Academic literature on the topic 'Forest conservation behaviour'
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Journal articles on the topic "Forest conservation behaviour"
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Ali, Abu, Siti Salwa Isa, Siti Suriawati Isa, and Mohd Husba Isa. "Ecotourism Promotes Conservation Activity at Tourism Destinations: Limestone Forest Langkawi." Environment-Behaviour Proceedings Journal 6, SI6 (October 18, 2021): 107–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.21834/ebpj.v6isi6.3047.
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This study aims to investigate the role of ecotourism activities and programs in promoting the conservation and protection of the limestone forest at tourism destinations in Langkawi. University students from Malaysia and Australia collaborated in this case study to gather data on the applicability of using ecotourism as a tool for conservation activities in Langkawi. Three field trips were undertaken to the Langkawi limestone forests, where researchers employed onsite observation and face to face interviews with 30 stakeholders from multiple backgrounds. The result indicated that through hands-on experience, ecotourism promotes the conservation and protection of the limestone forest. Keywords: ecotourism, conservation, limestone forest, Langkawi eISSN: 2398-4287 © 2021.. The Authors. Published for AMER ABRA cE-Bs by e-International Publishing House, Ltd., U.K. This is an open access article under the CC BYNC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/). Peer–review under responsibility of AMER (Association of Malaysian Environment-Behaviour Researchers), ABRA (Association of Behavioural Researchers on Asians) and cE-Bs (Centre for Environment-Behaviour Studies), Faculty of Architecture, Planning & Surveying, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Malaysia. DOI: https://doi.org/10.21834/ebpj.v6iSI6.3047
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DORJI, LAM, EDWARD L. WEBB, and GANESH P. SHIVAKOTI. "Forest property rights under nationalized forest management in Bhutan." Environmental Conservation 33, no. 2 (June 2006): 141–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0376892906002979.
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Forest nationalization policies in Asia have often resulted in decreased local property rights over forests and users' short-term exploitative behaviour, leading to degradation of forests. Bhutan's centralized forest management structure was initiated with the Forest Act of 1969. This paper evaluates how nationalization of forests in Bhutan changed forest property rights and associated incentives and disincentives and management outcomes for leaf-litter forests (sokshing) and non-sokshing forests. Using the International Forestry Resources and Institutions (IRFI) research protocols, 12 sites across Bhutan's broadleaf zones were surveyed. Changes in forest property rights were analysed using Ostrom and Schlager's ‘bundles of rights’ framework. The forest nationalization policy changed the array of de jure rights that local people had over both traditionally community-used forests (the majority of forests) and small blocks of sokshings that were usually owned by a household and managed to produce valuable leaf litter for their agriculture livelihoods. There was more compliance with regulations in sokshing than in non-sokshing forests. Non-compliance of local people with forest conservation occurred in areas where the chance of being caught for rule breaking was perceived to be low or the costs of compliance were high. This was almost exclusively the case in non-sokshing forest in the form of widespread but low-intensity illegal tree cutting. The continuing significance of sokshing for agricultural livelihoods serves as a strong incentive for conservation of sokshings by rural people, even though the sokshings are under ultimate state control. The successful management of forests requires minimal difference between de jure policies and de facto practices for which rules that allocate property rights and the way those rules are enforced are important elements. Conservation and management rights of non-sokshing for communities would not only promote local stewardship, but also put the limited capacity of the Department of Forest to best use. Increased deforestation around villages may result, because modern development alternatives may make leaf litter insignificant for agriculture.
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Isabirye-Basuta, G. "The Chimpanzees of Budongo Forest: Ecology, Behaviour and Conservation." African Journal of Ecology 45, no. 2 (February 12, 2007): 231–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2028.2006.00746.x.
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Herlina, Muria, Tria Astika Endah Permatasari, Sakroni Sakroni, Meiti Subardhini, Ellya Susilowati, Fahmi Ilman Fahrudin, and Adi Fahrudin. "health status and health behaviour of the conservation forest edge community." International journal of health sciences 6, no. 3 (September 5, 2022): 1258–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.53730/ijhs.v6n3.12104.
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It is not enough to solve health problems through medicine and health science disciplines alone; the role of another discipline, particularly the sociology of health, is an important contribution to solving health problems, particularly in changing people's health behaviors. This study aims to discover new information about the health status and health behavior of communities living on the outskirts of the forest. The descriptive qualitative approach is used in this study. Semi-structured interviews were used to collect data for this study, and 15 informants were chosen. According to the findings of this study, health status is moderate, healthy behavior is poorer, housing or cottage environment is still dirty, and waste and garbage are still scattered. Most diseases were caused by bad health behavior, which was aided by natural factors. Based on the findings of this study, we recommend that the edge forest community develop and improve its health literacy, including a health campaign promoting a clean and healthy lifestyle.
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Nemeth, Erwin, and Leon Bennun. "Distribution, habitat selection and behaviour of the East Coast Akalat Sheppardia gunningi sokokensis in Kenya and Tanzania." Bird Conservation International 10, no. 2 (June 2000): 115–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0959270900000113.
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This study investigated the distribution and habitat selection of the globally threatened East Coast Akalat Sheppardia gunningi sokokensis in Arabuko-Sokoke Forest, the Shimba Hills (both Kenya) and the lowland East Usambara Mountains (Tanzania). The species is more abundant than originally thought. In Arabuko-Sokoke Forest, akalats occur in two of the main vegetation types, and an estimated 7,500–9,000 territories represent one of the largest populations of this species in the world. Akalats occurred at similar densities to those in Arabuko-Sokoke (c. 0.5 pairs/ha) in parts of Shimba Hills and East Usambaras, but were more patchily distributed. This akalat prefers areas where the undergrowth is partially open with large amounts of dead wood. It forages on or near the ground. In Arabuko-Sokoke Forest, areas where akalats were present had a higher abundance of ground-dwelling arthropods than areas where they were not. The akalat inhabits both primary forest and regenerated areas that have been selectively logged probably more than 20 years ago. Despite its relatively high densities where it occurs, this species (like other threatened birds in the East African coastal forests) is very patchily distributed and dependent on a habitat that is now highly fragmented and under considerable human pressure. The conservation situation in Arabuko-Sokoke gives cause for concern, and the destructive effects of a large elephant population threaten the forests of the Shimba Hills. The conservation status of the lowland Usambara Mountains is probably better and more stable.
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Singha, A., R. Talukdar, and J. Singha. "Maintenance behaviour of forest resources by the people of forest villages in Assam." Indian Journal of Forestry 29, no. 1 (March 1, 2006): 47–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.54207/bsmps1000-2006-1oe4cq.
