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Academic literature on the topic 'Forest conflicts'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 10 December 2022
Last updated: 28 January 2023

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Journal articles on the topic "Forest conflicts"

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Eyvindson, Kyle, Anna Repo, María Triviño, Sari Pynnönen, and Mikko Mönkkönen. "Quantifying and easing conflicting goals between interest groups in natural resource planning." Canadian Journal of Forest Research 49, no. 10 (October 2019): 1233–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjfr-2019-0026.

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Management of natural resources at the regional level is a compromise between a variety of objectives and interests. At the local level, management of the forests depends upon the ownership structure, with forest owners using their forests as they see fit. A potential conflict occurs if the forest owners’ management decisions are counter to the interests of society in general or the industry that relies on the forest resource as their raw material. We explore the intensity of this conflict at the regional level in several large boreal forest production landscapes. To explore the conflict, we investigate three main interest groups: (i) economically oriented forest owners; (ii) industry groups (focusing on maintaining an even timber supply); and (iii) a group representing general public interests (focusing on enhancing ecosystem services and biodiversity protection). The severity of conflicts differs between interest groups; we found a minor conflict between the economically oriented forest owners and industry and a severe conflict among general public interests and the other groups. By quantifying the conflicts, visualizing the impacts shared among interest groups, we anticipate that through shared discovery and understanding, forests can be managed to lessen the conflicts between interest groups.
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Rabiou, AMADOU CHARIFI, J. FALOLA Afolabi, SALEH B. Momale, and YAMBA Boubacar. "Conflicts and Conflict Resolution over Classified Forests Resources of Maradi Region, Niger Republic." AFRIGIST JOURNAL OF LAND ADMINISTRATION AND ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2, no. 1 (May 17, 2022): 14–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.54222/afrigist/ajlaem/v2i1.2.

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Conflict management is a key building block of forest governance; it has received little or no consideration in most of the ongoing governance reforms in the Niger Republic. Understanding and finding the means to deal with conflicts related to the utilization of forest resources became an important research area under the Governance for Sustainable Forests related to the livelihoods programme. The study aims to examine the nature and form of conflicts over Bakabé, Dan Kanda and Kandamo classified forest resources in the Maradi Region. Data were collected through literature review, questionnaires and focus group discussions within villages around classified forests. The method of analysis applied involves descriptive and inferential statistics (Chi-square test). The research identified major types of conflicts as a farmer - farmer, pastoralists - farmers and agro-pastoralists; conflicts between farmers and village chiefs and conflicts between local communities and the forestry departments. There was a significant difference in the frequency of conflicts between seasons around Bakabé and Dan Kada classified forests with χ2-values of 15.53 and 9.20 which are all significant at 0.05 level. There is no significant difference in the frequency of conflicts between seasons in the Kandamo classified forest because the forest is not subjected to cropland contract. The effectiveness of both the traditional and modern mechanisms of protection is generally weak, with huge implications for sustainable development. There is a need for government at all levels to prioritize the management of conflicts over classified forests so that there will be a sustainability of crops and livestock productionConflicts for better livelihoods in the rural communities. La gestion des conflits est un élément clé de la gouvernance forestière; il n’a reçu que peu ou pas de considération dans la plupart des réformes de gouvernance en cours en République du Niger. Comprendre et trouver les moyens de faire face aux conflits liés à l’utilisation des ressources forestières est devenu un domaine de recherche important dans le cadre du programme Gouvernance pour des forêts durables lié au programme de moyens de subsistance. L’étude vise à examiner la nature et la forme des conflits sur les ressources forestières classées bakabé, Dan Kanda et Kandamo dans la région de Maradi. Les données ont été recueillies au moyen d’une revue de la littérature, de questionnaires et de discussions de groupe dans les villages autour des forêts classées. La méthode d’analyse appliquée implique des statistiques descriptives et inférentielles (test du chi carré). La recherche a identifié les principaux types de conflits comme agriculteur - agriculteur, pasteurs - agriculteurs et agro-pasteurs; conflits entre agriculteurs et chefs de village et conflits entre les communautés locales et les départements forestiers. Il y avait une différence significative dans la fréquence des conflits entre les saisons autour des forêts classées Bakabé et Dan Kada avec des valeurs χ2 de 15,53 et 9,20 qui sont toutes significatives au niveau de 0,05. Il n’y a pas de différence significative dans la fréquence des conflits entre les saisons dans la forêt classée de Kandamo parce que la forêt n’est pas soumise à un contrat de terres cultivées. L’efficacité des mécanismes de protection traditionnels et modernes est généralement faible, avec d’énormes implications sur le développement durable. Il est nécessaire que le gouvernement à tous les niveaux donne la priorité à la gestion des conflits sur les forêts classées afin qu’il y ait une durabilité des cultures et de la productivité du bétail pour de meilleurs moyens de subsistance dans les communautés rurales
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Rabiou, AMADOU CHARIFI, J. FALOLA Afolabi, SALEH B. Momale, and YAMBA Boubacar. "Conflicts and Conflict Resolution over Classified Forests Resources of Maradi Region, Niger Republic." AFRIGIST JOURNAL OF LAND ADMINISTRATION AND ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2, no. 1 (May 17, 2022): 14–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.54222/afrigist/ajleam/v2i1.2.

