Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Forest conflicts'
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Eckerberg, Katarina, and Camilla Sandström. "Preface to Forest Conflicts : A Growing Research Field." Umeå universitet, Statsvetenskapliga institutionen, 2013. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-71520.
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Sandström, Camilla, Katarina Eckerberg, and Kaisa Raitio. "Studying conflicts, proposing solutions : Towards multi-level approaches to the analyses of forest conflicts." Umeå universitet, Statsvetenskapliga institutionen, 2013. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-71521.
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Lee, Poh Onn 1963. "Social coordination and forest conflicts : a case study on Sarawak, Malaysia." Monash University, Dept. of Economics, 2000. http://arrow.monash.edu.au/hdl/1959.1/8375.
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Johansson, Anna. "Trouble seeking in Småländska forests : Untangling the conflicts and contradictions in småländskt forestry by looking into different perspectives." Thesis, Linnéuniversitetet, Institutionen för design (DE), 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:lnu:diva-96707.
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Why do we call the monotonous spruce plantations here in Småland ‘forests’? Wildlife habitats are decreasing and the biodiversity with it. This was my concern when I started my project. But when I started to look for answers to why the forest looks as it does today, I encountered an obstacle.An obstacle containing a polarized debate, misunderstandings creating conflicts and controversies creating confusion. There is not a common notion of the meaning of words such as forest, forestry or preservation amongst the people involved in the forests. To save wildlife habitats people need to work together, and to be able to work together, we need a common notion of the meaning of words. I started to dig up the conflicts by having interviews with the people involved, to see what they were rooted in. This became my project. This project is not about finding one right answer or a solution, it is rather a collective storytelling of different perspectives on the Småländska forests.The results of this research is the basis to the film I made. In the film I used perspective binoculars, which is a speculative tool for being able to see others perspectives and stories. The binoculars zoom in and out, shifting perspectives and showing details you perhaps would not notice otherwise.
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Beattie, Robert B. (Robert Bruce) 1959. "Finding uncommon ground : sustainable development conflicts in the northern forest of New England and New York." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 1998. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/9834.
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Warfield, Janice Marlene. "Selected environmental impacts and recreational conflicts on multiple-use trails, a case study of the ganaraska forest, ontario." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1998. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk2/tape15/PQDD_0012/MQ30237.pdf.
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Sukhbaatar, Tuul. "Traditional Ecological Knowledge and Opportunities for Reducing Human-Wolf Conflicts in Mongolia." Antioch University / OhioLINK, 2020. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=antioch1603982171867841.
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Nilsson, Camilla. "Konsten att förvalta tätortsnära skogar - en fallstudie i Skåne." Thesis, Linnéuniversitetet, Institutionen för skog och träteknik (SOT), 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:lnu:diva-105477.
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Synen på skogens värden har förändrats från att mestadels beröra de konkretavaror som skogen bidrar med till att innefatta mer abstrakta värden. Skogarna blirviktigare ur fler aspekter och förvaltningen av den försvåras genom att den kanses om en privat, kollektiv och gemensam resurs. Syftet var att beskriva denskogliga förvaltarens roll i att samordna olika intressenters önskemål vidskogsvårdsåtgärder i tätortsnära skog. Fem skogsförvaltare från fyra slumpmässigtutvalda organisationer i Skåne intervjuades. För att öka eller bibehålla rekreationsvärden bör skötseln inrikta sig på att göraskogen tillgänglig, öppen och ljus samt att skapa variation. Inför åtgärdenanvändes deltagande planering i form av informationsblad som sattes upp kringavverkningsplatsen. Detta bidrog förmodligen till att få konflikter ellermotsättningar förekom i tätortsnära skogar. Brukandet bör ske med ett annat fokusän vid konventionellt skogsbruk för att gynna de sociala värdena och enförebyggande dialog bör hållas med intressenterna.
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Peres, Isabela Kojin. "Conflitos nas políticas ambientais: uma análise do processo de alteração do Código Florestal Brasileiro." Universidade de São Paulo, 2016. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/91/91131/tde-19042016-092527/.
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Esta dissertação tem como objetivo analisar o cenário e os processos políticos que culminaram com a alteração do antigo Código Florestal Brasileiro (Lei Federal nº 4.771/1965), revogado pela Lei Federal nº 12.651/2012. Busca-se identificar quais foram os fatores que levaram a essa alteração, os principais atores e grupos de interesse que atuaram nas coalizões denominadas de ambientalistas e ruralistas, bem como os argumentos e recursos de poder empregados. Partiu-se do pressuposto de que prevaleceram os interesses privados, em especial dos grupos de interesse do agronegócio, em relação aos interesses da coletividade e que dizem respeito à conservação ambiental. Foram utilizados como ponto de partida metodológica os modelos de Laswell (1936) para entender \"quem ganha o que, porquê e que diferença isso faz\", de coalizões de defesa de Sabatier (1988) e de múltiplos fluxos de Kingdon (2007), bem como o ciclo e as dimensões das políticas públicas de Frey (2000). Para a análise foram utilizados documentos jurídicos, estudos científicos, manifestos públicos, matérias da mídia e postagens nas redes sociais, além de entrevistas semiabertas. Evidenciouse que a atuação da bancada ruralista foi imprescindível na alteração da lei e que esta priorizou interesses privados, em especial dos setores produtivos agropecuários, em detrimento aos interesses públicos e coletivos. O estudo mostra ainda que a polarização entre as coalizões ambientalistas e ruralistas silenciou outros conflitos socioambientais que são recorrentes nos espaços públicos brasileiros. Também foi possível verificar que, embora a questão ambiental tenha se popularizado, ganhando espaço nas agendas governamentais, quando não é tratada de maneira utilitarista, há prevalência de um discurso em que o meio ambiente parece ser uma externalidade e até mesmo um empecilho para o desenvolvimento econômico do país.This work seeks to analyze the context and the political processes that had led to the alteration from the old Brazilian Forest Code, (Federal Law nº 4.771/1965), repealed by Federal Law No. 12,651 / 2012. The aim is to appoint what were the factors that had led to this alteration, the main actors and the interest groups that had worked in coalitions known as environmentalists and ruralists, as well as arguments and power resources. Our initial assumption was that private interests prevailed. The methodological starting point utilized was the models of Laswell (1936) used to understand \"Who gets what\'s, why and what different it makes\", Sabatier´s advocacy coalitions approach (1988) and Kingdon\'s multiple stream model (2007), as well as the cycle and dimensions of public policy by Frey (2000). Documents, scientific studies, public manifests, media materials and posts on social network and interviews have been used in this analysis. The action of the rural caucus was vital on the alteration of the law, prioritizing. Agricultural Productive Sectors interests became evident. The study still shows that the polarization between environmental and rural caucus silenced other socio-environmental conflicts which are common in the Brazilian public spaces. It was also possible to observe that, although the environmental issue had been popularized, receiving attention in governmental agendas, there is still a prevalence of a speech in which the environment seems to be an externality and even a hindrance to economic development.
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Jürges, Nataly [Verfasser], and Jens [Akademischer Betreuer] Newig. "Forest conflicts in the face of energy transition and climate change: Actor-centered analysis from a multi-level governance perspective / Nataly Jürges. Betreuer: Jens Newig." Lüneburg : Universitätsbibliothek der Leuphana Universität Lüneburg, 2016. http://d-nb.info/1082425273/34.
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Uprety, Dharam Raj. "Community forestry, rural livelihoods and conflict : a case study of community forest users' groups in Nepal /." Wien : Guthmann-Peterson, 2007. http://www.loc.gov/catdir/toc/fy0804/2008366153.html.
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Gericke, Kevin L. "Public participation and its relationship to conflict in national forest planning." Thesis, This resource online, 1990. http://scholar.lib.vt.edu/theses/available/etd-03042009-040603/.
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Worth, David John. "Reconciliation in the forest?: an exploration of the conflict over the logging of native forests in the south west of Western Australia." Thesis, Worth, David John (2004) Reconciliation in the forest?: an exploration of the conflict over the logging of native forests in the south west of Western Australia. PhD thesis, Murdoch University, 2004. https://researchrepository.murdoch.edu.au/id/eprint/415/.
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Over the past 30 years in Western Australia (WA), there has been a heated debate about the future use of the remaining temperate old-growth forests of karri and jarrah in the south-west of the State. This debate revolved around policy proposals from two social movements: one social movement wanted to preserve as much of the remaining old-growth forests as possible, and an opposing social movement supported a continued 'sustainable' logging of the forests for hardwood products. This research project undertook a comparative case study analysis of Australia (TCA) on the pro-logging side and Liberals For Forests (LFF) on the anti-logging side. It drew on a macro-level European theoretical approach (New Social Movement theory) and a US organizational approach (Resource Mobilisation Theory). The study also investigated the extent to which these two social movement organisations (SMOs) had been effective in
Over the past 30 years in Western Australia (WA), there has been a heated debate about the future use of the remaining temperate old-growth forests of karri and jarrah in the south-west of the State. This debate revolved around policy proposals from two social movements: one social movement wanted to preserve as much of the remaining old-growth forests as possible, and an opposing social movement supported a continued 'sustainable' logging of the forests for hardwood products. This research project undertook a comparative case study analysis of one WA organisation from each of these two social movements- Timber Communities Australia (TCA) on the pro-logging side and Liberals For Forests (LFF) on the anti-logging side. It drew on a macro-level European theoretical approach (New Social Movement theory) and a US organizational approach (Resource Mobilisation Theory). The study also investigated the extent to which these two social movement organisations (SMOs) had been effective in influencing the development of State forest policy. For this purpose Schumaker's (1975) framework for judging the political effectiveness of social movements was used. The key research problem investigated in this thesis is why these two SMOs continued to debate the forest policy issue after more than 30 years of public controversy?
Interviews with a key range of stakeholders were the key research method of this study. Additionally, an investigation into important economic and social changes in the south west was undertaken using census and other data between 1971 and 2001 and this was supported by an historical analysis of the timber industry in WA's south west. Finally, a 3-year study of the reporting of forest issues by two local and one national newspaper was completed. The 1998-2000 period was chosen for the newspaper analysis as this was when the new Regional Forest Agreement was being finalised.
