Journal articles on the topic 'Forest conservation behaviour'
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Ali, Abu, Siti Salwa Isa, Siti Suriawati Isa, and Mohd Husba Isa. "Ecotourism Promotes Conservation Activity at Tourism Destinations: Limestone Forest Langkawi." Environment-Behaviour Proceedings Journal 6, SI6 (October 18, 2021): 107–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.21834/ebpj.v6isi6.3047.
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This study aims to investigate the role of ecotourism activities and programs in promoting the conservation and protection of the limestone forest at tourism destinations in Langkawi. University students from Malaysia and Australia collaborated in this case study to gather data on the applicability of using ecotourism as a tool for conservation activities in Langkawi. Three field trips were undertaken to the Langkawi limestone forests, where researchers employed onsite observation and face to face interviews with 30 stakeholders from multiple backgrounds. The result indicated that through hands-on experience, ecotourism promotes the conservation and protection of the limestone forest. Keywords: ecotourism, conservation, limestone forest, Langkawi eISSN: 2398-4287 © 2021.. The Authors. Published for AMER ABRA cE-Bs by e-International Publishing House, Ltd., U.K. This is an open access article under the CC BYNC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/). Peer–review under responsibility of AMER (Association of Malaysian Environment-Behaviour Researchers), ABRA (Association of Behavioural Researchers on Asians) and cE-Bs (Centre for Environment-Behaviour Studies), Faculty of Architecture, Planning & Surveying, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Malaysia. DOI: https://doi.org/10.21834/ebpj.v6iSI6.3047
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DORJI, LAM, EDWARD L. WEBB, and GANESH P. SHIVAKOTI. "Forest property rights under nationalized forest management in Bhutan." Environmental Conservation 33, no. 2 (June 2006): 141–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0376892906002979.
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Forest nationalization policies in Asia have often resulted in decreased local property rights over forests and users' short-term exploitative behaviour, leading to degradation of forests. Bhutan's centralized forest management structure was initiated with the Forest Act of 1969. This paper evaluates how nationalization of forests in Bhutan changed forest property rights and associated incentives and disincentives and management outcomes for leaf-litter forests (sokshing) and non-sokshing forests. Using the International Forestry Resources and Institutions (IRFI) research protocols, 12 sites across Bhutan's broadleaf zones were surveyed. Changes in forest property rights were analysed using Ostrom and Schlager's ‘bundles of rights’ framework. The forest nationalization policy changed the array of de jure rights that local people had over both traditionally community-used forests (the majority of forests) and small blocks of sokshings that were usually owned by a household and managed to produce valuable leaf litter for their agriculture livelihoods. There was more compliance with regulations in sokshing than in non-sokshing forests. Non-compliance of local people with forest conservation occurred in areas where the chance of being caught for rule breaking was perceived to be low or the costs of compliance were high. This was almost exclusively the case in non-sokshing forest in the form of widespread but low-intensity illegal tree cutting. The continuing significance of sokshing for agricultural livelihoods serves as a strong incentive for conservation of sokshings by rural people, even though the sokshings are under ultimate state control. The successful management of forests requires minimal difference between de jure policies and de facto practices for which rules that allocate property rights and the way those rules are enforced are important elements. Conservation and management rights of non-sokshing for communities would not only promote local stewardship, but also put the limited capacity of the Department of Forest to best use. Increased deforestation around villages may result, because modern development alternatives may make leaf litter insignificant for agriculture.
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Isabirye-Basuta, G. "The Chimpanzees of Budongo Forest: Ecology, Behaviour and Conservation." African Journal of Ecology 45, no. 2 (February 12, 2007): 231–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2028.2006.00746.x.
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Herlina, Muria, Tria Astika Endah Permatasari, Sakroni Sakroni, Meiti Subardhini, Ellya Susilowati, Fahmi Ilman Fahrudin, and Adi Fahrudin. "health status and health behaviour of the conservation forest edge community." International journal of health sciences 6, no. 3 (September 5, 2022): 1258–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.53730/ijhs.v6n3.12104.
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It is not enough to solve health problems through medicine and health science disciplines alone; the role of another discipline, particularly the sociology of health, is an important contribution to solving health problems, particularly in changing people's health behaviors. This study aims to discover new information about the health status and health behavior of communities living on the outskirts of the forest. The descriptive qualitative approach is used in this study. Semi-structured interviews were used to collect data for this study, and 15 informants were chosen. According to the findings of this study, health status is moderate, healthy behavior is poorer, housing or cottage environment is still dirty, and waste and garbage are still scattered. Most diseases were caused by bad health behavior, which was aided by natural factors. Based on the findings of this study, we recommend that the edge forest community develop and improve its health literacy, including a health campaign promoting a clean and healthy lifestyle.
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Nemeth, Erwin, and Leon Bennun. "Distribution, habitat selection and behaviour of the East Coast Akalat Sheppardia gunningi sokokensis in Kenya and Tanzania." Bird Conservation International 10, no. 2 (June 2000): 115–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0959270900000113.
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This study investigated the distribution and habitat selection of the globally threatened East Coast Akalat Sheppardia gunningi sokokensis in Arabuko-Sokoke Forest, the Shimba Hills (both Kenya) and the lowland East Usambara Mountains (Tanzania). The species is more abundant than originally thought. In Arabuko-Sokoke Forest, akalats occur in two of the main vegetation types, and an estimated 7,500–9,000 territories represent one of the largest populations of this species in the world. Akalats occurred at similar densities to those in Arabuko-Sokoke (c. 0.5 pairs/ha) in parts of Shimba Hills and East Usambaras, but were more patchily distributed. This akalat prefers areas where the undergrowth is partially open with large amounts of dead wood. It forages on or near the ground. In Arabuko-Sokoke Forest, areas where akalats were present had a higher abundance of ground-dwelling arthropods than areas where they were not. The akalat inhabits both primary forest and regenerated areas that have been selectively logged probably more than 20 years ago. Despite its relatively high densities where it occurs, this species (like other threatened birds in the East African coastal forests) is very patchily distributed and dependent on a habitat that is now highly fragmented and under considerable human pressure. The conservation situation in Arabuko-Sokoke gives cause for concern, and the destructive effects of a large elephant population threaten the forests of the Shimba Hills. The conservation status of the lowland Usambara Mountains is probably better and more stable.
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Singha, A., R. Talukdar, and J. Singha. "Maintenance behaviour of forest resources by the people of forest villages in Assam." Indian Journal of Forestry 29, no. 1 (March 1, 2006): 47–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.54207/bsmps1000-2006-1oe4cq.
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The study was conducted in Golaghat Forest Division of Assam with 203 respondents selected from all the 14 forest villages under the division by using proportionate random sampling. The study reveals that majority (81.77%) respondents had low level of participation in selected maintenance practices of forest resources. People in forest villages had commonly involved in maintenance practices like soil working, weeding and cleaning. The study further shows that the variables – education, family size, localiteness-cosmopoliteness, economic motivation, decision making ability, interest in forestry, information seeking behaviour, forestry knowledge and attitude towards forest resource conservation had shown positively significant relationship with the extent of participation in maintenance practices of forest resources.
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Villamor, Grace B., Andrew Dunningham, Philip Stahlmann-Brown, and Peter W. Clinton. "Improving the Representation of Climate Change Adaptation Behaviour in New Zealand’s Forest Growing Sector." Land 11, no. 3 (March 2, 2022): 364. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/land11030364.
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To provide the forest industry with a better understanding of alternatives to simulate future adaptation pathways under evolving climatic and socio-economic uncertainty, we review the literature on how adaptation decisions are modelled in the context of plantation forests. This review leads to the conclusion that the representation of adaptation behaviour and decision-making remain very limited in most of the agent-based models in the forestry sector. Moreover, theoretical frameworks used to understand the adaptation behaviour of forest owners are also lacking. In this paper, we propose the application of protection motivation theory (PMT) as a framework to understand the motivation of forest owners to reduce the negative impacts of climate change on their forest plantations. Furthermore, the use of PMT allows factors affecting the maladaptive behaviour of forest owners to be examined. A survey of New Zealand foresters showed that less than 10% of smallholder forest owners adopted adaptation strategies. This result highlights the importance of addressing the research question “what motivates forest owners to take risk reduction measures?” Exploring this question is crucial to the future success of the New Zealand forestry sector and we suggest that it can be addressed by using PMT. This paper proposes a conceptual framework for an agent-based model as an alternative to simulating adaptation pathways for forest plantations in New Zealand.
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Loken, Brent, Chandradewana Boer, and Nunuk Kasyanto. "Opportunistic behaviour or desperate measure? Logging impacts may only partially explain terrestriality in the Bornean orang-utan Pongo pygmaeus morio." Oryx 49, no. 3 (January 22, 2015): 461–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0030605314000969.