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Conflict management is a key building block of forest governance; it has received little or no consideration in most of the ongoing governance reforms in the Niger Republic. Understanding and finding the means to deal with conflicts related to the utilization of forest resources became an important research area under the Governance for Sustainable Forests related to the livelihoods programme. The study aims to examine the nature and form of conflicts over Bakabé, Dan Kanda and Kandamo classified forest resources in the Maradi Region. Data were collected through literature review, questionnaires and focus group discussions within villages around classified forests. The method of analysis applied involves descriptive and inferential statistics (Chi-square test). The research identified major types of conflicts as a farmer - farmer, pastoralists - farmers and agro-pastoralists; conflicts between farmers and village chiefs and conflicts between local communities and the forestry departments. There was a significant difference in the frequency of conflicts between seasons around Bakabé and Dan Kada classified forests with χ2-values of 15.53 and 9.20 which are all significant at 0.05 level. There is no significant difference in the frequency of conflicts between seasons in the Kandamo classified forest because the forest is not subjected to cropland contract. The effectiveness of both the traditional and modern mechanisms of protection is generally weak, with huge implications for sustainable development. There is a need for government at all levels to prioritize the management of conflicts over classified forests so that there will be a sustainability of crops and livestock productionConflicts for better livelihoods in the rural communities. La gestion des conflits est un élément clé de la gouvernance forestière; il n’a reçu que peu ou pas de considération dans la plupart des réformes de gouvernance en cours en République du Niger. Comprendre et trouver les moyens de faire face aux conflits liés à l’utilisation des ressources forestières est devenu un domaine de recherche important dans le cadre du programme Gouvernance pour des forêts durables lié au programme de moyens de subsistance. L’étude vise à examiner la nature et la forme des conflits sur les ressources forestières classées bakabé, Dan Kanda et Kandamo dans la région de Maradi. Les données ont été recueillies au moyen d’une revue de la littérature, de questionnaires et de discussions de groupe dans les villages autour des forêts classées. La méthode d’analyse appliquée implique des statistiques descriptives et inférentielles (test du chi carré). La recherche a identifié les principaux types de conflits comme agriculteur - agriculteur, pasteurs - agriculteurs et agro-pasteurs; conflits entre agriculteurs et chefs de village et conflits entre les communautés locales et les départements forestiers. Il y avait une différence significative dans la fréquence des conflits entre les saisons autour des forêts classées Bakabé et Dan Kada avec des valeurs χ2 de 15,53 et 9,20 qui sont toutes significatives au niveau de 0,05. Il n’y a pas de différence significative dans la fréquence des conflits entre les saisons dans la forêt classée de Kandamo parce que la forêt n’est pas soumise à un contrat de terres cultivées. L’efficacité des mécanismes de protection traditionnels et modernes est généralement faible, avec d’énormes implications sur le développement durable. Il est nécessaire que le gouvernement à tous les niveaux donne la priorité à la gestion des conflits sur les forêts classées afin qu’il y ait une durabilité des cultures et de la productivité du bétail pour de meilleurs moyens de subsistance dans les communautés rurales
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Fisher, Larry A., Yeon-Su Kim, Sitti Latifah, and Madani Mukarom. "Managing Forest Conflicts: Perspectives of Indonesia’s Forest Management Unit Directors." Forest and Society 1, no. 1 (April 27, 2017): 8. http://dx.doi.org/10.24259/fs.v1i1.772.

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Recent expansion of the forestry and plantation sectors in Indonesia has intensified agrarian and natural resource conflicts, and created increased awareness of the social, economic and environmental impacts of these disputes. Addressing these disputes is a critical issue in advancing Indonesia’s commitment to sustainable forest management. The Forest Management Units (Kesatuan Pengelolaan Hutan, or KPH), have become the pivotal structural element for managing all state forests at the local level, with responsibility for conventional forest management and policy implementation (establishing management boundaries, conducting forest inventory, and developing forest management plans), as well as the legal mandate to communicate and work with indigenous people and local communities. This paper presents the results of a national survey of all currently functioning KPH units, the first of its kind ever conducted with KPH leadership, to obtain a system-wide perspective of the KPHs’ role, mandate, and capacity for serving as effective intermediaries in managing forest conflicts in Indonesia. The survey results show that the KPHs are still in a very initial stage of development, and are struggling with a complex and rapidly evolving policy and institutional framework. The most common conflicts noted by respondents included forest encroachment, tenure disputes, boundary conflicts, and illegal logging and land clearing. KPH leadership views conflict resolution as among their primary duties and functions, and underscored the importance of more proactive and collaborative approaches for addressing conflict, many seeing themselves as capable facilitators and mediators. Overall, these results juxtapose a generally constructive view by KPH leadership over their role and responsibility in addressing forest management conflicts, with an extremely challenging social, institutional, and political setting. The KPHs can certainly play an important role as local intermediaries, and in some cases, as facilitative mediators in resolving local conflicts, but only with a more concerted effort from central and provincial government authorities to provide greater consistency in policies and regulations, improved policy communication, and a sustained commitment to strengthening the capacity of individual KPHs.
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Paudel, Naya S., Prabin Bhusal, Paul Thompson, Parvin Sultana, Anukram Adhikary, and Kamal Bhandari. "Transforming Forest Conflicts: Learning from North-South Conflicts over Community Forests in Terai Region of Nepal." Journal of Forest and Livelihood 16, no. 1 (October 31, 2018): 1–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/jfl.v16i1.22879.

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Continued forest conflicts in Nepal’s Terai have not only undermined sustainable forest management in the region but have also contributed to emerging social unrest that can undermine transition towards new federal Nepal. Using an action research approach involving intensive participatory research methods, this paper shares experiences of current initiatives and their challenges in transforming forest-conflicts between the northern communities and southern communities in the Terai region of Nepal. The action research process helped bring the conflicting communities together, develop a shared understanding through participatory resource assessment and analysis of socio-institutional processes among the conflicting communities, and help devise a widely acceptable benefit sharing arrangement. Consequently, there has been a substantial reduction in conflict through an inclusive and extended governance arrangement. Consideration of traditional use of forests by distant as well as adjacent communities will be helpful to reduce potential heightening of conflicts in the face of policies that emphasises more on protection and restoration of forest as a response to historical trend of deforestation and emerging threats of climate change. Finally, we suggest that enabling policies including further devolution of forest management rights to local communities and adoption of adaptive approach to resource and institutional management can help mitigate northern communities-southern communities’ conflict in Terai.
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Kane, Seth, Ahmad Dhiaulhaq, David Gritten, Lok Mani Sapkota, and Lina Jihadah. "Transforming forest landscape conflicts: the promises and perils of global forest management initiatives such as REDD+." Forest and Society 2, no. 1 (April 26, 2018): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.24259/fs.v2i1.3203.

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Implementation of Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and Forest Degradation (REDD+) is designed to relieve pressure on tropical forests, however, many are concerned that it is a threat to the rights of forest communities. These potential risks need serious attention as earlier studies have shown that the Asia-Pacific region is a forest conflict hotspot, with many economic, environmental and social implications at global (e.g. climate change) to local levels (e.g. poverty). Drawing on an analysis of nine case studies from four countries (Cambodia, Myanmar, Nepal and Vietnam) this paper examines why and how REDD+ can be a driver for forest conflict and how it also has the potential to simultaneously transform these conflicts. The analytical framework, “sources of impairment”, applied in the study was developed to increase understanding and facilitate the resolution of forest landscape conflicts in a sustainable manner (i.e. transformation). The main findings are that REDD+ can be a source of conflict in the study sites, but also had transformative potential when good practices were followed. For example, in some sites, the REDD+ projects were sources of impairment for forest communities by restricting access to forest resources. However, the research also identified REDD+ projects that enabled the participation of traditionally marginalized groups and built local forest management capacities, leading to strengthened tenure for some forest communities. Similarly, in some countries REDD+ has served as a mechanism to pilot Free, Prior and Informed Consent (FPIC), which will likely have significant impacts in mitigating conflicts by addressing the sources at local to national levels. Based on these findings, there are many reasons to be optimistic that REDD+ can address the underlying causes of forest landscape conflicts, especially when linked with other governance initiatives such as Forest Law Enforcement, Governance and Trade – Voluntary Participation Agreements (FLEGT-VPA).
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Alusiola, Rowan Alumasa, Janpeter Schilling, and Paul Klär. "REDD+ Conflict: Understanding the Pathways between Forest Projects and Social Conflict." Forests 12, no. 6 (June 5, 2021): 748. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f12060748.