This research shows that new values toward the old-growth forests developed among the WA public over the past 30 years and this has created an unbridgeable policy gap between those such as the TCA who wanted the past policies to continue and those such as the LFF who wanted to preserve the remaining native forests. ABS data confirm that the south-west region of WA changed dramatically between 1970 and 2000 as the wine and tourism industries developed and that these changes were different to those occurring in the other wine regions and non-city areas of Australia. As the population increased in this region, a key segment attracted by these new employment opportunities were middle class, well-educated people with new values toward the natural environment.
The interview and newspaper article data clearly showed that the debate in WA in the late 1990s over the proposed RFA provided a new political opportunity for the anti-logging movement to raise their concerns and to establish a renewed public debate about the appropriateness of the WA forest policies. This came at a time when the traditional policy power of the timber industry stakeholders and the government department in charge of the forests (Conservation And Land Management) had been dramatically diminished. The combination of these factors led to the election of the new ALP government and the introduction of a new, non-logging policy for WA's old-growth native forests.
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Worth, David John. "Reconciliation in the forest? : an exploration of the conflict over the logging of native forests in the south west of Western Australia." Murdoch University, 2004. http://wwwlib.murdoch.edu.au/adt/browse/view/adt-MU20040804.161830.
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Over the past 30 years in Western Australia (WA), there has been a heated debate about the future use of the remaining temperate old-growth forests of karri and jarrah in the south-west of the State. This debate revolved around policy proposals from two social movements: one social movement wanted to preserve as much of the remaining old-growth forests as possible, and an opposing social movement supported a continued sustainable logging of the forests for hardwood products. This research project undertook a comparative case study analysis of Australia (TCA) on the pro-logging side and Liberals For Forests (LFF) on the anti-logging side. It drew on a macro-level European theoretical approach (New Social Movement theory) and a US organizational approach (Resource Mobilisation Theory). The study also investigated the extent to which these two social movement organisations (SMOs) had been effective in
Over the past 30 years in Western Australia (WA), there has been a heated debate about the future use of the remaining temperate old-growth forests of karri and jarrah in the south-west of the State. This debate revolved around policy proposals from two social movements: one social movement wanted to preserve as much of the remaining old-growth forests as possible, and an opposing social movement supported a continued sustainable logging of the forests for hardwood products. This research project undertook a comparative case study
analysis of one WA organisation from each of these two social movements- Timber Communities Australia (TCA) on the pro-logging side and Liberals For Forests (LFF) on the anti-logging side. It drew on a macro-level European theoretical approach (New Social Movement theory) and a US organizational approach (Resource Mobilisation Theory). The study also investigated the extent to which these two social movement organisations (SMOs) had been effective in influencing the development of State forest policy. For this purpose Schumakers (1975) framework for judging the political effectiveness of social movements was used. The key research problem investigated in this thesis is why these two SMOs continued to debate the forest policy issue after more than 30 years of public controversy?
Interviews with a key range of stakeholders were the key research method of this study. Additionally, an investigation into important economic and social changes in the south west was undertaken using census and other data between 1971 and 2001 and this was supported by an historical analysis of the timber industry in WAs south west. Finally, a 3-year study of the reporting of forest issues by two local and one national newspaper was completed. The 1998-2000 period was chosen for the newspaper analysis as this was when the new Regional Forest Agreement was being finalised.
This research shows that new values toward the old-growth forests developed among the WA public over the past 30 years and this has created an unbridgeable policy gap between those such as the TCA who wanted the past policies to continue and those such as the LFF who wanted to preserve the remaining native forests. ABS data confirm that the south-west region of WA changed dramatically between 1970 and 2000 as the wine and tourism industries developed and that these changes were different to those occurring in the other wine regions and non-city areas of Australia. As the population increased in this region, a key segment attracted by these new employment opportunities were middle class, well-educated people with new values toward the natural environment.
The interview and newspaper article data clearly showed that the debate in WA in the late 1990s over the proposed RFA provided a new political opportunity for the anti-logging movement to raise their concerns and to establish a renewed public debate about the appropriateness of the WA forest policies. This came at a time when the traditional policy power of the timber industry stakeholders and the government department in charge of the forests (Conservation And Land Management) had been dramatically diminished. The combination of these factors led to the election of the new ALP government and the introduction of a new, non-logging policy for WAs old-growth native forests.
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Pralle, Sarah Beth. "Conflict expansion and containment in forestry politics /." Thesis, Connect to this title online; UW restricted, 2001. http://hdl.handle.net/1773/10748.
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Tavares, Francinei Bentes. "Os princípios de justificação em jogo nos conflitos socioambientais : o caso do extrativismo florestal no Litoral Norte do Rio Grande do Sul." reponame:Biblioteca Digital de Teses e Dissertações da UFRGS, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/10183/11916.
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No Brasil, uma das principais linhas da investigação social acerca da questão ambiental se desenrola em torno dos denominados conflitos socioambientais, pois há um grande número de situações potencialmente polêmicas em relação a esses aspectos e ao denominado desenvolvimento sustentável, que têm cada vez mais despertado a atenção de setores sociais os mais diversos. Dessa forma, pode-se citar, de maneira específica, o caso das populações extrativistas que vivem nas áreas com presença de vegetação florestal da Mata Atlântica, nas encostas da Serra Geral, no município de Maquiné-RS. Os extrativistas contam com o apoio de outros atores (principalmente organizações não-governamentais de cunho conservacionista e acadêmicos com atuação local) visando uma mudança na legislação que vedava a exploração dos recursos florestais, sobretudo da espécie samambaia-preta (Rumohra adiantiformis (G. Forst.) Ching). A partir da definição de parâmetros de sustentabilidade para a extração, baseados na mensuração do impacto das práticas dos agricultores sobre a referida espécie, realizada através de estudos técnico-científicos, pretende-se regularizar legalmente seu extrativismo no estado. Assim, procura-se no presente trabalho mapear os diferentes atores sociais que participam dessa discussão, buscando analisar os seus posicionamentos, entender os argumentos de justificação utilizados e situar as críticas que são feitas aos demais atores, em situação de negociação em torno de um conflito socioambiental estabelecido. Primordialmente, considera-se que este caso constitui uma situação concreta de disputa por justiça, na qual procedimentos de qualificação, como as críticas e as justificações, são utilizados por atores sociais em momentos que estes visam argumentar acerca dos seus pontos de vista e, eventualmente, encontrar maneiras de promover um acordo legítimo (embora instável e contingente) entre as partes conflituosas. A partir da realização dos procedimentos metodológicos adotados na pesquisa, como a observação participante e o estudo etnográfico dos contextos nos quais o processo de negociação veio se desenrolando (reuniões nos fóruns de debate, eventos públicos, etc), têm-se como resultado a observação da constituição de um espaço de mediação, em que coexistem diferentes princípios de justiça buscando alcançar legitimidade. Além disso, os acadêmicos procuram se colocar como mediadores dos agricultores em relação à discussão sobre a regulamentação do extrativismo, sendo responsáveis por levar as demandas locais dos extrativistas e, após “traduzi-las”, colocá-las em outras instâncias, fazendo uma ligação entre o local e o espaço mais ampliado no qual se discute e se delibera sobre as políticas públicas de cunho ambiental e suas normatizações. Tendo em vista esse contexto, considera-se que o papel dos mediadores pode ser entendido a partir de uma definição essencialmente política de sua atividade. Por fim, objetivando a formalização de um consenso avaliado como legítimo pelos demais participantes do debate, os mediadores propuseram a noção de sustentabilidade como um bem comum potencial, baseado em um compromisso construído a partir de elementos das ordens cívica (provindas dos instrumentos jurídicos) e industrial (fornecendo as competências para a definição de parâmetros sustentáveis de exploração). Esse seria o principal aspecto que embasaria a legalização do extrativismo da samambaia-preta no Rio Grande do Sul.In Brazil, one of the main lines of the social research concerning the ambient question it is developed around the called “socioenvironmental conflicts”, therefore it potentially has a great number of situations controversies in relation to these aspects and of the called sustainable development, that more have each time stimulate the attention of most diverse the social sectors. Of this way, it can be cited, in specific way, the case of extractives populations that live in the areas with presence of forest vegetation of Atlantic Forest (“Mata Atlântica”), in the hillsides of the “Serra Geral” mountain range, in the city of Maquiné-RS. The extractives count with the support of other actors (mainly not-governmental organizations of conservationists matrix and academics with local performance) aiming at a change in the legislation that forbade the exploration of the forest resources, especially of the species “samambaia-preta” (“seven-weeks-fern” or “leatherleaf” – Rumohra adiantiformis (G. Forst.) Ching). Through the definition of parameters of sustainability for the extraction, based in the measures of the impact of the practical of the smallholder farmers on the related species, made through technician-scientific studies, it is intended to legally regularize its extractivism in the state. Thus, it is objectived in the present work to mapping the different social actors who participate of this discussion, searching to analyze its positionings, to understand the justification arguments used and to point out the critical that they are made the others actors, in situation of negotiation around an established socioenvironmental conflict. Primordially, it is considered that this in case that constitutes a concrete situation of dispute of justice, in which qualification procedures, as critical and the justifications, are used by social actors at moments that these aim at to argue concerning its points of view and, eventually, to find ways to promote a legitimate agreement (unstable and however contingent) between the conflicting parts. Through the accomplishment of the adopted methodological procedures in the research, as the participant observation and the ethnographic study of the contexts in which the negotiation process came happening (public meetings in forums of debate, events, etc), they are had as resulted the comment of the constitution of a mediation space, where different principles of justice coexist searching to reach legitimacy. Moreover, the academics look for to place themselves as mediating of the smallholder farmers in relation to the discussion on the regulation of the extractivism, being responsible for taking the local demands of the extractives and, after “translate them”, more placing them in other instances, making a linking between the local and the extended space where it is argued and it is deliberated on the public politics of ambient matrix and its normalizations. In view of this context, it is considered that the paper of the mediators can be understood through a definition essentially politics of its activity. Finally, objectifying the formalizations of a consensus evaluated as legitimate for the others participants of the debate, the mediators had considered the sustainability notion as potential a common good, based in a agreement constructed from elements of the orders civic (come from the legal instruments) and industrial (supplying the abilities to the definition of sustainable parameters of exploration). This would be the main aspect that would base the legalization of extractivism of the “samambaia-preta” in the Rio Grande do Sul.