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AbstractThere is a lack of information on how the Endangered Bornean orang-utan Pongo pygmaeus morio moves through its environment. Here we report on a camera-trapping study carried out over 2.5 years to investigate the orang-utan's terrestrial behaviour in Wehea Forest, East Kalimantan, Indonesia. We set 41 camera trap stations in an area of secondary forest, 36 in recently logged forest immediately adjacent to Wehea Forest, and 20 in an area of primary forest in the heart of Wehea Forest. A combined sampling effort of 28,485 trap nights yielded 296 independent captures of orang-utans. Of the three study sites, orang-utans were most terrestrial in recently logged forest, which may be only partially explained by breaks in the canopy as a result of logging activity. However, orang-utans were also terrestrial in primary forest, where there was a closed canopy and ample opportunity for moving through the trees. Our results indicate that orang-utans may be more terrestrial than previously thought and demonstrate opportunistic behaviour when moving through their environment, including using newly constructed logging roads for locomotion, possibly indicating some degree of resilience to human disturbance. This finding is important because of the potential role of sustainably logged forests for orang-utan conservation.
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Hashimoto, Chie. "Vernon Reynolds. The Chimpanzees of the Budongo Forest: Ecology, Behaviour and Conservation." Primates 48, no. 3 (December 21, 2006): 249–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10329-006-0028-8.
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LAWRENCE, ANNA, KRISHNA PAUDEL, RICHARD BARNES, and YAM MALLA. "Adaptive value of participatory biodiversity monitoring in community forestry." Environmental Conservation 33, no. 4 (December 2006): 325–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0376892906003432.
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In the context of action research in community forests, stakeholders' values for biodiversity can be elicited, communicated and understood with the help of a multidimensional conceptual framework. This incorporates levels of diversity (genes, species, habitats and processes), types of values (direct use, indirect use, option and existence) and stakeholders. This paper explores the effect of using this framework on forest monitoring, learning and communication, and wider implications for conservation, in Baglung District (Nepal). Monitoring was initially an unfamiliar concept to villagers, but the process clarified its purpose, whilst helping to elicit and exchange values and knowledge amongst stakeholders. This precipitated proposals for silvicultural experimentation and social inquiry into the diversity of users' needs. The framework allowed the translation of local value statements into categories recognized by other actors. It aided external stakeholders in understanding the factors contributing to values held by community forest users. Villagers' appreciation of ‘quality’ forest did not necessarily equate to the most ‘biodiverse’ forest, but rather the greenest and densest and that stocked with useful species. Elite domination, tenure and access to markets affected values assigned and behaviour in forest management. Elicitation of these values provoked questioning of forest management decisions and benefit sharing among community forest users. This, in turn, stimulated more democratic forest management and more inclusive, wide-ranging biodiversity values. Participatory monitoring is more conceptually challenging than is usually recognized, and the links between equity and conservation merit further attention in different cultural contexts.
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Callan, Hilary. "The chimpanzees of the Budongo Forest: ecology, behaviour, and conservation - By Vernon Reynolds." Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute 14, no. 4 (December 2008): 909–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9655.2008.00537_20.x.
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Meijer, Seline S., Gudeta W. Sileshi, Delia Catacutan, and Maarten Nieuwenhuis. "Farmers and forest conservation in Malawi: the disconnect between attitudes, intentions and behaviour." Forests, Trees and Livelihoods 25, no. 1 (October 22, 2015): 59–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14728028.2015.1087887.
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BO, DAI, SIMON D. DOWELL, PETER J. GARSON, and HE FEN-QI. "Habitat utilisation by the threatened Sichuan Partridge Arborophila rufipectus: consequences for managing newly protected areas in southern China." Bird Conservation International 19, no. 2 (June 2009): 187–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0959270909007618.
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SummaryA number of former forest farms in southern Sichuan province, south-west China have been designated as protected areas following the 1998 logging ban in the upper Yangtze basin. These are within the range of the endemic Sichuan Partridge Arborophila rufipectus which has a fragmented distribution in the remnant broadleaf forests of this region, and is currently listed as ‘Endangered’ by IUCN. The design of a robust conservation plan for this species has been hampered by a lack of knowledge about its habitat preferences in a heavily modified environment. To remedy this, ranging behaviour and habitat utilization by this species was studied through a combination of a call count method and radio tracking of individual birds. The results indicate that A. rufipectus significantly prefers primary and older planted secondary broadleaf forest compared to forest degraded by human activity or scrub. Individual birds were found on the upper parts of slopes and made particular use of areas with a dense canopy and open understorey, whilst avoiding the lower slopes and areas close to trails where human disturbance is likely to be greater. The ongoing conservation programme for this partridge species is based on these findings and includes further protected area designations and management plans, the establishment of new forest corridors, and better control of hunting and other forms of forest exploitation.
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Vellend, Mark. "The Behavioral Economics of Biodiversity Conservation Scientists." Philosophical Topics 47, no. 1 (2019): 219–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.5840/philtopics201947112.
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Values have a profound influence on the behaviour of all people, scientists included. Biodiversity is studied by ecologists, like myself, most of whom align with the “mission-driven” field of conservation biology. The mission involves the protection of biodiversity, and a set of contextual values including the beliefs that biological diversity and ecological complexity are good and have intrinsic value. This raises concerns that the scientific process might be influenced by biases toward outcomes that are aligned with these values. Retrospectively, I have identified such biases in my own work, resulting from an implicit assumption that organisms that are not dependent on natural habitats (e.g., forests) effectively do not count in biodiversity surveys. Finding that anthropogenic forest disturbance reduces the diversity of plant species dependent on shady forests can thus be falsely equated with more general biodiversity loss. Disturbance might actually increase overall plant diversity (i.e., including all of the species found growing in a particular place). In this paper I ask whether ecologists share values that are unrepresentative of broader society, I discuss examples of potential value-driven biases in biodiversity science, and I present some hypotheses from behavioral economics on possible psychological underpinnings of shared values and preferences among ecologists.
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Habel, Jan Christian, Camilo Zamora, Dennis Rödder, Mike Teucher, Ivon Cuadros-Casanova, and Christina Fischer. "Using indicator species to detect high quality habitats in an East African forest biodiversity hotspot." Biodiversity and Conservation 30, no. 3 (February 13, 2021): 903–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10531-021-02124-8.
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AbstractSpecies demanding specific habitat requirements suffer, particularly under environmental changes. The smallest owl of Africa, the Sokoke Scops Owl (Otus ireneae), occurs exclusively in East African coastal forests. To understand the movement behaviour and habitat demands of O. ireneae, we combined data from radio-tracking and remote sensing to calculate Species Distribution Models across the Arabuko Sokoke forest in southern Kenya. Based on these data, we estimated the local population size and projected the distribution of current suitable habitats. We found that the species occurs only in Cynometra woodland with large old trees and dense vegetation. Based on home range sizes and the distribution of suitable forest habitats, the local population size was estimated at < 400 pairs. Ongoing selective logging of hard-wood trees and the production of charcoal are reducing habitat quality of which will reduce the low numbers of O. ireneae, and of other specialist forest species, even further. Due to their close connection with intact Cynometra forest, O. ireneae is an excellent indicator of intact forest remnants. In addition, this species is a suitable flagship for the promotion and conservation of the last remaining coastal forests of East Africa.
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Fitriyah, A., E. Wahyuningsih, M. Syaputra, AT Lestari, and Isyaturriyadhah. "Survey of Long-tailed macaque’s Behaviour in Mount Rinjani National Park, Lombok Timur." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 891, no. 1 (November 1, 2021): 012028. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/891/1/012028.
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Abstract The research was conducted in Mount Rinjani National Park, Lombok Timur, to observe the daily activities of Long-tailed macaque in utilizing their habitat and vocalization analysis as a hallmark of species. The Long-tailed macaque’ activities were analyzed using the scan sampling method. Ten (10) individuals of Long-tailed macaque were observed. The results showed that the observed activities of Long-tailed macaque were feeding, sleeping, inactive, grooming, mating, moving, excretion, playing, making sound, and agonistic (fighting). The average percentage of Long-tailed macaque observed was feeding (10.1%), sleeping (9%), inactive (9.4%), grooming (14.9%), mating (8.5%), moving (11.1%), excretion (7.9%), playing (9.7%), making sound (9.5%), and agonistic (9.9%). The daily activities can be as a reference in detecting the ‘species’ of the Long-tailed macaque. To support the population of this species, especially for long-term survival, the manager of the Rinjani Nasional Park should preserve the forest with conservation of natural forests and wildlife or biodiversity conservation and ecotourism, also prevent littering and illegal activities.
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HILL, CATHERINE M. "Conflicting attitudes towards elephants around the Budongo Forest Reserve, Uganda." Environmental Conservation 25, no. 3 (September 1998): 244–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0376892998000307.