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A growing body of literature analyses the conflict implications of REDD+ (Reducing emissions from deforestation and forest degradation in developing countries). However, the way these conflicts unfold is little understood. We address this research gap through the following question: What are the pathways that connect REDD+ projects and conflicts between local communities and other actors? We review 242 scientific articles, selecting eight that allow us to trace how the conflict pathways unfolded. We draw on a political ecology perspective and conceptualize ‘conflict pathway’ as an interaction of key events and drivers leading to conflict. We find six main conflict drivers: (1) injustices and restrictions over (full) access and control of forest resources; (2) creation of new forest governance structures that change relationships between stakeholders and the forest; (3) exclusion of community members from comprehensive project participation; (4) high project expectations that are not met; (5) changes in land tenure policy due to migrants, and (6) the aggravation of historic land tenure conflicts. Evictions from forests, acts of violence, and lawsuits are among the events contributing to the conflict pathways. To prevent them, the rights, livelihoods, and benefits of local communities need to be placed at the centre of the REDD+ projects.
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KITHIIA, Shadrack Mulei, and Robert Kipkemoi KOECH. "Impacts of Forest Resource Use Conflicts on Conservation Efforts within Enderit Forest Block in Mau Forest Complex, Kenya." European Journal of Geography 11, no. 3 (December 13, 2020): 153–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.48088/ejg.s.kit.11.1.153.163.

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This paper examined the relationship between forest resource use conflicts and conservation, which are contemporary issues in the field of environment conservation. The study was carried out in Enderit forest block, Mau forest Complex. The study findings indicate that the forest block has lost considerable vegetation cover in the recent past due to resource use conflict which in turn attracted conservation efforts from various stakeholders. The identified conflicts not only threaten the sustainability of these efforts but also community livelihoods that depend on this vital resource in the long term. The study therefore sought to establish the types of forest resource use conflicts, identify the stakeholders and their areas of focus and examine how the forest resource conflicts are affecting forest conservation efforts. Both quantitative and qualitative research methods were used. The results indicate that there exist various forms of conflicts within the forest block while various actors are involved in the forest conservation efforts. However, despite the concerted conservation efforts, there existing forest resource use conflicts that frustrate these efforts and slow the implementation of conservation programs. Based on the findings, the study recommends that for sustainable conservation of the forest block, the Government and the stakeholders should put in place policy measures aiming at increasing income and generating off-farm employment activities for the forest adjacent communities. This will reduce forest dependency and consequently enhance biodiversity conservation and sustainable use of the forest resources.
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Ghosh, Susobhan, Pradeep Varakantham, Aniket Bhatkhande, Tamanna Ahmad, Anish Andheria, Wenjun Li, Aparna Taneja, Divy Thakkar, and Milind Tambe. "Facilitating Human-Wildlife Cohabitation through Conflict Prediction." Proceedings of the AAAI Conference on Artificial Intelligence 36, no. 11 (June 28, 2022): 12496–502. http://dx.doi.org/10.1609/aaai.v36i11.21518.

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With increasing world population and expanded use of forests as cohabited regions, interactions and conflicts with wildlife are increasing, leading to large scale loss of lives (animal and human) and livelihoods (economic). While community knowledge is valuable, forest officials and conservation organisations can greatly benefit from predictive analysis of human-wildlife conflict, leading to targeted interventions that can potentially help save lives and livelihoods. However, the problem of prediction is a complex socio-technical problem in the context of limited data in low-resource regions. Identifying the right features to make accurate predictions of conflicts at the required spatial granularity using a sparse conflict training dataset is the key challenge that we address in this paper. Specifically, we do an illustrative case study on human-wildlife conflicts in the Bramhapuri Forest Division in Chandrapur, Maharashtra, India. Most existing work has considered human wildlife conflicts in protected areas and to the best of our knowledge, this is the first effort at prediction of human-wildlife conflicts in unprotected areas and using those predictions for deploying interventions on the ground.
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McNeely, Jeffrey A. "Conserving forest biodiversity in times of violent conflict." Oryx 37, no. 2 (April 2003): 142–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0030605303000334.

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Forests are often frontiers, and like all frontiers, they are sites of dynamic social, ecological, political and economic changes. Such dynamism involves constantly changing advantages and disadvantages to different groups of people, which not surprisingly can lead to armed conflict, and all too frequently to war. Many governments have contributed to conflict, however inadvertently, by nationalizing their forests, so that traditional forest inhabitants have been disenfranchised while national governments sell the rights to trees in order to earn foreign exchange. Biodiversity-rich tropical forests in Papua New Guinea, Indonesia, Indochina, Myanmar, Sri Lanka, Central and West Africa, the Amazon, Colombia, Central America and New Caledonia have all been the sites of armed conflict in recent years, sometimes involving international forces. Forests have sometimes been part of the cause of conflict (as in Myanmar and Sierra Leone) but more often victims of it. Violent conflicts in temperate areas also typically involve forests as shelters for both civilians and combatants, as in the Balkans. While these conflicts have frequently, even invariably, caused negative impacts on biodiversity, peace can be even worse, as it enables forest exploitation to operate with impunity. Because many of the remaining forests are along international borders, international cooperation is required for their conservation. As one response, the concept of international “Peace Parks” is being promoted in many parts of the world as a way of linking biodiversity conservation with national security. The Convention on Biological Diversity, which entered into force at the end of 1993 and now has 187 State Parties, offers a useful framework for such cooperation.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Forest conflicts"

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Eckerberg, Katarina, and Camilla Sandström. "Preface to Forest Conflicts : A Growing Research Field." Umeå universitet, Statsvetenskapliga institutionen, 2013. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-71520.

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Sandström, Camilla, Katarina Eckerberg, and Kaisa Raitio. "Studying conflicts, proposing solutions : Towards multi-level approaches to the analyses of forest conflicts." Umeå universitet, Statsvetenskapliga institutionen, 2013. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-71521.

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Lee, Poh Onn 1963. "Social coordination and forest conflicts : a case study on Sarawak, Malaysia." Monash University, Dept. of Economics, 2000. http://arrow.monash.edu.au/hdl/1959.1/8375.