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Marinho, Mauricio de Alcantara. "Conflitos e possíveis diálogos entre unidades de conservação e populações camponesas: uma análise do Parque Estadual Intervales e o Bairro do Guapiruvu (Vale do Ribeira/SP)." Universidade de São Paulo, 2007. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/8/8135/tde-20062007-151451/.
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O bairro do Guapiruvu está situado entre os municípios de Sete Barras e Eldorado Paulista, na região do Vale do Ribeira, atualmente com cerca de 150 famílias. Localiza-se limítrofe ao PEI (Parque Estadual Intervales), unidade de proteção integral com mais de 41.700 hectares, inserida no Contínuo [Continuum] Ecológico de Paranapiacaba, um dos principais remanescentes conservados daMata Atlântica. Nos últimos dez anos se agravou o problema de extração clandestina da espécie Euterpe edulis - o palmito jiçara como é conhecido na região - entre outros danos ambientais e patrimoniais. Trata-se de um conflito permanente e diretamente relacionado ao processo de exclusão social da região. Neste mesmo contexto surgiu, em 1997, a AGUA (Associação de amigos e moradores do bairro Guapiruvu) e que promoveu e estruturou políticas públicas para o bairro, por meio de parcerias, projetos e ações socioambientais e atos reivindicatórios ao poder público. Sua atuação envolve também a mediação de conflitos entre a comunidade e o Parque. A abordagem de um conflito permanente requer esforço permanente de cooperação. Mais do que possível diálogo [entre moradores-lideranças do bairro Guapiruvu e funcionários-gestores do PEI], faz-se necessário construir instrumentos de parceria mais duradouros entre as instituições envolvidas.The neighborhood of the Guapiruvu is situated between the towns of Sete Barras and Eldorado Paulista, in the region of the Vale do Ribeira, nowadays, with around 150 families. It is next to the State Park Intervales (Parque Estadual Intervales - PEI), a protected area with more of 41.700 hectares, inside of \"Continuum Ecológico de Paranapiacaba\", one of the main areas remainders conserved of the Atlantic Forest. In the last ten years was aggravated the problem of clandestine extraction of the specie Euterpe edulis, the palm jiçara as is known in the region, among others patrimonial and environmental damages. It deals with a permanent conflict and straightly related to the process of social exclusion of the region. In this same context, arose, in 1997, AGUA (Association of friends and inhabitants of the neighborhood Guapiruvu) that promoted and structured public politics for the neighborhood, by means of partnerships, socioenvironmental projects and claimed acts to the public power. Its action involves also the mediation of conflicts between the community and the Park. The approach of a permanent conflict applies a permanent effort of cooperation. More than a possible dialogue [between inhabitants-leaderships of the neighborhood Guapiruvu and member of staff-administrative of the PEI], it is necessary build instruments of partnership more durable between the institutions involved.
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Daher, Carolina dos Santos. "Ocupações humanas no Parque Estadual da Serra do Mar: Análise e espacialização dos autos de infração ambiental no núcleo Caraguatatuba." Universidade de São Paulo, 2012. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/11/11150/tde-06072012-105244/.
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Questões relacionadas à gestão da presença de populações humanas em Unidade de Conservação (UC) são apresentadas nesta pesquisa com enfoque nas restrições ao uso e acesso aos recursos naturais no interior do Núcleo Caraguatatuba do Parque Estadual da Serra do Mar (PESM). Apresenta-se uma analise do Programa de Interação Socioambiental do Plano de Manejo do PESM, onde são previstos Temas de Concentração Estratégica para aproximar a comunidade do Parque, sendo que um deles tem a finalidade de resolução de conflitos entre residentes e o órgão gestor da área protegida. Os dados constantes nos Autos de Infração Ambiental, aplicados pela Polícia Militar Ambiental do Estado de São Paulo, são tabulados de forma a se obter a espacialização em ambiente de Sistema de Informações Geográficas (SIG). Essa informação gerou mapas georreferenciados das infrações ocorridas de 1988 a 2011 na Unidade de Conservação. O presente trabalho tem como objetivos identificar: a) em quais regiões do Núcleo Caraguatatuba mais ocorrem essas infrações; b) se as infrações possuem alguma relação com bairros, municípios abrangidos pelo Núcleo; c) como as estradas/ trilhas/ vias de acesso interferem na localização das infrações e d) se as áreas limítrofes do Parque com as áreas urbanizadas (ou rurais) também interferem na ocorrência das infrações. Com base nos resultados obtidos pode-se afirmar que as vias, estradas e trilhas influenciam altamente a ocorrência das infrações, assim como as áreas limítrofes ao Parque. Da mesma forma se observa que as infrações ocorrem em sua maioria na Zona de Ocupação Temporária. Fica evidente a necessidade de maior desenvolvimento das estratégias previstas pelo Programa de Interação Socioambiental nessas áreas de ocupação temporária, para que os residentes conheçam a UC e participem do Conselho Consultivo, para se articular quanto às normas e leis pertinentes a sua realidade. Quando a comunidade não participa de forma efetiva, ela não se sente envolvida com o meio onde vive. Este trabalho apresenta algumas fragilidades que existem no cotidiano de uma Unidade de Conservação de Proteção Integral quanto a Interação Socioambiental entre os residentes e a instituição gestora da área. Ressalta-se assim a necessidade da participação dos ocupantes para a realização de acordos sobre o uso sustentável dos recursos naturais, diminuindo assim os números de Autos de Infração no Parque.Issues related to the management of presence of human populations in the Protected Areas are presented in this survey with focus on restrictions on the use and access to natural resources within the Nucleo Caraguatatuba from the Serra do Mar State Park (PESM). A review of the program of Socio-Environmental Interaction of the Master Plan, where they proved Themes of Strategic Focus to bring the community together with the Park administration, and one of them has the purpose of resolving conflicts between residents and the Manager of the protected area. The data contained in the Environmental Infraction Files, applied by Environmental Police of the State of São Paulo, are tabulated in such a way as to obtain the a localization in a Environment f Geographic Information System (GIS). This information generated maps were georeferenced infractions that occurred from 1988 to 2011 in the Protected Area. The present research aims to identify: a) the core regions of Caraguatauba which over these infractions occur; b) if the infractions have some relationship with neighborhoods, municipalities covered by the core; c) as the roads/trails/highways interfere with the location of infractions and d) if the neighboring areas of the park with the urbanized or rural areas also interfere in the event of infringement. On the basis of the results we can be affirm that the waterways, roads and tracks highly influence the occurrence of violations, as well as the areas bordering the Park. Similarly it can be noted that the infractions occur mostly in Temporary Occupation Zone. It becomes apparent the need for further development of the strategies envisaged by the Program o Environmental Interaction in these areas of temporary occupation for residents to know the Protected Area and participate of the Advisory Board, to articulate regarding regulations and laws pertaining to their reality. When the community does not participate effectively, it doesn\'t feel involved with the environment where you live. This paper presents some weaknesses that exist in the daily life of a protected area as the Environmental Interaction between residents and the managing institution. Points out the need of participation of occupants for the realization of agreements on the sustainable use of natural resources, thereby reducing the numbers of infraction files of legal documents in the Park.
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Nguyen, Tien Hai. "Human ecological analysis of land and forest use by the Hmong people for harmonising with the governmental reforestation program in Vietnam." Doctoral thesis, Saechsische Landesbibliothek- Staats- und Universitaetsbibliothek Dresden, 2009. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bsz:14-ds-1243238950837-21245.