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Attitudes of local people to wildlife, and particularly to large animals, are an increasingly important element of conservation work, but attitudes may vary within a community according to gender, and prior experience of wildlife. Data were collected by questionnaire and informal interviews with 59 men and 57 women living on the southern edge of the Budongo Forest Reserve, Uganda, to assess the influence of these factors in attitudes towards elephants, in an area from which they are now absent, and to conservation in general. It was hypothesized that prior experience of elephants might influence people's perceptions of them, and that this in turn might influence their attitudes towards the issue of elephant conservation. The results of this study did not generally support this. There was no evidence that people with prior experience of elephants were any more likely to support their conservation than were people who did not have prior experience of them. Within this community men and women expressed very different views as to the behaviour of elephants. Women were more likely than men to report that elephants were dangerous, irrespective of whether they had seen an elephant or not. Locally, conservation was considered to be particularly important and beneficial as a strategy because it 'should help ensure protection of people and their crops from marauding elephants and other animals'. Attitudes to, and expectations of, conservation as a strategy also varied between members of this community with respect to gender, but age and ethnic group were not good predictors of whether people were likely to be supportive of conservation issues or not.
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Collar, N. J. "Natural history and conservation biology of the tooth-billed pigeon (Didunculus strigirostris): a review." Pacific Conservation Biology 21, no. 3 (2015): 186. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/pc14923.
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Fears that the evolutionarily distinctive tooth-billed pigeon (Didunculus strigirostris), endemic to Samoa, is close to extinction have prompted initiatives based on incomplete information. The species was widely distributed in forests on Upolu and Savaii from sea level to indeterminate elevations linked to its main food trees, Dysoxylum maota and D. samoense. Its bill is adapted to feed on Dysoxylum fruits although first-year birds apparently cannot do so. It occupies the middle strata of forest but sometimes forages discreetly on the ground. Breeding activity spans March to November, mostly April to September. One nest was in a Ficus at 25 m; other reports suggest similar locations. Birds sing sporadically throughout this period, but their reclusive behaviour, general silence and immobility render detection, and hence population density assessment, difficult. Many, but not all, nineteenth-century writers thought the species was becoming extinct, their reports conceivably reflecting real fluctuations in numbers. From the 1980s, however, evidence mounted that hunting and habitat destruction were seriously impacting the estimated 3200 birds on Upolu and 4800 on Savaii. Two cyclones in 1990 and 1991 destroyed much habitat; by 2000 only some 2500 birds were estimated to survive, and by 2006, when a recovery plan was issued, only 500; the most recent searches suggest fewer than 50 on each main island. Apart from hunting and habitat loss, predation by introduced rats and perhaps cats may be a serious limiting factor in the present century. Preservation and restoration of forests, elimination of hunting and control of predators are all needed, backed by a program of targeted research to establish the distribution of key Dysoxylum food plants and hence elevation limits, to identify any remaining forest areas with high density of Dysoxylum, and to study in detail the ecology and behaviour of birds in any and all surviving populations.
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Ibrahim, Fausat Motunrayo, Benson Osikabor, Bolanle Tawakalitu Olatunji, and Grace Oluwatobi Ogunwale. "Understanding forest land conversion for agriculture in a developing country context: An application of the theory of planned behaviour among a cohort of Nigerian farmers." Folia Forestalia Polonica 64, no. 3 (September 1, 2022): 117–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/ffp-2022-0012.
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Abstract Natural and forest-rich ecosystems are determinants of environmental sustainability, which are threatened by forest land conversion for agricultural purposes, especially in less-developed contexts. Moreover, human behaviour is central to achieving the much desired ecologically balanced environment. Hence, a partly novel model informed by the theory of planned behaviour was used in the examination of forest land conversion for agricultural purposes. The study design was a cross-sectional survey targeted at a group of farmers of southwestern Nigeria. Data were collected using a structured questionnaire among 320 randomly selected crop farmers. Independent samples t test and one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) were used to test the significance of difference in respondents' forest conversion behaviour across subgroups of gender and age/education, respectively. Stepwise multiple linear regression was used to identify the determinants of forest conversion behaviour. Results showed that 87.8% of respondents had ever engaged in forest conversion. Gender and education had no significant effect on forest conversion behaviour (p > 0.05), but age did (p < 0.05). Attitude was the best determinant (β = 0.289, r = 0.510, R 2 = 0.260, p < 0.001), subjective norm was better (β = 0.257, r = 0.496, R 2 = 0.055, p < 0.001), while perceived behavioural control was good (β = 0.131, r = 0.398, p < 0.001, R 2 = 0.012, p < 0.005). The three variables correlated with intention by a degree of 57.2% (multiple R = 0.572), while they explained 32.7% of the variance in intention (R 2 =0.327). Intention was also found to be a significant determinant of behaviour (β = 0.222, r = 0.222, R 2 = 0.049, p < 0.001). Middle age predisposes to, whereas younger and older age protects against greater extent of forest conversion. The partly novel model derived from the theory of planned behaviour proves the likely viability of the pursuit of socio-psychologically predicated interventions to enthrone forest conservation.
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Evans, M. I., J. W. Duckworth, A. F. A. Hawkins, R. J. Safford, B. C. Sheldon, and R. J. Wilkinson. "Key bird species of Marojejy Strict Nature Reserve, Madagascar." Bird Conservation International 2, no. 3 (September 1992): 201–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0959270900002446.
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SummaryFrom mid-August to late October 1988, Marojejy Strict Nature Reserve, in the northern part of Madagascar's rainforest, was surveyed for birds. The reserve extends from 75 to 2,133 m altitude and the 60,150 ha comprise an almost intact series of altitudinal forest zones. Observations were made in all forest zones and at all altitudes of the reserve and the total of 104 species found included almost all Madagascan rainforest birds, making Marojejy one of the most important sites for bird conservation in Madagascar. The status of the eight threatened, 10 near-threatened and two restricted-range species observed is detailed here, together with notes on their ecology and behaviour. Finds of major conservation interest included the first documented sighting of Madagascar Serpent-eagle Eutriorchis astur since 1930, a healthy population of Henst's Goshawk Accipiter henstü, all four rainforest ground-rollers Brachypteracüdae and a new population of Yellow-bellied Sunbird-asity Neodrepanis hypoxantha. Furthermore, the patchy distribution of Helmetbird Euryceros prevostü urges reconsideration of its current assessment as not at risk. Four threatened species (Rufous-headed Ground-roller Atelornis crossleyi, Yellow-bellied Sun-bird-asity, Grey-crowned Greenbul Phyllastrephus cinereiceps and Madagascar Yellowbrow Crossleyia xanthophrys) were found only in the upper montane forests; this apparent altitudinal preference for three of these species had not been suggested before this survey. The major threat to the birds of Marojejy is the ceaseless piecemeal clearance of the reserve's forest, which is proceeding inwards from the boundary.De la mi-aout a la fin octobre 1988, une etude sur les oiseaux a été menee dans la Reserve Naturelle Integrate de Marojejy, situee dans le nord de la foret equatoriale de Madagascar. La reserve s'etend sur une altitude allant de 75 a 2,133 metres et sa superficie de 60,150 ha abrite une serie de forets d'altitude restees pratiquement intactes. Des observations ont 6te faites dans toutes les zones foresrieres et a toutes les altitudes de cette reserve et les 104 especes d'oiseaux trouvees incluaient presque toutes les especes d'oiseaux de la foret tropicale de Madagascar, la reserve de Marojejy representant ainsi l'un des sites de conservation des oiseaux les plus importants de Madagascar. La situation des huit especes menacees, dix especes presque menacees et deux especes a distribution geographique limitee, observees au cours de l'etude, est decrite ici en detail, avec des notes sur leur ecologie et leur comportement.Parmi les decouvertes particulierement interessantes pour la conservation, nous pouvons citer la premiere observation documented de l'aigle-autour Eutriorchis astur depuis 1930, une population bien developpee de Accipiter henstü, l'ensemble des quatre types forestieres de Brachypteracüdae et une nouvelle population de Neodrepanis hypoxan-tha. De plus, la repartition geographique inegale de YEuryceros prevostü exige une reconsideration urgente de son evaluation actuelle en tant qu'espece sans risque. Quatre especes menacees (Atelornis crossleyi, Neodrepanis hypoxantha, Phyllastrephus cinereiceps et Crossleyia xanthophrys) n'ont été trouvees que dans les forets de haute altitude: l'apparente preference de ces trois especes pour les hautes altitudes n'avait pas été suggeree avant cette etude. La principale menace pour les oiseaux de Marojejy est le defrichage incessant de la foret de la reserve, cette destruction s'etendant progressive-ment de l'exterieur vers l'interieur de la foret.
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Karunarathna, Suranjan, Sujan Henkanaththegedara, Dinesh Gabadage, Madhava Botejue, Majintha Madawala, and Thilina D. Surasinghe. "Ecology and demography of the Critically Endangered Kandian torrent toadAdenomus kandianus: a long-lost endemic species of Sri Lanka." Oryx 51, no. 4 (October 28, 2016): 619–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0030605316000594.