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Johansson, Anna. "Trouble seeking in Småländska forests : Untangling the conflicts and contradictions in småländskt forestry by looking into different perspectives." Thesis, Linnéuniversitetet, Institutionen för design (DE), 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:lnu:diva-96707.

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Why do we call the monotonous spruce plantations here in Småland ‘forests’? Wildlife habitats are decreasing and the biodiversity with it. This was my concern when I started my project. But when I started to look for answers to why the forest looks as it does today, I encountered an obstacle.An obstacle containing a polarized debate, misunderstandings creating conflicts and controversies creating confusion. There is not a common notion of the meaning of words such as forest, forestry or preservation amongst the people involved in the forests. To save wildlife habitats people need to work together, and to be able to work together, we need a common notion of the meaning of words. I started to dig up the conflicts by having interviews with the people involved, to see what they were rooted in. This became my project. This project is not about finding one right answer or a solution, it is rather a collective storytelling of different perspectives on the Småländska forests.The results of this research is the basis to the film I made. In the film I used perspective binoculars, which is a speculative tool for being able to see others perspectives and stories. The binoculars zoom in and out, shifting perspectives and showing details you perhaps would not notice otherwise.
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Beattie, Robert B. (Robert Bruce) 1959. "Finding uncommon ground : sustainable development conflicts in the northern forest of New England and New York." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 1998. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/9834.

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Warfield, Janice Marlene. "Selected environmental impacts and recreational conflicts on multiple-use trails, a case study of the ganaraska forest, ontario." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1998. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk2/tape15/PQDD_0012/MQ30237.pdf.

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Sukhbaatar, Tuul. "Traditional Ecological Knowledge and Opportunities for Reducing Human-Wolf Conflicts in Mongolia." Antioch University / OhioLINK, 2020. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=antioch1603982171867841.

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Nilsson, Camilla. "Konsten att förvalta tätortsnära skogar - en fallstudie i Skåne." Thesis, Linnéuniversitetet, Institutionen för skog och träteknik (SOT), 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:lnu:diva-105477.

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Synen på skogens värden har förändrats från att mestadels beröra de konkretavaror som skogen bidrar med till att innefatta mer abstrakta värden. Skogarna blirviktigare ur fler aspekter och förvaltningen av den försvåras genom att den kanses om en privat, kollektiv och gemensam resurs. Syftet var att beskriva denskogliga förvaltarens roll i att samordna olika intressenters önskemål vidskogsvårdsåtgärder i tätortsnära skog. Fem skogsförvaltare från fyra slumpmässigtutvalda organisationer i Skåne intervjuades. För att öka eller bibehålla rekreationsvärden bör skötseln inrikta sig på att göraskogen tillgänglig, öppen och ljus samt att skapa variation. Inför åtgärdenanvändes deltagande planering i form av informationsblad som sattes upp kringavverkningsplatsen. Detta bidrog förmodligen till att få konflikter ellermotsättningar förekom i tätortsnära skogar. Brukandet bör ske med ett annat fokusän vid konventionellt skogsbruk för att gynna de sociala värdena och enförebyggande dialog bör hållas med intressenterna.
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Peres, Isabela Kojin. "Conflitos nas políticas ambientais: uma análise do processo de alteração do Código Florestal Brasileiro." Universidade de São Paulo, 2016. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/91/91131/tde-19042016-092527/.

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Esta dissertação tem como objetivo analisar o cenário e os processos políticos que culminaram com a alteração do antigo Código Florestal Brasileiro (Lei Federal nº 4.771/1965), revogado pela Lei Federal nº 12.651/2012. Busca-se identificar quais foram os fatores que levaram a essa alteração, os principais atores e grupos de interesse que atuaram nas coalizões denominadas de ambientalistas e ruralistas, bem como os argumentos e recursos de poder empregados. Partiu-se do pressuposto de que prevaleceram os interesses privados, em especial dos grupos de interesse do agronegócio, em relação aos interesses da coletividade e que dizem respeito à conservação ambiental. Foram utilizados como ponto de partida metodológica os modelos de Laswell (1936) para entender \"quem ganha o que, porquê e que diferença isso faz\", de coalizões de defesa de Sabatier (1988) e de múltiplos fluxos de Kingdon (2007), bem como o ciclo e as dimensões das políticas públicas de Frey (2000). Para a análise foram utilizados documentos jurídicos, estudos científicos, manifestos públicos, matérias da mídia e postagens nas redes sociais, além de entrevistas semiabertas. Evidenciouse que a atuação da bancada ruralista foi imprescindível na alteração da lei e que esta priorizou interesses privados, em especial dos setores produtivos agropecuários, em detrimento aos interesses públicos e coletivos. O estudo mostra ainda que a polarização entre as coalizões ambientalistas e ruralistas silenciou outros conflitos socioambientais que são recorrentes nos espaços públicos brasileiros. Também foi possível verificar que, embora a questão ambiental tenha se popularizado, ganhando espaço nas agendas governamentais, quando não é tratada de maneira utilitarista, há prevalência de um discurso em que o meio ambiente parece ser uma externalidade e até mesmo um empecilho para o desenvolvimento econômico do país.
This work seeks to analyze the context and the political processes that had led to the alteration from the old Brazilian Forest Code, (Federal Law nº 4.771/1965), repealed by Federal Law No. 12,651 / 2012. The aim is to appoint what were the factors that had led to this alteration, the main actors and the interest groups that had worked in coalitions known as environmentalists and ruralists, as well as arguments and power resources. Our initial assumption was that private interests prevailed. The methodological starting point utilized was the models of Laswell (1936) used to understand \"Who gets what\'s, why and what different it makes\", Sabatier´s advocacy coalitions approach (1988) and Kingdon\'s multiple stream model (2007), as well as the cycle and dimensions of public policy by Frey (2000). Documents, scientific studies, public manifests, media materials and posts on social network and interviews have been used in this analysis. The action of the rural caucus was vital on the alteration of the law, prioritizing. Agricultural Productive Sectors interests became evident. The study still shows that the polarization between environmental and rural caucus silenced other socio-environmental conflicts which are common in the Brazilian public spaces. It was also possible to observe that, although the environmental issue had been popularized, receiving attention in governmental agendas, there is still a prevalence of a speech in which the environment seems to be an externality and even a hindrance to economic development.
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Jürges, Nataly [Verfasser], and Jens [Akademischer Betreuer] Newig. "Forest conflicts in the face of energy transition and climate change: Actor-centered analysis from a multi-level governance perspective / Nataly Jürges. Betreuer: Jens Newig." Lüneburg : Universitätsbibliothek der Leuphana Universität Lüneburg, 2016. http://d-nb.info/1082425273/34.

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Books on the topic "Forest conflicts"

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Lee, Poh. The allocation of forest functions and forest conflicts: A case study on Sarawak, Malaysia. Clayton, Vic: Monash University, Dept. of Economics, 1997.

