, or management, controls can be effected — hence their collection will continue in future because of their value to Mankind. As the African Giant Snail is fast approaching local endangered status, the fear exists that, unless effective conservation measures are taken urgently, the survival of this biotic resource would appear to be in jeopardy. It is suggested that: (a) representative forests in each ecological zone should be preserved for wildlife conservation; (b) smallholder snail-farming should be encouraged among rural and urban dwellers to de-emphasize its collection from the optimal wild source; and (c) research should be conducted on the ecology and biology of the major snail species to develop a database from which their management within the reserves can be effected.
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Anisimov, Andrey G., and Dmitry M. Nikerov. "Crime in the field of the timber industry complex (on the example of the Irkutsk region)." Vestnik of Saint Petersburg University. Law 12, no. 3 (2021): 643–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.21638/spbu14.2021.310.
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The article analyzes the problems associated with illegal logging, as well as its illegal circulation in the territory of the Irkutsk region. Statistical information is analyzed that indicates that the situation in the field of illegal logging is much worse than in the neighboring Krasnoyarsk Territory. The range of subjects called upon to engage in forest conservation is described. A criminologically significant set of causes and conditions of crime in the forest sector is considered. The authors consider the main reasons for illegal logging in the region at the level of society to be defects in the ecological consciousness of citizens and attitudes towards extensive exploitation of the environment for the sake of economic growth. The authors attribute the low level of control over the legal turnover of timber, the shortcomings of the legislative sphere, to the conditions that are conducive to these crimes. The socio-economic factors that contribute to the crimes considered in the territory of the Irkutsk region, rich in forest resources, are analyzed. The problems associated with the degradation of the woodworking industry in the region amid an increase in the number of logging are described in detail. The authors consider shortcomings in the field of regulatory and law enforcement practice, on both a regional and federal level, which makes it possible to commit illegal logging in the region. On the basis of the study conducted, specific legislative, organizational and technical proposals are formulated to prevent crimes in the timber industry of the Irkutsk region. The measures proposed by the authors are partially or fully applicable for similar regions of Russia.
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Tourinho, João Marcos, Celso De Souza Catelani, and Maria Cecília Barbosa de Toledo. "Changes in riparian forest cover from 1966 to 2017 along the Paraíba do Sul River between Jacareí and Queluz, São Paulo, Brazil." Ambiente e Agua - An Interdisciplinary Journal of Applied Science 15, no. 7 (December 4, 2020): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.4136/ambi-agua.2570.
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This study is based on the assumption that beginning with the passage of the Forest Code in 1965, which was revised by the law of 2012, the Permanent Preservation Area (PPA) of Paraíba do Sul River, PSR, is currently recuperated and preserved. In this context, the objective of this study was to: 1) conduct a temporal survey with respect to the rate of change of gains and losses of forest cover during the years 1966, 1977 and 2017; and, 2) do a spatial analysis in relation to this rate of change. This study was conducted along the stretch of the PSR between the municipalities of Jacareí and Queluz. Maps were used from the Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics - IBGE (1964-1966), the Geographic and Cartographic Institute of the state of São Paulo – IGC-SP (1978) (IGC), and high resolution images from the Pléiades satellite (2017). For the spatial and temporal analyses of the study area, geoprocessing techniques were used to quantify the area occupied by forest in two: 100 m buffer strips of the PPA, and in buffer strips of 1,000m, starting from each bank of the river. With respect to forest cover, measurements of its total and average size, proportion, gain or loss, and distance between nearby fragments were made. The results indicate that, from the decade of the 1960s to 2017, forest cover grew from 5.3% to 21%, and from 2% to 13% in the strips of 100 and 1,000 meters, respectively. With respect to areas registered from 1960, there was a reduction of 691 hectares, principally of large areas of remaining forest. However, a portion of this forest area was still present in 2017, but most of this forest was in the area 1,000 m from the riverbanks. These results will aid in the planning for establishment of priority areas for conservation of the riparian forest of the PSR. Through analysis of distances between forest fragments, empty spaces devoid of forest cover were identified, and in some cases these spaces were indicated as priority areas for recuperation. The results are discussed in the context of public policies and the periods of economic development that were drivers of landscape changes in the Paraíba do Sul Valley in the São Paulo region. In conclusion, the results demonstrate that the riparian forest of the PSR has slowly recuperated but is still far from being in compliance with current Brazilian legislation. This study will be an important aid in compliance activities conducted by public authorities in permanent preservation areas in the São Paulo PSR. An ample and refined survey of consolidated and fallow areas is suggested so that mitigation and compensation activities can be proposed for the PSR riparian forest that will promote the conservation of the quality of its water and biodiversity resources.