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In parallel with land devolution, the Government of Vietnam has launched reforestation programs aiming to increase the forest cover of the country and to improve the living of local population. In this context, conflicts between the state and local people over land and forest have been entailed or even intensified. To be successful, restoration must „fit‟ with ongoing local patterns of land and forest use. In the uplands of Vietnam, it is recognised that understanding of the current land and forest use by ethnic minority groups is crucial for objective oriented development of land and forest management. However, such understanding is lacking to a wide extent. This research looks into the current land and forest use by the Hmong people and tries to elaborate scenario for harmonising the governmental reforestation program with local patterns of land and forest use. The conceptual framework of the research is adapted from the Human Ecosystem Model (Machlis et al., 1997). For this study, both case study and survey are conducted. Three Hmong villages considered as three cases are selected based on predetermined criteria. In each of the selected villages, a mix of qualitative and quantitative methods, including Rapid Rural Appraisal, Land Use Inventory, Forest Inventory and Household Survey, is employed to capture the required data sets. The study results show the current patterns of land and forest use by the Hmong people in their village territories for their subsistence. Land use is virtually shaped by the physical attributes of the land and closely related to elements of the critical resources and the social system at the village, such as population, production tools, cropping seasons, wealth and knowledge. There are also close links between tree/forest use and the elements of the critical resources and the social system at the village, such as extraction tools, belief in Gods, extracting seasons, gender and local knowledge. Furthermore, following cultural traditions, the uses of forests customarily claimed either by individual households or by individual clans or by the village as a whole are strictly regulated by the system of customary tenure, customary and locally developed rules, and traditional and village institutions rather than the system of formal tenure, rules and institutions. However, the informal system has not been officially recognised by the state yet. The governmental reforestation project has been followed top-down approach, not taking into account the local reality. The project has brought about no tangible benefits to the villagers in terms of cash, forest products and others. Instead, conflicts between the state institutions and the villagers over land and forest have arisen. Lack of the villagers‟ participation in planning and decision-making concerning the project is the main reason explaining the conflict situations. It is posited that participatory planning of the project at village level can help to harmonise the project with local pattern of land and forest use. The human ecosystem model serves to integrate data related to concerned variables, and has been used as the basis for the elaboration of the harmonising scenario. Besides the involvement of the state/state institutions and the villagers/village institutions, involvement of a mediator as a third party seems to be helpful to harmonise the contrary positions of the two principle parties with regard to the use and management of land and forest resourcesIm Zuge der Dezentralisierung für den Bereich der Landnutzung hat die Regierung Vietnams Programme zur Wiederaufforstung initiiert, die auf Erweiterung der Waldbedeckung und Verbesserung des Lebens lokaler dörflicher Bevölkerung abzielen. In diesem Zusammenhang traten jedoch Konflikte zwischen Staat und lokaler Bevölkerung zu Tage oder bestehende Konfliktsituationen haben sich verstärkt. Programme der Wiederbegründung von Wald können nur erfolgreich sein, wenn sie mit aktuellen lokalen Mustern der Land- und Waldnutzung abgestimmt sind. In den Berggebieten Vietnams ist das Verständnis der Land- und Waldnutzung durch ethnische Minderheiten von zentraler Bedeutung für die zielorientierte Entwicklung der Bewirtschaftung von Land und Wald. Bisher fehlt das entsprechende Verständnis weitgehend. Vorliegende Forschung erkundet die derzeitige Land- und Waldnutzung der ethnischen Gruppe der Hmong. Ein Szenario zur Harmonisierung des staatlichen Aufforstungsprogramms mit lokaler Land- und Waldnutzung wird erarbeitet. Das konzeptionelle Vorgehen folgt dem Human Ecosystem Model (HEM) nach Machlis et al. (1997). Die Forschung umfasst Fallstudie und Survey. Drei Hmong-Dörfer repräsentieren drei Fallstudien, die auf der Grundlage vorbestimmter Kriterien ausgewählt wurden. In jedem der Dörfer wurden die erforderlichen Datensätze durch ein Mix von qualitativen und quantitativen Methoden wie Rapid Rural Appraisal, Landnutzungsinventur, Waldinventur und Befragung der Haushalte erhoben. Die Ergebnisse der Studie zeigen die derzeitigen Muster von Land- und Waldnutzung der Hmong in den Territorien ihrer Dörfer mit Orientierung auf Sicherung des Lebens. Die Landnutzung ist wesentlich bestimmt durch die natürlichen Eigenschaften des Landes und eng gebunden an Elemente der „kritischen Ressourcen“ und des „sozialen Systems“ auf Dorfebene wie Demografie, Geräte der Produktion, Wachstumsperioden, Wohlstand und Wissen. Gleiches gilt für die Waldnutzung mit dem Beziehungsgefüge zwischen Nutzung und Elementen der „kritischen Ressourcen“ sowie des „sozialen Systems“ im Dorf wie Gerät für die Ernte, Glaube an Gottheiten, Erntezeiträume, Geschlechter und lokales Wissen. Im Weiteren erfolgt die Waldnutzung vor allem auf traditioneller Grundlage durch Haushalte, Clans oder Dorfgemeinschaften entsprechend strikter Regelung im Rahmen des Gewohnheitsrechts, des traditionellen Besitzes, traditioneller und lokal entwickelter Regeln, traditioneller und anderer dörflicher Institutionen im Vergleich zu formalem Besitz, formalen Regeln und Institutionen. Allerdings ist das informelle System staatlich bis jetzt nicht anerkannt. Das staatliche Wiederaufforstungsprojekt folgt dem typischen top-down Verfahren ohne Beachtung der lokalen Realität. Das Projekt erbrachte keine nennneswerten Vorteile für die Dorfbewohner in Form von Geld, Waldprodukten o. a. Im Gegenteil, es haben sich Konflikte zwischen den staatlichen Institutionen und den Dorfbewohnern um Land und Wald ergeben. Fehlende lokale Beteiligung an Projektplanung und Entscheidungsfindung erklären die Konfliktsituation. Es ist zu schlussfolgern, dass partizipative Planung auf Dorfebene helfen kann, das Projekt mit den lokalen Bedingungen von Land- und Waldnutzung zu harmonisieren. Das Human Ecosystem Model diente dazu, relevante Variable zu integrieren und wurde als Grundlage für die Erarbeitung des Szenarios zur Harmonisierung genutzt. Neben dem Staat und den Dörfern wird die Beteiligung eines Mediatoren als dritter Partei für die Harmoniserung der gegensätzlichen Positionen der zwei wichtigen Interessengruppen zu Nutzung und Management von Land- und Waldressourcen als nützlich erachtet
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Salinas, Rojas Andrea. "Dynamiques territoriales dans la gestion des ressources forestières des espaces protégés du Mexique : le cas du Nevado de Toluca." Thesis, Lyon, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016LYSE3051.
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Cette recherche porte sur le Nevado de Toluca (Mexique), espace protégé où l’objectif de conservation des ressources forestières, tout en étant difficilement atteint, met en question les conditions d’existence des populations rurales. On étudie les dynamiques territoriales qui découlent de ces tensions. La question porte donc essentiellement sur la confrontation entre la conservation forestière telle qu’elle est portée par les autorités publiques d’une part, et d’autre part, les besoins vitaux des populations agricoles affectées par les politiques suivies. L’hypothèse principale est que les politiques de conservation forestière n’atteignent pas les objectifs de gestion fixés parce qu’il n’y a pas une vision globale dépassant les approches sectorielles des institutions en présence, et surtout parce que l’avis des paysans n’est pas assez pris en compte faute d’une connaissance approfondie des sociétés rurales. Pour rétablir cette connaissance, la méthode de recherche a consisté principalement, outre la documentation mobilisée, en de nombreux entretiens avec les habitants de plusieurs localités du Nevado, avec différents acteurs institutionnels et avec des experts forestiers qui participent à la conservation de cet espace protégé. À l’aide du logiciel TXM, ces entretiens ont fait l’objet d’une analyse quali-quantitative de type « textométrique ». Parmi les principaux résultats obtenus, on retiendra notamment le fait que les populations locales ont des représentations sociales très contrastées de leur milieu tout en ayant une pleine conscience des enjeux écologiques. Elles ressentent les restrictions d’usage, en particulier du bois de feu, comme une injustice sociale. Cependant, des configurations socio-spatiales et des dynamiques territoriales originales existent, et dépendent du contexte géographique, en particulier des phénomènes de proximité spatiale et sociale. La cohésion sociale des groupes importe et sera d’autant plus forte que ses membres partagent les mêmes valeurs culturelles, y compris religieuses. On constate également que l’éloignement de la ville produit paradoxalement des dynamiques endogènes d’organisation qui peuvent aussi constituer une base pour une politique de protection intégrée en dépit des contraintes de vie au quotidien. Au total, cette thèse propose une réflexion sur l’arbitrage à faire entre la conservation forestière et les impacts socio-économiques que cela provoque sur les populations rurales les plus démunies et esquisse des pistes de conciliation. Elle invite à penser la justice environnementale comme le fruit de l’innovation socialeThis research concerns the Nevado de Toluca (Mexico), a protected area where the goal of forest conservation, while being hardly reached, calls into questions the livelihoods of rural populations. Territorial dynamics which ensue from these tensions are examined. The question concerns essentially the confrontation between the forest preservation such as it is carried by the public authorities on one hand, and on the other hand, the vital needs for the agricultural populations affected by the followed policies. The main hypothesis is that policies of forest preservation do not reach the expected results because there is no global vision exceeding the sectorial approaches of institutions in presence, and especially because the opinion of the farmers is not enough taken into account, due to lack of a thorough knowledge of the rural societies. To restore this knowledge, the research method consisted mainly, besides the mobilized documentation, of numerous interviews with the inhabitants of several localities of Nevado, with the various institutional actors and with the forest experts who participate in the preservation of this protected space. Using the TXM software, these interviews were analysed employing a quali-quantitative analysis on the “textometric” type. Among the main obtained results, we shall hold in particular the fact that the local populations have very contrasted social representations of their environment while having a full consciousness of the ecological challenges. They feel the limitations of use, in particular some wood of fire, as a social injustice. However, socio-spatial configurations and original territorial dynamics exist, and depend on the geographical context, in particular the phenomena of spatial and social proximity. The social cohesion of the groups is important and will be all the stronger as his members share the same cultural values, including religious ones. We also notice that the distance of the city produces paradoxically endogenous dynamics of organization which may also be a basis for an integrated protection policy in spite of the constraints of everyday life. All in all, this thesis suggests a reflection around arbitration between the forest preservation and the socioeconomic impacts on the rural poorest population groups. She invites to think of the justice environmental as of the fruit of the social innovation
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Andrusenko, I. "Forests and conflict." Thesis, Вид-во СумДУ, 2005. http://essuir.sumdu.edu.ua/handle/123456789/19761.
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Walton, Sara, and n/a. "Contesting natures : a discourse analysis of natural resource conflicts." University of Otago. Department of Management, 2008. http://adt.otago.ac.nz./public/adt-NZDU20080404.142212.
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This research explores the discursive formations involved in two environmental conflicts during which organisations were not permitted to carry out their proposed extractive activities. The conflicts were based on the West Coast of the South Island in New Zealand. The first involved sustainable native logging and the second was over the siting and extension of a gold mine.
Extensive archival and media searches were carried out to generate data on the conflicts. Interviews were also conducted to investigate the community position in more depth. The discourse theory of Laclau and Mouffe (2001 [1985]) is drawn upon as a framework to make sense of the conflicts. This framework was particularly useful as it enabled a close and careful examination of the antagonisms and addressed some of the ideological and power concerns with stakeholder analysis. The analysis involved identifying nodal points, subjectivity, subject positions and floating signifiers, which enabled certain hegemonic constructions.
The two conflicts were considerably different. The hegemonic constructions were quite similar and the notion of �being green� emerged as an antagonism that was at the heart of the conflicts and a key to understanding why these business organisations were unsuccessful. That is, who or what is given meaning as �being green� negates and de-legitimates other activity that is not deemed to be green. In these conflicts business organisations extracting natural resources and subjects supporting these organisational activities could not be green - when being green was constituted in terms of the clean green discourse operating economically and socially within New Zealand (see Bell, 1996). Consequently, not being green was deemed to be outside of what we see as New Zealanders as being important and thus should not occur in this country.
This research has implications for business organisations in New Zealand dealing with greening issues, especially as external stakeholders can have considerable influence on organisational activities. Theoretically it argues for a discursive approach to organisational stakeholder analysis in order to address power and subjectivity and for the organisation and natural environment literature to recognise the possibility of multiple meanings of nature. In particular, this thesis contributes to current organisation studies literature by explicitly focusing on �nature� as a concept. It shows that the meaning attributed to nature is a political process which can have consequences for preventing or enabling significant business organisational activities.
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Le, Billon Philippe. "Power is consuming the forest : the political ecology of conflict and reconstruction in Cambodia." Thesis, University of Oxford, 1999. http://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:9dd5daa2-704c-4909-850a-d4d64294cce3.
