Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Forest conservation Law and legislation'
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Echeverria, Hugo. "Biodiversity conservation and state sovereignty." Thesis, McGill University, 2005. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=99135.
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This thesis examines the influence of contemporary approaches to biodiversity conservation on conceptions of state sovereignty over natural resources. Traditional approaches to state sovereignty have emphasized the right of states to exploit natural resources. Contemporary approaches to biodiversity conservation, however, have given rise to a more flexible and dynamic understanding of state sovereignty over natural resources: one encompassing sovereign rights of exploitation along with corresponding conservation responsibilities. Founded upon this premise, the thesis focuses on the emergence of a 'balanced' approach to state sovereignty over natural resources and examines its effects on the role of states in managing natural resources. While addressing it as the basis of the emergence of the recognition of a duty of environmental protection, inter alia, in the form of biodiversity conservation and sustainable use of biological resources, the author suggests that the balanced approach to state sovereignty has been instrumental in redefining the role of states, and the role of the sovereignty principle itself in achieving the goal of biodiversity conservation.
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Bissix, Glyn. "Dimensions of power in forest resource decision-making : a case study of Nova Scotia's forest conservation legislation." Thesis, London School of Economics and Political Science (University of London), 1999. http://etheses.lse.ac.uk/854/.
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This study identifies power relationships within forest conservation decision-making in Nova Scotia, Canada. Rather than rely on the ‘customary science’ of resource conservation largely based on biological and physical parameters, this analysis is steeped in the traditions of social science and policy analysis. This study’s central focus is the Forest Improvement Act (FIA): 1962-1986. Forest conservation policies and legislative initiatives developed prior to FIA enactment such as the Small Tree Act (STA): 1942 - 1965 are treated in this study as the FIA’s policy gestation period. Theoretical and practical insights derived from this pre-FIA period are used in the assessment of the FIA and these combined understandings are subsequently applied to the analysis of contemporary forest conservation policy. For contemporary analysis, six case studies including the Nova Scotia Envirofor process and the St. Mary’s River Landscape and Ecology Management proposal, as well as a recent provincial government initiative are examined. This study utilises a broad range of decision-making and resource management theory to tease out understandings of the particular character of the policy process. The analysis utilises various decision-making models, theories of power, and multi-agency decision making models as well as the Environmental Modernisation literature developed by Turner, O’Riordan and Weale and others. In addition to the investigative methodologies used generally throughout this study, the Envirofor and the St. Mary’s case studies employed a ‘participant observer’ approach that provided otherwise unavailable insights into these conservation initiatives. Regardless of policy content, this study shows that external forces such as woodfibre markets were key to the implementation of ground level forest conservation. Ironically, this study links the renewal of forest conservation legislation to the demand for increased forest exploitation. New forest policy initiatives were as much to do with pacifying conservation interests as they were about promoting ground level forest conservation.
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Romero, Jennifer Estefania. "Forest conservation in Argentina : early analysis of the Forest Law implementation in the Chaco Ecoregion." Thesis, University of British Columbia, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/43583.
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Argentina is a federal republic, where livestock and agriculture have shown spectacular development due to commodity-oriented policies and land-use change, resulting in a consequent loss of native forests. In this context, in 2007, the Argentinean government enacted National Law 26.331 of Minimum Standards for the Environmental Protection of Native Forests (Forest Law) whose objectives are, among others, to promote the conservation of native forests through land-use planning. This process has been developed in different ways in the provinces of the country. This research is focused on the Provinces of Salta, Santiago del Estero and Córdoba in northern Argentina - Chaco Ecoregion. These provinces have shown high deforestation rates and some conflicts with the Forest Law’s administration.
The analysis focuses on the Forest Law implementation, and is undertaken considering the extent to which objectives have been met so far, and the main forces, factors or drivers affecting the Law’s implementation in the three provinces. The evaluation of the Law is focused on its outputs (budget and deforestation rates). Impacts on forest conservation, local economy or social benefits (outcomes) are not analyzed since it is too early to evaluate them.
This research is based on secondary data analysis, available public data from governmental and non-governmental institutions, unpublished data requested of institution representatives, and through the analysis of unpublished valuable information gathered in the course of interviews conducted by myself, for a non-academic study.
The results show that local implementation of the Forest Law is highly affected by external forces. Despite the fact that some provinces have followed the guidelines provided by the regulation, the Forest Law has not been effective so far, since high deforestation rates still occur. However, many forest conservation projects have benefited from the law, which could have long-term visible effects. The problems related to its effective implementation are not related to the Forest Law itself, but to the inconsistency of the Provincial Forest Laws with the national regulation, the degree in which the Provincial Forest Laws reflect the participatory process that originated them, and with their control and monitoring.
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Fiebig, Michael Thomas. "Place-Based Conservation Legislation And National Forest Management: The Case Of The Beaverhead-Deerlodge Partnership." [Missoula, Mont.] : The University of Montana, 2008. http://etd.lib.umt.edu/theses/available/etd-12232008-084030/unrestricted/Fiebig_Michael_Thesis_PDF.pdf.
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Thesis (M.S.) -- University of Montana, 2008.Title from author supplied metadata. Description based on contents viewed on June 20, 2009. ETD number: etd-12232008-084030. Includes bibliographical references.
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Elliott, Katherine Louise. "An analysis of the Federal wetlands regulations influencing construction development." Thesis, Georgia Institute of Technology, 1998. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/21437.
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Leung, Yee-wing Yvonne, and 梁綺穎. "The Queen's Pier saga: unveiling the inconvenient truth of heritage conservation legislation in HongKong." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2010. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B47092683.
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With the increasing recognition of the importance of heritage conservation, it would not be adequate merely to control archaeological discoveries or to preserve items of historical interest. In this society where resources are scarce, rules have to be made for enabling the selection of what to keep and what not to, and if to be kept, how the heritage resources could be sufficiently protected. Under the present system, for instance, graded buildings afforded no legal protection save for Grade 1 buildings which may be qualified and ready to be declared as “monuments”. Also, there is no system for appeal if the building is graded against the owner’s will. Through the years, the Ordinance had not been reviewed to meet with the social development and has become obsolete and out-of-date. It is no longer able to give sufficient legal protection to the heritage conservation in Hong Kong.
Following the Queen’s Pier incident and the Court of First Instance decision which will be discussed in details, the need for a more proper and comprehensive heritage protection legislation becomes more intense and imminent. One may recall that the Chief Executive had announced a range of initiatives on heritage conservation in the 2007-2008 Policy Address which was delivered on 10th October 2007. Yet, it is submitted that a policy initiative no matter how ambitious cannot be achieved without the foundation of a concrete legal framework. Objective standard and guidelines have to be established for future precedent. It is only by then certainty and sustainability on conservation can be achieved. The issues that we are going to discuss in this article is, by examining the development of heritage protection law of Hong Kong, whether Hong Kong, being part of China and a State Parties which have adhered to the World Heritage Convention, has afforded and taken sufficient legal measures in securing our cultural heritage. The recent judgment of the Court of First Instance has thrown light to the fact that our heritage legislation, namely the Antiquities and Monuments Ordinance is inadequate to safeguard some of the historically significant heritage in Hong Kong. There are of course counter-argument that conservation is a hindrance to urban development and possible impingement of private property right. In this dissertation, we will examine, from a legal point of view, how the legal framework of our system, insofar as heritage conservation is concerned, can be improved and/or modified or even advanced.published_or_final_version
Conservation
Master
Master of Science in Conservation
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Bowman, Megan. "Our tangled web : international relations theory, international environmental law, and global biodiversity protection in a post-modern epoch of interdependence." Thesis, McGill University, 2002. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=78204.
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The global crisis of biodiversity depletion sets the stage for a necessary re-definition of State self-interest in the international milieu. That re-definition is effected by a changing perception of 'self'; one that occurs through the mental lens of interdependence and long-term vision. This thesis attempts to challenge conventional precepts and present a submission for change by drawing upon constructivist thought, which asserts that current perceptions are socially constructed and rooted in "collective intentionality", such that what has been human-made can be altered by the same processes through which it came into existence. In so doing, the author employs the notions of international ethics as a shared belief and international law as an ideational instrument to facilitate that change in favor of international cooperation toward the necessary amelioration of global biodiversity diminution in order to assure our future.
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Bullard, Clifford Owen. "Evaluating wildlife law enforcement agent and agency effectiveness : a methodology /." Thesis, This resource online, 1992. http://scholar.lib.vt.edu/theses/available/etd-10062009-020028/.
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Farchakh, Loubna. "The concept of intergenerational equity in international law /." Thesis, McGill University, 2003. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=80918.
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The theory of intergenerational equity is closely linked to the notion of sustainable development. It is indeed considered to be one of its aspect. Intergenerational equity can be divided in two facets: the intergenerational component links the present generation to future generations, while the intragenerational aspect imposes, within the same generation, a duty for industrialized countries to help developing countries. The legal status of intergenerational equity appears to be limited because of its qualification as a concept. Therefore, this concept of intergenerational equity belongs to the realm of soft law. Nevertheless, legal implications can be drawn out from this theory. Different means of implementation can be envisioned, some belonging to the domain of soft law, other employing more classical tools, such as institutional mechanisms.
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Dajani, Ola Fouad. "Genetic resources under the CBD and TRIPS : issues on sovereignty and property." Thesis, McGill University, 2002. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=78178.