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The study was conducted in Golaghat Forest Division of Assam with 203 respondents selected from all the 14 forest villages under the division by using proportionate random sampling. The study reveals that majority (81.77%) respondents had low level of participation in selected maintenance practices of forest resources. People in forest villages had commonly involved in maintenance practices like soil working, weeding and cleaning. The study further shows that the variables – education, family size, localiteness-cosmopoliteness, economic motivation, decision making ability, interest in forestry, information seeking behaviour, forestry knowledge and attitude towards forest resource conservation had shown positively significant relationship with the extent of participation in maintenance practices of forest resources.
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Villamor, Grace B., Andrew Dunningham, Philip Stahlmann-Brown, and Peter W. Clinton. "Improving the Representation of Climate Change Adaptation Behaviour in New Zealand’s Forest Growing Sector." Land 11, no. 3 (March 2, 2022): 364. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/land11030364.
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To provide the forest industry with a better understanding of alternatives to simulate future adaptation pathways under evolving climatic and socio-economic uncertainty, we review the literature on how adaptation decisions are modelled in the context of plantation forests. This review leads to the conclusion that the representation of adaptation behaviour and decision-making remain very limited in most of the agent-based models in the forestry sector. Moreover, theoretical frameworks used to understand the adaptation behaviour of forest owners are also lacking. In this paper, we propose the application of protection motivation theory (PMT) as a framework to understand the motivation of forest owners to reduce the negative impacts of climate change on their forest plantations. Furthermore, the use of PMT allows factors affecting the maladaptive behaviour of forest owners to be examined. A survey of New Zealand foresters showed that less than 10% of smallholder forest owners adopted adaptation strategies. This result highlights the importance of addressing the research question “what motivates forest owners to take risk reduction measures?” Exploring this question is crucial to the future success of the New Zealand forestry sector and we suggest that it can be addressed by using PMT. This paper proposes a conceptual framework for an agent-based model as an alternative to simulating adaptation pathways for forest plantations in New Zealand.
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Loken, Brent, Chandradewana Boer, and Nunuk Kasyanto. "Opportunistic behaviour or desperate measure? Logging impacts may only partially explain terrestriality in the Bornean orang-utan Pongo pygmaeus morio." Oryx 49, no. 3 (January 22, 2015): 461–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0030605314000969.
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AbstractThere is a lack of information on how the Endangered Bornean orang-utan Pongo pygmaeus morio moves through its environment. Here we report on a camera-trapping study carried out over 2.5 years to investigate the orang-utan's terrestrial behaviour in Wehea Forest, East Kalimantan, Indonesia. We set 41 camera trap stations in an area of secondary forest, 36 in recently logged forest immediately adjacent to Wehea Forest, and 20 in an area of primary forest in the heart of Wehea Forest. A combined sampling effort of 28,485 trap nights yielded 296 independent captures of orang-utans. Of the three study sites, orang-utans were most terrestrial in recently logged forest, which may be only partially explained by breaks in the canopy as a result of logging activity. However, orang-utans were also terrestrial in primary forest, where there was a closed canopy and ample opportunity for moving through the trees. Our results indicate that orang-utans may be more terrestrial than previously thought and demonstrate opportunistic behaviour when moving through their environment, including using newly constructed logging roads for locomotion, possibly indicating some degree of resilience to human disturbance. This finding is important because of the potential role of sustainably logged forests for orang-utan conservation.
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Hashimoto, Chie. "Vernon Reynolds. The Chimpanzees of the Budongo Forest: Ecology, Behaviour and Conservation." Primates 48, no. 3 (December 21, 2006): 249–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10329-006-0028-8.
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LAWRENCE, ANNA, KRISHNA PAUDEL, RICHARD BARNES, and YAM MALLA. "Adaptive value of participatory biodiversity monitoring in community forestry." Environmental Conservation 33, no. 4 (December 2006): 325–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0376892906003432.
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In the context of action research in community forests, stakeholders' values for biodiversity can be elicited, communicated and understood with the help of a multidimensional conceptual framework. This incorporates levels of diversity (genes, species, habitats and processes), types of values (direct use, indirect use, option and existence) and stakeholders. This paper explores the effect of using this framework on forest monitoring, learning and communication, and wider implications for conservation, in Baglung District (Nepal). Monitoring was initially an unfamiliar concept to villagers, but the process clarified its purpose, whilst helping to elicit and exchange values and knowledge amongst stakeholders. This precipitated proposals for silvicultural experimentation and social inquiry into the diversity of users' needs. The framework allowed the translation of local value statements into categories recognized by other actors. It aided external stakeholders in understanding the factors contributing to values held by community forest users. Villagers' appreciation of ‘quality’ forest did not necessarily equate to the most ‘biodiverse’ forest, but rather the greenest and densest and that stocked with useful species. Elite domination, tenure and access to markets affected values assigned and behaviour in forest management. Elicitation of these values provoked questioning of forest management decisions and benefit sharing among community forest users. This, in turn, stimulated more democratic forest management and more inclusive, wide-ranging biodiversity values. Participatory monitoring is more conceptually challenging than is usually recognized, and the links between equity and conservation merit further attention in different cultural contexts.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Forest conservation behaviour"
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Mäki-Petäys, H. (Hannaleena). "Conservation and management of populations in a fragmented forest landscape:behavioural ecology meets population genetics." Doctoral thesis, University of Oulu, 2007. http://urn.fi/urn:isbn:9789514283482.
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The effects of habitat loss and fragmentation on the genetic structure and vulnerability of populations strongly depend on the behaviour of a particular species. In this thesis, I examined the effects of forest fragmentation on genetic population structure with the aim of identifying and evaluating the different genetic and behavioural factors important for species conservation and management on different geographical scales. The species studied were the mound building red wood ants Formica lugubris and F. aquilonia, and a lekking bird, the capercaillie, Tetrao urogallus.
Habitat loss and fragmentation affected the genetic structure in both wood ants and capercaillie. In general, the effects were related to the time since fragmentation and to the level of habitat loss and isolation from the other existing populations. The loss of genetic diversity due to population fragmentation was less observable than the differences in population structure. The response to habitat fragmentation was further dependent on species characteristics such as dispersal and mating behaviour. Sociality affected the genetic vulnerability of wood ant populations by decreasing gene diversity, increasing inbreeding depression and restricting gene flow between subpopulations. The results on the capercaillie in turn suggested that lekking behaviour restricts dispersal of both sexes, thus elevating the occurrence of inbreeding between individuals.