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Perga, Tetiana. "Wilderness in the Environmental Policy of the European Union." European Historical Studies, no. 13 (2019): 51–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.17721/2524-048x.2019.13.51-66.
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The article explores the reasons, directions and stages of the wildlife conservation activities which is an important direction of European environmental policy. Author examines the essence of the concept “wilderness” which is used in the official documents of the European Union and EU member states. It has concluded that wilderness is understood as a territory regulated by natural processes, consisting of natural habitats and species, sufficient for the effective ecological functioning of natural processes; it is unchanged or slightly modified and does not undergo changes from the side people, settlements, and infrastructure; its landscape has not undergone any visual changes. The policy of the EU member states concerning the formation of the relevant legislation and practical steps for the creation of protected areas of wildlife are analyzed. It was found that unlike the USA, where in the late nineteenth century the protection of wildlife has stimulated the development of environmental policy, in European Union activities in this area began to develop in the last third of the twentieth century. It was seen as one of the directions of biodiversity conservation within the framework of the regional environmental protection policy. The author concluded that the peculiarity of the European wildlife protection model is the formation of strategic guidelines and development them by the member states in accordance with their national specifics. This leads to a variety of approaches to activities in this the protection of the wildlife. The main disadvantages of the Ukrainian legislation on wildlife conservation as well as problems for its development are revealed. The article state that at the moment, Ukraine has done the first step in the wildlife protection – in 2017, the Law on the protection of virgin forests was adopted. It is concluded that Ukraine’s move to European integration requires not only the adaptation of the national environmental legislation to EU legal norms but also the development of wildlife conservation activities as an important direction of environmental policy.
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Okida, Daniella Tiemi Sasaki, Osmar Abílio de Carvalho Júnior, Osmar Luiz Ferreira de Carvalho, Roberto Arnaldo Trancoso Gomes, and Renato Fontes Guimarães. "Relationship between Land Property Security and Brazilian Amazon Deforestation in the Mato Grosso State during the Period 2013–2018." Sustainability 13, no. 4 (February 15, 2021): 2085. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13042085.
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This research examines the relations between forest decrease and legal property security in Mato Grosso State, Brazil. The study area encompasses 133,090.4 km2 of the Amazonian biome, belonging to the Brazilian Legal Amazon, located at the arc of deforestation where agriculture and cattle ranching compete with the native vegetation cover. Cadastral monitoring and certification of productive land plots are Brazil’s public policies to implement to tackle these environmental challenges. In this context, we crossed the Land Management System (SIGEF) dataset launched in 2013 from the National Institute for Agrarian Reform and the Amazon Deforestation Monitoring Program (PRODES) dataset from the Brazilian National Institute of Space Research (INPE). The analysis considered the 2013–2018 period with public and private land plots and evaluated the differences in smallholders and large landowners’ deforesting behavior. The results demonstrate that the primacy of certified properties was in private land (94%), with a small portion of the public land (6%). Most properties have <80% forest coverage on certification, corresponding to 85% on private properties and 95% on public properties. This fact is important because environmental legislation in the Amazon region establishes a legal reserve of 80% in forest areas. The results show that the smaller the property, the greater the percentage of proportional deforestation in the certification. In the biennium, considering before and after certification, a proportion of 8% of private properties and 28% of public properties with vegetation cover had deforestation. The results demonstrate the tendency for smaller properties to deforest proportionally more than larger ones. The annual difference series in properties registered in 2015 demonstrates that the highest deforestation occurrence was in the year of certification in private properties and the subsequent year in public properties. The SIGEF system is relatively new, requiring more time to establish a consolidated trend. The combination of property rights and effective compliance with environmental legislation allows the conservation of the forest. However, it is essential to improve inspection. Land ownership inserts the owner into a system of rules to properly use natural resources, constituting a legal instrument to guide human action.
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Lima, Mendelson, Dthenifer Cordeiro Santana, Ismael Cavalcante Maciel Junior, Patricia Monique Crivelari da Costa, Pedro Paulo Gomes de Oliveira, Raul Pio de Azevedo, Rogerio de Souza Silva, et al. "The “New Transamazonian Highway”: BR-319 and Its Current Environmental Degradation." Sustainability 14, no. 2 (January 12, 2022): 823. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su14020823.