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Coming together to save the Earth. Ten years have passed since the Earth Summit in Rio created such passion and expectations. Whether the Convention on Biological Diversity has met those expectations or not vary from person to person.Evidently, the Convention on Biological Diversity is complex, not only in its language, but also in its attempt to balance between conservation and sustainable use, and between the providers of and benefiters from biological diversity.
Subsequent to its conclusion, the Parties have strived to achieve these objectives. This thesis attempts to assist in this process by exploring the means of implementing the Convention on Biological Diversity and their consequences.
The scope of the thesis is limited to the matters of sovereignty rights and access to genetic resources, in an effort to clear up the uncertainties in the applications of these components. This thesis attempts to contribute a pragmatic perspective to these matters, which, at their core, rely on the crossing points in the implementation of the Convention on Biological Diversity and the Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights. This thesis focuses on ways to reconcile property rights in genetic resources with patent rights in invention using genetic resources. It proposes one interpretation of property rights in genetic resources so as to avoid any conflict with patent rights and accordingly, avoid conflict between the requirements of the Convention on Biological Diversity and those of the Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights.
I hope that the views and proposals expressed in this thesis will be considered along with other diverse approaches to the implementation of the Convention on Biological Diversity.
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Chan, Ming-yee, and 陳明義. "The impact of energy efficiency regulation on building design in Hong Kong." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 1997. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B31253659.
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de, Barros Viana Hissa Leticia. "From deforestation to forest recovery: perspectives for the Amazon under the rule of the Brazilian Forest Code." Doctoral thesis, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.18452/22843.
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Die anhaltende Entwaldung tropischer Regenwälder und die damit einhergehenden sozialen und ökologischen Folgen finden zunehmend Beachtung nationaler Regierungen und zivilgesellschaftlicher Akteure, die Initiativen zur Verringerung der Entwaldung und Strategien zum Schutz von Lebensräumen und Artenvielfalt entwickelt haben. Die Waldrestaurierung, d.h. die Wiederherstellung von Waldökosystemen, stellt hierbei, neben der Verringerung der Entwaldung, ein entscheidendes Ziel dar. Brasilien spielt in diesem Zusammenhang eine entscheidende Rolle. Der Großteildes Amazonas-Regenwaldes, der größte zusammenhängende tropische Regenwald der Welt, liegt auf brasilianischem Gebiet. Nahezu 18% des brasilianischen Regenwaldes sind bereits gerodet. Landspekulation, Bergbau, und Landwirtschaft stellen die stärkste Bedrohung für die Existenz des Regenwaldes dar. Im Rahmen des Pariser Abkommens hat sich Brasilien dazu verpflichtet die Netto-Entwaldung bis 2030 zu stoppen und 12 Millionen Hektar Waldökosysteme wiederherzustellen. Eine zentrale Rolle für die Umsetzung der Verpflichtung kommt dem brasilianischen Waldschutzgesetz (BFC) zu, der wichtigsten brasilianischen Umweltgesetzgebung, die die Rahmenbedingungen für die Landnutzung auf privatem Landbesitz regelt. Im brasilianischen Amazon verlangt das BFC den Schutz von 80% der natürlichen Vegetation, als sogenanntes Legal Reserves (LRs). In der neusten Gesetzesversion von 2012 wurde erstmals der Umgang mit denjenigen Landbesitzern festgelegt, die den Gesetzesvorgaben nicht entsprechen. Es wird erwartet, dass die Umsetzung des neuen BFCs auf der einen Seite den Schutz der Wälder in den LRs gewährleistet und auf der andern Seite, unter Mitwirkung der Landbesitzer, zu ein großflächige Waldrestaurierung führt. Vor diesem Hintergrund ist das Ziel dieser Dissertation die Potenziale des BFC für den Schutz der Ur- und den nachwachsenden Wäldern zu ermitteln. Im Speziellen habe ich in der vorliegenden Dissertation (i) die Raum-Zeitlichen Veränderungen der Waldflächen im Einflussbereich der Bundesstraße BR-163, zwischen Cuiabá und Santarém, analysiert; (ii) das Potenzial der BFC für den Schutz der des Regenwaldes und für die Waldrestaurierung bewertet; und (iii) prioritäre Gebiete für ein großflächige Waldrestaurierung, unter Einbezug von Kosten, Biodiversität und Kohlenstoffspeicherung, identifiziert. Die Ergebnisse zeigen, dass ein Großteil der massiven Entwaldung in der Region zwischen Cuiabá und Santarém auf privaten Grundstücken stattfand. Dies lässt auf eine weitverbreitete Nichteinhaltung des BFCs schließen. Hohe Netto-Entwaldungsraten und eine rückläufige Verbreitung nachwachsenden Waldes deutet darauf hin, dass die Region weit von einer Trendwende von Netto-Waldverlust, zu Netto-Waldzuwachs entfernt ist. Um eine Ausbreitung der Wälder voranzutreiben, ist es daher notwendig, das Management der Ur- und nachwachsenden Wälder zu verbessern. Die Ergebnisse dieser Dissertation zeigen, dass mehr als 6 Millionen Hektar der derzeitigen Waldregeneration geschützt und ein Drittel der LR-Defizite ausgeglichen werden könnten, wenn die nachwachsenden Wälder in die Schutzzonen der LRs einbezogen werden. Die künftige Regulierung der BFC-Ausgleichsmechanismen wird einen entscheidenden Effekt auf die Waldrestaurierung und den Schutz der Urwälder haben. Die Analyse möglicher Regulierungs-Szenarien hat deutliche Variation zwischen prioritären Gebieten für die Waldrestaurierung in Mato Grosso gezeigt. Die Ergebnisse zeigen, dass die Waldrestaurierung auf privaten Grundstücken entscheidend für den Schutz von Biodiversität ist. Demgegenüber zeigt sich die Wiederherstellung von Waldökosystemen auf öffentlichem Land kostengünstiger und effektiver für die Kohlenstoffspeicherung. Die Ergebnisse demonstrieren die Relevanz detaillierter räumlicher Informationen zu Landbesitz und Landnutzungsänderungen, um die Auswirkungen von neuen rechtlichen Rahmenbedingungen für den Waldschutz und die Waldrestaurierung in tropischen Gebieten zu untersuchen. Die Schätzungen der derzeit nachwachsenden Waldflache, und dessen Schutzstatus, sind entscheidend um die nationalen Ziele der Waldrestaurierung zu erreichen. Die Ergebnisse verdeutlichen, dass ein besseres Management von nachwachsenden Waldökosystemen durch Bundes- und Landesgesetze notwendig ist, und neue Strategien und Mechanismen, die den Schutz nachwachsenden Wäldern sicherstellen, erarbeitet werden müssen.Continued tropical forests decline has drawn concerted attention by governments and distinct sectors of the civil society, which have responded with anti-deforestation policies and conservation strategies. Alongside conservation, large-scale forest restoration is crucial for counteracting the negative impacts of deforestation on socio-ecological processes. In this context, Brazil plays a pivotal role. Most of the Amazon, the largest continuous tropical forest in the world, lies within the Brazilian territory. Nearly 18% of the Brazilian Amazon forest cover was already lost, and land speculation, mining, and agricultural expansion continue to threaten the forest. Therefore, cutting back land use change emissions is a major pillar of Brazil’s commitment to the Paris Agreement, which includes the plan to achieve zero net deforestation in the Amazon and restore 12Mha of forests countrywide by 2030. In this thesis I focused on the Brazilian Forest Code (BFC), the flagship environmental legislation governing land use in private lands of Brazil. In forestlands of the Amazon biome, the BFC requires the protection of 80% of the native vegetation as Legal Reserves (LRs). The latest version of the law, from 2012, also established the compliance conditions for past law offenders. Particularly, there are high expectations that the enforcement of the BFC will secure the protection of forests in LRs, and drive large-scale forest restoration. Therefore, my overall goal was to advance the knowledge about the potential of the BFC enforcement for the conservation of old- and regrowing forests in the Brazilian Amazon. Specifically, I (i) investigated the spatio-temporal patterns of net forest cover change for the influence area of the Cuiabá-Santarém highway, crossing the federal states of Pará and Mato Grosso in the Brazilian Amazon; (ii) evaluated the potential of the BFC enforcement for the protection of old and regrowing forests in the Brazilian Amazon, and estimated the contribution of regrowing forests for LRs demarcation; and (iii) applied a multicriteria analysis to map priority areas for large-scale forest restoration in private and public lands of Mato Grosso, contrasting the costs of restoration with the gains for biodiversity and carbon enhancement. Results show that the Cuiabá-Santarém focus region accumulated substantial deforestation, most of which on private lands, indicating a widespread non-compliance to the BFC. High net deforestation rates and decreasing prevalence of forest regrowth on deforested lands, indicates that this region is not near experiencing a turnaround from net forest losses to net forest gains. Hence, to promote forest expansion, it will be necessary to improve old- and regrowing forests governance. In this regard, results showed that if regrowing forests are included in LRs demarcation, over 6Mha of ongoing forest regeneration could be protected, and one third of LRs deficits could be offset. Also, the future regulation of BFC compensation mechanisms will be key for determining the potential of the law for promoting restoration and old-growth forests protection additionality. Finally, a substantial variation in the spatial distribution of priority areas for forest restoration was identified across Mato Grosso, and for different scenarios. Private properties were key to enhance intensively deforested habitats, while restoration in public lands was more effective in reducing restoration costs and mitigating carbon. The findings of this thesis demonstrate the importance of detailed spatial information on land tenure and land use change in tropical areas, to support spatial planning, and address the potential of legal frameworks for promoting forest conservation and restoration. The estimates of legal protection of current regrowing forests have strong implications for Brazil’s restoration targets. They call for an improved treatment of second-growth forests by federal and state legislations, and the creation of policy and mechanisms able to secure the protection of high-value regrowing forests.