The present study provided important information on species conservation and management in terms of better understanding species' biology and behaviour, as well as increased knowledge concerning the genetic issues that should be taken into account when planning conservation actions. By examining the genetic structure of the species it was possible to clarify the conservation status including the effective population size, the question of origin, and the genetic vulnerability (genetic diversity, inbreeding and inbreeding depression) of the populations and/or species. Overall, the results emphasised the importance of preserving the effective population size and the connectivity of habitat patches when planning species specific management strategies. There were great differences in conservation needs among the species, which should be taken into account especially in local management actions.
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Geskos, Alkiviadis. "The behaviour, ecology and conservation of the Agrini Capra SP. In the Samaria national Forest Park, Crete, Greece." Thesis, Manchester Metropolitan University, 2011. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.535826.
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Mattsson, Mårten. "Markägare i Stockholms län och deras inställning till biodiversitet och skydd av mark /." Umeå : Institutionen för skoglig resurshushållning och geomatik, Sveriges lantbruksuniversitet, 2004. http://epsilon.slu.se/9717170.pdf.
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Zabala, Aiora. "Motivations and incentives for pro-environmental behaviour : the case of silvopasture adoption in the tropical forest frontier." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2015. https://www.repository.cam.ac.uk/handle/1810/253009.
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On the frontier of biodiversity-rich tropical forests, how land is used has an important role in buffering the primary ecosystem. Unsustainable small-scale cattle farming endangers soil quality and degrades the landscape. Silvopasture is a type of agroforestry that provides both ecological and livelihood benefits. A number of projects have been implemented across the tropics to encourage silvopasture adoption, with varying success. This dissertation questions the reasons for variable outcomes among participants within these projects: what motivates smallholders to adopt innovative land-use practices, and what form of incentives may help to overcome obstacles and catalyse adoption. This dissertation contributes to the ongoing debate on payments for ecosystem services, specifically about their suitability and effectiveness. To understand what influences decisions to adopt sustainable land-use practices, I review systematically and quantitatively the literature on adoption predictors, and I empirically analyse participation and short-term adoption in a pilot project for planting fodder trees in the border of a protected forest in Chiapas, Mexico, using primary and secondary data. I focus on subjective perspectives and livelihood strategies of actual and potential participants as explanatory variables, which have received unduly scarce attention in past studies. This lack of attention is partially caused by the difficulties of operationalising internal variables. I address this challenge by developing an analytical approach that increases the precision of the resulting perspectives in Q methodology. I cluster livelihood strategies and model adoption. This in-depth case-study suggests the type of incentives that are adequate to encourage adoption of sustainable land-use practices. Results indicate that payments may not be the best incentive for pioneer adopters, and that the adoption process is composed of separate individual steps, which are influenced distinctly by identifiable predictors, such as livelihood diversity. Uncovering this heterogeneity of motivations towards adoption provides useful knowledge for designing more effective external policy interventions.
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Schulze, Mark D. "Ecology and behavior of nine timber tree species in Pará, Brazil : links between species life history and forest management and conservation /." View online version of this title, 2003. http://etda.libraries.psu.edu/theses/approved/WorldWideIndex/ETD-436/index.html.
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Schons, Do Valle Stella Zucchetti. "Forests and fisheries in the Brazilian Amazon: Understanding incentives to comply with conservation efforts." Diss., Virginia Tech, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/87516.
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This PhD dissertation represents an effort to understand individual behavior leading to decisions regarding natural resource use and compliance with conservation policy at the government and at the community levels through the analysis of specific cases in the Brazilian Amazon. I first analyze the case of smallholder land clearing along the Transamazon and BR-163 highways in the face of Brazilian Forest Code enforcement by the federal government. My hypothesis is that smallholder land clearing paths over time are affected by assessments of the probability of being caught violating the Forest Code. I develop a dynamic decision model that considers the potential benefits and costs accrued from land clearing through time by a representative smallholder and include her perception of the probability of Forest Code enforcement, unobserved to the researcher. I apply an endogenous switching regressions econometric model to data collected with a sample of 542 households in 2003 and 2013/14. I find that longer land tenure frontiers where there are opportunities for smallholders to transition to cattle grazing from agriculture deserve the attention of enforcement of land clearing laws and restrictions and that the use of the forest by a smallholder is a protective signal that must be considered and encouraged. My results suggest that alleged government efforts to enforce the Forest Code among smallholders in the sample region have been ineffective. The second case I analyze is that of fisher households that enforce community fishing agreements, known as accords, in the floodplains of the Amazon River surrounding the city of Santarém. My hypothesis is that individual households benefit from their own fishing accords enforcement effort through fishing time savings. A factor demand analysis applied to data collected with over 600 households reveals that statistically important drivers of labor demand and fuel include the level of dedication of a household and its history in implementing fishing accords, the landscape, the flood cycle, the distance to the main regional market and biomass. The average household fishing time savings from enforcing accords range between 59 and 36 eight-hour days for a six-month-period, an important argument for continuing the enterprise.PHD
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Newing, Helen S. "Behavioural ecology of duikers (Cephalophus spp.) in forest and secondary growth, Tai, Cote d'Ivoire." Thesis, University of Stirling, 1994. http://hdl.handle.net/1893/2179.
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The behavioural ecology of duikers (Cephalophus spp.) was studied in mature forest and mixed secondary vegetation around TaI National Park, Cöte d'Ivoire. The most common species in both vegetation types was C. maxwelli, followed by C. dorsalis, C. ogilbyi, C. niger, C. zebra and C. lentinki in mature forest, and C. niger, C. dorsalis and C. sylvicultor in secondary vegetation. Population surveys were carried out by a number of methods. Transect censuses by night were found most efficient in mature forest, whereas in secondary vegetation, only pellet transect censuses and drives into nets were possible. C. maxwelli populations were estimated at about 63 km2 in mature forest and 79 km2 in secondary vegetation. Duikers were primarily frugivorous, but the proportion of leaves taken increased in the season of fruit scarcity. Fruit abundance in different habitats increased with the age of the vegetation. Six C. maxwelli in mature forest and four in secondary vegetation were radio-collared to determine ranging patterns and social behaviour. They were diurnal and lived in groups of one male with one or two females and young. Home ranges, which were about 5 ha in size in mature forest and 3.6 ha in secondary vegetation, were defended by males, and the boundaries were marked by latrine areas by both sexes. In mixed secondary vegetation, all habitats were used except open fields and bamboo thickets. Implications for conservation and management are discussed. The continued preservation of mature forest and the control of poaching are essential for the survival of the three rarer species (C. -jentinki, C. zebra and C. ogilbyi). The control of poaching must precede any programme of sustainable harvesting of the more abundant species, which could be carried out in secondary vegetation. Duiker farming may be possible if low-cost sources of fencing and forage can be identified.