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The Brazilian government intends to complete the paving of the BR-319 highway, which connects Porto Velho in the deforestation arc region with Manaus in the middle of the Amazon Forest. This paving is being planned despite environmental legislation, and there is concern that its effectiveness will cause additional deforestation, threatening large portions of forest, conservation units (CUs), and indigenous lands (ILs) in the surrounding areas. In this study, we evaluated environmental degradation along the BR-319 highway from 2008 to 2020 and verified whether highway maintenance has contributed to deforestation. For this purpose, we created a 20 km buffer adjacent to the BR-319 highway and evaluated variables extracted from remote sensing information between 2008 and 2020. Fire foci, burned areas, and rainfall data were used to calculate a drought index using statistical tests for a time series. Furthermore, these were related to data on deforestation, CUs, and ILs using principal component analysis and Pearson’s correlation. Our results showed that 743 km2 of forest was deforested during the period evaluated, most of which occurred in the last four years. A total of 16,472 fire foci were identified. Both deforestation and fire foci occurred mainly outside the CUs and ILs. The most affected areas were close to capital cities, and after resuming road maintenance in 2015, deforestation increased outside the capital cities. Current government policy for Amazon occupation promotes deforestation and will compromise Brazil’s climate goals of reducing greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions and deforestation.
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Krishnan, Siddhartha. "Of land, legislation and litigation: Forest leases, agrarian reform, legal ambiguity and landscape anomaly in the Nilgiris, 1969-2007." Conservation and Society 7, no. 4 (2009): 283. http://dx.doi.org/10.4103/0972-4923.65174.
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Havrylenko, Olena, Petro Shyshchenko, and Yevhen Tsyhanok. "Landscape Functional Zoning of Urban Protected Areas." Environmental Research, Engineering and Management 76, no. 3 (September 25, 2020): 121–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.5755/j01.erem.76.3.24258.
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The article deals with the need to consider the territory landscape structure during the landscape functional zoning of urban protected areas (UPA) (by example of the Holosiyivskyi National Natural Park (NNP) in Kyiv). The study revealed the shortcomings of the UPA functional zoning procedure without applying a landscape approach, regardless of its importance for preventing nature management conflicts. According to the research goals, it is necessary to study the UPA landscape structure and transfer the functional zoning procedure to the landscape basis. Holosiyivskyi Forest, as one of the five massifs in Holosiyivskyi NNP, was chosen for the analysis. A landscape map was created and a landscape-functional zoning scheme of the Holosiyivskyi Forest territory was updated using field research findings, available digital maps and GIS tools. Moreover, the relief morphometric parameters were reflected in the digital model and a hypsometric map of Holosiyivskyi Forest was created on its basis. By providing maximum correspondence of the nature management structure in each functional zone with the existing landscape structure of the territory, traditional zoning turns into a landscape functional one. The study assessed the adverse impact of the urban environment on Holosiyivskyi Forest’s natural landscapes. The research demonstrates the imperfection of Ukrainian nature conservation legislation, the absence of the Holosiyivskyi NNP land management project and the need to define the Park’s true boundaries around its territory. Research findings are a basis for minimizing existing nature management conflicts, reducing the anthropogenic impact on the ecosystems, rationally controlling recreational flows, and planning anti-erosion and other activities to optimize functioning of protected areas in an urbanized environment.
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Sacchis Lopes, Manoela, Bijeesh Kozhikkodan Veettil, and Dejanira Luderitz Saldanha. "Assessment of Small-Scale Ecosystem Conservation in the Brazilian Atlantic Forest: A Study from Rio Canoas State Park, Southern Brazil." Sustainability 11, no. 10 (May 23, 2019): 2948. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su11102948.
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The efficiency of the environmental management of a territory largely depends on previous surveys and systematic studies on the main elements and conditions of the physical environment. We applied remote sensing and digital image processing techniques (Principal Component Analysis and supervised classification) to Landsat imagery for analyzing the spatiotemporal land cover changes occurred in the Rio Canoas State Park in Brazil and its surrounding area from 1990 to 2016. Reforested areas around the park with exotic species is a part of the region’s economy and a number of industries depend on it for raw materials. However, it is a matter of concern to avoid contamination with such invasive species, due to the proximity of the Park. From 1990 to 2004, more than 95% of the study area was unchanged and showed minimal distinction in land cover over the 14 years. This was mainly due to the continuous presence of agricultural monocultures around the Park without significant increases (only 3.1% of land cover change during this period). Regarding the interior of the Rio Canoas State Park, from 1990 to 2004, there was no increase in the area of exposed soil. The analysis of the surrounding areas of the park from 2004 to 2016 showed that 5663.78 ha (12.2% of the area) of the land cover has been changed, in most areas, due to reforestation by Pinus sp. Notable changes occurred within the park (established in 2004) between 2004 and 2016—there was a partial regeneration of natural species diversity, a small number of invasive species (Pinus sp.) and removal of agricultural activities within the park, which contributed a 6.6% (75.45 ha) change in its land cover. We verified that 92.51% (1048.40 ha) of the areas inside the park were unchanged. The results demonstrated that actions were conducted to preserve the natural vegetation cover within the park and to reduce the impacts of anthropogenic activities, including the invasion of exotic species from the surrounding reforested areas into the natural habitat of the park. Given this, our study can aid the environmental management of the Park and its surrounding areas, enabling the monitoring of environmental legislation, the creation of a management plan, and can guide new action plans for the present study area and can be applied to other similar regions.