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The broad aim of this research is to further our understanding of the incorporation of nature into socio-political processes of transition within countries at war. The concomitant capitalist production of nature and construction of political power is examined through the case of forest exploitation in Cambodia. The thesis draws on political ecology, sociological theories of power, and political economic theories of commodity chains to explain the apparent failure of both the Cambodian government and the international community to employ logging revenues as a positive factor for 'peace and reconstruction'. The main period of study extends from 1987 to 1998, during which Cambodia's protracted civil war ended. Timber represented over that period close to half of Cambodia's export earnings. However, this revenue largely escaped official taxation and reportedly fuelled the conflict, broadened wealth disparities, and deepened an environmental crisis. Rather than fully subscribing to this 'politics of plunder' story-line, this thesis examines the complexities of forestry practices, and flows of logging revenue, and analyses their relationship with the construction of political power throughout the process of transition. This construction of political power is interpreted through a neopatrimonial model in which social actors' politico-economic strategies both influence, and are influenced by the transition process. In Cambodia during the period of study, these strategies reinforced a 'shadow state' politics, through which the political elite, in part responding to the demands of international markets and the political challenge of the UN-sponsored peace process, consolidated its power by reorganising productive networks outside formal governance. In turn, domestic and international actors through both discursive and material practices resisted these strategies. The case of logging in Cambodia is thus interpreted as a contested process of transforming nature and incorporating space into 'productive networks', as part of a broader political economy of power.
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Lebreton, Clotilde. "Gouvernance(s) sur un volcan. Controverses, arrangements et reconfigurations autour des instruments participatifs d'une aire naturelle protégée mexicaine (le Nevado de Toluca)." Thesis, Lyon, École normale supérieure, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015ENSL1066/document.
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Sous l’injonction internationale à la participation, de nouvelles modalités de gouvernance sont apparues, invitant de nouveaux acteurs dans la gestion des aires naturelles protégées et remodelant les politiques de conservation à l’échelle internationale comme nationale.Le Mexique n’est pas exempt de ces remises en question et ses nouvelles orientations stratégiques pour la gestion des aires naturelles protégées se concentrent désormais sur la «gouvernance ». De nouveaux programmes d’appui aux communautés ont ainsi été développés pour les inciter à participer à la gestion des ressources naturelles communes. Pour contourner les restrictions liées au statut de Parc National, une vingtaine d’aires naturelles protégées ont ou vont ainsi changer de statut d’ici 2018. Le Parc National Nevado de Toluca représente l’un des premiers espaces protégés à avoir été déclassifié au statut d’Aire de Protection de la Faune et de la Flore, afin de permettre aux 54 communautés agraires réparties sur le territoire de mettre en place des projets productifs et participer in fine à la conservation de l’espace protégé. Mêlant action publique, modèles de gestion locale et dynamiques écologiques, le Nevado de Toluca constitue ainsi un laboratoire in situ qui permet de comprendre comment les notions de gouvernance environnementale et de participation mises en avant dans les programmes gouvernementaux se traduisent sur le terrain. Ce laboratoire permet d’évaluer plus spécifiquement comment les instruments de gestion participative, tels que la gestion forestière communautaire et les paiements pour services environnementaux ont modifié les pratiques locales de gestion et in fine, les dynamiques écologiques forestières. Puis, l’analyse des processus participatifs établis dans le cadre du changement de catégorie et de l’élaboration du plan de gestion permet de mieux comprendre l’appropriation de l’injonction internationale à la participation par le gouvernement mexicain ainsi que ses effets, attendus ou non, sur la gouvernance de l’aire naturelle protégée. Les paiements pour services environnementaux présentés généralement comme une stratégie de conservation plus efficiente que les projets intégrés, semblent être, sur le Nevado de Toluca, des instruments moins performants socialement et écologiquement que la gestion forestière communautaire. Les instruments de gestion participative ont néanmoins en commun de reproduire les injustices sociales du système agraire mexicain. Par ailleurs, malgré des processus participatifs limités, la recatégorisation a conduit à des controverses, alliances et innovations sociotechniques, qui reconfigurent les modalités de gouvernance du territoire. Si le gouvernement ne cède pas pour autant son pouvoir de décision, des arrangements informels viennent s’insérer dans cette nouvelle configuration et constituent des formes de contre-pouvoirs. L’institutionnalisation de la participation ne conduit pas à l’éradication des conflits et à la production d’un consensus. Au contraire, elle met en lumière la dimension agonistique des politiques de conservationUnder the international context of supporting participation for the co-management of natural resources, new governance arrangements have emerged, inviting new actors in the management of natural protected areas and reshaping conservation policies. Mexico has not been exempted from this process with the new strategic directions for protected natural areas having focused on "governance". New community support programs have been developed to encourage local forest communities to participate in the management of their natural resources. To bypass the restrictions related to the status of a National Park, twenty Mexican natural protected areas have changed or are going to change of status by 2018. The Nevado de Toluca National Park is one of the first protected areas to have been declassified to the status of Wildlife and Flora Area Protection, to allow the 54 agrarian communities established in the territory to implement productive projects and ultimately participate in the conservation of the protected area.Combining public action, local management models and ecological dynamics, the Nevado de Toluca constitutes a laboratory for understanding how the concepts of environmental governance and participation, promoted in government programs, are being applied on the field. This empirical laboratory allows for the evaluation of how participatory management instruments, such as community forest management and payment for environmental services, have modified local management practices and, ultimately, forest ecosystems. Moreover, the analysis of participatory processes, a key part in the process of change in the protection category of the protected natural area, allows us to better understand the appropriation of international premises into effective participation by mechanisms held by the Mexican government. These mechanisms will, in turn, potentially have an effect on the governance of the protected natural area. Payments for environmental services, generally presented as a more efficient conservation strategy than integrated conservation and development projects, seem to be on the Nevado de Toluca, less socially and environmentally efficient than community forest management. However, these two participatory management instruments have reproduced the social injustices of the Mexican agrarian system. Besides, despite limited participatory processes, the reclassification resulted in controversies, alliances and socio-technical innovations that are reshaping the governance of the territory. As a response to the non-transfer of decision-making power by the government, informal arrangements are appearing as a new governance configuration and as a form of countervailing-power. The institutionalization of participation has not led to the eradication of conflict or to a consensus. Instead, it highlights the agonistic dimension of conservation policies
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Carlsson, Matilda. "Conflict-Related Sexual Violence : A Cross-National Comparison of Circumstances Related to State Forces’ Use of Sexual Violence in Armed Conflicts." Thesis, Försvarshögskolan, Statsvetenskapliga avdelningen, 2016. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:fhs:diva-5838.
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Sexual violence is a well-known phenomenon in armed conflicts. The international attention from scholars and policymakers has substantially expanded during the last decades, but until today a comprehensive understanding of the circumstances that generate this violence is absent. This causes difficulties in the policy rhetoric of the issue, as well as in the development of effective measures to prevent and combat conflict-related sexual violence in current conflicts. This study aims to explore and identify circumstances related to the use of sexual violence by armed groups, and by state forces in particular. The overall purpose is to contribute to an understanding of why state forces commit sexual violence in some armed conflicts and not in others. An analytical framework is created based on existing theoretical concepts and explanations to the varying frequency of sexual violence. Based on this, five hypotheses of possible correlated conditions are created. These conditional factors are: 1) Rule of Law, 2) Other Violence, 3) Ethnic Conflict, 4) Gender Equality, and 5) International Support. The hypotheses are translated into macro-level variables that are systematically applied and compared between ten cases of armed conflicts, five of which have high levels of sexual violence committed by state forces, respectively five with no reports of sexual violence committed by state forces. This is done by a cross-national comparison using descriptive statistics. Four hypotheses are to a varying degree strengthened by this study and the result suggests that sexual violence committed by state forces is more likely to occur; in conflicts with low levels of rule of law; in ethnic conflicts; in conflicts with high levels of other violence, and; in absence of international support. The anticipation is that the results of this study will provide a platform for further conclusive research of casual factors to conflict-related sexual violence.
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Treseder, Leslie. "Forest co-management in northern Alberta, conflict, sustainability, and power." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 2000. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk1/tape2/PQDD_0009/MQ59888.pdf.
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Adhikari, Jay Ram. "Political conflict, community forest governance and local livelihoods in Nepal." Thesis, Adhikari, Jay Ram (2011) Political conflict, community forest governance and local livelihoods in Nepal. PhD thesis, Murdoch University, 2011. https://researchrepository.murdoch.edu.au/id/eprint/15676/.
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Nepal is one of the world’s richest biodiversity hotspots with varied climate, geography and ecosystems. The majority of people in Nepal’s hills and mountains still depend heavily on forest resources for their livelihood and wellbeing. However, since the breakdown of the traditional system of forest management and the nationalization of forests in the mid 1950s, Nepal's forests had undergone severe degradation and deforestation. In addition, political instability, illegal clearing, expansion of agricultural land and resettlement policy were also responsible for degradation. The deforestation was so rapid that between the period of 1964 and 1975, 2.3 million hectares of forests were lost and the livelihoods of people in the hills and mountains of Nepal were on the verge of collapse. Since the popularization of the theory of Himalayan Environmental Degradation and realization on the part of government of the urgency of restoring and improving the condition of Nepal's forests, a number of conservation projects were launched.
In 1978, the government of Nepal initiated the community forestry program through the enactment of the Panchayat Forest and Panchayat Protected Forest Rules. These were further strengthened by the endorsement of the 1989 Master Plan for the Forestry Sector (MPFS) and enactment of the1993 Forest Act and 1995 Forest Regulation. The community-based forest co-management initiatives in Nepal transferred forest management authority to local community user groups. However, since the onset of the Maoist insurgency in 1996 and subsequent armed conflicts over the next decade, the community forestry program in Nepal was under threat. It was not known what happened to the community-based forest co-management arrangements during the period of insurgency due to restricted access to the countryside.
Through a comparative case studies of three Community Forest User Groups (CFUGs) with three different conflict settings (the first controlled by neither of the contending parties, the second under the control of security forces and the third under the control of the Maoists) in Kavrepalanchok district in the Middle Hills region of Nepal, this research investigates the effectiveness of CBFCM in strengthening local forest governance processes and outcomes. It focuses particularly on equity in access and benefit sharing, the participation of different socio-economic strata in forest governance, and the provision of environmental services within these communities during pre/early and late conflict periods.