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Willson, Susan K. "Army ants and obligaate ant-following birds : a study of ecology, spatial movement patterns and behavior in Amazonian Peru /." free to MU campus, to others for purchase, 2003. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/mo/fullcit?p3091978.
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Gaugris, Jerome Yves. "The impacts of herbivores and humans on the utilisation of woody resources in conserved versus non-conserved land in Maputoland, northern KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa." Connect to this title online, 2008. http://upetd.up.ac.za/thesis/available/etd-06052008-162658.
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Haley, Ryan C. Haley Ryan C. Fox Shane M. Klotzbach Roy Michael. "Best practices in the Navy's energy programs strategic communication factors operating in the tactical forces." Monterey, California : Naval Postgraduate School, 2009. http://edocs.nps.edu/npspubs/scholarly/MBAPR/2009/Dec/09Dec%5FHaley%5FMBA.pdf.
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"Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Business Administration from the Naval Postgraduate School, December 2009."Advisor(s): King, Cynthia. ; Salem, Anita. "December 2009." "MBA Professional report"--Cover. Description based on title screen as viewed on April 12, 2010. Author(s) subject terms: Energy Conservation; Strategic Communication; U.S. Navy Energy Conservation Programs; Motivations; Incentives; Behavior Change Includes bibliographical references (p. 83-87). Also available in print.
Books on the topic "Forest conservation behaviour"
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Harri, Hakkarainen, ed. The boreal owl: Ecology, behaviour, and conservation of a forest-dwelling predator. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2012.
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Demmer, Maria Josefien. Indigenous people conserving the rain forest?: The effect of wealth and markets on the economic behaviour of Tawahka Amerindians in Honduras. Wageningen: Tropenbos International, 2001.
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Reynolds, Vernon. Chimpanzees of the Budongo Forest: Ecology, Behaviour and Conservation. Oxford University Press, 2005.
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Reynolds, Vernon. Chimpanzees of the Budongo Forest: Ecology, Behaviour and Conservation. Oxford University Press, Incorporated, 2005.
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Korpimäki, Erkki, and Harri Hakkarainen. Boreal Owl: Ecology, Behaviour and Conservation of a Forest-Dwelling Predator. Cambridge University Press, 2014.
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Korpimäki, Erkki, and Harri Hakkarainen. Boreal Owl: Ecology, Behaviour and Conservation of a Forest-Dwelling Predator. Cambridge University Press, 2012.
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Korpimäki, Erkki, and Harri Hakkarainen. Boreal Owl: Ecology, Behaviour and Conservation of a Forest-Dwelling Predator. Cambridge University Press, 2012.
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Korpimäki, Erkki, and Harri Hakkarainen. Boreal Owl: Ecology, Behaviour and Conservation of a Forest-Dwelling Predator. Cambridge University Press, 2012.
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Reynolds, Vernon. The Chimpanzees of the Budongo Forest: Ecology, Behaviour, and Conservation (Oxford Biology). Oxford University Press, USA, 2005.
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Reynolds, Vernon. The Chimpanzees of the Budongo Forest: Ecology, Behaviour, and Conservation (Oxford Biology). Oxford University Press, USA, 2005.
Find full textBook chapters on the topic "Forest conservation behaviour"
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Rabinovici, Eliezer. "Beyond the Standard Model." In Particle Physics Reference Library, 455–517. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-38207-0_8.
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AbstractStarting sometime in 2008/2009 one expects to be able to take a glimpse at physics at the TeV scale. This will be done through the Large Hadronic Collider (LHC) at CERN, Geneva. It will be a result of an unprecedented coordinated international scientific effort. This chapter is written in 2007. It is essentially inviting disaster to spell out in full detail what the current various theoretical speculations on the physics are, as well motivated as they may seem at this time. What I find of more value is to elaborate on some of the ideas and the motivations behind them. Some may stay with us, some may evolve and some may be discarded as the results of the experiments unfold. When the proton antiproton collider was turned on in the early eighties of the last century at Cern the theoretical ideas were ready to face the experimental results in confidence, a confidence which actually had prevailed. The emphasis was on the tremendous experimental challenges that needed to be overcome in both the production and the detection of the new particles. As far as theory was concerned this was about the physics of the standard model and not about the physics beyond it. The latter part was left safely unchallenged. That situation started changing when the large electron positron (LEP) collider experiments also at Cern were turned on as well the experiments at the Tevatron at Fermilab. Today it is with rather little, scientifically based, theoretical confidence that one is anticipating the outcome of the experiments. It is less the method and foundations that are tested and more the prejudices. It is these which are at the center of this chapter. Some claim to detect over the years an oscilatory behavior in the amount of conservatism expressed by leaders in physics. The generation in whose life time relativity and quantum mechanics were discovered remained non-conservative throughout their life. Some of the latter developed eventually such adventurous ideas as to form as a reaction a much more conservative following generation. The conservative generation perfected the inherited tools and has uncovered and constructed the Standard Model. They themselves were followed by a less conservative generation. The new generation was presented with a seemingly complete description of the known forces. In order to go outside the severe constraints of the Standard Model the new generation has drawn upon some of the more adventurous ideas of the older generation as well as created it own ideas. In a way almost all accepted notions were challenged. In the past such an attitude has led to major discoveries such as relativity and quantum mechanics. In some cases it was carried too far, the discovery of the neutrino was initially missed as energy conservation was temporarily given up.
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Bannerji, Parama. "Experiences of Partnership With Rural Community in Managing Forest Resources." In Research Anthology on Ecosystem Conservation and Preserving Biodiversity, 1138–57. IGI Global, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-6684-5678-1.ch055.
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Participation is a dominant concept governing institutional planning, globally. But literature review reveals that the outcome of participation has been variable in various settings leading to a belief that there exists a gap between what is written about participation and what happens, in reality. The study adopts a case study approach and focusses on a case of community forest management and planning from the state of West Bengal, India. This state has been the cradle of a number of decentralization initiatives. Following the tenets of behavioural geography, the study tries to understand the behaviour of the stakeholders in participation in the planning process, the factors affecting it, and the nature of engagement process. The study concludes that the level of local participation not only on the willingness of the formal institutions convening participation but also on the understanding of the community of the socio-economic and political processes affecting them, accessibility to resources like information, education, government training programmes, etc.