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Gunawan, I. Ketut. The politics of the Indonesian rainforest: A rise of forest conflicts in East Kalimantan during Indonesia's early stage of democratisation. Göttingen: Cuvillier, 2004.

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Shiva, Vandana. Ecology and the politics of survival: Conflicts over natural resources in India. New Delhi: Sage Publications, 1991.

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Shiva, Vandana. Ecology and the politics of survival: Conflicts over natural resources in India. Tokyo, Japan: United Nations University Press, 1991.

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Knott, Catherine Henshaw. Living with the Adirondack forest: Local perspectives on land use conflicts. Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1998.

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Society for Participatory Research in Asia. and Development Research Center on Citizenship, Participation, and Accountability., eds. Linkages, conflicts, and dynamics: Institutional spaces and participation in local forest management in Uttaranchal. New Delhi: PRIA, 2004.

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Southeast Asian Conflict Studies Network. and Sweden. Styrelsen för internationell utveckling., eds. Civil society and forest governance in Southeast Asia: Towards an alternative model in addressing trans-boundary forest-related conflicts. Penang, Malaysia: Southeast Asian Conflict Studies Network, 2003.

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Hellstrom, Eeva. Environmental forest conflicts in France and Sweden: Struggling between local and international pressures. Joensuu: European Forest Institute, 1998.

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Bowker, James M. Mountain biking at Tsali: An assessment of users, preferences, conflicts, and management alternatives. Asheville, NC: USDA Forest Service, Southern Research Station, 2002.

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F, Jordan Carl, Jiragorn Gajaseni 1952-, and Watanabe Hiroyuki 1939-, eds. Taungya, forest plantations with agriculture in Southeast Asia: Interplanting crops can reduce land use conflicts and increase sustainability of forestry in less developed countries. Wallingford, Oxon, UK: C.A.B. International, 1992.

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Book chapters on the topic "Forest conflicts"

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Havel, J. J. "Land use conflicts and the emergence of multiple land use." In The Jarrah Forest, 281–314. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1989. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-3111-4_16.

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Krause, Torsten. "Forest governance in post-agreement Colombia." In Natural Resource Conflicts and Sustainable Development, 114–27. Abingdon, Oxon ; New York, NY : Routledge, 2019. | Series: Earthscan studies in natural resource management: Routledge, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781351268646-9.

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Hayter, Roger, and Alex Clapp. "The Remapping of Forest Governance: From Shareholder to Stakeholder." In Knowledge for Governance, 375–95. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-47150-7_16.

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AbstractResource conflicts are widespread features of contemporary globalization. In forestry-related resource peripheries, such as British Columbia (BC), various societal stakeholders are demanding a reform of resource uses away from industrial priorities towards more ecological and cultural ones. Forest conflicts represent institutional clashes that lead to new forms of governance based on new inventories, resource maps, science, and zoning. The authors of this paper analyze the remapping of forest resources in BC as part of broader paradigmatic transformations of society and economy from shareholder to stakeholder models of resource governance, i.e. as a shift in policy-making from hierarchical control by governments and markets to more diffuse, democratic forms of governance. This process is accompanied by institutional innovation and thickening that still need to be assessed for their effectiveness. Whether stakeholder remapping can be certified as good governance remains a context-dependent empirical question.
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Mönkkönen, Mikko, Daniel Burgas, Kyle Eyvindson, Eric Le Tortorec, Maiju Peura, Tähti Pohjanmies, Anna Repo, and María Triviño. "Solving Conflicts among Conservation, Economic, and Social Objectives in Boreal Production Forest Landscapes: Fennoscandian Perspectives." In Ecosystem Services from Forest Landscapes, 169–219. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-74515-2_7.

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Gooch, Josefin. "Forest-related community–outsider conflicts through the lens of property rights, access and power." In Natural Resource Conflicts and Sustainable Development, 38–50. Abingdon, Oxon ; New York, NY : Routledge, 2019. | Series: Earthscan studies in natural resource management: Routledge, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781351268646-4.

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Rekers, Angela, and Jane Waters-Davies. "‘All of the Wild’: Cultural Formation in Wales Through Outdoor Play at Forest School." In International Perspectives on Early Childhood Education and Development, 145–60. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-72595-2_9.

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AbstractThis chapter takes the specific context of outdoor play in the Foundation Phase in Wales to explore how children’s activity and participation is mediated through the socio-material affordances of muddy puddles at forest school. The research was underpinned by the cultural-historical tradition of making visible the sociocultural practices and individual participation which shape the child’s experience within an educational setting. The discussion in this chapter is centred upon the following questions: During forest school sessions for pupils aged 4- and 5-years old, what conflicts may be surfaced as classroom teaching staff aim to meet Welsh Government expectations for both outdoor play and self-regulatory skills development? How do these conflicts shape the child’s experience of participating in outdoor play? The analysis draws upon data gathered during 8 months of fieldwork; audio-visually-recorded observations and video-stimulated interviews with classroom teachers and forest school leaders are used to consider an episode of conflict during play in a muddy puddle. We explore, from child and adult perspectives, the institutional values of the Foundation Phase, demands for reception year practice and subsequent expectations about children’s participation, highlighting the mediating messages being given about ‘how to be’ and what competencies are valued in the activity setting of mud play.
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Banham, Rebecca. "Empathetic ecocultural positionality and the forest other in Tasmanian forestry conflicts." In Routledge Handbook of Ecocultural Identity, 461–74. Abingdon, Oxon ; New York, NY : Routledge, 2020. |: Routledge, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781351068840-28.

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Stewart, Theodor J., and Alison Joubert. "Conflicts between conservation goals and land use for exotic forest plantations in South Africa." In Multicriteria Analysis for Land-Use Management, 17–31. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-015-9058-7_2.

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Gežík, Veronika, Stanislava Brnkaľáková, Viera Baštáková, and Tatiana Kluvánková. "Economic and Social Perspective of Climate-Smart Forestry: Incentives for Behavioral Change to Climate-Smart Practices in the Long Term." In Climate-Smart Forestry in Mountain Regions, 435–51. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-80767-2_12.