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AbstractThe tropical island nation of Sri Lanka is a biodiversity hotspot with a high diversity and endemism of amphibians. The endemic, stream-dwelling Kandian torrent toadAdenomus kandianusis Critically Endangered and was considered to be extinct until its rediscovery in 2012. The species is now known from two localities in tropical montane forests. We conducted a 4-year study using transect surveys and opportunistic excursions to assess habitat associations, demographics and abundance ofA. kandianusin and around Pidurutalagala Conservation Forest. We recorded a mean of 44.25 post-metamorphs per year, with a density of < 1 individual per 100 m2, with occurrence within a narrow extent (c. 0.005 km2) of the stream channel. Behaviour and microhabitat selection varied depending on sex and stage of maturity. The species preferred moderately sized montane streams with rocky substrates and woody debris, colder temperatures, and closed-canopy, intact riparian forests. We noted size-based reversed sexual dimorphism and a strong ontogenetic relationship between snout–vent length and body weight. Anthropogenic activities such as intensive crop farming deterred the species; proximity to croplands had a negative influence on abundance. We recommend re-delineation of the boundary of Pidurutalagala Conservation Forest to incorporate the toad's habitat into the core of the reserve and thus limit the impacts of human activities. Conservation and management actions such as ex-situ breeding, population monitoring, and restoration of degraded habitats could also contribute towards the persistence of this toad. Our findings provide useful insights into ecological research on and conservation of range-restricted aquatic amphibians.
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Young, David, Phil Bell, and Nick Mooney. "Roosting behaviour of radio-tracked Tasmanian Masked Owls Tyto novaehollandiae castanops." Australian Field Ornithology 38 (2021): 13–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.20938/afo38013018.
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Roost-sites and roosting behaviour are described for a juvenile female, an adult female and an adult male Tasmanian Masked Owl Tyto novaehollandiae castanops in a forest–farmland landscape. The two female Owls were radiotracked, and frequently used roost-sites in the core area of use. Roost-sites were typically associated with small watercourses, on the edges of large contiguous forest patches within a complex mosaic of forest and pasture. The juvenile Owl used many different vegetation roost-sites after dispersing from her presumed natal territory. In contrast, the adult female used few roosts, including two vegetation roosts and one tree-hollow, and only one roost (a tree-hollow) was located for the adult male. The primary tree-hollow roost-sites of the male and female Owls were <400 m apart and were both <1200 m from a suspected nest-tree. This strongly suggests that the spatial proximity of nest- and roost-sites may be critical to facilitate territorial, foraging and reproductive behaviours of breeding pairs. Increased knowledge of spatial ecology and utilisation of tree-hollows by adult Tasmanian Masked Owls is crucial for their conservation.
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Naveen, Vimal. "Observation and Classification of Fauna for Forest Survey." International Journal for Research in Applied Science and Engineering Technology 10, no. 7 (July 31, 2022): 3760–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.22214/ijraset.2022.45853.
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Abstract: Human-animal conflict has become a serious issue in agriculture and forestry, threatening human lives and squandering resources. As human risks to the natural environment increase, so does the necessity to track the evolution of diverse invertebrates. Conservation initiatives should be well-directed, yet the labour required to obtain information is frequently time-constrained. Estimates of the number of mammals give vital insights into conservation measures, but only a few systematic human studies and yearly census efforts have contributed in any way to this endeavour. Even despite these efforts, established techniques of measuring numbers vary greatly and are frequently overlooked in efforts to authenticate the data produced. To address this issue, wildlife monitoring can provide researchers with as much information as wildlife species, quantity, habits, quality of life, and habitat conditions, assisting researchers in understanding the nature and potential of wildlife resources, and providing the foundation for effective protection, sustainable use, and scientific management of wildlife resources. We demonstrate how this tool works in a number of contexts, including animal behaviour, population monitoring, and animal interaction.
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Möhring, Bernhard. "Optimierung forstlicher Produktion unter Beachtung von finanziellen Restriktionen | Optimisation of forest production under financial restrictions." Schweizerische Zeitschrift fur Forstwesen 161, no. 9 (September 1, 2010): 346–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.3188/szf.2010.0346.
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The question of efficiency of resources bound in the silvicultural (biological) production of forest enterprises strikes a central topic of forest management. Using simple spreadsheet calculation models, this paper tries to explicate the relations between silvicultural treatments and economic evaluation criteria under financial restrictions. By means of actual examples, concerning thinning intensity and final harvest age under the restriction of maintenance of capital, practical silvicultural behaviour can be seen as compatible with the optimal economic solutions, determined by the model calculations. This leads to the conclusion that commonly practiced concepts of thinning intensity and productivity dependent harvest age can be interpreted as rational economic behaviour. With reference to such an economic optimum the consequences of changes in forest management, as they are often claimed for instance by directives of nature conservation, water protection etc., can be evaluated based on opportunity costs.
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IMONG, INAOYOM, HJALMAR S. KÜHL, MARTHA M. ROBBINS, and ROGER MUNDRY. "Evaluating the potential effectiveness of alternative management scenarios in ape habitat." Environmental Conservation 43, no. 2 (January 28, 2016): 161–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0376892915000417.
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SUMMARYChoosing appropriate management strategies and effective conservation actions requires information about the future consequences of current conservation actions; however, this crucial information is rarely available to conservation planners. This study applies scenario planning and agent-based modelling (ABM) to assess the potential impact of alternative management strategies on future suitability and functional connectivity of Cross River gorilla (CRG) habitat in the Nigeria–Cameroon border region. The CRG population is small and fragmented, with many subpopulations and migration corridors located outside protected areas. This study used ABM to simulate human land use in the study area over a period of 15 years under different management scenarios and assessed the impact on future suitability and functional connectivity of CRG habitat. The simulations showed that a landscape approach with greater focus on interventions to change human behaviour towards conserving gorillas and sustainable forest use would result in greater improvement in habitat suitability and functional connectivity compared to focusing on improving law enforcement within existing protected areas. However, the best scenarios were when both law enforcement and behaviour change increased. The results highlight the importance of human behaviour change to conservation in human-dominated landscapes and can inform conservation planning and management of other species and in similar landscapes.
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Gardner, Penny C., Stephanie Ridge, Jocelyn Goon Ee Wern, and Benoit Goossens. "The influence of logging upon the foraging behaviour and diet of the endangered Bornean banteng." Mammalia 83, no. 6 (November 26, 2019): 519–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/mammalia-2018-0075.
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Abstract Logging causes soil compaction and alters the vegetation structure and plant diversity, and ungulates must adapt to modified conditions if they are to survive. We investigated the impact of logging upon the foraging ecology of the Bornean banteng using camera traps and botanical surveys. General linear models were used to explore the effects of site characteristics and plant diversity upon foraging duration, and plant specimens were identified to confirm dietary preferences. Foraging events were recorded over 40,168 nights in five forests. Foraging duration significantly decreased in open areas depauperate in species richness (F=7.82, p=<0.01); however, it increased with elevation (F=3.46, p=0.05). Their diet comprised eight invasive species (Mikania cordata and Chromolaena odorata, Cyperus difformis, Fimbristylis littoralis and Scleria sp., Desmodium triflorum, Eleusine indica and Selaginella sp.), which are characteristic of disturbed forest and fast to establish. Logging creates ideal conditions for these plants, which are preferentially selected by bantengs. Whilst logging may increase forage, the disturbances logging causes to the bantengs and the ensuing poaching may counteract any positive benefits. Developing forest management strategies that incorporate conservation of the bantengs may in turn encourage more favourable conditions for emergent timber species and also conserve this endangered wild cattle species.
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Petrokas, Raimundas, and Darius Kavaliauskas. "Concept for Genetic Monitoring of Hemiboreal Tree Dynamics in Lithuania." Land 11, no. 8 (August 5, 2022): 1249. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/land11081249.
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In this review, we focus on the importance of the dynamics of hemiboreal trees in the existing forest landscape and habitats for the genetic monitoring of community phenology, in order to obtain characteristic plant cycles as well as their responses to seasonal and climatic changes. The goal of our review is to: (i) determine the regenerative behaviour of hemiboreal tree species, (ii) propose a concept for the genetic monitoring of tree dynamics in the main forest habitat types of Lithuania’s forest landscape based on field observations, e.g., community phenology, and (iii) discuss ways of forest self-regulation, natural regeneration, and reproduction. We have chosen Lithuania as a case study for this review because it is a Northern European country that falls completely within the hemiboreal forest zone, which is often overlooked in terms of climate change effects. Our review highlights the importance of understanding the genetic responses of individual tree species and how they interact in the forest community after disturbance, as well as the need to sustainably monitor them at habitat and landscape scales. To enhance the adaptive potential and associated ecosystem services of forests, we propose the development of landscape-genetic monitoring of the differential dynamic properties of ecosystems.
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de Smalen, Eveline, Jonathan Carruthers-Jones, George Holmes, Graham Huggan, Katie Ritson, and Pavla Šimková. "Corridor Talk: Conservation Humanities and the Future of Europe’s National Parks." Journal of European Landscapes 3 (July 22, 2022): 27–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.5117/jel.2022.3.82146.