This research shows that the community forestry program has provided a significant space to local communities for collective action that enabled them to reverse the trend of forest degradation, improving the environmental condition of the forests and the supply of forest products. Over time, the community forest program has been successful in gradually building the capacity of CFUG institutions and has increased the involvement of women and other marginalized sections of the community. Through the expanded networks among CFUGs and with the assistance of outside organizations, these communities have now attained considerable influence in national forest policy formulation. This study confirms that although the governing mechanisms of state agencies, including the Department of Forests (DoF), became dysfunctional during the period of armed insurgency, governance structures of the local CFUGs in the case study villages were largely stable and most forest management activities were carried out during the period of armed conflict. The CFUGs have survived as vibrant self-governing institutions and have maintained reasonable access to forest resources to satisfy the subsistence needs of local people within the community. These findings suggest that community-based forest governing institutions had the bargaining capacity and ability to overcome the pressures arising from the armed conflict because of the resilience and adaptive capacities of the CFUGs.
Key words: Co-management (CM), community-based natural resource management (CBNRM), Community-based forest co-management (CBFCM), governance, and community forest user groups (CFUGs).
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Calvimontes, J. 1977. "Bandidos na Serra do Mar? : conflitos, estratégias e usos múltiplos dos recursos naturais na Mata Atlântica, São Paulo." [s.n.], 2013. http://repositorio.unicamp.br/jspui/handle/REPOSIP/280533.
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Orientadores: Lúcia da Costa Ferreira, Cristiana Simão SeixasTese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Filosofia e Ciências Humanas
Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-23T08:56:16Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Calvimontes_J._D.pdf: 8180544 bytes, checksum: a0ce16e311518242976b6a22740a7f31 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013
Resumo: O histórico da relação entre os moradores e os gestores do Núcleo Picinguaba do Parque Estadual da Serra do Mar (PESM), localizado no litoral norte do Estado de São Paulo, o mais rico e desenvolvido do país, está caracterizado pelos conflitos relacionados aos direitos de permanência e de uso dos recursos naturais. Criado em 1977, durante a última ditadura militar e seguindo premissas preservacionistas, o PESM permaneceu no papel até inícios dos anos 1980, quando começaram os primeiros contatos com os moradores. Estes moradores, trabalhadores do campo e pescadores, viram, então, deslegitimados seus direitos ao trabalho e à continuação de suas atividades produtivas e culturais. Desde então, passaram a serem considerados clandestinos, ilegais, irregulares ou, segundo suas próprias palavras, "bandidos", devido a que a legislação proíbe a presença permanente de moradores no interior das Unidades de Conservação de Proteção Integral. O objetivo desta pesquisa foi analisar os conflitos, as ações, as estratégias e a organização dos diversos atores sociais (moradores, gestores, membros de ONG, membros do poder público, pesquisadores) vinculados ao Núcleo Picinguaba a respeito do uso dos recursos naturais e acesso a terra, e, finalmente, refletir se esta dinâmica influencia positivamente nos processos sociais associados à conservação da biodiversidade. Parto da ideia de que todos esses atores têm seus próprios interesses, suas próprias perspectivas, motivações, lutas e estratégias de ação, e se organizam ao redor delas numa arena muito complexa e de múltiplos níveis. Este conflito originou novas formas de organização social no PESM: lideranças locais surgiram e se formaram associações comunitárias que tinham por objetivo a luta pelo direito que os moradores consideravam violados. Ao longo dos últimos anos, o diálogo entre gestão e moradores tem se intensificado e novos espaços de discussão e negociação, assim como novos atores com seus próprios interesses, têm aparecido. Três questões são transversais a este conflito e às estratégias que os atores têm seguido ao longo dos anos: a questão da terra, a questão da identidade e a própria questão do uso e conservação dos recursos naturais. Assim, os moradores têm se organizado em torno à luta pelo direito a terra, recorrendo para isso a estratégias identitárias e a categorias como populações tradicionais, quilombolas e caiçaras. Tudo isto em um contexto de uma UC de Proteção Integral, localizada em uma região não só altamente biodiversa, mas com um forte histórico de uso dos recursos naturais e de ocupação humana
Abstract: The history of the relationship between inhabitants and managers of the Picinguaba Administrative Nucleus in the State Park of Serra do Mar (SPSM) is characterized by conflicts related to the rights to permanence and to the use of natural resources. The SMPS is located in the northern coast of São Paulo State, the richest and more developed state of Brazil. Created in 1977 during the last military dictatorship, the park followed a preservationist scheme. The SMSP remained on paper until the beginning of the 1980s decade, when the first contacts between the park administration staff and the inhabitants began. At this moment, these inhabitants, rural workers and fishermen, were delegitimized and lost their rights to work and to continue their cultural and productive activities. Since then, the inhabitants were considered illegal, irregular, clandestine or, on their own words, "bandits", due to the Brazilian law prohibiting the presence of inhabitants inside the Protected Areas with strictly protection. This research aims to analyze the conflicts, actions, strategies and organization of the different social actors (inhabitants, managers, members of NGOs, public power, and researchers) related to the Picinguaba Nucleus, about the use of natural resources and the access to land. Finally, it will evaluate if this dynamic influence the social processes associated to biodiversity conservation. I start from the idea that all these actors have their own interests, perspectives, motivations, struggles and action strategies, and organize themselves around them in a very complex and multi-level arena. This conflict caused new forms of social organization in the SPSM: local leaders arose and communal associations that aim the struggle for the inhabitants rights were created. During the last years, the dialogue between managers and inhabitants was intensified, and new spaces of negotiation and new actors with own interests have appeared. Three issues are transversal to this conflict and the strategies followed by the actors along the years: land issue, identity issue and use and conservation of natural resources issue. Thus, the inhabitants were organized around the struggle for their right to land, and using categories such as traditional people, caiçaras and quilombolas. All of this in a context with a Protected Area with strictly protection, located in a region not only with high biodiversity, but with a history of use of natural resources and human occupation
Doutorado
Aspectos Sociais de Sustentabilidade e Conservação
Doutor em Ambiente e Sociedade
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Convery, Ian. "Forests, communities & resources in post conflict Mozambique." Thesis, Lancaster University, 2004. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.420640.
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Mikolash, Jacqueline Victoria Anne. "The roots of forest policy issues, the "conservation-preservation conflict" and its role in British Columbia's forest policy." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1999. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk1/tape10/PQDD_0024/MQ51770.pdf.
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Raftery, David Jonathon. "Competition, conflict and cooperation : an ethnographic analysis of an Australian forest industry dispute." Title page, contents and abstract only, 2000. http://web4.library.adelaide.edu.au/theses/09ARM/09armr139.pdf.
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Bibliography: leaves 135-143. An anthropological analysis of an industrial dispute that occurred within the East Gippsland forest industry, 1997-1998 and how the workers strove to acheive better working conditions for themselves, and to share in the wealth they had created.
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Forsyth, Jason Porter. "The balance of power : assessing conflict and collaboration in Aboriginal forest management." Thesis, University of British Columbia, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/32499.
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The relationship between Aboriginal and Crown governments in regards to forest
management in Canada is dynamic and challenging. This study describes this
relationship in terms of the Aboriginal-Crown forest policy context, highlighting regional
examples of Aboriginal forest management and developing a constructive framework for
the analysis of the Aboriginal-Crown relationship.
The forest policy context is set by providing a case study of British Columbia's attempt to
overhaul forest policy in the face of political, judicial and Aboriginal rights and title
pressures. This cases study provides insight into the complexities that exist within the
Aboriginal-Crown relationship by utilizing a policy regime and policy cycle framework.
Results of the case study highlight that Aboriginal governments must be consulted and
given a rightful seat at the policy design table. Creation of exclusive provincial
government-industry policy forums can lead to increased tensions between Aboriginal
and Crown governments. Such tensions can result in judicial challenges by Aboriginal
peoples and a distrustful environment surrounding the spirit and intent of new forest
policy design.
Examples of Aboriginal forest management from British Columbia and Labrador are then
reviewed to explore the concept of Aboriginal forest tenure. Analysis of these examples
finds that governance mechanisms, enabled by co-management agreements, are the
driving factor behind significant changes to forest management regimes.
A conceptual framework is then developed for determining the level of power-sharing in
Aboriginal-Crown forest management arrangements. The framework is applied to the
British Columbian Forest and Range Agreement policy initiative. Results suggest that
little power-sharing exists at the strategic decision-making level, but enhanced powersharing
does occur at the tactical and operational levels.Forestry, Faculty of
Graduate
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Hirons, Mark Alexander. "Mining, forests and land-use conflict : the case of Ghana." Thesis, University of Reading, 2014. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.630450.
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Mineral resources are essential to the functioning and wellbeing of human societies. There is mounting concern, however, about the environmental degradation and social impacts typically resulting from mineral extraction. As a result, the mining industry is increasingly embracing the sustainability agenda, that is, pursuing development which ostensibly balances economic, social and environmental interests. In recent years, escalating anxiety over climate change in particular has propelled forest conservation to the top of the sustainability agenda which, in the case of mining, has increased attention on the loss of forest cover associated with activities, the success of reclamation and the manifold social conflicts often associated with resource-use. The hegemonic neoliberal approach to environmental governance has led to a burgeoning of strategies to manage forests using carbon finance as a conduit for investment. Although these schemes purportedly facilitate the mitigation of carbon emissions on a global scale while simultaneously delivering economic benefits to poor local communities, there is apprehension regarding the prospect of projects being implemented in contexts in which the dynamics of resource-use are not adequately understood. Cross-sectoral issues are among the concerns which have yet to receive sufficient attention. The purpose of this thesis is to broaden understanding of the interactions between the poorly articulated and understood relationship between mining, forests, climate change and development. Using the case of Ghana, where conflicts and trade-offs between mining and forests proliferate, an interdisciplinary and exploratory approach is taken to investigate the impact of mining on forest carbon stocks, survey the perspectives and influence of key stakeholders on mining-forest conflicts, and determine how these cross-sectoral issues are governed. Findings reveal that public and policy discourse on mining in forest areas focuses on formal activities in forest reserves and the relative success of reclamation. An examination of carbon stocks under different land-uses shows that reclamation does not completely restore carbon stocks to levels found in forests, but that it can restore approximately 10% of carbon on decadal timescales. This underscores the limitations of pursuing a purely technocratic approach to policy-making: although science is a necessary component of sound governance it is it not sufficient per se. The results further demonstrate the potential for carbon-finance to support reclamation activities in both the large- and small-scale mining sectors.