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AbstractIn this volume, the concept of climate-smart forestry (CSF) has been introduced as adaptive forest management and governance to address climate change, fostering resilience and sustainable ecosystem service provision. Adaptive forest management and governance are seen as vital ways to mitigate the present and future impact of climate change on forest. Following this trajectory, we determine the ecosystem services approach as a potential adaptive tool to contribute to CSF. Ecosystem services as public or common goods face the traditional social dilemma of individual versus collective interests, which often generate conflicts, overuse, and resource depletion. This chapter focuses on the ecosystem servicegovernance approach, especially on incentive tools for behavioral change to CSF in the long term, which is a basic precondition for the sustainability of ecosystem integrity and functions, as well as ensuring the continuous delivery of ecosystem goods and services, as per the CSF definition. Payments for ecosystem services (PES) are seen as innovative economic instruments when adding a social dimension by involving local communities and their values to ensure the long-term resilience and adaptation of forest ecosystems to climate change. We argue that tackling climate changeadaptation requires the behavioral change of ecosystem service providers to a collaborative and integrated PES approach, as also emphasized by the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) of the Agenda 2030.
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Fujiwara, Takahiro, and Nariaki Onda. "Conflict of Legitimacy Over Tropical Forest Lands: Lessons for Collaboration from the Case of Industrial Tree Plantation in Indonesia." In Decision Science for Future Earth, 119–31. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-8632-3_5.

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AbstractIndustrial Tree Plantation (ITP) in Indonesia has been controversial due to its significant environmental, economic, and social impacts and the severe conflicts among stakeholders. Therefore, it is crucially important to discuss the fundamental structure of the conflicts to promote going forward. We introduce the concept of “legitimacy” and discuss the (1) inequality of the landholding structure and (2) legal pluralism established by historical circumstances as the fundamental structure of the conflicts. Our discussions present some key lessons in promoting collaboration among stakeholders. The first lesson is that the degree of interest and priority for problems differs among stakeholders. Therefore, an understanding of these differences is the first step toward collaboration. The second lesson is about the importance of considering history. Awareness of the problem, interpretation of the historical facts, and evaluation of other stakeholders by a certain stakeholder change over time. Therefore, to start a collaboration, it is necessary to build a consensus among stakeholders as a time point to go back to in order to discuss the problem. The third lesson is that a procedure for data presentation agreeable among stakeholders as independent, neutral, and fair is essential for their collaborations. Especially in cases where conflicts among stakeholders are intensive, it appears that confidence in and interpretation of presented data are different for each stakeholder. Therefore, data presentation agreeable to all stakeholders is essential to promote their collaborations. Unlike conventional scientific research, scientists are required to uphold various values existing in society to collaborate with stakeholders in transdisciplinary research of Future Earth.
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Conference papers on the topic "Forest conflicts"

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Kamal, Ubaidillah, and Nurhayati. "Transitional Function Conflicts of Protective Forest into Conservation Forest between Communities and Government." In Proceedings of the 2nd International Conference on Indonesian Legal Studies (ICILS 2019). Paris, France: Atlantis Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.2991/icils-19.2019.7.

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Rositah, Erna, Mustofa Agung Sardjono, Marlon Ivanhoe Aipassa, Suyadi, and Ernita Obeth. "Tenurial Conflicts Within Protected Forest Management Unit (PFMU) of Tarakan, North Kalimantan." In Joint Symposium on Tropical Studies (JSTS-19). Paris, France: Atlantis Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.2991/absr.k.210408.019.

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Suju, D. Arul, and Hancy Jose. "FLANN: Fast approximate nearest neighbour search algorithm for elucidating human-wildlife conflicts in forest areas." In 2017 Fourth International Conference on Signal Processing,Communication and Networking (ICSCN). IEEE, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icscn.2017.8085676.

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Gómez Vives,, Alejandro. "Le Corbusier en Briey. Habitar la unité del bosque. *** Le Corbusier in Briey. Inhabiting the unité of the forest." In 8º Congreso Internacional de Arquitectura Blanca - CIAB 8. Valencia: Universitat Politècnica València, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.4995/ciab8.2018.7434.

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La unité d’habitation de Briey-en-Forêt de Le Corbusier aparece como un paquebote de hormigón varado en el corazón de un bosque de una pequeña población del noreste de Francia. Precisamente su ubicación será origen de conflictos políticos a lo largo de sus primeros 30 años de vida, estando al borde de la demolición, tras un período de cierre. De las 4 unités que construye Le Corbusier en Francia es la menos divulgada, quizás por carecer de los servicios comunitarios que tanto éxito le habían conferido al proyecto de Marsella. Estos servicios, que se iban a implantar a nivel de calle en distintos edificios, finalmente no se desarrollarán. Por lo tanto, esta unité sólo alojará en su interior viviendas, las cuales se van a analizar pormenorizadamente. El hormigón será el material protagonista, si bien con unos acabados distintos a los vistos en los proyectos anteriores de Marsella y Nantes-Rezé. En Briey se emplearán nuevas***The Unité d’Habitation of Briey-en-For.t by Le Corbusier appears as a concrete steamboat stranded in the heart of a forest in a small town of northeastern France. Precisely its location will be the source of political conflicts throughout its first 30 years of life, being on the verge of demolition after a period of closure.Among the 4 Unités built by Le Corbusier in France, this is the least publicized, perhaps because it lacked the community services so successful in the Marseille project. These services, which were to be implemented at street level in different building, finally are not developed. It is the apartments hosted in the interior of Unité that will be analysed in detail. Concrete will be the leading material, although with different finishes than those seen in the previous projects of Marseille and Nantes-Rez.. In Briey, new formwork
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Gorodetskaya, Yulia, Leonardo Goliatt Da Fonseca, Gisele Goulart Tavares, and Celso Bandeira de Melo Ribeiro. "Daily streamflow forecasting for Paraíba do Sul river using machine learning methods with hydrologic inputs." In XV Encontro Nacional de Inteligência Artificial e Computacional. Sociedade Brasileira de Computação - SBC, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.5753/eniac.2018.4413.

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The Paraíba do Sul river flows through the most important industrial region of Brazil and its basin is characterized by conflicts of multiple uses of its water resources. The prediction of its natural flow has strategic value for water management in this basin. This research investigates the applicability of the two machine learning methods (Random Forest and Artificial Neural Networks) for daily streamflow forecasting of the Paraíba do Sul River at lead times of 1-7 days. The impact of fluviometric and pluviometric data from other basin sites on the quality of the forecast is also evaluated.
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Zaigraeva, Nadezhda V. "The reasons for conflict relations in the dyad "teenager-parent" in schoolchildren with different levels of intellectual development." In Особый ребенок: Обучение, воспитание, развитие. Yaroslavl state pedagogical university named after К. D. Ushinsky, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.20323/978-5-00089-474-3-2021-83-92.

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The content of the article presents the results of identifying the causes of conflicts between mentally retarded adolescents and their parents compared to normally developing peers. The subject of the study depends on the level of intellectual development of a school student, on the age of the teenager (junior, middle, senior), on the family structure (full, incomplete), on the gender, on the strategies and forms of behavior in the conflict between the teenager and the parent.
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Narváez Tijerina, Adolfo Benito. "Imaginarios urbanos de una ciudad transfronteriza y su expresión en internet." In International Conference Virtual City and Territory. Rio de Janeiro: Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.5821/ctv.7857.