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Eberl, Justus. "Wald in Raum und Öffentlichkeit." BoD - Books on Demand, 2021. https://tud.qucosa.de/id/qucosa%3A74108.
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Moran, Susan Jane. "The influence of the 1968-1975 Congressional reforms on legislative policy-making : the development of the oil-pricing provision of the Energy Policy and Conservation Act (1975)." Thesis, University of Oxford, 1986. http://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:3398b8d3-45ae-4706-b094-692a7ba0f827.
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Congressional reform is the focus of my study. Congress (but primarily the House of Representatives) attempted to reform its workings from 1968 through 1975, so it might be more effective in developing comprehensive policies on national issues, and more independent of the executive branch. Reform raised expectations that the legislature would reassert its policy-making role, which had diminished during the preceding thirty years. My study examines the influence of these changes on the congressional decision-making process, including their impact on the important role played by external actors, interest groups and especially the President, who reacted to these changes. The study examines the process through an analysis of the development and passage of the most controversial provision, dealing with oil-price controls (Title IV), of Congress' major energy bill of 1975, the Energy Policy and Conservation Act (H.R. 7014). On 15 December 1975, Congress passed the Energy Policy and Conservation Act (EPCA) which President Gerald R. Ford signed into law on 22 December. The EPCA (Public Law 94-163) extended oil-price controls until 1979. The oilpricing provision had significant national and international economic and political implications. Merely to trace the tortuous chronicle of oil-pricing policy would be informative. But this study will go further by using this account to analyze congressional decision-making in the period immediately following Congress' attempts at reform. My study shows that although reforms eroded old norms and power centres, significantly altering some aspects of congressional decision-making (again primarily in the House), they did not create institutional mechanisms or distribute internal powers in such a way that Congress could independently initiate and develop comprehensive national policies. Congress remained more dependent on the President than many of its members understood. The final substance of the oil-pricing policy reflected the characteristic congressional decision-making process, which had become even more dispersed as it was democratized by reform. The committee system, without a strong executive or party control, divides issues in a way that limits decision-makers' options.
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Dlamini, Cliff Sibusiso. "Towards the improvement of policy and strategy development for the sustainable management of non-timber forest products: Swaziland: A case study." Thesis, Stellenbosch : University of Stellenbosch, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/1174.
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Egute, Terence Onang [Verfasser], and Eike [Akademischer Betreuer] Albrecht. "Modern law and local tradition in forest heritage conservation in Cameroon : the case of Korup / Terence Onang Egute. Betreuer: Eike Albrecht." Cottbus : Universitätsbibliothek der BTU Cottbus, 2013. http://d-nb.info/103217109X/34.
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Tembo, Danai. "The disparities arising in the policing of consumptive and non-consumptive marine activities." Thesis, Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10948/1383.
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The South African marine environment is utilised for both consumptive and non-consumptive activities and for those activities to continue sustainably it is important that these activities be monitored and policed. South Africa's environmental legislation is structured to do just that; outlining specific regulations for all consumptive and non-consumptive activities that can be conducted in the marine environment. Some disparities have been observed regarding the policing of consumptive and non-consumptive marine activities, and these disparities were analysed by means of several case studies and semi-structured key informant interviews. Case studies covered both consumptive (abalone poaching and Illegal, Unreported and Unregulated fishing) and non-consumptive activities (the sardine run and tiger shark diving) currently being conduct in the marine environment. Key informant interviews collected opinions from legal practitioners who felt that the legislation was solid but poorly implemented; and non-consumptive operators who felt that the legislation was implemented in a way that made it difficult for non-consumptive and ecotourism activities to thrive. The poor implementation has resulted in a situation which seems to promote consumptive crimes instead of curbing them.
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Whittaker, Carol Louise, and Carol Louise Whittaker. "Design guidelines and the law: History and analysis of design guidelines in zoning ordinances." Thesis, The University of Arizona, 1989. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/291666.
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The American public has shown growing concern for the protection of aesthetic values on private and public lands. For private lands, the protection of aesthetic qualities must be coupled with use rights inherent in property ownership under American law. One of the earliest models to protect such values on private lands was the use of "police power" to regulate the appearance of new development in selected districts. This has most frequently been accomplished by including design guidelines in zoning ordinances. This study examines history, relevant law and literature, and the content of design guidelines in zoning ordinances. The content analysis was designed to investigate both design elements and trends over time existed. The findings from the content analysis suggest that the use of design guidelines are increasing for contemporary areas and communities as well as historic districts. Also, that the design guidelines are becoming increasingly specific in the design elements included.
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Thiam, Boubacar. "Evaluating changes in forest management policies during the last fifteen years in Francophone West Africa." Virtual Press, 2000. http://liblink.bsu.edu/uhtbin/catkey/1191721.
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Tropical deforestation is singled out as one of the more critical issues facing African countries during the last few decades. In discussing causes of forest depletion, local farmers are often the first to be identified. However, these local farmers have been living in legal, political, social, and economic environments that have had tremendous effects on the system of natural resources management in Africa as well as elsewhere in the tropics.This research project was designed to generate testable hypotheses evaluating the effectiveness of forest policies dating from 1985 in Francophone West Africa including Mali., Senegal, Niger, Burkina Faso, Guinea, Cote d'Ivoire, Benin, and Togo. Since 1985, because of factors such as the droughts of the 1970s and the 1980s, the growing pressure of humans on forest resources, the failure of six decades of centralized forest management policies, and the influence of the international community, national authorities have undertaken a series of reforms of their forest policies to adopt a decentralized management of forest resources. This decentralized forest management policy is aimed at involving local people in the development and the management of their forest resources, promoting local governance, increasing revenues, and achieving sustainable forest management. The actual situation is that new policies have been or are being implemented throughout the region, but until now an inability to evaluate their effectiveness for sustainable forest management exists. The purpose of this research was to identify ways to overcome this problem.The research was limited to reviewing written information on forest policies and legislation, conventions and programs that are related to forest management, to interviewing knowledgeable persons based in Washington, DC, who are interested in forest policy in Africa, and to personal and professional observations in the United States and in Africa. From the review and interviews, a conceptual analysis of key components of forest policies was made to highlight their meanings and usefulness in evaluating decentralized forest management policy. This analysis led to the formulation of hypotheses about decentralized forest management and the enumeration of criteria and indicators of sustainable forest management to measure the effectiveness of new forest policies dating from 1985 in Francophone West Africa.Department of Natural Resources and Environmental Management
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Manarangi-Trott, Lara. "Fisheries data requirements under international law achieving long-term conservation and sustainable use of tuna fisheries in the western central Pacific Ocean /." Access electronically, 2008. http://ro.uow.edu.au/theses/118.
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Makano, Rosemary Fumpa. "Does institutional capacity matter? a case study of the Zambian Forestry Department /." Diss., St. Louis, Mo. : University of Missouri--St. Louis, 2008. http://etd.umsl.edu/r3321.
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Lai, Hung-kit, and 黎鴻傑. "Energy conservation in building services in Hong Kong." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 1994. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B31252862.
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Yeung, Chi-hung, and 楊志雄. "A survey of environmental impacts of building energy codes on energy management in building services installations." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2000. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B42575424.
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Fasiaben, Maria do Carmo Ramos. "Impacto economico da reserva legal florestal sobre diferentes tipos de unidades de produção agropecuaria." [s.n.], 2010. http://repositorio.unicamp.br/jspui/handle/REPOSIP/285646.