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Ferreira, Tiago de Souza, Alexandre França Tetto, Ronaldo Viana Soares, Antonio Carlos Batista, and Amanda Köche Marcon. "The enemy lives next door: ecological consequences of woody encroachment in a grassland ecosystem in southern Brazil." In Advances in Forest Fire Research 2022, 784–91. Imprensa da Universidade de Coimbra, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.14195/978-989-26-2298-9_119.
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The replacement of grasslands by woody plants represents one of the main threats to the biodiversity conservation in open landscapes around the world. This transformation occurs when ecological processes that are essential to avoid the canopy closure are prevented, such as fire. We sampled trees and shrubs and evaluated the effects of fire in an old-growth grassland remnant released from fire for 18 years in Southern Brazil. Our main objective was to analyze whether woody encroachment promotes a biome shift of the grassland ecosystem. We hypothesized if woody encroachment is deterministically structured towards a dominance of forest species and a significant decrease in fire intensity and severity along the encroachment gradient occur. Then, the woody encroachment does not represent a simple process of woody densification, but a biome shift towards an alternative forest state, that change the ecology of the system in a positive feedback loop and get stability as the woody community expands. We found clear evidences that woody encroachment promotes a biome shift from an open grassland state to an alternative forest state. In this process, our results indicated that woody encroachment was structured deterministically in the multivariate space with the occurrence of indicator species in the early and late stages. Throughout the entire encroachment gradient analyzed, a significant dominance of forest species was found, indicating that Southern Brazilian grasslands have the potential to be converted into forests more rapidly than savannas in the absence of fire. A significant decrease in fire intensity was found as the process of woody encroachment increased, indicating a change in the system behaviour that favoured the occurrence of a positive feedback loop between the canopy cover and the recruitment of shade-tolerant forest species. Simultaneously to fire intensity decrease, we observed that the reversion of the woody encroachment process was significantly reduced as the woody dominance increased. Thus, the woody encroachment mediated by fire suppression can be considered a degradation factor in our study area, since it can shift the system balance to another alternative stable state. By elucidating the ecological consequences behind woody encroachment, we recommend the use of prescribed fires to the conservation of the grasslands landscapes in Southern Brazil.
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Roberts, Patrick. "Forests of Plenty? Comparisons and Conclusions." In Tropical Forests in Prehistory, History, and Modernity. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198818496.003.0013.
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The writings of John Muir were a key part of the early advocacy for the preservation of ‘wilderness’ areas in the United States. I hope to have demonstrated throughout this book that tropical forests are no longer a ‘monstrous and boundless thicket, with no way of escape’ (Chapter 1), and hold an important place in our biological and cultural history. Yet, while this certainly makes tropical forests key priorities for conservation, I also hope to have shown that they should not be seen as static or ‘wild’. The development of new methodologies, theoretical realization that these environments are not ‘primeval’ or ‘impenetrable’, and a growth of research interest and funding are beginning to reimagine these environments as variable, dynamic, and important stages for human action. In this concluding chapter I argue that it is now time to move beyond dichotomies of whether tropical forests are ‘pristine’ or whether they have been constantly occupied and modified by humans through ongoing ‘niche construction’ (Roberts et al., 2017a). Instead, we are now able to begin to study, in detail, the sheer diversity of tropical forest ‘prehistories’, ‘histories’, and ‘modernities’ accessible to archaeologists, historians, palaeoecologists, and anthropologists. However, I want to go even further than the simple acknowledgement that a recent growth of data from, and interest in, tropical forests has given them greater visibility in discussions of human adaptations, past and present. Instead, I wish to evaluate to what extent the information from these habitats can play a theoretical and methodological role in narratives of the human ‘Universe’ more broadly. To do this I return to a series of themes developed in Chapter 1 that pitch discussions of Miocene and Pleistocene tropical forest occupation, indigenous agricultural developments and external introductions, tropical forest urbanism, and ethnohistoric and ethnographic tropical forest foraging and farming against patterns of behaviour in other environments.
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Frangieh, Nicolas, Gilbert Accary, Jean-Louis Rossi, Dominique Morvan, François-Joseph Chatelon, Thierry Marcelli, Sofiane Meradji, et al. "Fuelbreaks design: from CFD modelling to operational tools." In Advances in Forest Fire Research 2022, 222–26. Imprensa da Universidade de Coimbra, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.14195/978-989-26-2298-9_36.
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Dimensioning a fuelbreak remains always a challenging problem. For a long time, this problem was tackled using an empirical approach from the experience of operational users such as the fire fighters and the foresters. During the last decades, new approaches coming from fire safety engineering have completed the set of tools adapted to study this problem. These tools are all based on physical considerations, more or- less sophisticated. The simplest ones, consist in assimilating the flame as a radiant panel, calculating the distribution of radiant heat flux as a function of the distance separating the flame to a potential target and defining at what distance this heat flux reached a critical threshold level susceptible to produce damages on this target (pain for people or ignition for materials). The most complex ones, consist in solving the conservation equations (mass, momentum, energy ...) governing the behaviour of complex coupled problem formed by the vegetation, the flame front and the surrounding atmosphere. This new generation of engineering tool, based on CFD approach allows to directly predict the behaviour of a fire front propagating toward a fuelbreak, in order to evaluate its efficiency as a function of the amount of surface fuel (grass, shrubs) removed to reduce locally the fuel load and therefore the intensity of an incoming fire. These two approaches are fully complementary, only the first one has the potentiality to be spread operationally on the field, whereas the second one can contribute to improve the first one and to study with more detail some very sensitive situations such as those encountered in the wildland urban interface (WUI). The main part of this study concerns numerical simulations of the propagation of a fire front through a homogeneous vegetation layer (a grassland) in the vicinity of a fuelbreak represented by a band more or less wide inside which all the fuel was removed. The simulations were performed using a fully physical wildfire model (FIRESTAR3D), three variable parameters were considered in this study: the 1m open wind speed (U1 ranged between 3 and 10 m/s), the fuel height (HFuel ranged between 0.25 and 1m) and the fuelbreak width (LFB). With these conditions, the simulations covered a large range of values of the Byram’s convective number NC (0.3 < NC < 60) in order to explore wind as well driven fires (NC < 2) and plume dominated fires (NC > 10). The 72 simulations carried out in this study have been classified in three categories: 1/ Propagation (if the fire has crossed the fuelbreak with a propagation after); 2/ Overshooting or Marginal (if the fire has crossed the fuelbreak without a propagation after); 3/ No-propagation (if the fuelbreak has stopped the fire). The main objective of this study was to determine the optimal fuelbreak width LFBx separating between the Propagation and the No-propagation regimes, in order to generalize the conclusion, the results have been presented in dimensionless form (similitude theory) in representing as an example the ratio LFBx/HFuel versus the Byram’s convective number NC.