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El trabajo trata sobre las divergencias y convergencias entre las imágenes de las arquitecturas y las ciudades mexicanas y estadounidenses de la ciudad red Reynosa- McAllen- Matamoros- Brownsville, en el contexto del desarrollo de los imaginarios del conflicto, fruto del contacto forzoso de los estadounidenses y los mexicanos. Se desarrolla la idea de que las grandes urbanizaciones que ahora ocupan espacios transfronterizos y sus arquitecturas a nivel de las calles, serán en el futuro los escenarios de conflictos por la reivindicación de antiguos agravios, mismos que se desarrollan en los imaginarios y se expresan en formas urbanas específicas. Se estudia una genealogía de arquitecturas y diseños urbanos de ambos lados de la frontera a través de su expresión en internet, para establecer los elementos que representan un choque de concepciones territoriales que hace notablemente divergentes ambos lados de la frontera México- estadounidense. This article is about the asymmetries between the images of the architectures and of the Mexican’s and USA’s cities of the net-city Reynosa-McAllen-Matamoros-Brownsville, in the context of the development of the imaginaries of conflict, fruit of the forced contact of the Americans and the Mexicans. It is developed the idea that the large urbanization that now occupies trans-frontiers spaces and its architectures at the level of streets, will be the future scenario of conflict for the claim of old offenses, these imaginaries are expressed in specific urban forms. We study a genealogy of architecture and urban design from both sides of the border through its expression on the Internet, to establish the elements that represent a clash of ideas that makes remarkably divergent territorial both sides of the US-Mexico border.
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Priore Lima, Renata. "Un espacio público en tranformación y conflicto: la plaza Salvador Seguí y la Filmoteca de Cataluña en el Raval de Barcelona." In Seminario Internacional de Investigación en Urbanismo. Barcelona: Instituto de Arte Americano. Universidad de Buenos Aires, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.5821/siiu.5873.

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Este artículo plantea una investigación acerca de la plaza Salvador Seguí, ubicada en el corazón del barrio del Raval, en el centro histórico de Barcelona, cuya forma y maneras de ocupación han cambiado mucho en los últimos diez años. Parte de un gran proyecto de intervención urbana conocido como Illa Robador, esta plaza fue uno de los pocos elementos que sobrevivió a las intensas trasformaciones que modificaron este tejido urbano milenario. Foco de polémica, este proyecto fue finalizado en 2012 con la inauguración de la Filmoteca de Cataluña. Sin embargo, los conflictos que caracterizan la plaza y el barrio hace siglos permanecen evidentes. Entender las características formales de la plaza Salvador Seguí, identificar los conflictos que la configuran y las principales permanencias y transformaciones en curso son nuestros objetivos centrales. This article intends to investigate Salvador Seguí square, located in the heart of Raval, at Barcelona historic center. As part of a big urban project known as Illa Robador, its forms and ways of occupation have really changed during the last ten years. The Salvador Seguí square is one of the few elements that survived in this millenary urban fabric. Target of an important polemic discussion, this project was ended in 2012 with the inauguration of Filmoteca de Cataluña. However, the conflicts that have distinguished this square for years (as the whole neighborhood) are still evident today. Understanding its formal characteristics, and recognizing the conflicts, permanencies and transformation aspects at Salvador Seguí square are the main goals of this article.
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Gernand, Jeremy M. "An Analysis of the Trends in US Offshore Oil and Gas Safety and Environmental Performance." In ASME 2019 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2019-11857.

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Abstract The production of oil and gas in the offshore waters of the United States continues to be a major part of US energy extraction activities amounting to just less than a third of total US oil and gas production. However, this industry has been marked by occasional safety and environmental disasters including most famously the Deepwater Horizon explosion and oil spill that resulted in the deaths of 11 workers and the release of more than 130 million gallons of oil in to the Gulf of Mexico. In response, the Bureau of Safety and Environmental Enforcement (BSEE) was created in 2011 to separate enforcement activities from federal lease management activities and reduce the possibility for conflicts of interests and regulatory capture. This paper presents an analysis of the safety and environmental performance of the US offshore oil and gas industry in the years before and after the creation of the BSEE to quantify the changes in the industry record and the level of risk that remains. Recorded events including fires and explosions, spills, and gas releases, collisions, and injuries and fatalities are included in the analysis. The overall level of exposure is estimated based on rig counts and oil and gas production quantities since detailed employment records by facility are not available. Data is sourced from the BSEE, Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS), and the Energy Information Agency (EIA). In addition to linear regression analysis of trends, this paper presents the results of a random forest-based machine learning investigation of the characteristics of safety and environmental incidents to evaluate the most significant contributors that remain, especially those amenable to control through engineering system design. Facility type, water depth, distance to shore, and time of day or year in the relevant incident reports were included in the input dataset for the random forest model. Results indicate that the overall oil and gas industry has become safer in recent years, though significant risks remain. It is yet unclear whether the BSEE approach bears any responsibility for this change as the data are not yet sufficient to declare the post-2011 period as statistically significantly improved from prior years, though additional data in line with 2016–2017 level of performance would satisfy this condition. The random forest model indicates that increased risk is associated with time of day, quarter of the year, water depth, and distance to shore. Data quality concerns remain present as minor incidents and injuries may be under-reported. BSEE enforcement does not appear to be a direct cause of the noted improvements.
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Prihatin, Panca, and Agung Wicaksono. "The Conflict in Indonesia's Forestry Sector: A Case Study of a Community Conflict with Company Industrial Plantation Forest (HTI) in Pelalawan Riau Province." In Proceedings of the 1st International Conference on Environmental Governance, ICONEG 2019, 25-26 October 2019, Makassar, South Sulawesi, Indonesia. EAI, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.4108/eai.25-10-2019.2300538.

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Reports on the topic "Forest conflicts"

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Morsy, Ahmed. Towards a renewed local social and political covenant in Libya, Syria and Yemen. Stockholm International Peace Research Institute, December 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.55163/ofgn2229.