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Mubai, Marlino Eugénio. "Making war on village and forest: southern Mozambique during the sixteen-year conflict, 1976-1992." Diss., University of Iowa, 2015. https://ir.uiowa.edu/etd/1992.
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The history of Mozambique has been punctuated by episodes of warfare and natural calamities. This study looks at the history of the civil war that affected Mozambique from 1976 to 1992 beyond the framework of national state and global politics. It attempts to make the voices of villagers who suffered the hardship of war more audible through the exploration of histories of life. It offers a more complex discussion of social relationships and social change during the war by looking at villagers and their environments beyond victimization narratives.
It contends that apart from being the major targets of the war, villagers and their environments had agency in the conflict. It argues that environmental factors influenced the course of war and exacerbated the harmful effects of war on local people and natural resources. It observes that the civil war affected an agrarian society which was particularly dependent on a rich and diverse yet disrupted ecosystem therefore, studying the civil war with focus on the environmental context shows the true cost of warfare, and how it was experienced by rural society.
It shows that humans and wildlife were in times of peace interconnected in symbiotic relationship which included episodes of cooperation and conflict. Elephants, hippos, monkeys, bush pigs, and birds invaded farms in search of food. Humans relied on wild animals and plants to improve their diet and to mitigate the impact of drought and disease. These symbiotic relationships were heavily disturbed by warfare and drought as villagers were displaced from lands about which they had micro-geographical knowledge to mitigate the effects of recurrent droughts.
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Cote, Muriel. "Struggle for autonomy : seeing gold and forest like a local government in northern Burkina Faso." Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/14235.
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This thesis seeks to clarify the role that democratic decentralisation reforms play in dynamics of state building in developing societies where states are often qualified as weak. Within the literature, on natural resource management, democratic decentralisation is seen to either erode public authority in favour of non-state actors, or to strengthen it, as a repertoire of domination hiding an illegitimate recentralisation of control. In the light of these contradictory statements, I propose positing the exercise of public authority as an empirical question. Situating my work within geography and anthropology, I examine the exercise of public authority, that I call institutional power, in a context of competing claims to gold and forest resources in the commune of Séguénéga in North Burkina Faso. An analysis of the way overlapping and competing institutions of power relate in the everyday in the field of decentralisation brings to light the significance of autonomy, and I argue that the relevance of the state is enhanced under decentralisation through the politics of autonomy. Three concepts are mobilised to make this case. Regulation sheds light on the fact that the forms of institutional power over gold and woodfuel are characterised by the degree of autonomy that they enjoy vis-à-vis government. Recognition as a concept queries the durability of institutional power. It shows that where the rule of law weak, or where autonomy vis-à-vis the rule of law in greater, institutions of power emerge from the relations of recognition between government and non-government sanctioned institutions of power. As these institutions operate at the twilight of lawfulness and lawlessness, the democratic decentralisation reform presents an opportunity for these institutions to increase their authority. This claim is made through the operation of the concept of political field. I show that democratic decentralisation has created a democratic field, which is semi-autonomous from the bureaucratic and customary fields. As institutions of power struggle for authority over gold and forest resources in the democratic field, a particular kind of politics emerges and is articulated around claims of autonomy. Through the politics of autonomy, the rule of law is recognised by both state and non-state sanctioned institutions of power, and the state is being built.
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Dhungel, Shashi. "Resource Regeneration and Poverty Reduction: Striking a Balance through a Contemporary Community-Based Forestry Program." Available to subscribers only, 2008. http://proquest.umi.com/pqdweb?did=1674101131&sid=4&Fmt=2&clientId=1509&RQT=309&VName=PQD.
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Thesis (M.S.)--Southern Illinois University Carbondale, 2008."Department of Forestry." Keywords: Community-based forest management, Conflict, Leasehold forestry and livestock program, Nepal, Resource regeneration, Social capital. Includes bibliographical references (p. 99-108). Also available online.
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Hotsenpiller, Alix. "Corporate concentration in resource allocation, conflict and cooperation in the control of British Columbia's forest landbase." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 2000. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk3/ftp04/MQ59441.pdf.
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Baldwin, Elizabeth Dennis. "Environmental Conflict and Collaboration: A Qualitative Analysis of Large-scale Conservation Planning in Maine's Northern Forest." Fogler Library, University of Maine, 2006. http://www.library.umaine.edu/theses/pdf/BaldwinED2006.pdf.
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Chamard, Thierry. "La suspension des conflits armés." Nice, 1996. http://www.theses.fr/1996NICE0029.
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La difficulté de définir la suspension des hostilités ne tient pas tant à son utilisation dans des circonstances exceptionnelles qu'à son appréciation dans le temps et l'espace. Le droit de la suspension des conflits armés apparaît comme un droit de l'instant, celui ou les armes se taisent et ou la volonté de conciliation se fait dominante. Mais il est aussi adaptation par rapport aux différents types de conflits et à l'idée de paix à instaurer. Droit d'un moment, les modes de suspension des hostilités vont tendre à se muer en moment du droit. Dans le cadre des guerres interétatiques (partie I), si l'exigence minimale est la suspension des hostilités que ces dernières furent negociées ou imposées, seule la fin des combats sera susceptible d'etre negociée. L'adaptation des modes de suspension des hostilités aux conflits internes (partie II) devait générer une évolution originale, menant à une internationalisation accrue. D'abord aboutissement du jeu diplomatique, acte de droit interne indiquant un simple état de fait, l'acte de suspension voit son internationalisation reconnue lors des guerres de libération nationale devenant ainsi non seulement le symbole de la cessation des hostilités mais aussi celui de l'indépendance acquise par la lutte. La fin de la rivalité est-ouest entraîne une recrudescence des conflits internes, mais l'interventionnisme international (d'états ou d'organisations) est rendu possible par des blocages onusiens. Préalable au jeu diplomatique, l'acte de suspension devient à la fois un acte de pacification et de reconstruction. L'ambition purificatrice est donc la constante des actes de suspension des hostilités et justifie leur adaptation a des réalites diverses (nationales, ethniques, internationales). Cette ambition aboutira-t-elle ? Le propre d'une société historiquement viable n'est-elle pas son aptitude à imposer sa paix ?
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Barter, Shane Joshua. "Unarmed forces : civilian strategy and separatist conflict in Southeast Asia." Thesis, University of British Columbia, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/36514.
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Civilians are primarily characterized as the victims of war. While they are indeed victims, focusing solely on their victimization obscures the ways in which civilians navigate bloody conflicts. What options are available to civilians in times of war? I propose that civilians possess three broad options: they may flee, support armed groups, or speak out. While each of these phenomena has been studied extensively, they are not always approached as choices and have yet to be seen as parts of a broad menu of civilian choice.
The flight, support, voice schema allows for new insights into the decisions made by those who choose not to fight. My project is based on multi-site ethnographic research in three Southeast Asian conflicts, including interviews with over three hundred persons. Utilizing these and other data, my study speaks to several questions: What types of civilians are more likely to choose flight, support, or voice? Why do some civilians flee, while others stay behind? Why do some civilians provide various forms of support to armed groups, while others do not? Why do some civilians raise their voices, despite the obvious risks, while others remain silent? How might civilian decisions influence armed groups and shape a given conflict?
In all three cases, flight was especially common among young men and regional ethnic minorities. They fled primarily to gain security and economic opportunities. Village chiefs and Islamic leaders tended not to flee, which I explain in terms of socio-cultural expectations. Support for armed groups was most evident among women and Islamic leaders. Support must be explained by a range of factors, including security, economic incentives, socio-cultural expectations, and personal conviction. Distinct forms of voice were taken up by women, activists, farmers, and village chiefs, motivated in large part by conviction against armed conflict (grievances). Societal roles and expectations survive even in times of war, shaping civilian decisions in surprising ways. Civilian decisions can even shape conflict dynamics, as ethnic patterns of support shape zones of combatant control and, through a combined strategy of support and voice, civilian groups can use armed groups to achieve their own goals.
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Molefhe, Ishmael Rapula Moagi. "An analysis of military power sharing in Mozambique: a conflict management perspective." Thesis, Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10948/19212.
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This study is a conceptual analysis of power-sharing. It applies power-sharing in the context of Mozambique. The study is informed on the premise that components of power sharing contribute to the duration of peace. However, findings from empirical investigations show that certain types of power sharing are associated with more durable peace than others, primarily through their positive effects on governance and public service delivery. The specific objectives of the study were to contextualize the concept of military power sharing arrangement; to explore the challenges faced in implementing the military power sharing arrangement in Mozambique; to explore the strategies used to manage the Mozambique peace process; to ascertain the challenges faced by the BDF during the reintegration standardized training of FRELIMO and RENAMO forces; and to propose recommendations for future interventions. In order to achieve these objectives, the study used a purposive sampling technique to assemble participants that provided useful data for the study. The target population was made up of members of the Botswana Defence Force (BDF) who participated in the United Nations Peace Mission in Mozambique dubbed UNOMOZ; and those who conducted the reintegration standardized training of FRELIMO and RENAMO military personnel Thematic analysis of the participants’ responses from the interviews was used to address the objectives of the study. The findings of the study reveal that poorly trained military personnel were a challenge to the implementation of power sharing deal in Mozambique. Also, there was a lack of trust and confidence between constituent parties, and a lack of transitional authority in holding forth power until the power sharing deal was fully implemented. In addition, the study found out that there was the problem of language barrier, and that very little counselling was offered to those who were traumatized by the conflict. Also, there was a kind of unwillingness by civilians to accept former combatants in their midst and a lack of logistics for both the peace keepers and the combatants. Among others, the study recommended that NGOs, civil society organizations, and churches should be more pro-active in engaging the government and not only ensuring that every party involved in the power-sharing deal fulfills its role, but also organizing and carrying out counselling sessions for ex-combatants as part of reintegration process.
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Kapetanyannis, Vassilios Konstantinos. "Socio-political conflicts and military intervention : the case of Greece: 1950-1967." Thesis, Birkbeck (University of London), 1986. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.324609.