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Staudinger, Severin. "Forest Fire Simulation." In Research Anthology on Ecosystem Conservation and Preserving Biodiversity, 564–74. IGI Global, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-6684-5678-1.ch029.
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In this chapter a heuristic forest fire model based on cellular automata is presented and realized for efficiency reasons with the DataFlow programming approach. Real-world images taken by satellites are analyzed and used as the basis for simulations. In the presented forest fire model, natural influences like wind strength and direction, burning behavior, as well as different levels of inflammability are considered. The DataFlow implementation on an FPGA-based Maxeler MAX3 Vectis card was compared to a sequential C version executed on an Intel Xeon E5-2650 2.0 GHz CPU. The author obtained speedups of up to 70 for a strong wind situation and 46 for a random wind setting while reducing energy consumption.
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Lorbiecki, Marybeth. "Aldo’s Students and Colleagues." In A Fierce Green Fire. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199965038.003.0022.
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As you walk into the current University of Wisconsin-Madison’s Department of Forest and Wildlife Ecology, on the second floor of Russell Laboratories, you’ll see it is a far cry from Leopold’s 424 Farm Place, next to the university cow barns. Even so, resting just outside the department’s office door is a handmade Leopold Bench—one of those simply designed pieces with crossed-plank legs holding up a plank seat and back. As the Environmental Protection Agency’s Landscaping site states: “To spy a Leopold bench in someone’s yard is to know something about the family who there resides. … Its form, resting alone under a tree or in congregation around a fire-pit, reminds us of Leopold’s thoughtfulness.” This handmade blond bench, though, is over a half-century old. It was a gift to the Professor from his department—and wood-burned into it are the names of Aldo’s secretaries and graduate students for him to remember them by, and now for us to do the same. The department, of course, has changed radically since Aldo unexpectedly left. It web page displays a photo of Aldo in the upper corner and lists twenty-two faculty members, four of whom are women (which he would have liked). The fields of expertise presented at first seem like Leopold methods and topics on steroids: forest biometry, forest genetics, molecular ecology, forest remote sensing, spatial analysis, modern climate change. Other specialties are perspectives he had already been integrating into his thinking and planning: landscape ecology, forest ecosystem ecology, tree physiology, forest and environmental history, conservation biology, land use/land cover change, hydrology, population dynamics, conservation management extension, resource policy, ecosystem management, society and natural resources. Scanning the expertise of the emeritus and affiliate faculty, you can see even further outgrowths of Leopold’s far-ranging, integrated thinking and imagining: forest pathology, natural resource and land economics, biogeochemistry, international forestry, development planning, recreation management, economic forecasting, forest soils, human behavior and resource management, nutrient and carbon cycling in forest, nursery, and urban ecosystems.
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Foufopoulos, Johannes, Gary A. Wobeser, and Hamish McCallum. "Ethical and Public Outreach Considerations." In Infectious Disease Ecology and Conservation, 250–63. Oxford University Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199583508.003.0016.
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Multiple management approaches can be used to respond to a wildlife disease outbreak; which actions are chosen depends not only on epidemiological, ecological, and economic considerations, but also on the underpinning ethical values of the groups affected. As a result, any successful disease control effort needs to consider from the onset the underlying ethical values of all stakeholders involved. This includes the willingness to trade the well-being of individual hosts or stakeholders against the benefit for the populations overall, as well as the willingness to accept costs and limitations to human behaviors rather than just manipulation of conditions for animals. Public outreach and communication during the management of a wildlife disease outbreak are extremely important. Engaging the general public through comprehensive outreach methods not only ensures higher levels of acceptance and consensus, but also higher probability of a successful campaign outcome. Numerous means exist for engaging different stakeholder groups ranging from mass media outlets including mail, phone, and internet, through to the set-up of surveys, focus groups, open houses, task forces, and workshops or conferences. Integrating stakeholder knowledge and concerns in the decision-making process tends to improve governance and accountability and leads to increases in overall effectiveness and durability of a management action.
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Mandala, Vijaya Ramadas. "The Raj and the Paradoxes of Wildlife Conservation." In Shooting a Tiger, 262–324. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199489381.003.0006.
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Chapter 5 examines the environmental and wildlife conservation issues with reference to hunting in colonial India. Addressing the issues of forestry, environment, and empire in relation to Indian wildlife, it is possible to evaluate the ways in which the British contested, constructed, and tailored wildlife conservation attitudes to meet the needs of smooth governance, while maintaining the imperial sport of hunting. Against this backdrop, the chapter explains how the issue of conservation remained in tension with imperial hunting and exploitation in colonial India. While explaining these intricacies, this study suggests that the British ruled tigers, elephants, and the native people through their inconsistencies rather than from a unified Orientalist ideology. In this, the reader would learn how the British attitudes and the policies implemented were situational and pragmatic. More importantly, it points to a story that signifies the ability of the powerful to change attitudes and shift behaviours according to the circumstances. Thus in colonial India, tigers were seen as the symbolic enemies of civilization, noxious creatures that were in the way of economic development and tragic symbols of a decimated nature, all at the same time, whereas elephants were left alone because of their usefulness. Extermination and preservation of species thus went hand-in-hand so that colonial interests rather than animal welfare could be promoted.
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Nagendra, Harini. "Wild Beasts in the City." In At Nature's Edge, 105–19. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199489077.003.0005.
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Early settlers, pastoralists and hunters, demonstrated an extensive ecological knowledge of the local landscape as of animal behaviour. India rulers used hunts and captive wild animals in the court to underline their bravery, military prowess and valour. The local fascination with shikar (hunting) rubbed off onto British elite, who participated in gruesome farces of urban ‘hunts’, against large wild cats imported in cages from the forests surrounding Bengaluru. Uncaged wildlife were perceived as vermin, leading to an intensive period of targeted kills in the 19th century. These histories influence our framing of the wild beast as the ‘other’: a being to be valorized in battle, conquered in a hunt, trapped in a cage, butchered for trophies, and exoticized in print, but not capable of co-existing with humans. Solutions are unclear, and would be simplistic to propose. But the need to foster a new ethic of urban conservation appears clear.
Conference papers on the topic "Forest conservation behaviour"
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Tobella, Carles, Marc Franch, Josep M. Bas, Lluís Brotons, and Pere Pons. "Comparative spatial behaviour and longevity in cicadas in unburnt vs. burnt forest areas with different management." In 5th European Congress of Conservation Biology. Jyväskylä: Jyvaskyla University Open Science Centre, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.17011/conference/eccb2018/107747.