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Sulaiman, Muhammad Hafiz, Abdul Munir Mohd Zaki, Geok Chin Yap, Nur Atiqa Aniruddin, and Ju Lian Chong. "Butterfly diversity and composition at Chemerong Amenity Forest, Terengganu, Malaysia." Journal of Threatened Taxa 14, no. 2 (February 26, 2022): 20584–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.11609/jott.7021.14.2.20584-20596.
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A study of butterfly species diversity was conducted in Chemerong Amenity Forest, Terengganu, Malaysia. A total of 939 individuals from 198 butterfly species were obtained using fruit-baited sweep nets and modified VanSomeren-Rydon cylinder traps. The biodiversity of butterflies in the study area was considered high, with a Shannon index (H’) of 4.1, Simpson’s index (DSimpson) of 0.042, and Margalef index (IMargalef) of 28.78. Individuals within the community were not evenly distributed among the species (EShannon= 0776). Nymphalidae was found to be the most dominant family (48.5%), and Lexias dirtea merguia was the most abundant species recorded with 114 individuals (12%). From the total of eight species protected under Malaysia legislation, one species Trogonoptera brookiana was also listed under CITES Appendix II, while only one protected species Agatasa calydonia calydonia of the family Nymphalidae (the brush-footed or four-footed) was considered rare. Other rare species found in this study included Arhopala lucida, Curetis saronis sumatrana, Miletus nymphis fictus of the family Lycaenidae (the blues, coppers, & hairstreaks), Amathusia perakana perakana, Bassarona teuta goodrichi, Elymnias saueri saueri, Elymnias nesaea, Mycalesis horsfieldi hermana, Mycalesis distanti, Ypthima pandocus tahanensis of the family Nymphalidae (the brush-footed or four-footed), Celaenorrhinus ladana, Erionota sybirita, Matapa aria, Matapa cresta, Matapa druna, Pseudokerana fulger, Taractrocera ardonia, Taractrocera luzonensis, Telicota linna, and Unkana mytheca mytheca of the family Hesperiidae (the skippers). The dominance of family Nymphalidae may be due to several factors, including high species diversity, widespread distribution and occurrence, as well as the type of bait used in this study. Besides the Genting Highlands and Taman Negara Johor Endau Rompin, butterfly species at Chemerong Amenity Forest are more diverse than other study sites in Malaysia such as Gunung Serambu, Ulu Gombak Forest Reserve, Setiu Wetlands, Kuala Lompat, Bukit Hampuan Forest Reserve, Sungai Imbak Forest Reserve, Tabin Wildlife Reserve, and Ulu Senagang Substation. Further investigation of aspects such as stratification distribution patterns, host plants and forest dwelling species are recommended for better understanding of butterfly communities in the Chemerong Amenity Forest.
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Rankovic, Nenad, Jelena Nedeljkovic, and Mladen Prvulovic. "The legal framework for protected areas management in Serbia, Montenegro and Croatia." Bulletin of the Faculty of Forestry, no. 118 (2018): 113–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/gsf1818113r.
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The paper analyzes the laws related to the management of protected areas, i.e., determining the meaning of the content and characteristics of the texts of the laws regarding management, in order to identify possible identities, absences or contradictions in meaning. The aim of this research is to find out the nature of the legislation related to the management of protected areas, on the basis of the characteristics of the paragraphs in the observed laws of the selected countries. The analysis was carried out for three countries: Serbia, Montenegro and Croatia. Bearing in mind that these issues are subject of several different laws, the following acts were taken into account: the Law on Forests, the Law on Environmental Protection, the Law on Nature Conservation and the Law on National Parks. In all the observed countries, general entries are predominated (63.9%), while the entries with organizational (24.9%) and economic (11.2%) characters are much less common. When it comes to individual entries, ?Protection? is the most frequent, followed by ?Ecology? and ?Status / Function?, all of which belong to the group of general entries. In the group of entries with organizational character, ?Users? is dominant, and in the group of entries with economic character, the most important is ?Forestry?. When regulating protected area management issues, law drafters should be more focused on defining concrete solutions, which will improve work in practice, and thus satisfy the basic purpose of their adoption (protection of selected areas of social significance).
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Siegel, William C., and Terry K. Haines. "State wetland protection legislation affecting forestry in the northeastern United States." Forest Ecology and Management 33-34 (June 1990): 239–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0378-1127(90)90196-i.
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Yahel, Havatzelet, Rachel Katoshevski-Cavari, and Emir Galilee. "National hiking trails: Regularization, statutory planning, and legislation." Land Use Policy 108 (September 2021): 105586. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.landusepol.2021.105586.
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