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The thesis attempts to account for the social and political conditions which precipitated the military coup d'etat in 1967 in Greece. Part I focuses on the Hellenic Armed Forces as a power centre in the Greek political system erected on the ruins of the civil war (1946 - 1949 ). The roots of the Army's political role are traced back to the circumstances which gave rise to the civil war and the country's dependence on foreign powers. The nature of the Greek military's dependence on foreign powers is also brought into perspective. A p.rticu1ar chapter is devoted to the discussion of the sources of the Army's economic and social power as well as describing the socio-political and professional portrait of the Greek officer cotps and their politics. Part II deals with the complex relationships between the principal state institutions, the Monarchy, Parliament and the Armed Forces. Their individual strengths and weaknesses, and conflicts between them, are analysed in conjunction with the various pressures and influences exerted upon them from within and without. Part 111 studies the impact of a certain model of capitalist development on the socio-political changes which occurred in Greece in the post civil-war era (1950-1967). The form of state and the resultant political divisions, and their r1ationshi p to the social and political movements of the period are also examined in some detail. The conditions of the regime's stability and change are linked to the country's 'political institutions by applying the concepts of political mobilisation, political participation, political integration and institutionalisation.Part IV emines the crisis of the post civil-war state in Greece and attempts to cast light on the important political changes in the period 1963-1967 and on the relationship of a deepening and all embracing political crisis to the actual staging of the military coup d'tat of 1967. A necessary chronological account of events is combined with an examination of actual political practices, policies, conduct and tactics applied by the main protagonistic political forces. Finally, a concluding chapter focuses specifically on various theoretical approaches and interpretations of the role of the Hellenic Armed Forces in Greek politics over the period concerned and their ultimate intervention. The substantive conclusions of the thesis are placed into the context of a theoretical discussion which attempts to account for the post-war rise of military and authoritatian regimes in peripheral and semiperipheral capitalist societies
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Hostetter, Loic. "Forecast-based Humanitarian Action and Conflict : Promises and pitfalls of planning for anticipatory humanitarian response to armed conflict." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Teologiska institutionen, 2019. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-388645.
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Practitioners of Forecast-based Action (FbA) argue that a humanitarian response able to utilize forecasts to accurately predict disaster, secure funding, and take action before the onset of a crisis will benefit donors and beneficiaries alike. In search of effective and efficient early-action regimes, a number of major humanitarian actors are developing FbA projects of various designs, predominantly in response to natural disaster and famine. While numerous organizations and institutions have expressed interest in developing FbA mechanisms, the tool has only been applied in a limited capacity to the humanitarian needs generated by armed conflict. This research seeks to understand whether a scalable FbA approach can be developed to stage principled, anticipatory humanitarian action in response to situations in which rigorous evaluations predict the likelihood of imminent armed conflict. The hypothesis is that the application of FbA to armed conflict is possible, but due to the complex political nature of conflict, implementing organizations should try to focus on creating mechanisms managed by humanitarian actors and, in so far as possible, be insulated from outside influence. This research is the first academic work to specifically investigate the application of FbA to armed conflict. Following an extensive review of current FbA mechanisms and conflict early warning practices, this research concludes that a conflict-centered FbA system akin to the automated FbA systems in use today to respond to natural disaster and famine is possible, but that the endeavor presents many practical and conceptual barriers to implementation. In particular, diffuse models such as the Start Fund offer a hopeful glimpse at a type of horizontal, member-driven FbA mechanism that is both highly context-sensitive and relatively insulated from outside influence. Such a design, however, features notable and inherent limitations in its ability to reliably and accurately predict the outbreak of conflict and respond in a manner that minimizes regretful actions.
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Lockwood, David. "The role of United Nations forces in the resolution of conflict /." Title page, contents and abstract only, 1998. http://web4.library.adelaide.edu.au/theses/09AR/09arl817.pdf.
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Bari, Gabor, and Imre Porkoláb. "Enhancing national security in Hungary through the development and employment of Special Forces." Thesis, Monterey, California. Naval Postgraduate School, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/10945/2781.
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This thesis establishes an analytical framework for identifying and discussing strategic factors considered when developing the Hungarian Special Forces (HUNSF) as a new "niche" capability of the Hungarian Defense Forces (HDF). Although the findings have broad application, focus is on the Hungarian Special Forces unit. Key questions are how will factors such as the strategic environment, changes in the nature of war and characteristics of potential adversaries affect the development of a conceptual framework for the Hungarian Special Forces? Should unconventional warfare (which is a capability gap in the HDF at present) be an official task for the future Hungarian military forces and specifically a primary task for the HUNSF? Central to this study are factors found in the strategic environment, such as Hungary's affiliation with NATO and the EU. The thesis concentrates on defining the tasks for HUNSF, and based on these tasks, develops an organizational framework for the HUNSF capability. This framework includes training and command and control. The constantly changing security environment will also call for adjustments to the concept of HUNSF in the future; therefore, a vision for the HUNSF is incorporated into the thesis to provide flexibility and guidance for capability development in the future. A key finding of the thesis is that HUNSF has the potential to contribute to the fight against the many new security challenges and achieve many of the objectives posited in existing military transformation strategies, most importantly an unconventional warfare capability.
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DuPraw, Marcelle Elise. "Illuminating Capacity-Building Strategies for Landscape-Scale Collaborative Forest Management Through Constructivist Grounded Theory." NSUWorks, 2014. http://nsuworks.nova.edu/shss_dcar_etd/6.
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This dissertation uses the constructivist grounded theory methods of Charmaz (2011) to explore: 1) the unique characteristics of landscape-scale collaboration; 2) implications for collaborative capacity-building strategies; and 3) the relationship between conflict, landscape-scale collaboration, and conflict resolution. The study was conducted through the US Forest Service's Collaborative Forest Landscape Restoration Program (CFLRP). In the 1980s and 1990s, national forest management conflicts brought the forest industry to a standstill, with many jobs lost. In addition, historic fire suppression practices have made our national forests highly vulnerable to catastrophic wildfire. Many have strong opinions about what should be done and how. The proposed substantive theory suggests landscape-scale collaboration can serve as a conflict prevention, problem solving, or conflict resolution venue and offer opportunities for remarkable efficiencies in forest restoration as well as profoundly restorative transformation in ecological, social, economic, personal, and spiritual dimensions. It identifies unique characteristics of collaboration at this scale; suggests that realizing benefits depends on collaborative capacities at the collaborator, constituent organization, collaborative stakeholder group, and sponsoring organization levels, and on mastering nine challenges; and suggests eight implications for collaborative capacity building strategies. The study contributes to forest restoration, reduced loss of life and livelihood, and economic recovery by contributing to CFLRP effectiveness. It contributes to the field of conflict resolution by: illuminating the collaboration / conflict resolution relationship; a particular application of collaboration; related sources of conflict; and conflict resolution strategies. It advances new directions of study for conflict resolution scholars--i.e., how to help agencies and groups strengthen their collaborative capacities.
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Mokhine, Ntime Samson. "South African police service deploys its first peacekeepers to Darfur, Sudan : a descriptive study on the deployment preparations and the role of the South African police peacekeepers in African union mission in Sudan (AMIS)." Thesis, Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/10948/1027.
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The focus of this research will be on the question as to whether the South African Police Service adequately prepares its police officials for the functions they will be performing in Sudan: Darfur. This broad question leads to further questions that include the following: What are the peacekeeping recruitment and selection criteria for the South African Police Service members who need to be deployed in Sudan: Darfur? Is the South African Police Service peacekeeping training curriculum adequate enough to prepare its members for their deployment in Sudan: Darfur? Does the South African Police Service have any measures to evaluate the role played by its members in Sudan: Dafur? What measures have been introduced to utilise the new skills brought by members that have been deployed? Are there any properly posted members with mission experience, who are capable of presenting and further developing peacekeeping training in the South African Police Service? Does the South African Police Service senior management have knowledge of generic peacekeeping concepts?.
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Bolaños, Omaira. "Diversity and conflict in forest management projects the case of a colonist community in the lowlands of Bolivia /." [Gainesville, Fla.]: University of Florida, 2003. http://purl.fcla.edu/fcla/etd/UFE0000648.
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Scorgie, Lindsay May. "Rwenzori rebels : the allied democratic forces conflict in the Uganda-Congo borderland." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2013. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.607948.
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Jonge, Oudraat Chantal de. "Les nations unies et les conflits internes mesures economiques coercitives et force armee." Paris 2, 1999. http://www.theses.fr/1999PA020110.
Full textAbstract:
L'organisation des nations unies (onu) est au centre des efforts internationaux visant a resoudre les problemes de paix et de securite internationales. Depuis la fin de la guerre froide, les efforts de l'onu dans ce domaine visent principalement les conflits internes et ont de plus en plus un caractere coercitif. Toutefois cette action coercitive (mesures economiques coercitives et force armee) aeu des resultats mitiges. Ceci nous a conduit a poser deux questions : les efforts de l'onu dans ce domaine peuvent-ils etre rendus plus efficaces ? a quelles conditions et de quelle maniere ? dans cette etude nous analysons l'action coercitive des nations unies depuis 1989. Nous developpons un cadre analytique et identifions les conditions sous lesquelles ces mesures peuvent etre utilisees le plus efficacement possible. Cette analyse fonde une serie de recommandations politiques qui visent a rendre les efforts de l'onu plus efficaces. Nous soutenons que l'action coercitive par l'onu ne peut etre efficace qu'a six conditions : (1) le conseil de securite doit avoir un objectif politique clair ; (2) le conseil doit correctement identifier et evaluer les cibles de l'action coercitive ; (3) le conseil doit developper une strategie appropriee, y compris une strategie qui vise a accroitre la pression et une strategie de sortie ; (4) quelqu'un doit assurer la direction strategique de l'action internationale ; (5) celui qui prend la direction strategique doit s'assurer d'un soutien international ; (6) le conseil doit s'assurer que les contributions des etats membres soient suffisantes. Sinon les declarations d'intention ne seront pas suivies par de veritables actions politiques. Ces conditions peuvent paraitre redondantes. Toutefois, depuis la fin des annees 1980, l'onu a le plus souvent entrepris des actions coercitives sans que ces conditions soient remplies. Les efforts visant a prevenir ou a resoudre des conflits internes ont par consequent echoue.