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Shorohova, Ekaterina, Helena Kushnevskaya, Anna Ruokolainen, Alexei Polevoi, and Eugene Borovichev. "Behavior in a wide range of choices: substrate preferences of threatened wood-inhabiting species in a mixed old-growth boreal forest." In 5th European Congress of Conservation Biology. Jyväskylä: Jyvaskyla University Open Science Centre, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.17011/conference/eccb2018/107383.
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Jović, Valerije D., Larisa A. Jović, and Naim H. Afgan. "Unsteady Behavior of the Adiabatic Two-Phase Flow in Parallel Vertical Channels." In ASME 1998 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece1998-0749.
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Abstract Unsteady behavior of two phase mixture is very complex phenomena which depending on the characteristic of the system and range of the working parameters, will appear in the form of the deformed or selfsustanable flow rate oscillations, pressure, temperature and other parameters. In this paper results of the experimental and analytical study devoted to the investigation of unsteady regimes in air-water adiabatic two phase flow in the system three parallel hydrodinamicaly not identical vertical channels are presented. The onset of oscillatory instability parallel channel two phase flow in time and complex domain is analysed. Using experimentally determined transfer function of the system the criterion’s for the determination of the linearity or nonlinearity was defined. Obtained results show that dynamic equilibrium of conservative forces in two phase system do not ensure stable flow in all its parts. For the regimes when friction forces in two phase part of the channel are dominant over the dissipation and inertial forces, appearance of the unstable pulsation of pressure drop in one, two or all three parallel channels under stable system characteristics is possible.
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Xu, Lily. "Learning and Planning Under Uncertainty for Green Security." In Thirtieth International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence {IJCAI-21}. California: International Joint Conferences on Artificial Intelligence Organization, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.24963/ijcai.2021/695.
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Green security concerns the protection of the world's wildlife, forests, and fisheries from poaching, illegal logging, and illegal fishing. Unfortunately, conservation efforts in green security domains are constrained by the limited availability of defenders, who must patrol vast areas to protect from attackers. Artificial intelligence (AI) techniques have been developed for green security and other security settings, such as US Coast Guard patrols and airport screenings, but effective deployment of AI in these settings requires learning adversarial behavior and planning in complex environments where the true dynamics may be unknown. My research develops novel techniques in machine learning and game theory to enable the effective development and deployment of AI in these resource-constrained settings. Notably, my work has spanned the pipeline from learning in a supervised setting, planning in stochastic environments, sequential planning in uncertain environments, and deployment in the real world. The overarching goal is to optimally allocate scarce resources under uncertainty for environmental conservation.
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Solano, Rafael F., Bruno R. Antunes, Alexandre S. Hansen, Arek Bedrossian, and Graeme Roberts. "Comparison of Design and Operational Behaviour of an Offshore Pipeline With Controlled Lateral Buckling." In ASME 2012 31st International Conference on Ocean, Offshore and Arctic Engineering. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/omae2012-83646.
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It is imperative to adopt some conservative premises in the engineering calculations undertaken during the design stage of an offshore pipeline susceptible to lateral buckling, in order to achieve a design with adequate levels of robustness and integrity throughout the pipeline’s design life. The conservatism can be attached to many uncertainties such as the pipe-soil interaction — interpreted as-soil friction factors — the seabed stiffness and profile and even the as laid lateral out-ofstraightness. Once in operation, these effects will come into play and the pipeline may behave slightly differently to that anticipated in design, depending on the relative strength of the natural uncertainties compared to the design features such as engineered buckling triggers. The over-riding intention in design is, of course, to enable the pipeline to withstand, with sufficient safety margins, the maximum stresses and strains anticipated to occur by realistic predictions in the design stage. In recent years, many kilometres of deepwater pipelines have been designed and installed along the Brazilian coast using the principle of controlled lateral buckling, in which engineered buckle triggers, such as sleepers and distributed buoyancy sections, are deployed at regular intervals along the pipeline. The purpose of these triggers it to initiate a sufficient number of benign buckles along the pipeline and thereby relax the compressive forces set up as a result of thermal expansion without violating safe limits on stress and strain in the pipelines. In addition to the engineered buckling sites, however, the natural seabed features and associated uncertainties will interact with the pipeline’s behaviour and create additional natural buckle sites. To anticipate these sites and discover their importance at the design stage is recognised as a real challenge, particularly as precise post-installed and in-operation surveys are not normally carried out with the intention of confirming such buckle sites and design assumptions. The work reported in this paper is a detailed comparison between the initial design and observed operational behaviour of an offshore HP/HT pipeline, mainly in terms of the engineered and natural buckles actually formed along the pipeline, the severity of these buckles and some conclusions concerning the effects of initial imperfections and pipe-soil interaction characteristics considered in detailed design. It is hoped that this rare feedback from real operating conditions on installed pipelines, will be of great interest to pipeline designers and lead to more efficient and better understood design processes and encourage Operators to undertake more regular and sophisticated surveys of operating and installed pipelines for the benefit of future projects.
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Kim, J. H., T. W. Song, T. S. Kim, and S. T. Ro. "Model Development and Simulation of Transient Behavior of Heavy Duty Gas Turbines." In ASME Turbo Expo 2000: Power for Land, Sea, and Air. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/2000-gt-0548.
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This paper describes models for a transient analysis of heavy duty gas turbines, and presents dynamic simulation results of a modern electricity generation engine. Basic governing equations are derived from integral forms of unsteady conservation equations. Mathematical models of each component are described with the aid of unsteady one-dimensional governing equations and steady state component characteristics. Special efforts have been made to predict the compressor characteristics including the effect of movable vanes, which govern the running behavior of the whole engine. The derived equation sets are solved numerically by a fully implicit method. A controller model that maintains constant rotational speed and target temperature (turbine inlet or exhaust temperature) is used to simulate real engine operations. Component models, especially those of the compressor, are validated through a comparison with test data. Simulated is the dynamic behavior of a 150MW class engine. The simulated time-dependent variations of engine parameters such as power, rotational speed, fuel, temperatures and guide vane angles are compared with field data. Simulated results are fairly close to the operation data.
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Li, Qubo, Janusz Piechna, and Norbert Mueller. "Static, Dynamic and Failure Behavior of a Novel Axial Composite Impeller for Water Chiller." In ASME 2010 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. ASMEDC, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2010-39817.