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Corridor Talk: Conservation Humanities and the Future of Europe’s National Parks is a DFG-AHRC funded project at the Rachel Carson Center for Environment and Society at LMU Munich (Germany), and the University of Leeds (UK). The project focuses on three European transboundary national park areas: the Pyrenees, the Bavarian Forest and Šumava, and the Wadden Sea Biosphere Reserve. It uses comparative literature, visual ethnography and environmental history methodologies to connect insights into human culture, values, history, and behaviour that are central to humanities and social sciences research to nature conservation science and practice. It aims to foster a conservation that is more culturally aware, more aware of human behaviour and values, and more aware of the ethical complexities of its work by applying the “corridor talk” metaphor in three ways: to address and support the material ecological corridors that link protected sites; to address and support the symbolic corridors that connect governance and cultural perspectives on protected sites; and to bring humanities research into discussions on nature conservation.
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Safriel, UN. "The Carmel Fire and Its Conservation Repercussions." International Journal of Wildland Fire 7, no. 4 (1997): 277. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wf9970277.
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The forest fire in Mt. Carmel National Park in Israel in 1989 resembled the 1988 fire in Yellowstone Park in that public concern motivated the authorities to appoint professional committees to assess rehabilitation options and fire policies. The committees re-evaluated the goals and practices of nature conservation and management in protected areas, in a much broader context than just fire prevention. The recognition of the dynamic nature of ecosystems, the low predictability of their behaviour, and the role of fire as a disturbance agent that promotes biodiversity, contributed to recommendations of minimal intervention, allowing self-regeneration. The Israeli committee commissioned an interdisciplinary-research program designed to direct post-fire and fire-reduction management, and provide insights for planning for the region as a biosphere reserve. The results of this three-year program are reported in this issue.
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VAN BALEN, S. (BAS), and VINCENT NIJMAN. "Biology and conservation of Pink-headed Fruit-dove Ptilinopus porphyreus." Bird Conservation International 14, no. 2 (June 2004): 139–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0959270904000152.
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Pink-headed Fruit-dove Ptilinopus porphyreus is a little-known, restricted-range species, endemic to the mountains of the Indonesian islands of Sumatra, Java and Bali. In the period 1981–2002 we conducted surveys throughout its range and compiled data on its presence and absence on 32 isolated mountain complexes. The fruit-dove appeared to be restricted to < 12,000 km2 of forest, scattered over 20 major mountain complexes on the three islands, i.e. three on Sumatra, 16 on Java and one on Bali. It occurred exclusively on mountains of > 2,000 m in altitude, where, depending on the size of the mountain, it reached its lower altitudinal limit between 500 and 1,000 m. The species was found mostly in singles or as pairs but occasionally in flocks of up to 17 individuals. It occurred almost exclusively in forest, feeding on figs and small berries in the upper-canopy. We documented three cases of breeding in the wild. From captive birds it is known that a single egg is laid which is incubated for 20 days, with fledging occurring after another 15–16 days. Based on a study of 104 skins, the breeding season peak in West Java is at the beginning of the dry season. Although Pink-headed Fruit-dove is found in scattered, ever-shrinking forest blocks of mostly < 200 km2, the scarcity of recent field records is more than likely due to its inconspicuous behaviour, and a threatened status is unwarranted as yet.
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Lestari, Dewi Ayu, and Agung Sri Darmayanti. "Plants Flowering and Fruiting Behaviour in Alas Purwo National Park, Banyuwangi, East Java." Journal of Tropical Biodiversity and Biotechnology 5, no. 2 (August 15, 2020): 132. http://dx.doi.org/10.22146/jtbb.54011.
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Alas Purwo National Park (APNP) is a conservation area with lowland forest type. The adaptation of plants conserved is strongly influenced by environmental factors and the behaviour of flowering and fruiting. The aims of this research were to find the number, species, dominance, and abundance of flowering and fruiting plants, comparison of flowering and fruiting species, and environmental factors affecting the flowering and fruiting time in APNP observation tracks. This study used purposive random sampling in each observation track where flowering and fruiting plants were found. Environmental factors (temperature, humidity, light intensity, soil pH, elevation, and coordinates) in each observation track were measured. Data analysis was conducted using Microsoft Excel and PAST 4.0. statistic program. The behaviour of flowering and fruiting plants species in APNP was unique. There were 90 species of flowering and fruiting plants in APNP from 45 families. Most species often found flowering and fruiting were Orophea enneandra, Polyalthia littoralis and Leea angulata which were scattered in Moto Lele, Patirtan Mas, and Sadengan Savanna. Fruiting plants species were more often found than flowering ones. Temperature and light intensity became the two most affecting environmental factors on flowering and fruiting plants behaviour. The study of flowering and fruiting behaviour is very important for genetic resources conservation and conservation areas management.
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Vilella, Francisco J. "Reproductive ecology and behaviour of the Puerto Rican NightjarCaprimulgus noctitherus." Bird Conservation International 5, no. 2-3 (September 1995): 349–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s095927090000109x.
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SummaryThe reproductive ecology and behaviour of the endangered Puerto Rican NightjarCaprimulgus noctitheruswas studied at the Guanica Forest, located in south-western Puerto Rico. From 1985 to 1987 a total of 23 nightjar nests were located. Nests were initiated between 24 February and 2 July. Nightjar males were mostly responsible for parental duties. An elaborate nest-relief ceremony was discovered for this species. Courtship and laying activities were most common during the new moon and last quarter phases. Hatching dates were centred 3-5 days around the first quarter and during full moon. A total of 87% of the nests were successful in producing at least one fledgling. Locomotory activity of radio-tagged nightjar males was higher during periods of twilight, and averaged 61.5 m/movement. Area of primary utilization (i.e. home range) averaged 5.2 ha/nightjar during the period of transmission. A large portion of the species's current range is privately owned forestland that could be subjected to changes (i.e. deforestation), rendering it useless for nightjars. The sedentary nature and nesting habits of this species make it particularly sensitive to the physical and ecological alteration of mature dry forest. Conservation of existing reserves, reforestation of disturbed areas with native and selected plantation species, and acquisition of privately owned tracts of mature dry limestone forest will help to insure the long-term survival of the species throughout its range.La ecologia reproductiva del Guabairo Pequeno de Puerto RicoCaprimulgus noctitherus, conocido comunmente como guabairo, se estudió en el bosque de Guánica, localizado en el suroeste de Puerto Rico. Del 1985-1987 se localizaron un total de 23 nidos. La temporada reproductiva se extendió desde el 24 de febrero hasta el 2 de julio. El macho de la especie es mayormente responsable por el cuidado parental. Se descubrió una ceremonia altamente elaborada para el relevo en el nido. La actividad de cortejeo y el comienzo de los nidos era mas común durante las fases de luna nueva y cuarto menguante. Las fechas de eclosion se encontraban de 3–5 dfas alrededor del cuarto creciente y la luna llena. Un 87% de los nidos fueron exitosos en producir por lo menos un volantón. La actividad locomotora de machos de guabairo equipados con radiotransmisores fue más alta durante el perfodo crepuscular y promedió 61.5 m/ movimiento. El área de utilizatión primaria promedio fue de 5.2 ha/guabairo durante el perfodo de transmisión. Una parte considerable de la distributión del guabairo aún se encuentra en áreas bajo propiedad privada, podiendo sufrir cambios dramáticos en la compositión del paisaje (i.e. desmonte). La naturaleza sedentaria de esta especie y sus hábitos reproductivos la hace particularmente vulnerable a la alteratión fisica y ecológica del bosque seco. La conservatión de las unidades de conservatión existentes, la reforestatión con especies de árboles nativos y algunas especies de plantatión, y la adquisición de áreas privadas de bosque seco maduro ayudará a asegurar la sobrevivencia a largo plazo de la especie a través de su distribution geográfica.
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Nugent, Daniel T., Steven W. J. Leonard, and Michael F. Clarke. "Interactions between the superb lyrebird (Menura novaehollandiae) and fire in south-eastern Australia." Wildlife Research 41, no. 3 (2014): 203. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wr14052.
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Context The superb lyrebird Menura novaehollandiae is thought to be an important ecosystem engineer that, through its foraging, accelerates the decomposition of litter in Eucalyptus forests. Lyrebird foraging is therefore likely to affect forest fuel loads and hence fire behaviour in these fire-prone forests. In turn, fire is likely to reduce the abundance and influence the distribution of lyrebirds. Aims Our goal was to determine the impacts of a major bushfire on the habitat and food sources for the superb lyrebird and the effects of foraging activities of lyrebirds on litter fuel and potential fire behaviour in gullies of herb-rich foothill forests. Methods The effect of fire on lyrebirds and their habitat in the post-fire environment was examined at the landscape-scale, 2 years after fire; and at the patch-scale, 3 years after fire. Paired exclusion and control plots were also used over a 9-month period to assess the effects of foraging by the lyrebird on litter accumulation and fuel connectivity. Fire-behaviour models were used to determine the potential influence of lyrebird scratchings on fire behaviour. Key results At the landscape scale, lyrebirds were present in both unburnt and ground-burnt sites, but not in canopy-burnt sites. Within patchily burnt sites, lyrebirds favoured foraging in unburnt patches. On average, lyrebird foraging reduced litter fuel loads by 25% (1.66 t ha–1) in plots in which they were free to forage, compared with plots from which they were excluded, over a 9-month period. Fire-behaviour modelling showed that lyrebird foraging led to a lower likelihood of fire occurring and less intense fire. Conclusions Distinctly different vegetation structure and composition between burnt and unburnt patches appears to influence both the foraging patterns and distribution of lyrebirds. Additionally, foraging by lyrebirds reduces surface fuel loads and fuel connectivity such that fire spread is likely to be inhibited. Implications We propose that alternative stable states may emerge in Eucalyptus forests as a result of feedback mechanisms among lyrebirds, vegetation and fuel accumulation. Therefore, the ecological role of lyrebirds is an important consideration in forest fuel management and conservation in these extensive, fire-prone forests in south-eastern Australia.