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Orientador: Ademar Ribeiro RomeiroTese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Economia
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Resumo: A legislação ambiental brasileira que trata da reserva legal florestal é alvo de intensa polêmica, pois põe em confronto interesses públicos e privados. Este trabalho teve por objetivo avaliar o impacto econômico da reserva legal sobre a margem bruta de diferentes tipos de unidades de produção agropecuária (UPA) da Microbacia do Rio Oriçanga - São Paulo. Para tanto, elaborou-se uma tipologia das UPAs da microbacia, mapearam-se os remanescentes de vegetação natural dos diferentes tipos e definiram-se as classes de capacidade de uso de suas terras. Foram escolhidos dois tipos para detalhamento do estudo: as pequenas unidades de baixa tecnologia e as unidades produtoras de citros. Procedeu-se à modelagem da estrutura produtiva dos dois tipos selecionados, através do método de programação recursiva, abarcando o período de 2002/2003 a 2008/2009. Os dois tipos de UPAs apresentaram déficits de reserva legal, que, para serem supridos na mesma microbacia, exigem a conversão de áreas atualmente em uso agropecuário. Confrontaram-se os sistemas atuais dessas unidades típicas aos seguintes cenários, de modo a completar a área requerida de reserva legal: i) conversão de áreas com uso agropecuário em vegetação natural, através do plantio de espécies nativas, visando o manejo sustentável para exploração de madeira; ii) conversão de áreas com uso agropecuário em vegetação nativa, através da regeneração natural e sem exploração econômica. Para a unidade típica produtora de citros, estimou-se uma redução média na margem bruta da unidade de produção de 13%, no cenário de restauração e exploração sustentável do déficit de reserva legal e de 17%, no cenário onde ela se manteve sem nenhum tipo de recuperação ou manejo. Já para a pequena unidade de baixa tecnologia, a margem bruta não sofreu alteração no primeiro cenário, e mostrou uma redução de 10% no segundo. Os resultados evidenciam a importância de políticas que permitam uma distribuição mais equitativa dos custos da conservação ambiental entre toda a sociedade, bem como a importância de ajustes locacionais das reservas legais, na busca de um melhor equilíbrio entre a conservação da biodiversidade e o custo de oportunidade das terras
Abstract: The Brazilian environmental legislation concerning the maintenance of native vegetation as a proportion of the farm's land (so-called "Legal Reserve") is a matter of intense debate. The subject brings public and private interests in confrontation. In this context, this dissertation aimed at assessing the economic impacts of the legal reserve on the gross margins (GM) of different types of farms located in the watershed of the Oriçanga River - in the state of São Paulo, Brazil. A farm's typology for the watershed was elaborated, the natural vegetation remnants were mapped and the classes of land use capacity were defined. Two farm types were selected for a detailed study: the low-technology small farms and the citrus producing farms. The productive structure of both types was modeled using recursive programming for the period between 2002/2003 and 2008/2009. The current farm systems adopted by both types were studied in two scenarios of legal reserve deficit elimination: i) native species plantations for sustainable production of timber; ii) spontaneous growth of natural vegetation, without forest restoration and economic management. In both scenarios some of the farms' productive area needed to be converted into native vegetation. The citrus producing farms suffered a 13% reduction in the average gross margin in the first scenario (sustainable timber production), and a GM reduction of 17% in the second scenario (unmanaged spontaneous growth). For the lowtechnology small farms, there were no losses in the first scenario, but a 10% reduction in GM in the second one. These results evidence the importance of policies aimed at a more equitable distribution of the environmental conservation costs in the society, as well as the need for locational adjustments of the legal reserves, in order to find a better equilibrium between the preservation of biodiversity and the opportunity cost of land
Doutorado
Desenvolvimento Economico, Espaço e Meio Ambiente
Doutor em Desenvolvimento Economico
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Felley, Mary Louise. "A biodiversity conservation policy and legal framework for Hong Kong." Thesis, Hong Kong : University of Hong Kong, 1996. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record.jsp?B17457592.
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Moreira, Fabiano Mazzilli de Souza. "Código Florestal Brasileiro: métodos para localização de reservas legais e comparação de propostas de alteração da lei." Universidade de São Paulo, 2011. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/18/18139/tde-05122011-140658/.
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No Brasil, o surgimento da primeira versão do Código Florestal em 1934 pelo Decreto 23.793 e posteriormente do Novo Código Florestal (CF) em 1965 (Lei 4.771) refletem a preocupação da sociedade em utilizar de forma racional o território nacional. No que se refere à conservação e gestão de recursos naturais, o CF vigente estabelece dois importantes instrumentos de conservação: as Áreas de Preservação Permanente (APPs) e as Reservas Legais (RLs). A localização das APPs é imutável e as RLs podem ser locadas de diferentes formas, segundo critérios estabelecidos pela Lei e complementados pelos Estados. Os critérios gerais para a localização das RLs, bem como sua aplicação na prática, podem, porém, gerar subjetividades. Evidencia-se, assim, a necessidade de buscar instrumentos mais precisos para este fim. Nesse sentido, estudos vêm sendo realizados no intuito de auxiliar os tomadores de decisão quanto à localização das RLs, de forma que essas cheguem o mais próximo possível de cumprir as funções de utilização sustentável dos recursos naturais e a conservação da biodiversidade. Por outro lado, os avanços historicamente obtidos no Brasil contemplados pelo CF vigente, podem sofrer profundas alterações caso seja aprovado o Projeto de Lei 1.876-C de 1.999 (PL), apresentado à Câmara Federal e aprovado em 24 de maio de 2011, encaminhado ao Senado como PL 30/2011. O PL propôs significativas reduções nas dimensões das APPs e RLs, bem como a flexibilização da obrigatoriedade de aplicação desses instrumentos legais em diversas situações. Este fato gerou contestações da comunidade científica (representada pela Sociedade Brasileira para o Progresso da Ciência SBPC e pela Academia Brasileira de Ciências ABC), que argumenta que apenas aspectos econômicos imediatistas foram considerados na elaboração do PL, desconsiderando-se aspectos ambientais e negligenciando o devido aporte dos conhecimentos científicos e tecnológicos na revisão de uma Lei de grande interesse para toda a sociedade. Frente a este contexto, esta investigação teve como objetivos analisar métodos para definir áreas prioritárias para a localização de RLs e comparar diferentes posicionamentos em relação à atual polêmica sobre alterações do CF vigente. Para tanto foram definidos os seguintes objetivos específicos: 1. Aplicar três métodos para localização de RL com base no CF vigente, considerando a possibilidade de compensação entre propriedades, de modo a identificar qual método mais favorece o cumprimento das funções designadas a esse instrumento legal. 2. Eleger um dos métodos testados para gerar cenários e comparar as orientações contidas no CF vigente com as propostas apresentadas para sua revisão, tanto o Projeto de Lei 1.876-C de 1999 e o PL 30/2011, como as propostas da SBPC e ABC. O recorte territorial foi o município de São Carlos-SP, o SIG utilizado foi o IDRISI e o software utilizado para cálculo das métricas de paisagem foi o FRAGSTATS. Os resultados demonstraram que: métodos de fácil aplicação podem auxiliar na definição da localização de RLs para que suas funções sejam satisfatoriamente cumpridas; e, o PL traria consequências extremamente negativas à conservação da biodiversidade, solos e recursos hídricos e, portanto, sua revisão deve ser postergada e devidamente pautada na participação da sociedade e da comunidade científica.In Brazil, the first version of Forest Code in 1934, created by the Decree 23.793, and latter the New Forest Code (FC) in 1965 (Law 4.771) shows the concerns of the society for the rational use of national territory. Concerning to the management and conservation of natural resources, the present FC establishes two important conservation tools: Permanent Preserved Areas (PPA) and the Legal Reserves (LR). The PPA\'s location is immutable and the LR can be located in different ways, according to criteria defined by Federal Law and complemented by the States. The general criteria for LR location can, however, create subjectivities. It becomes clear the needing of searching more precise instruments for achieving its goals. For that, researches have been done to help decision makers to define LR\'s location, intending to achieve properly its functions of sustainable use of natural resources and biodiversity conservation. Although the historical advances obtained in Brazil with the FC, it can deeply retrocede if the Law Project 1876-C/99 (LP), presented and approved by the Congress and sent to Senate as LP 30/2011, became approved. The LP proposes significant reductions on the PPA and RL dimensions, as well as facilitates the non obligation of laws application. This fact has sparked contestations of the science community, represented by the Sociedade Brasileira para o Progresso da Ciência (SBPC) and the Academia Brasileira de Ciências (ABC), that says only short term economical components were considered on the LP, desconsidering environmental components and neglecting the support of science and technology knowledge when rewriting such important law for the society, as the FC. This researchs goals are to analyze methods for LR\'s location and to compare different views of changes on FC. For that, were defined two specific goals: 1 Apply three methods for LR\'s location according to the FC, considering the possibility of compensation of LR between properties, intending to identify witch method better achieve the LR functions. 2 Elect one of the tested methods and create scenarios to compare the FC directions with the proposals presented to its review suggested by the LP 1.876-C/1999 (and LP 30/2011) and the SBPC/ABC. The scenarios were designed for the São Carlos city located on São Paulo State, the GIS used was IDRISI and the software used to calculate the landscape metrics was the FRAGSTATS. The results shows that: easy application methods can help on the definition of LRs location in manner to achieve its goals; the LP would bring strong negatives consequences for the biodiversity, soil and water resources conservation, and, for that, its reviewing should be postponed and properly supported by society and scientific community participation.
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Lenferna, Georges Alexandre. "Creating a new declaration of rights : a critical reconstruction of earth jurisprudence's global legislative framework." Thesis, Rhodes University, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1001979.
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This thesis aims to critique the Universal Declaration of the Rights of Mother Earth and its underlying moral justification in order to provide a stronger and improved version of both. In Chapter 1 I explore what sort of moral justification is necessary to establish the Universal Declaration on firm grounds and explore its relation to environmental ethics and rights discourse. I argue that a non-anthropocentric perspective is necessary to justify the Universal Declaration’s rights. In Chapter 2 I explore the underlying justification of the Universal Declaration as discovered in the works of Cormac Cullinan and Father Thomas Berry. I argue that their ethical framework is indeterminate, has many ambiguities and uncertainties, and, among other problems, it does not provide a clear action-guiding framework. In Chapter 3 I develop an alternative justification for the Universal Declaration. I argue against many predominant moral theories, that in light of our best scientific and moral understanding we should expand the realm of moral concern to include all living beings, a moral theory I call Life’s Imperative. In Chapter 4 I illustrate that Life’s Imperative is a much stronger, more coherent justification for the Universal Declaration, one that coheres with both our best understanding of the natural world and our relation to it, and to an environmental ethic reflective of that relationship. Unfortunately many of the weaknesses in the current implicit justification of the Universal Declaration have also led to it enshrining rights that are themselves problematic. In order to address these issues, I revise its rights to accord with the stronger justification that I established in Chapter 3. The end result of doing so is a revised version of the Universal Declaration
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Calliou, Brian. "Losing the game, wildlife conservation and the regulation of First Nations hunting in Alberta, 1880-1930." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 2000. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk2/ftp01/MQ60048.pdf.
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Ranieri, Victor Eduardo Lima. "Reservas legais: critérios para localização e aspectos de gestão." Universidade de São Paulo, 2004. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/18/18138/tde-16102009-170059/.