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Centrifugal forces applied to an impeller due to spinning generate large stresses. Aerodynamic forces are also imparted on the blade varying with time. These two forces play different roles during compressor events. Damage accumulated from these events results in the fatigue failure of impeller material and structure. Therefore, it is important to design the impeller against fatigue failure. The finite element method has been used in the study of impeller fracture mechanics and is regarded as an important tool in the design and analysis of impeller structures. A novel axial composite impeller manufactured through filament winding technology was invented by Michigan State University to compress water vapor as refrigerant. In this study dynamic and fatigue behavior of this composite impeller were analyzed using commercial code ANSYS. To begin with, load cases were identified, calculated and evaluated. Static analysis was performed using a full 3-D finite element model and the critical zone where fatigue failure begins was extracted to determine life assessment positions. Secondly, aerodynamic forces imparted on the blade were obtained from FLUENT; so that damage from dynamic stresses could be calculated. Finally, based on the FEM and FLUENT simulation results, a linear damage accumulation model was employed as a damage estimation rule to predict life of the composite impeller. A conservative life of 6498 h is given by this method.
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Chanteperdrix, Guilhem, Philippe Villedieu, and Jean-Paul Vila. "A Compressible Model for Separated Two-Phase Flows Computations." In ASME 2002 Joint U.S.-European Fluids Engineering Division Conference. ASMEDC, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/fedsm2002-31141.
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In order to simulate numerically the physical behaviour of a free surface between two fluids, we have developped a compressible model, able to correctly reproduce sloshing at high Bond number (capillary forces neglectible). We will first present the model. It is composed of four equations in two space dimensions : two for each fluid mass conservation, and two for momemtum conservation. The gas and liquid phases are supposed to be compressible fluids following an isothermal linearized equation of state. A mechanical equilibrium relation closes the model (the equilibrium model). Relaxing this relation, we obtain a new model (the relaxation model) that is more adapted for numerical treatment. The second part of the paper is dedicated to the presentation of the numerical method that we used. We explain why it does not need a scheme for the volume fraction. In particular, there is no specific algorithm to localize the interface, as in VOF, Level-Set or Front Tracking methods. The last part of the paper is devoted to some validation results, compared to analytical solution or experimental data.
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Nelson, Emily S., and Phillip Colella. "Parametric Study of Reactive Melt Infiltration." In ASME 1999 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece1999-0794.
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Abstract Reactive melt infiltration is viewed as a promising means of achieving near-net shape manufacturing with quick processing time and at low cost. Since the reactants and products are, in general, of varying density, overall conservation of mass dictates that there is a force related to chemical conversion which can directly influence infiltration behavior. In effect, the driving pressure forces may compete with the forces from chemical conversion, affecting the advancement of the front. We have developed a two-dimensional numerical code to examine these effects, using reaction-formed silicon carbide as a model system for this process. We have examined a range of initial porosities, pore radii, and reaction rates in order to investigate their effects on infiltration dynamics.
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Chell, G. Graham, Yi-Der Lee, and Stephen J. Hudak. "Efficient J-Based Failure Assessment Diagrams for Engineering Critical Assessments of Circumferentially Cracked Pipes Subjected to Axial Force, Pressure, and Bending." In ASME 2013 32nd International Conference on Ocean, Offshore and Arctic Engineering. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/omae2013-10058.
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Engineering critical assessments (ECAs) of cracked pipes increasingly involve situations of high strains (e.g., reeling and ratcheting fatigue), multiple loads (combined bending, axial forces, and internal pressure), and multi-axial stressing (due to pressure). In this paper, some of the implications of these loading conditions on ECAs are investigated by generating BS 7910 Level 3C Failure Assessment Diagrams (FADs) from the results of a large matrix of finite element analysis (FEA) J computations for circumferentially cracked pipes. The Level 3C (J-based) FADs (which provide the most accurate FAD approach to ECAs) are compared with the corresponding and more widely employed (but less accurate) Level 2B (material dependent) FADs in order to assess the accuracy of the latter. Use of FEA J solutions in a Level 3C FAD ensures that the effects of material behavior, load type, crack type, crack geometry, and pipe geometry are accurately captured whereas a Level 2B FAD only attempts to accurately capture the effects of material stress-strain behavior. It is demonstrated that under some circumstances a Level 2B assessment will result in non-conservative results compared to the corresponding Level 3C assessment. The current comparison between Levels 3C and 2B addresses the mechanics involved in these approaches and does not take into account the possible differing treatments of material property uncertainties on ECAs within the two approaches. Based on the current results, an efficient J formulation is described that facilitates the practical implementation of a J-based ECA. The novel approach used is based on determining material dependent shift factors that transform Level 3C FADs derived from the fully plastic components of J solutions into Level 3C FADs that represent J behaviors in the linear elastic and fully plastic regimes, and the transition region in-between. This new J formulation treats combined axial forces, pressure, and bending when applied proportionally or non-proportionally and forms the basis of the monotonic and cyclic crack tip driving forces employed in the program FlawPRO. This program performs comprehensive conventional and high strain J-based ECAs that involve reeling, arbitrary strain cycling, ratcheting fatigue, and ductile tearing that are equivalent to a Level 3C FAD approach.
Reports on the topic "Forest conservation behaviour"
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Rajarajan, Kunasekaran, Alka Bharati, Hirdayesh Anuragi, Arun Kumar Handa, Kishor Gaikwad, Nagendra Kumar Singh, Kamal Prasad Mohapatra, et al. Status of perennial tree germplasm resources in India and their utilization in the context of global genome sequencing efforts. World Agroforestry, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.5716/wp20050.pdf.
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Tree species are characterized by their perennial growth habit, woody morphology, long juvenile period phase, mostly outcrossing behaviour, highly heterozygosity genetic makeup, and relatively high genetic diversity. The economically important trees have been an integral part of the human life system due to their provision of timber, fruit, fodder, and medicinal and/or health benefits. Despite its widespread application in agriculture, industrial and medicinal values, the molecular aspects of key economic traits of many tree species remain largely unexplored. Over the past two decades, research on forest tree genomics has generally lagged behind that of other agronomic crops. Genomic research on trees is motivated by the need to support genetic improvement programmes mostly for food trees and timber, and develop diagnostic tools to assist in recommendation for optimum conservation, restoration and management of natural populations. Research on long-lived woody perennials is extending our molecular knowledge and understanding of complex life histories and adaptations to the environment, enriching a field that has traditionally drawn its biological inference from a few short-lived herbaceous species. These concerns have fostered research aimed at deciphering the genomic basis of complex traits that are related to the adaptive value of trees. This review summarizes the highlights of tree genomics and offers some priorities for accelerating progress in the next decade.