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This SIPRI Insights Paper examines the domestic and external factors at play in Libya, Syria and Yemen and their impact on negotiating post-war peaceful settlements and shaping prospective social contracts.The paper’s argument is two-fold. Firstly, policymaking must move beyond a static approach to understanding these conflicts. Despite apparent stalemates, the three countries should be approached as ever-evolving simmering conflicts. Secondly, policymakers have to move below the national level in order to achieve various forms of localized social peace. Given the nature of these conflicts and the varied sub-national segmentation, the analysis concludes that community-level social and political covenants may offer a first building block towards nationwide social contracts and sustainable conflict resolution.The role of external actors, particularly the European Union (EU), is critical in paving the way for these local-level dialogues and negotiations in Libya, Syria and Yemen. In short, external powers, including the EU, should adopt policies that push for long-term resolution to achieve post-conflict stabilization rather than the opportunistic taking of sides.
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Marchais, Gauthier, Marchais, Gauthier, Sweta Gupta, Cyril Owen Brandt, Patricia Justino, Marinella Leone, Eustache Kuliumbwa, Olga Kithumbu, Issa Kiemtoré, Polepole Bazuzi Christian, and Margherita Bove. Marginalisation from Education in Conflict-Affected Contexts: Learning from Tanganyika and Ituri in the DR Congo. Institute of Development Studies (IDS), January 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.19088/ids.2021.017.

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This Working Paper analyses how violent conflict can enhance or reduce pre-existing forms of marginalisation and second, how new forms of marginalisation emerge as a result of violent conflict. To do so, we focus on the province of Tanganyika in the DRC, where the so-called ‘Twa-Bantu’ violent conflict has been disrupting the education sector since 2012, and secondarily on the province of Ituri, which has been affected by repeated armed conflicts since the 1990s. We use a mixed methods approach, combining quantitative data collection methods and several months of qualitative fieldwork. The study shows that the political marginalisation of ethno-territorial groups is key in understanding marginalisation from education in contexts of protracted conflict. Our results show that the Twa minority of Tanganyika has not only been more exposed to violence during the Twa-Bantu conflict, but also that exposure to violence has more severe effects on the Twa in terms of educational outcomes. We analyse key mechanisms, in particular spatial segregation, and the social segregation of schools along ethnic/identity lines. We also analyse the interaction between ethno-cultural marginalisation and economic, social and gender-related marginalisation.
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Marchais, Gauthier, Sweta Gupta, Cyril Owen Brandt, Patricia Justino, Marinella Leone, Eustache Kuliumbwa, Olga Kithumbu, Issa Kiemtoré, Polepole Bazuzi Christian, and Margherita Bove. Marginalisation from Education in Conflict-Affected Contexts: Learning from Tanganyika and Ituri in the DR Congo. Institute of Development Studies (IDS), January 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.19088/ids.2021.048.

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This Working Paper analyses how violent conflict can enhance or reduce pre-existing forms of marginalisation and second, how new forms of marginalisation emerge as a result of violent conflict. To do so, we focus on the province of Tanganyika in the DRC, where the so-called ‘Twa-Bantu’ violent conflict has been disrupting the education sector since 2012, and secondarily on the province of Ituri, which has been affected by repeated armed conflicts since the 1990s. We use a mixed methods approach, combining quantitative data collection methods and several months of qualitative fieldwork. The study shows that the political marginalisation of ethno-territorial groups is key in understanding marginalisation from education in contexts of protracted conflict. Our results show that the Twa minority of Tanganyika has not only been more exposed to violence during the Twa-Bantu conflict, but also that exposure to violence has more severe effects on the Twa in terms of educational outcomes. We analyse key mechanisms, in particular spatial segregation, and the social segregation of schools along ethnic/identity lines. We also analyse the interaction between ethno-cultural marginalisation and economic, social and gender-related marginalisation.
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Hoefel, John S. U.S Joint Task Forces in the Kosovo Conflict. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, May 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada381640.

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Research Institute (IFPRI), International Food Policy. Forest conflict in Asia and the role of collective action in its management. Washington, DC: International Food Policy Research Institute, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.2499/capriwp102.

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Lewis, Dustin, Gabriella Blum, and Naz Modirzadeh. Indefinite War: Unsettled International Law on the End of Armed Conflict. Harvard Law School Program on International Law and Armed Conflict, February 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.54813/yrjv6070.

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Can we say, definitively, when an armed conflict no longer exists under international law? The short, unsatisfying answer is sometimes: it is clear when some conflicts terminate as a matter of international law, but a decisive determination eludes many others. The lack of fully-settled guidance often matters significantly. That is because international law tolerates, for the most part, far less violent harm, devastation, and suppression in situations other than armed conflicts. Thus, certain measures governed by the laws and customs of war—including killing and capturing the enemy, destroying and seizing enemy property, and occupying foreign territory, all on a possibly large scale—would usually constitute grave violations of peacetime law. This Legal Briefing details the legal considerations and analyzes the implications of that lack of settled guidance. It delves into the myriad (and often-inconsistent) provisions in treaty law, customary law, and relevant jurisprudence that purport to govern the end of war. Alongside the doctrinal analysis, this Briefing considers the changing concept of war and of what constitutes its end; evaluates diverse interests at stake in the continuation or close of conflict; and contextualizes the essentially political work of those who design the law. In all, this Legal Briefing reveals that international law, as it now stands, provides insufficient guidance to precisely discern the end of many armed conflicts as a factual matter (when has the war ended?), as a normative matter (when should the war end?), and as a legal matter (when does the international-legal framework of armed conflict cease to apply in relation to the war?). The current plurality of legal concepts of armed conflict, the sparsity of IHL provisions that instruct the end of application, and the inconsistency among such provisions thwart uniform regulation and frustrate the formulation of a comprehensive notion of when wars can, should, and do end. Fleshing out the criteria for the end of war is a considerable challenge. Clearly, many of the problems identified in this Briefing are first and foremost strategic and political. Yet, as part of a broader effort to strengthen international law’s claim to guide behavior in relation to war and protect affected populations, international lawyers must address the current confusion and inconsistencies that so often surround the end of armed conflict.
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Shrestha, K. B. Nepal Madhyasthata Samuha; Commuity Forestry in Nepal - An Overview of Conflicts. Kathmandu, Nepal: International Centre for Integrated Mountain Development (ICIMOD), 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.53055/icimod.243.

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Shrestha, K. B. Nepal Madhyasthata Samuha; Commuity Forestry in Nepal - An Overview of Conflicts. Kathmandu, Nepal: International Centre for Integrated Mountain Development (ICIMOD), 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.53055/icimod.204.

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Shrestha, K. B. Nepal Madhyasthata Samuha; Commuity Forestry in Nepal - An Overview of Conflicts. Kathmandu, Nepal: International Centre for Integrated Mountain Development (ICIMOD), 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.53055/icimod.243.

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Shrestha, K. B. Nepal Madhyasthata Samuha; Commuity Forestry in Nepal - An Overview of Conflicts. Kathmandu, Nepal: International Centre for Integrated Mountain Development (ICIMOD), 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.53055/icimod.204.

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You might also be interested in the extended bibliographies on the topic 'Forest conflicts' for particular source types:
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