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A destruição de ambientes naturais é um dos mais reconhecidos problemas ambientais de âmbito global que, entre outras conseqüências, provoca impactos como perda de biodiversidade e degradação dos solos e da água. Tais impactos se refletem nos sistemas econômicos e sociais, o que tem conduzindo a discussão das estratégias de conservação da natureza por rumos que incluem, não somente questões técnicas, como também aspectos políticos. Além das estratégias de proteção baseadas em terras públicas, a conservação da biodiversidade e dos recursos hídricos em áreas sob domínio privado, é uma necessidade amplamente reconhecida. Seja em terras públicas ou particulares, a conservação de áreas naturais implica na imposição de limites às ações humanas, o que tende a gerar conflito de interesses. No Brasil, a chamada reserva legal - instrumento estabelecido pelo Código Florestal, Lei no. 7.441 de 1965, com a finalidade de garantir o uso sustentável dos recursos naturais, conservar biodiversidade e processos ecológicos limita o uso da propriedade rural e é foco de discussão entre proprietários, governos e setores da sociedade ligados à área ambiental. O presente trabalho analisa e propõe estratégias para a conservação da biodiversidade e dos recursos hídricos por meio do instrumento reserva legal, considerando critérios de alocação e aspectos de gestão, com ênfase na realidade dos biomas Mata Atlântica e cerrado. São analisados aspectos políticos, legais e institucionais relacionados à questão, identificados conflitos de interesses e sugeridos caminhos para o equacionamento desses conflitos. Sob o aspecto técnico, são propostos critérios e parâmetros para auxiliar o processo de tomada de decisão na escolha de áreas prioritárias para locação de reservas legais e apresentados cenários de ocupação do solo de uma região específica, considerando tais critérios. As informações levantadas permitem concluir que a estratégia brasileira baseada em instrumentos de comando e controle tem sido ineficaz no que tange à questão das reservas legais. Pontos de menor conflito entre os atores envolvidos, como a possibilidade de compensação de reservas legais fora dos limites das propriedades - utilizando instrumentos como o zoneamento ambiental e incentivos econômicos - podem tornar o instrumento reserva legal mais eficaz desde que: a) sejam definidos recortes territoriais adequados para a gestão compartilhada de florestas e água e b) sejam utilizados critérios técnicos claros para determinação de áreas prioritárias para locação de reservas legais, de modo a minimizar a subjetividade das normas gerais. Os resultados das simulações, materializados em oito cenários de ocupação, mostram que é possível, com a adoção de critérios técnicos objetivos, identificar locais mais propícios para implantação de reservas legais e, com isso, alterar parâmetros como tamanho, área central e conectividade entre fragmentos. Tais alterações podem tornar a paisagem mais favorável aos fluxos de fauna, à manutenção de espécies dependentes de grandes áreas de vida e de habitats sob menor efeito de borda, além de promover maior proteção dos solos e dos recursos hídricos. Questões como a responsabilidade por eventuais danos às reservas legais administradas em condomínios e aquelas relativas ao manejo de tais áreas para garantir sua conservação em longo prazo, entretanto, ainda exigem mais esforços para serem equacionadas. Esses esforços deverão se concentrar em estratégias inovadoras que, possivelmente, incluirão a participação da sociedade civil na gestão dessas áreas como, por exemplo, administradoras das reservas ou condomínios de reservas.The destruction of natural environments is one of the most recognized worldwide environmental problems, which, among other consequences, causes impacts such as the loss of biodiversity and soil and water degradation. Such impacts reflect upon social and economic systems, which have lead the discussion on nature conservation strategies through paths which include not only technical but also political aspects. As well as protection strategies based on public land, biodiversity and water resource conservation in areas under private domain is a widely recognized need. On public or private land, the conservation of natural areas means imposing limits on human action, which tends to generate a conflict of interests. In Brazil, the so called legal reserve - a tool established by the Brazilian Forestry Code, Law 4,771 of 1965, with the aim of guaranteeing the sustainable use of natural resources, biodiversity conservation, and ecological processes - limits the use of rural properties and is the focus of discussions among landowners, governments, and entities linked to the environmental arena. This paper analyzes and proposes strategies for biodiversity, soil and water resource conservation through the legal reserve tool, considering designation criteria and management aspects, with a focus on the Atlantic Rainforest and cerrado. Political, legal, and institutional aspects related to the issue are analyzed, conflicts of interest are identified, and paths for the balance of these conflicts are suggested. Under a technical aspect, criteria and parameters to aid in the decision-making process for designating priority areas for legal reserves are proposed and scenarios for soil occupation of a specific region are presented, considering such criteria. The information gathered lead to the conclusion that the brazilian strategy is inefficacious. Points with less conflict among those involved, with the possibility of compensation for legal reserves outside property limits - based on tools like environmental zoning and economic incentives - could make the legal reserve instrument more efficient as long as: a) adequate territorial patches are defined for the co-management of forests and water and b) clear technical criteria are used to determine the priority areas designated as legal reserves, in a manner which minimizes the subjectivity of the general norms. The results of simulations, materialized in eight occupation scenarios, show that it is possible, with the adoption of objective technical criteria, to identify areas more susceptible to the implementation of legal reserves and thus change parameters such as size, central area, and connectivity between fragments. Such changes can make the landscape more favorable for fauna fluxes, for the maintenance of species dependent upon large area and habitats with less border effect, as well as promote greater protection of soils and water resources. Issues such as the responsibility for subsequent damage to legal reserves managed in shared natural areas and those related to the management of such areas to guarantee long-term conservation, however, still require more effort to be calculated. These efforts should concentrate on innovative strategies, which will include, for example, the participation of civil society in the management of reserves or shared natural areas.
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Slack, John Taylor. "A comprehensive methodology for measuring costs and benefits of critical habitat designation under the Endangered Species Act." Thesis, Available online, Georgia Institute of Technology, 2003:, 2003. http://etd.gatech.edu/theses/available/etd-11252003-091701/unrestricted/slackjohnt200311Masters.pdf.
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Murphy, Joseph M. "Unplatted land division's effects on resource productive lands : a study of the Michigan Land Division Act." Virtual Press, 1999. http://liblink.bsu.edu/uhtbin/catkey/1125087.
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For nearly thirty years, the Subdivision Control Act of 1967 (SCA) was the state statute that governed land division in Michigan. The SCA allowed for an indiscriminant pattern of large lot, rural land division that challenged, if not destroyed, viable land resource production. In 1996, the Michigan Legislature passed the Land Division Act (LDA), which repealed and replaced the title and certain sections of the SCA. The LDA attempts to eliminate many of the results that the former statute had on rural land by establishing fewer division before platting is required and offering incentives to retain greater percentages of the parcel being partitioned. This research examines the current efficiency of the incentives, to retain 60% or more of the original parcel, in Eaton and Montmorency counties, which represent two scenario locations. The findings reveal that the incentives have not been utilized in Montmorency County and minimally utilized in Eaton County. Those unplatted land divisions that utilized the incentives, commonly referred to as "bonus" parcels, are located in rural regions, with predominantly agricultural land cover, in proximity to urbanized areas. The results indicate that the incentives under the LDA have been minimally applied and have not yet helped retain significant portions of resource productive land in Michigan.Department of Urban Planning
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Zeller-Powell, Christine Elizabeth. "Defining Biomass as a Source of Renewable Energy: The Life-Cycle Carbon Emissions of Biomass Energy and a Survey and Analysis of Biomass Definitions in States' Renewable Portfolio Standards, Federal Law, and Proposed Legislation." Thesis, University of Oregon, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/1794/11483.
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xii, 97 p.Electricity generated from woody biomass material is generally considered renewable energy and has been considered carbon neutral. However, recent criticism from scientists argues that the greenhouse gas (GHG) emission profile of bioenergy is nuanced and the carbon neutral label is inappropriate. An initial carbon debt is created when a forest is harvested and combusted for bioenergy. Because forests re-grow over a period of years, life cycle analyses show that bioenergy generated from whole trees from forests may not reduce GHG emissions in the short term, as required to combat climate change. State renewable portfolio standards and federal laws and proposed legislation designed to incentivize renewable energy typically define eligible forms of biomass that qualify for these incentives. Most of these definitions are very broad and do not account for GHG emissions from bioenergy. Federal and state laws should incorporate life cycle analyses into definitions of eligible biomass so that these laws incentivize biomass electricity that reduces GHG emissions in the next several decades.
Committee in charge: Roberta Mann, Chairperson; Scott Bridgham, Member
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Sibayi, Dumisani. "Adressing the impact of structural fragmentation on aspects of the management and conservation of cultural heritage." Thesis, Stellenbosch : University of Stellenbosch, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/2758.