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Khurana, Ekta, and J. S. Singh. "Ecology of seed and seedling growth for conservation and restoration of tropical dry forest : a review." Environmental Conservation 28, no. 1 (March 2001): 39–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0376892901000042.
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Dry forests are among the most threatened ecosystems and have been extensively converted into grasslands, secondary forest, savanna or agricultural land. Knowledge of seed germination and seedling establishment is required for the success of efforts on restoration of these forests. This review focuses on the ecological requirements at seed and seedling stages, and collates the current knowledge of seed viability, dormancy, germination pattern and seedling behaviour of dry tropical tree species. The spatio-temporal variations within the tropical dry forest biome in soil moisture, light, temperature, nutrients and intensity of predation, significantly affect the seed and seedling traits of component species. The majority of dry tropical species possess orthodox seeds which are characterized by dormancy, while a few have recalcitrant seeds which possess little or no dormancy. Seed coat dormancy, which can be overcome by mechanical or acid scarification or sometimes by transit through animal guts, is most prevalent in the dry tropical forest species. Persistent species dominating the undisturbed portions of the forest have bigger seeds compared to those that mostly occur in disturbed regions and require shade for the survival of their seedlings. Shade demand is associated with drought endurance, and may be absolute in species such as Guettarda parviflora and Coccoloba microstachya, or facultative as in Plumeria alba and Bursera simaruba. The fluctuation in temperature significantly affects seed germination in several species of dry Afromontane forest trees of Ethiopia. Seedling mortality is primarily a function of moisture stress during the dry period. Adaptive responses of seedlings to drought stress include increased chlorophyll content, for example in Acacia catechu, and root biomass, as in several dry forest species (for example Drypetes parvifolia, Teclia verdoornia) of Ghana. Mulching, application of fertilizers, interplanting of leguminous species and mycorrhizal inoculation are useful tools for promoting seedling establishment in nutrient-poor dry tropical soils. Periodic forest fires, and predation affect recruitment and seedling development according to their intensity. Many species experiencing frequent fires have evolved thick seed coats, produce fire-hardy seedlings, or escape the effect by temporal separation of seed dispersal and fire events. Predation may result in abortion of fruits or may enhance germination and recruitment by scarification and dispersal, as in most species of the Guanacaste dry forest. Exposure to elevated CO2 has increased relative growth rate, total leaf area and water use efficiency in most of the dry tropical seedlings tested, but the magnitude of the effect has varied markedly among species. Due to the availability of a large source of energy, large seeds show higher germination percentage, greater seedling survival and increased growth. Seeds originating from different provenances exhibit differences in germination and seedling growth (for example Prosopis cineraria, Albizia lebbeck, Eucalyptus camaldulensis and Acacia mangium), efficiency of nodulation (for example Acacia nilotica, A. auriculiformis), and stress resistance (for example Populus deltoides, Dalbergia sissoo). The review points out the need for coordinated, long-term, field-based studies for identification of multiple cues and niches for germination, on seed and seedling dynamics in response to fire, and on within-species genetic variability for selection of suitable provenances. Field-based studies at species and community levels are also needed to permit manipulations of biotic components to augment the recruitment of desired species and to suppress that of undesirable species.
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Ferreira, Eduardo M., Francesco Valerio, Denis Medinas, Nelson Fernandes, João Craveiro, Pedro Costa, João Paulo Silva, Carlos Carrapato, António Mira, and Sara M. Santos. "Assessing behaviour states of a forest carnivore in a road-dominated landscape using Hidden Markov Models." Nature Conservation 47 (March 25, 2022): 155–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/natureconservation.47.72781.
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Anthropogenic infrastructures and land-use changes are major threats to animal movements across heterogeneous landscapes. Yet, the behavioural consequences of such constraints remain poorly understood. We investigated the relationship between the behaviour of the Common genet (Genetta genetta) and road proximity, within a dominant mixed forest-agricultural landscape in southern Portugal, fragmented by roads. Specifically, we aimed to: (i) identify and characterise the behavioural states displayed by genets and related movement patterns; and (ii) understand how behavioural states are influenced by proximity to main paved roads and landscape features. We used a multivariate Hidden Markov Model (HMM) to characterise the fine-scale movements (10-min fixes GPS) of seven genets tracked during 187 nights (mean 27 days per individual) during the period 2016–2019, using distance to major paved roads and landscape features as predictors. Our findings indicated that genet’s movement patterns were composed of three basic behavioural states, classified as “resting” (short step-lengths [mean = 10.6 m] and highly tortuous), “foraging” (intermediate step-lengths [mean = 46.1 m] and with a wide range in turning angle) and “travelling” (longer step-lengths [mean = 113.7 m] and mainly linear movements). Within the genet’s main activity-period (17.00 h-08.00 h), the movement model predicts that genets spend 36.7% of their time travelling, 35.4% foraging and 28.0% resting. The probability of genets displaying the travelling state was highest in areas far away from roads (> 500 m), whereas foraging and resting states were more likely in areas relatively close to roads (up to 500 m). Landscape features also had a pronounced effect on behaviour state occurrence. More specifically, travelling was most likely to occur in areas with lower forest edge density and close to riparian habitats, while foraging was more likely to occur in areas with higher forest edge density and far away from riparian habitats. The results suggest that, although roads represent a behavioural barrier to the movement of genets, they also take advantage of road proximity as foraging areas. Our study demonstrates that the HMM approach is useful for disentangling movement behaviour and understanding how animals respond to roadsides and fragmented habitats. We emphasise that road-engaged stakeholders need to consider movement behaviour of genets when targeting management practices to maximise road permeability for wildlife.
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Stickler, Claudia M., Daniel C. Nepstad, Andrea A. Azevedo, and David G. McGrath. "Defending public interests in private lands: compliance, costs and potential environmental consequences of the Brazilian Forest Code in Mato Grosso." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 368, no. 1619 (June 5, 2013): 20120160. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2012.0160.
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Land-use regulations are a critical component of forest governance and conservation strategies, but their effectiveness in shaping landholder behaviour is poorly understood. We conducted a spatial and temporal analysis of the Brazilian Forest Code (BFC) to understand the patterns of regulatory compliance over time and across changes in the policy, and the implications of these compliance patterns for the perceived costs to landholders and environmental performance of agricultural landscapes in the southern Amazon state of Mato Grosso. Landholdings tended to remain in compliance or not according to their status at the beginning of the study period. The perceived economic burden of BFC compliance on soya bean and beef producers (US$3–5.6 billion in net present value of the land) may in part explain the massive, successful campaign launched by the farm lobby to change the BFC. The ecological benefits of compliance (e.g. greater connectivity and carbon) with the BFC are diffuse and do not compete effectively with the economic benefits of non-compliance that are perceived by landholders. Volatile regulation of land-use decisions that affect billions in economic rent that could be captured is an inadequate forest governance instrument; effectiveness of such regulations may increase when implemented in tandem with positive incentives for forest conservation.
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Cosyns, Hannes, Bettina Joa, Ronja Mikoleit, Frank Krumm, Andreas Schuck, Georg Winkel, and Tobias Schulz. "Resolving the trade-off between production and biodiversity conservation in integrated forest management: comparing tree selection practices of foresters and conservationists." Biodiversity and Conservation 29, no. 13 (September 12, 2020): 3717–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10531-020-02046-x.
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Abstract Integrating nature conservation effectively in forests managed for timber production implies reconciling a trade-off between ecological and economic objectives. In continuous cover forest management, this culminates in decisions about tree harvesting (or retention) determining both the prevalence of tree-related microhabitats in the forest and the economic viability of timber management. Applying an innovative mixed methods approach, we compare conservationists and foresters performing a tree selection exercise. We assess the outcomes of their forest management decisions quantitatively and explore their strategies and the underlying reasoning based on qualitative data. Our findings show that particularly the habitat trees differ greatly between the two groups: while conservationists retained almost exclusively large oaks at often high opportunity costs, foresters retained a notable number of smaller-diameter hornbeams. These differences are related to a different perception of opportunity costs of retention by both groups, as well as because they do not agree about how to value current tree-related microhabitats and their projection into the future. Such diverging patterns of reasoning imply incompatible interpretations of what constitutes a habitat tree. Our results indicate that it is important to apply benchmarks for evaluating ecological goals as well as to increase foresters’ and conservationists’ understanding about the motivations and restrictions of the respective counterpart. Our study points out a significant potential for (mutual) learning, and illustrates the complementarity of quantitative and qualitative research methods to examine tree selection behaviour.