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Thesis (MPA (School of Public Management and Planning))--University of Stellenbosch, 2009.ENGLISH ABSTRACT: The birth of democracy in South Africa launched a paradigm shift in the public sector aligning it with the new political ideology. To meet this objective, state organs had to be radically transformed to embrace this new political ideology so as to extend and enhance service delivery to all South Africans. The democratisation of state organs led to the transformation of public institutions both statutory and non-statutory. The urgency to transform strategic state institutions whose mandate was to provide basic and primary needs like health, housing and social services, led to the neglect of other like sport, culture, and the natural environment. The transformation of some of the latter institutions was attended to only after a couple of years after the democratisation. This led to flaws in these legislative development processes which resulted in the creation of different institutions by various laws. This was the root cause of fragmentation. The provisions of these Acts are in some areas ambiguous and contradictory. The consequences are duplications and overlaps in the implementation processes. Heritage institutions have different regulatory frameworks and management systems – regulations, policies, guidelines and procedures. Furthermore, complex internal management systems expedite fragmentation of this sector. This institutional fragmentation has enormous impact on heritage conservation and management. There is limited cooperation and collaboration between heritage institutions. This study will outline how theories, strategies and instruments from the new public management approach, can be utilised to address these challenges.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Met die totstandkoming van ‘n demokratiese Suid-Afrika het in paradigma verskuiwing in die openbare sektor gevolg wat dit in lyn gebring het met die nuwe politieke ideologie. Om hierdie doelwit te bereik staats instelling moes radikaal getransformeer word om hierdie nuwe politieke ideologie te ondersteun en diens lewering na alle Suid-Afrikaners uit te brei. Die demokratisering van staatsinstellings het tot die transformasie van beide statutere en -nie statutere instellings gelei. Die noodsaak om strategiese staatsinstellings wie se mandaat dit was om basiese en primere dienste soos gesondheid, behuising en maatskaplike dienste te verskaf en transformeer, het tot die verwaarlosing van sport, kultuur en omgewingsake gelei. Dit het ‘n paar jaar geduur na demokratisering voordat die transformasie van hierdie instellings aandag gekry het. Die gevolg was ‘n gebrekkige wetgewende ontwikkelingsproses wat tot die totstandkoming van verskillende instellings in terme van verskeie wette gelei het. Hierdie is die bron van fragmentasie. Die voorskrifte van hierdie wetgewing is in sekere areas dubbelsinnig en teenstrydig. Die gevolg is duplikasie en oorvleuling in die implementeringsprosesse. Erfenis oorvleueling instellings het verskillende regulatoriese raamwerke en bestuurstelsels- regulasies, beleide, riglyne en prosedures. Verder vererger die komplekse interne bestuurstelsels fragmentasie in die sektor. Die institusionele fragmentasie het groot impak op erfenisbewaring en-bestuur. Daar is beperkte samewerking tussen erfenis instellings. Hierdie studies sal aandui hoe teoriee, strategie en instrumente van die nuwe benadering tot openbare bestuur aangewend kan word om hierdie uitdagings die hoof te bied.
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Pianca, Camila Camara. "A caça e seus efeitos sobre a ocorrência de mamíferos de médio e grande porte em áreas preservadas de Mata Atlântica na Serra de Paranapiacaba (SP)." Universidade de São Paulo, 2005. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/91/91131/tde-20062005-173657/.
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A Serra de Paranapiacaba tem o maior remanescente florestal contínuo de Mata Atlântica do Brasil. Poucos estudos sobre caça de animais silvestres foram realizados nesse bioma até o momento. Não existem dados a respeito de pressão de caça de mamíferos e eficiência na fiscalização em unidades de conservação no contínuo de Mata Atlântica do sudeste de São Paulo. Este estudo foi realizado em três áreas na Serra de Paranapiacaba: duas áreas no Parque Estadual Carlos Botelho - PECB (Sede e Base Turvinho) e uma na Reserva Particular Parque do Zizo - RPPZ. O objetivo deste estudo foi quantificar a freqüência de caça e de ocorrência de mamíferos de médio e grande porte, e avaliar as diferenças nas freqüências dos mamíferos nas áreas com diferentes intensidades de pressão de caça e fiscalização. A freqüência das atividades de caça nas áreas foi analisada com base em observações diretas e vestígios de caçadores, além de entrevistas com moradores do entorno das áreas e dados da fiscalização do PECB. Para registrar a freqüência de uso das áreas por mamíferos terrestres de médio e grande porte foi utilizado o método de parcelas de areia. Para as espécies arborícolas utilizou-se o método de transectos lineares para obtenção da taxa de avistamento das espécies e indivíduos nas áreas. Durante sete meses de estudo foram observados 17 registros de atividades de caça em duas das áreas estudadas, sendo seis no Zizo e 11 no Turvinho. Segundo os dados da fiscalização não ocorreram evidências de caça na Sede, e também no Zizo foram registradas menos evidências que no Turvinho. Cumpre destacar que ocorreram mais visitas da fiscalização no Turvinho que no Zizo. A pressão de caça foi considerada moderada nas áreas onde a atividade foi registrada. Nas áreas de estudo foram registradas 20 espécies, sendo 15 por meio de parcelas de areia e cinco por avistamentos. Com um esforço amostral de 2700 parcelas monitoradas foram obtidos 426 registros de presença na parcela nas três áreas estudadas. Foi registrada maior freqüência de ocorrência nas parcelas e taxas de avistamento, tanto de espécies como de indivíduos na área da Sede, seguida do Turvinho e Zizo. Os onívoros foram mais freqüentes na Sede, com destaque para freqüente utilização das trilhas pelo (Cerdocyon thous) cachorro-do-mato, com 51,8% do total de registros nas parcelas. Os herbívoros e as espécies cinegéticas foram mais registrados no Turvinho e os carnívoros no Zizo. A diversidade de espécies foi semelhante nas áreas estudadas, Sede e Turvinho (n=11) e Zizo (n=10). O maior número de registros nas parcelas foi obtido na estação seca. Estes resultados, associado ao atual contexto de pressões antrópicas na região, demonstram que áreas com uma menor freqüência de ocorrência de mamíferos de médio e grande porte, apresentam menor intensidade de fiscalização e maior pressão. Conclui-se que a eficiência da fiscalização pode ser importante na conservação de médios e grandes mamíferos na região, visto que mesmo nas áreas com pressão de caça moderada a presença da fiscalização contribui para uma maior freqüência de animais.The Paranapiacaba mountain range has the greatest continuous remaining stretch of Atlantic Rainforest in Brazil. Few studies about hunting of wild animals in this ecosystem have been reported until this moment. There are no data regarding to hunting of mammals and fiscalization in preserved areas in the State of Sao Paulo southeastern continuous stretch of Atlantic Rainforest. This study has been developed in three areas in the Paranapiacaba mountain range: two areas in the Carlos Botelho State Park - PECB (Sede and Turvinho Base) and one in Zizos Park Particular Reserve - RPPZ. The objective of this study was to quantify the frequency of hunting and of occurrence from mammals of medium and big size, as well as to evaluate the differences in the frequency of the mammals between areas with different intensities of hunting pressure and fiscalization. The hunting frequency in the areas in question was analyzed based in direct observations and vestiges of hunters, as well as interviews with residents of the areas boundaries and data of the PECB fiscalization. To register the frequency of the medium and large size terrestrial mammals it was used the sand parcel method. For the arboreal species was used the method of line transect to obtain the encounter rate of the species and individuals. During a seven months study seventeen registers of hunting activities were observed in two of the studied areas: six in Zizo and eleven in Turvinho. According to fiscalization data, hunting evidences didnt occurs in the Sede area, in the Zizo also was registered a small number of evidences comparing to Turvinho. The hunting pressure was considered moderate. In the areas studied were registered 20 species were registered in the studied areas: 15 of them by sand parcels and 5 by encounters. In an amostral effort of 2700 parcels monitored, 426 registers of presence in the parcels were registered of the three areas. The frequency registered of species and the encounter rate such as of species as individuals was bigger in the area of the Sede area, followed by Turvinho and Zizo. The omnivores were more frequent in the Sede area, with prominence for the frequent use of the trails by the crab-eating fox (Cerdocyon thous) with 51, 8% of the total of the registers. The herbivores and the cinegetic species were more registered in the Turvinho, and the carnivores in the Zizo. The species diversity was similar in the areas, Sede and Turvinho (n=11) and Zizo (n=10). The biggest record number in the parcels was gotten in the dry station. These results, associate to current context of human pressures in the region, demonstrate that the areas with a lesser frequency of mammals, present minor fiscalization intensity and bigger pressure. The conclusions is that efficient fiscalization in the areas can be important in the conservation of medium and large mammals in the region, as it seems that, even in areas with moderate hunting pressure, the presence of fiscalization contributes for a bigger frequency of mammals.
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Heatherington, Tracey. "Environmental politics in a highland Sardinian community." Thesis, McGill University, 1993. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=68102.
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The movement to protect wilderness resources can conflict with local intentions for land use and development, particularly in economically marginal areas. In rural Italy, on the island of Sardinia, the plan to create a Gennargentu National Park has incited active opposition on the part of the communities affected. In the town of Baunei, responses to environmental legislation are motivated by the desire to maintain communal control over common lands. Political action, both formal and informal, is organised by local understandings about the impact of certain laws and institutions on the town economy, principally by the restriction of residents' usi civici (traditional rights of usufruct). This thesis considers the role and meaning of the usi civici in Baunei, and the implications of this for environmental politics in Sardinia.
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Faust, Robert E. "The development of the nature preserves system in Indiana : giving life to the land ethic." Virtual Press, 1993. http://liblink.bsu.edu/uhtbin/catkey/864907.
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The movement to conserve natural resources in the United States began as a response to the perceived inefficiency which governed resource allocation. The subsequent environmental movement served to expand the definition of conservation to include not only the efficient use of resources, but also the preservation of land in its natural state. In Indiana, this supposed deficiency in conservation led some environmentalists to establish the Indiana Nature Preserves System which locates remnants of the Indiana wilderness and protects them from development. The Indiana Nature Preserves System is symbolic of the Land Ethic proposed by the early ecologist Aldo Leopold, who believed that man was but one component of the "land community." To alter all natural areas, Leopold and Indiana preservationists argued, was both an assault on ecological stability and on the right of nature to exist for its own sake.Department of History
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Rolim, Fernanda Andreoli. "Effects of no-take marine reserves on fish assemblages in Brazil : an assessment using stereo-videos /." Rio Claro, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/182582.
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Orientador: Otto Bismarck Fazzano GadigAbstract: The establishment of no-take marine reserves (NTRs), i.e. areas with total fishing restrictions, has been an alternative worldwide aiming to preserve both biodiversity and ecosystem functions. Brazil has important NTRs with few studies describing their relevance and efficiency for marine life. With this, the central objective of this thesis was to evaluate the effects of NTRs on fish assemblage, testing the hypothesis that the differences in richness, abundance, biomass and fish body size is more explained by protection status than environmental characteristics. Thus, innovative techniques in Brazil, Baited Remote Underwater stereo-Videos (stereo-BRUVs) and Diver Operated stereo-Videos (stereo-DOVs) were tested in the Southwestern Atlantic, comparing with traditional visual census (stationary point count and belt transects), and used to analyze the effects of the Tupinambás Ecological Station and Abrolhos Marine National Park on fish assemblages. For this, fish assemblage characteristics, such as richness, abundance, biomass and body size, were compared to areas where fishing is allowed, and the habitat complexity was estimated through the footages. Concerning methods comparison, stereo-DOV showed to be more effective, sampling more richness and abundance within less effort, and Stereo-BRUVs showed to sample a very specific assemblage, comprised mostly by mobile and large bodied fish species, usually targeted by fisheries. Within both NTRs evaluated, target species characteri... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)
Resumo: O estabelecimento de reservas marinhas de restrição total (No-take reserves - NTRs), ou seja, áreas com proibição total de pesca, tem sido uma alternativa mundial para preservar a biodiversidade e as funções dos ecossistemas. O Brasil tem importantes NTRs com poucos estudos descrevendo sua relevância e eficiência para a vida marinha. Com isso, o objetivo central desta tese foi avaliar os efeitos de NTRs em assembleias de peixes, testando a hipótese de que as diferenças em riqueza, abundância, biomassa e tamanho corporal dos peixes são mais explicadas pelo status de proteção do que por características ambientais. Para tanto, técnicas inovadoras no Brasil, estéreo-vídeos subaquáticos com isca (Baited Remote Underwater stereo-Videos - stereo-BRUVs) e estéreo-vídeos operados por mergulhador (Diver Operated stereo-Videos - stereo-DOVs) foram testados no Atlântico Sudoeste, comparando com os censos visuais tradicionalmente aplicados (estacionário e transecto), e utilizados para analisar os efeitos da Estação Ecológica Tupinambás e do Parque Nacional Marinho dos Abrolhos nas assembleias de peixes. Para isso, as características das assembleias de peixes em termos de riqueza, biomassa, abundância e tamanho corpóreo, foram comparadas com as áreas onde a pesca é permitida, e a complexidade do habitat foi estimada através das imagens. Em relação à comparação dos métodos, o estéreo-DOV apresentou maior eficiência, amostrando mais riqueza e abundância com menor esforço, e o estéreo-BRUV am... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo)
Doutor
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Lemine, Bramley Jemain. "South Africa’s response in fulfilling her obligations to meet the legal measures of wetland conservation and wise use." Thesis, Cape Peninsula University of Technology, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11838/2844.
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Thesis (MTech (Environmental Management))--Cape Peninsula University of Technology, 2018.South Africa is a signatory to the Convention on Wetlands of International Importance especially as Waterfowl Habitat of 1971 (referred to as the Ramsar Convention), which is an international convention making provision for protection and wise use of wetlands. Article 3 of the Ramsar Convention requires signatories to formulate and implement their planning to promote wise use of wetlands within their jurisdiction. “Wise use of wetlands” is defined as “the maintenance of their ecological character, achieved through the implementation of ecosystem approaches, within the context of sustainable development” (Birnie & Boyle, 2009: 674). The concept of wise use has been interpreted to mean sustainable development (de Klemm & Shine, 1999: 47; Birnie & Boyle, 2009: 49; Kiss & Shelton, 2007: 93; Birnie & Boyle, 2009: 674; Sands, 2003: 604), as it pertains to wetlands. Having said this, the National Environmental Management Act 107 of 1998 (NEMA) sets out principles of sustainable development that every organ of state must apply in the execution of their duties. Due to the wise use-sustainable development link, two NEMA principles have been considered to form the basis of this study, i.e. sections 2(4)(l) and 2(4)(r). The first principle places an obligation upon the state to ensure that there is intergovernmental coordination and harmonisation of policies, legislation and action relating to the environment (read to include a wetland); and the second principle is to ensure that specific attention in the management and planning are had to wetlands. Ironically, factors that are identified as hindering wise use include, but are not limited to: conflicting and incomplete sectoral law, absence of monitoring procedures, the absence of legal measures for environmental management of water quantity and quality. Therefore, an analysis will be undertaken to determine the extent to which South Africa’s legislative framework regulating wetland conservation is fulfilling the requirements for the promotion of wise use, through these two principles. Focus was had to environmental and related legislation, policies and regulations that promote and/or constrain wetland conservation and wise use. This study identifies the flaws within the law; and proposes streamlining and, where apposite, amendments to the existing legislative framework regulating wetlands in order for South Africa to fulfil her obligations.
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Empfield, Jeffrey Morgan. "Wilderness rivers : environmentalism, the wilderness movement, and river preservation during the 1960s /." Thesis, This resource online, 1994. http://scholar.lib.vt.edu/theses/available/etd-03302010-020640/.
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Sinclair, Donna Lynn. "Caring for the Land, Serving People: Creating a Multicultural Forest Service in the Civil Rights Era." PDXScholar, 2015. https://pdxscholar.library.pdx.edu/open_access_etds/2463.
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This qualitative study of representative bureaucracy examines the extension and limitations of liberal democratic rights by connecting environmental and social history with policy, individual decision making, gender, race, and class in American history. It documents major cultural shifts in a homogeneous patriarchal organization, constraints, advancement, and the historical agency of women and minorities. "Creating a Multicultural Forest Service" identifies a relationship between natural and human resources and tells a story of expanding and contracting civil liberties that shifted over time from women and people of color to include the differently-abled and LGBT communities. It includes oral history as a key to uncovering individual decision points, relational networks, organizational activism, and human/nature relations to shape meaningful explanations of historical institutional change. With gender and race as primary categories, this inquiry forms a history that is critical to understanding federal bureaucratic efforts to meet workforce diversity goals in natural resource organizations.
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Tallier, Pierre Alain. "Forêts et propriétaires forestiers en Belgique, 1814-1914: histoire de l'évolution de la superficie forestière, des peuplements, des techniques sylvicoles et des débouchés offerts aux produits ligneux." Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 1996. http://hdl.handle.net/2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/212281.
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Ferguson, Mary C. "Sediment Removal from the San Gabriel Mountains." Scholarship @ Claremont, 2012. http://scholarship.claremont.edu/pitzer_theses/16.
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The issue of sediment removal from the San Gabriel Mountains has been a complex issue that has created problems with beach replenishment, habitat destruction and the need to spend millions of dollars at regular intervals to avoid safety hazards. Most recently 11 acres of riparian habitat, including 179 oaks and 70 sycamores, were removed for sediment placement. Other sites including Hahamongna Watershed Park and La Tuna Canyon also face a similar fate. This thesis questions: How did we get to this point of destroying habitat to dump sediment which is viewed as waste product? What are the barriers for creating long term solutions and progressive change? What are some other options? And how should we move forward? The issues with sediment management have stemmed from regulatory compliance issues, adversarial relationships within agencies and among NGO's and the public, and the lack of a comprehensive long-term plan to prevent further habitat loss and other sediment removal issues. A recommendation includes looking at a community forestry model to include a wide cross-section of the community, NGO's and government agencies to come up with a long term comprehensive and progressive solution.
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Almeida, Guadalupe Maria Jungers Abib de. "O papel dos municípios na regulação jurídica da expansão urbana na zona costeira: limites e possibilidades." Pontifícia Universidade Católica de São Paulo, 2013. https://tede2.pucsp.br/handle/handle/6230.