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Barnett, Juan Mazar, Guy M. Kirwan, Mark Pearman, Luciano Nicolás Naka, and Joe A. Tobias. "Rediscovery and subsequent observations of Kaempfer's Tody-tyrant Hemitriccus kaempferi in Santa Catarina, Brazil, with notes on conservation, life history and plumage." Bird Conservation International 10, no. 4 (December 2000): 371–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0959270900000320.
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Previously known from two specimens, Kaempfer's Tody-tyrant Hemitriccus kaempferi is a globally threatened species endemic to the southern Brazil Atlantic Forest. The first field observations of this little-known taxon were made in the 1990s and our data therefore provide the first published information on its natural history, including breeding biology, behaviour and vocalizations, as well as a new locality. As very little information has appeared in the literature concerning the identification of this species, we present notes on its plumage and habits. Remarks concerning the species's conservation prospects and the importance of the remaining forest in the vicinity of the type-locality for other threatened bird species are made.
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SCULLION, JASON, CRAIG W. THOMAS, KRISTINA A. VOGT, OCTAVIO PÉREZ-MAQUEO, and MILES G. LOGSDON. "Evaluating the environmental impact of payments for ecosystem services in Coatepec (Mexico) using remote sensing and on-site interviews." Environmental Conservation 38, no. 4 (November 3, 2011): 426–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s037689291100052x.
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SUMMARYOver the last decade, hundreds of payments for ecosystem services (PES) programmes have been initiated around the world, but evidence of their environmental benefits remains limited. In this study, two PES programmes operating in the municipality of Coatepec (Mexico) were evaluated to assess their effectiveness in protecting the region's endangered upland forests. Landsat satellite data were analysed to assess changes in forest cover before and after programme implementation using a difference-in-differences estimator. Additionally, surveys and interviews were conducted with local residents and a subset of PES programme participants to evaluate the programmes’ social and environmental impacts, particularly the effect of the programmes on landowner behaviour. The remote-sensing data show that deforestation was substantially lower on properties receiving PES payments compared to properties not enrolled in the programmes, but the programmes did not prevent the net loss of forests within Coatepec. Moreover, the on-site interviews suggest that the payments may have had little impact on deforestation rates, and that other factors contributed to the conservation of forests in PES properties. These findings suggest that risk-targeted payments, robust monitoring and enforcement programmes, and additional conservation initiatives should be included in all PES schemes to ensure environmental effectiveness.
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SERRA, GIANLUCA, GREG SHERLEY, S. AFELE FAILAGI, S. TALIE FOLIGA, MOEUMU UILI, FIALELEI ENOKA, and TEPA SUAESI. "Traditional ecological knowledge of the Critically Endangered Tooth-billed Pigeon Didunculus strigirostris, endemic to Samoa." Bird Conservation International 28, no. 4 (December 11, 2017): 620–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0959270917000259.
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SummaryTraditional ecological knowledge (TEK) rigorously collected in four Key Biodiversity Areas (KBAs) of Samoa provided conservation and ecological insights about the endemic and evolutionarily distinctive Tooth-billed Pigeon Didunculus strigirostris. This study confirmed the 2006 estimate of a sharply declining population, supporting the recent conservation status assessment of Critically Endangered. Birds are killed as bycatch during hunting for the sympatric Pacific Pigeon Ducula pacifica, suggesting that this activity may be a key threat. The Tooth-billed Pigeon was observed by selected reliable indigenous hunters in several forest areas targeted in the present study, from a few months to several years ago. In the field, it was detected acoustically and identified through TEK and a mix of a TEK-scientific approach in four forest areas within three Samoan KBAs. Detection of the bird in the field is an issue due to its highly cryptic behaviour and because its call largely overlaps with one of the calls of Pacific Pigeon. Original TEK about the behavioural ecology of this species, including the fruiting trees mostly used and its terrestrial habits is reported. Short-term conservation recommendations are provided based on the findings.
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Quin, D., R. Goldingay, S. Churchill, and D. Engel. "Feeding Behaviour and Food Availability of the Yellow-Bellied Glider in North Queensland." Wildlife Research 23, no. 6 (1996): 637. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wr9960637.
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The diet of the yellow-bellied glider (Petaurus australis) was examined at a site in north Queensland by extensive observation of individuals from 10 glider groups. The diet was assessed in four seasons over 12 months by collating large numbers of qualitative feeding observations and by analysis of faeces. Data were also collected on flowering and bark shedding in the forest. Sap feeding accounted for more than 80% of the feeding observations throughout the year. Nectar and pollen of eucalypts (Eucalyptus spp.) and banksias (Banksia spp.) accounted for much of the remainder of the diet although arthropods and honeydew were present in spring and summer. Faecal analysis was based on much smaller sample sizes but confirmed the qualitative result obtained from direct observations. It also revealed the presence of a wide variety of pollen types. Many of these could be attributed to incidental ingestion but at least six rain forest genera were moderately common in faeces, which is consistent with observations of brief and infrequent visits by gliders to these trees. Examination of eucalypt, banksia and other pollen types showed that 60-70% of pollen was devoid of cell contents, supporting earlier suggestions that gliders obtained protein from pollen digestion, but at this site also from harvesting arthropods. This study confirms the dependence of the yellow-bellied glider in north Queensland on the sap of the red stringybark (Eucalyptus resinifera) and that conservation of the yellow-bellied glider is intimately associated with the management of this tree species. The use of various species for nectar and pollen suggests that the yellow-bellied glider may be an important pollinator in these forests. Moreover, sap from the wounds created by gliders is used by a range of other animal species. These observations suggest that the yellow-bellied glider is likely to be a keystone species in the open-forest ecosystems of north Queensland and that it deserves special emphasis in management.
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Turrian, François, and Christa Glauser. "Sensibilisation: informer – connaître – agir." Schweizerische Zeitschrift fur Forstwesen 164, no. 3 (March 1, 2013): 74–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.3188/szf.2013.0074.
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Raising awareness: information, knowledge, action Raising awareness in individuals is the first link in a chain which can lead to knowledge and then to action – change in behaviour. As regards forest biodiversity, public awareness has been raised by many actors in Switzerland, notably forest managers and non-governmental organisations. Ecological processes are not easy to explain so that they are understood by most people. Awareness raising needs time and a wide range of communication tools. Visual tools and, above all, personal direct experience calling on the emotions are the most important means to raise the awareness of groups which are new to the question. To illustrate this statement the article presents a modern approach to education for forest biodiversity: the programme “In search of special trees”, launched by ASPO/BirdLife Switzerland. This programme combines several approaches: written and visual, field work, meeting with forest management actors, and conservation measures.
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WANG, SONAM WANGYEL, JAMES P. LASSOIE, and PAUL D. CURTIS. "Farmer attitudes towards conservation in Jigme Singye Wangchuck National Park, Bhutan." Environmental Conservation 33, no. 2 (June 2006): 148–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0376892906002931.
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The attitudes and feelings of people concerning conservation policies and wildlife conflicts affect their behaviour, and understanding this is important in involving local people in conservation planning and decision-making processes. This paper examines these important issues in Jigme Singye Wangchuck National Park, located in central Bhutan. A survey of 274 house-holds was carried out to assess farmers' perceptions of the influence of Park management policies and protection regimes on traditional resource uses, and their attitudes towards the Park and conservation policies set forth in the Forest and Nature Conservation Act of 1995, integrated conservation development programmes (ICDPs) and wildlife conservation, and determine how demographic and socioeconomic variables influence these attitudes. Among local farmers, 52.2% disliked the Park and the Conservation Act, and 67.5% supported exterminating problem wildlife. Negative attitudes were linked to loss of resource use rights, livestock depredation and crop damage, lack of compensation strategies and exclusion of farmers from the Park's planning processes. However, 76.3% of the respondents appreciated the Park's development programmes, the positive attitudes associated with an expectation that significant economic benefits would be available from ICDPs sponsored by the Park. Empowerment of local communities associated with monetary benefits from non-timber forest products and compensation for loss of crops and livestock were emphasized by more than 70% of the respondents. These attitudes were related to age and literacy of the respondents, number of livestock owned and size of land holdings. Though important to the future of Bhutan's parks, study results also have wider applicability to conservation professionals throughout the developing world for resolving human-land use conflicts and involving local farmers in the protection of nature.
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Naikatini, Alivereti N., Gunnar Keppel, Gilianne Brodie, and Sonia Kleindorfer. "Interspecific Competition and Vertical Niche Partitioning in Fiji’s Forest Birds." Diversity 14, no. 3 (March 18, 2022): 223. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/d14030223.