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Previous issue date: 2013-09-27The Brazilian Constitution of 1988 and the Statute of the City have improved the development and urban expansion policies establishment, but only the issue of the Federal Law No. 12.608, of April 10, 2012, introduced standards directly related to the process of urban expansion and the role of municipalities in the respective legal regulation. The current legal landscape has important consequences in the Brazilian municipalities located in the coastal zone. In the last decades these regions, especially the northern coast of São Paulo State, have subjected to land use conflicts and economic pressures that led to a chaotic urbanization. Indeed, the region still facing geographical, environmental and legal barriers when considering the processes of urban expansion planning, as it comprises areas especially protected by federal and state legislation (the Brazilian National System of Conservation Units, State Park Serra do Mar and the Atlantic Forest Law), as well as it undergoes the Coastal Ecological Economic Zoning, established by the Union and by Member State. The present work was conduced by employing an integrated approach which considers the legal standards related to coastal zone, derived from the legislative powers exerted by the different instances and their reflexes in the municipalities competences for the regulation of legal policy towards urban expansion, also linked with data and correlated aspects of the North Coast of São Paulo State. By adopting the referred method, we approached the following aspects: a) From the analysis of the possible conflicts arising from the application of regulatory rules issued by the Union and the Member State, overlapping or opposing the municipal master plan, we proposed some measures to ensure legal federal cooperation and minimize these potential incompatibilities; b) by analyzing the standards and guidelines of the Brazilian Constitution of 1988 and of the City Statute, in particular the legal rules introduced by Federal Law No. 12.608/2012, we exposed the minimum content required by municipal urban expansion policies, as well as outlined the role of the master plan and traced the outlines of the legislative competence for the municipalities
A Constituição Federal de 1988 e o Estatuto da Cidade avançaram na disciplina da política de desenvolvimento e expansão urbana, mas apenas com a edição da recente Lei Federal nº 12.608, de 10 de abril de 2012, foram introduzidas normas diretamente associadas ao processo de expansão urbana e ao papel dos Municípios na respectiva regulação jurídica. Este atual panorama jurídico tem reflexos importantes nos Municípios abrangidos pela zona costeira brasileira. Nas últimas décadas estes territórios, especialmente o Litoral Norte do Estado de São Paulo, têm sido submetidos a conflitos de uso e a pressões econômicas que geraram uma urbanização desordenada. A análise da realidade aponta que esta região encontra entraves de natureza geográfica, ambiental e jurídica para a delimitação de áreas de expansão urbana, pois nela se localizam espaços territoriais especialmente protegidos pela legislação federal e estadual (Sistema Nacional de Unidades de Conservação, Parque Estadual da Serra do Mar e Lei da Mata Atlântica) e, ainda, submete-se ao Zoneamento Ecológico Econômico Costeiro estabelecido pela União e pelo Estado-Membro. A análise empreendida propõe a abordagem integrada das normas jurídicas de ordenamento territorial incidentes na zona costeira, advindas das competências legislativas exercidas pelos três entes federativos e seus reflexos na competência dos Municípios para a regulação jurídica da política de expansão urbana, sempre relacionando os aspectos e dados da realidade do Litoral Norte paulista. Adotado o método analítico e propositivo, enfrentamos as seguintes questões: a) A partir da análise dos possíveis conflitos normativos decorrentes da aplicação das normas editadas pela União e Estado-Membro, sobrepostas ou contrapostas ao plano diretor municipal, propusemos alguns caminhos que assegurem a cooperação federativa e minimizem estes potenciais desajustes; b) E partindo da análise da Constituição Federal de 1988 e das normas e diretrizes do Estatuto da Cidade, em especial as regras legais introduzidas pela Lei Federal nº 12.608/2012, expusemos os conteúdos mínimos necessários para a disciplina da política municipal de expansão urbana, delineamos o papel do plano diretor e traçamos os contornos da Competência legislativa dos Municípios
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Chebii, John Kipkoech. "Forest management and conservation in Kenya: a study of the role of law in the conservation of forest resources." Thesis, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10500/20093.
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Matyumza, Mlamli Mncedi. "Conservation legislation in Transkei." Thesis, 1995. http://hdl.handle.net/10413/5740.
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Societies in Transkei, particularly those along the coast, are confronted to varying
degrees by the problem and prospects of having to be removed from the areas which
they have occupied for decades, sometimes from time immemorial, to make space for
government schemes intended for the conservation of the environment and its
resources, as determined by various conservation legislation (Chapters 3 and 4).
These people have to be settled in new areas which lack the natural resources which
they enjoyed in their old areas and on which they depended for their survival and their
traditional style of life. What exacerbates the situation is that these removals are not
accompanied by development programmes to compensate the people for their loss.
Furthermore, the establishment of these conservation areas does not offer any
incentives for them to appreciated and see the benefit of conservation (Chapters 5 and
6).
Furthermore, although some of the conservation legislation anticipates that there
should be consultations with, and participation by, the local people before the
conservation programmes are implemented in order for them to present their opinions,
it does not seem that the government officials charged with the control and
administration of the legislation comply with this requirement. The result is that these
conservation programmes are met with resistance from the local people, resulting in
the government failing to attain the objectives of the legislation.
This study will briefly deal with the history and development of conservation legislation
in Transkei from the Colonial era (Chapter 2), and examine the provisions of the
applicable conservation legislation during the self-government of Transkei including
its independence up to its reincorporation into South Africa during April 1994.Thesis (LL.M.)-University of Natal, Pietermaritzburg, 1995.
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Van, Niekerk Catherine Britt. "Biodiversity conservation on private land : an international perspective and lessons for South Africa." Thesis, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/10413/1905.
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Conservation agreements have been used successfully around the globe for the conservation of biodiversity on private land. In South Africa however, their use to this end has largely been overlooked. Conservation mechanisms in the country have focussed primarily on traditional methods; establishing and managing protected areas identified as having some form of conservation significance. At present only 5.8% of land in South Africa is conserved in statutory protected areas, however government has committed itself to increasing this percentage to 8%. Furthermore, many of the country's biodiversity-rich areas are situated on private land and are currently afforded little or no protection. The cost of purchasing the land is not only financially prohibitive but also socially unacceptable and consequently alternative conservations mechanisms need to be explored. This study provides a comparative analysis of the legislation governing conservation agreements in the United States, Canada, Australia and New Zealand and highlights several common key provisions which have contributed to the success of these agreements. It also provides recommendations on possible changes to the South African legislation to allow for a more effective contribution by private landowners to biodiversity objectives and targets within the country. Although the study establishes that conservation agreements can be accommodated within South Africa's legal system it acknowledges that the success of these agreements is largely dependent on complex interactions between effective policy, supporting institutional arrangements, and attractive incentives. It cautions that if these agreements are to work in South Africa, then careful consideration needs to be given not only to tailor-making the legislation to the South African environment but also to establishing incentives which facilitate "buy-in" from landowners.Thesis (LL.M.)-University of KwaZulu-Natal, Pietermaritzburg, 2008.
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Sobekwa, Aurelia Nosipo. "Analysis of the provisions of the Environmental Conservation Decree no.9 of 1992 (Transkei) for the conservation of marine resources with specific reference to patterns and problems of exploitation." Thesis, 1995. http://hdl.handle.net/10413/5768.
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McGinty, Meghan Micheline. "Native forest tree conservation in tropical agroforests: Case study of cacao farms in the Atlantic Forest of southern Bahia, Brazil." Thesis, 2011. https://doi.org/10.7916/D8862PD0.
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Agroforests are model systems for ecological conservation in tropical agricultural landscapes because they integrate biodiversity conservation and rural livelihoods. Whether agroforests are long-term solutions for conserving biodiversity in agricultural landscapes may depend sapling regeneration of native forest trees in agroforests. In this dissertation, I ask two main questions: are native forest trees regenerating in agroforests and if so, what are the ecological and social drivers? I tested the influence of potential seed sources from both the landscape and parent trees found in the agroforest. I also examined how a set of social factors affected native forest tree regeneration. The social drivers I tested include tree management and use, land tenure and state-restricted rights to harvest native timber. I found that a number of native pioneer species are regenerating at relatively high frequencies and abundances. I also found that many secondary native forest tree species are also regenerating although their sapling are found less frequently and at lower abundances. Most primary forest tree species present as adults are not regenerating and lacked sapling in the agroforests. The influence of the ecological factors was limited. The main drivers of native forest tree regeneration on farms are the understorey management and the rural extension services that assisted farms obtain state-restricted rights.
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MacKenzie, Catherine Patricia. "International law and forest policy : a legal analysis of recent approaches to a global forest treaty." Phd thesis, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/1885/151287.
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Blackmore, Andrew Craig. "An overview of the legal instruments to conserve biodiversity in South Africa with particular reference to the establishment and expansion of protected areas." Thesis, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/10413/157.
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In this investigation, a review is undertaken of the newly promulgated and existent
legislation pertaining to the conservation of biodiversity, and the establishment of
protected areas as the primary means to protect representative samples thereof. This
review develops understanding of the various types of protected areas which may be
used, in a broad sense, to conserve the country's biodiversity, with special reference
being made to the recently promulgated Protected Areas Act. In undertaking this, a
detailed discussion of biodiversity, trusteeship and the concept of systematic planning
and irreplaceability is generated. Cursory comment and discussion in a socio-political
context, in particular regarding land reform, as well as the various international
obligations and commitments the country has undertaken, is made.
Despite South Africa being the third most biologically diverse country globally, it is
concluded that the conservation of its biodiversity has had a troubled and undirected
history. The establishment of protected areas, as a result, has been ad hoc and potentially
ineffective at a national scale. The source of this observation is linked directly to the
absence of a structured and co-ordinated framework that supports the fulfilment of the
country's international commitments to conserve biodiversity. The promulgation of the
Biodiversity Act and subsequently the Protected Areas Act, has brought into playa
significant step forward in developing this co-ordinated framework. The Act clarifies and
brings effect to the State's trusteeship as well as providing a platform for the participation
of a wider range of role players, especially previously disadvantaged and land
dispossessed communities, in conservation and protection of biodiversity. This
participation includes conserving biodiversity for economic, social, and cultural reasons.
The absence of meaningful incentives for private and communal landowners to
voluntarily conserve biodiversity, and the significance ofthis, is also discussed.
Finally a consideration is given of the secondary aim of this legislation, to simplify the
statutes concerning the conservation of biodiversity and particularly those pertaining to
protected area establishment. This simplification is only partially achieved as a number of
protected areas are still not at all or partially regulated by the Protected Areas Act. This
may be a source of confusion and uncertainty.Thesis (LL.M.)-University of KwaZulu-Natal, Pietermaritzburg, 2005.