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Charles Darwin proposed his ‘principle of divergence’ to account for changes in traits that could promote speciation and coexistence of diverse forms through occupation of different niches to reduce interspecific competition. We explore interspecific foraging behaviour overlap in Fiji’s forest birds, and address two main questions: (1) Is there vertical stratification of foraging behavior? and (2) Is there evidence of interspecific competition driving the differences in foraging behaviour? We explore these questions across three foraging guilds, nectarivores (three species), insectivores (two species), and omnivores (two species), and find vertical portioning of foraging in each group. To investigate the effect of interspecific competition, we compared foraging heights of the Orange-breasted Myzomela (Myzomela jugularis) honeyeater on Viti Levu Island (where it coexists with two other honeyeater species) and Leleuvia Island (no other honeyeater species). On the main island Viti Levu, we found evidence for vertical niche partitioning within each foraging guild. On Leleuvia, with the ‘one-species only foraging guild’, Orange-breasted Myzomela occupied broader vertical foraging niche than on Viti Levu with two other competitor honeyeater species. This result supports the idea that vertical foraging height can be shaped by interspecific competition. The findings of this study support Darwin’s principle of divergence in Fiji’s forest birds for every foraging guild measured and adds to our understanding of the significance of interspecific competition and niche divergence for patterns of ecological speciation on islands.
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Negi, Swati, and Lukas Giessen. "India in international climate governance: Through soft power from REDD to REDD+ policy in favor of relative gains." Forest and Society 2, no. 1 (April 26, 2018): 47. http://dx.doi.org/10.24259/fs.v2i1.3584.
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This paper seeks to examine India’s role in the politics of a specific climate change mitigation policy called “Reducing emissions from deforestation and forest degradation, and enhancing forest carbon stocks in developing countries (REDD+)”. It explores India’s strategic behaviour towards the development of REDD policy. The paper argues that India had pushed for the remodelling of the global REDD negotiations by expanding its scope to conservation activities, which entails more direct benefits for India. This is largely due to differences in India’s rates of forest cover and deforestation as compared to high forest - high deforestation countries such as Brazil and Indonesia. To substantiate its argument, the paper uses the main underpinnings of relative gains theory in international relations and applies them toward interpreting India’s behaviour in negotiating REDD+ at global level. Further, the paper analyses the Indian strategies used to remodel the REDD mechanism using insights from soft power theory and its more recent amendments. Thematic analysis of the REDD-relevant documents as well as exploratory expert interviews have been employed for showing India’s proactive role in the politics of REDD+. It is concluded that India indeed played a central role in critical past decisions, which lead to re-shaping REDD due to relative gains concerns and mainly by means of soft power strategies.
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Rosti, Hanna, Henry Pihlström, Simon Bearder, Petri Pellikka, and Jouko Rikkinen. "Vocalization Analyses of Nocturnal Arboreal Mammals of the Taita Hills, Kenya." Diversity 12, no. 12 (December 13, 2020): 473. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/d12120473.
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Three poorly known nocturnal mammal species from the montane forests of the Taita Hills in Kenya, were studied via vocalization analysis. Here, their acoustic behaviour is described. The studied animals were the tree hyrax (Dendrohyrax sp.), the small-eared greater galago (Otolemur garnettii), and the dwarf galago (Paragalago sp.). High-quality loud calls were analysed using RAVEN PRO, and compared to calls of presumed closest relatives. Our findings include the first detailed descriptions of tree hyrax songs. Moreover, our results suggest that the tree hyrax of Taita Hills may be a taxon new to science, as it produces a characteristic call, the ‘strangled thwack’, not previously known from other Dendrohyrax populations. Our data confirms that the small-eared greater galago subspecies living in the Taita Hills is Otolemur garnettii lasiotis. The loud calls of the elusive Taita Hills dwarf galago closely resemble those of the Kenya coast dwarf galago (Paragalago cocos). Thus, the population in the Taita Hills probably belongs to this species. The Taita Hills dwarf galagos are geographically isolated from other dwarf galago populations, and live in montane cloud forest, which is an unusual habitat for P. cocos. Intriguingly, two dwarf galago subpopulations living in separate forest patches in the Taita Hills, Ngangao and Mbololo, have clearly different contact calls. The Paragalagos in Mbololo Forest may represent a population of P. cocos with a derived call repertoire, or, alternatively, they may actually be mountain dwarf galagos (P. orinus). Hence, differences in habitat, behaviour, and contact call structure suggest that there may be two different Paragalago species in the montane forests of the Taita Hills.
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Liao, Wenbo, Jinchu Hu, Cao Li, and Xin Lu. "Roosting behaviour of the endangered Sichuan Hill-partridge Arborophila rufipectus during the breeding season." Bird Conservation International 18, no. 3 (June 11, 2008): 260–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0959270908000257.
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AbstractRoosting behaviour in diurnal ground-dwelling birds is important to their conservation as they are particularly vulnerable to predation when on their roosts. In 2005, we studied the roosting behaviour of the globally ‘Endangered’ Sichuan Hill-partridge (Arborophila rufipectus) in Laojunshan Nature Reserve, southwest China, a site dominated by evergreen broadleaf forest. Our study showed that the birds roosted on elevated perches and roosting behaviour was associated with social organization. Breeding males roosted alone within their territories before mating or during the female's involvement in incubation, but at other times they roosted with the female bird. After hatching of the brood, the adult males roosted on the ground close to the brooding female for about two weeks. After this time the male left the female and chicks to roost elsewhere in the territory. High vegetation cover around the perch site was a key predictor of roosting sites for the partridges. Only six out of 84 tree and shrub species were typically used by the roosting birds, although individual roosting plants varied from night to night. The median height of roosting plants was 6.9 (3.8–10.5) m, which was significantly lower than many shrubs within the breeding territory. Perches were 1.7–6.4 (median = 2.7) m from the ground and independent of roost tree height, suggesting an optimum roosting height. The partridges preferred roosting sites with denser shrub vegetation. In terms of the species' conservation, our results highlight the importance of protecting primary forest that contains suitable roosting trees and shrubs.
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KUMAR, Kewat Sanjay, and Vinod Prasad KHANDURI. "Flower Pollinator Interactions within Two Tropical Tree Species of Mizoram, North East India." Notulae Scientia Biologicae 8, no. 2 (June 17, 2016): 256–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.15835/nsb829789.
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Understanding the interactions between plants and pollinators is vital in exploring the structural and functional dynamics of tropical forest ecosystem. Such interactions are also helpful in resolving issues of regeneration, maintenance of biodiversity and conservation of tropical forest resources. The aim of this study was to understand the foraging behaviour of floral visitors of two valuable forest species in North East India, viz. Schima wallichii Choisy and Lagerstroemia speciosa (L.) Pers. The types and behaviour of pollinators were assessed by counting of the total number of visits by insects during day time (05:00-18:00) per field visit/flower in the peak flowering season, foraging rate (number of flowers visited/minutes) and average time spent per flower. The frequency of pollinator visits was also determined in terms of visits/flower/hour. Ten species belonging to seven families were recorded visiting S. wallichii flowers. The flowers of L. speciosa were mainly visited by three species in the family Apidae and one species in the family Calliphoridae. Various moth and bee species were involved in pollination of S. wallichii flowers. The Xylcopa spp. of bee showed a high level of functional synchronisation with the floral morphology of L. speciosa.
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Slaght, Jonathan C., Sergei G. Surmach, and R. J. Gutiérrez. "Riparian old-growth forests provide critical nesting and foraging habitat for Blakiston's fish owl Bubo blakistoni in Russia." Oryx 47, no. 4 (August 6, 2013): 553–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0030605312000956.
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AbstractConservation efforts for Blakiston's fish owl Bubo blakistoni in Russia are limited, partly because habitat use by these rare owls is poorly known. We therefore studied nesting and foraging habitat characteristics of Blakiston's fish owls in Primorye, Russia. We sampled habitat at 14 nest sites, 12 nest stand sites and 13 random sites; we also sampled rivers within 14 fish owl home ranges across our 20,213 km2 study area. We found that large old trees and riparian old-growth forest were the primary characteristics of nest and foraging sites, respectively. Large trees were probably used as nest sites because they have cavities large enough to accommodate these birds. Big trees are also important because they are primary sources of large woody debris in rivers, which enhances suitable habitat for salmon, the owl's primary prey. Based on habitat characteristics, nest sites were correctly distinguished from random sites 74% (Kappa = 0.48) of the time, nest stands from random sites 56% (Kappa = 0.12) of the time, and used sites from available foraging sites 68% (Kappa = 0.36) of the time. The management and conservation of old-growth forests is essential for sustaining this species because they are central to the owls' nesting and foraging behaviour. Moreover, conservation of these forests sustains habitat for many other species.
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Garnica, J. Germán Flores, David A. Moreno González, and Juan de Dios Benavides Solorio. "Forest fire behaviour in prescribed burns under different environmental conditions in México." Forest Ecology and Management 234 (November 2006): S131. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.foreco.2006.08.172.
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