Journal articles on the topic 'Forest biodiversity'
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1
Safe'i, Rahmat, Christine Wulandari, and Hari Kaskoyo. "Assessment of Forest Health in Various Forest Types in Lampung Province." Jurnal Sylva Lestari 7, no. 1 (February 17, 2019): 95. http://dx.doi.org/10.23960/jsl1795-109.
Abstract:
In Lampung Province, awareness of the importance of forest health in achieving sustainable forest management in various types of forests is still low so that forest health problems have not received serious attention so far. This study aims to obtain indicators of forest health assessment and the status of forest health conditions in various types of forests in Lampung Province. This research was carried out in mangrove and community forests in East Lampung District, and protected and conservation forests in Tanggamus District in 2018. The stages of this study consisted of formulating guarantees of forest health indicators, making measuring plots, measuring forest health, processing data, and forest health assessment. The results showed that indicators for assessing the health of forests in mangrove forests are vitality and biodiversity, in community forests are productivity, vitality and site quality, in protected forests are biodiversity, vitality and productivity, and in conservation forests are biodiversity and productivity. The status of health conditions in each cluster of plots in mangrove forest is bad and good, in community forests is good and medium, in protected forests is bad and good, and in conservation forests are bad and good.Keywords: indicator, forest health status, forest types, Lampung Province
2
Gullison, R. E. "Does forest certification conserve biodiversity?" Oryx 37, no. 2 (April 2003): 153–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0030605303000346.
Abstract:
Forest certification provides a means by which producers who meet stringent sustainable forestry standards can identify their products in the marketplace, allowing them to potentially receive greater market access and higher prices for their products. An examination of the ways in which certification may contribute to biodiversity conservation leads to the following conclusions: 1) the process of Forest Stewardship Council (FSC)-certification generates improvements to management with respect to the value of managed forests for biodiversity. 2) Current incentives are not sufficient to attract the majority of producers to seek certification, particularly in tropical countries where the costs of improving management to meet FSC guidelines are significantly greater than any market benefits they may receive; available incentives are even less capable of convincing forest owners to retain forest cover and produce certified timber on a sustainable basis, rather than deforesting their lands for timber and agriculture. 3) At present, current volumes of certified forest products are insufficient to reduce demand to log high conservation value forests. If FSC certification is to make greater inroads, particularly in tropical countries, significant investments will be needed both to increase the benefits and reduce the costs of certification. Conservation investors will need to carefully consider the biodiversity benefits that will be generated from such investments, versus the benefits generated from investing in more traditional approaches to biodiversity conservation.
3
Hopkins, Brian, T. J. B. Boyle, and B. Boontawee. "Forest Biodiversity Measurement." Biodiversity Letters 3, no. 3 (May 1996): 116. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2999727.
4
Schulze, E. D., L. Bouriaud, H. Bussler, M. Gossner, H. Walentowski, D. Hessenmöller, O. Bouriaud, and K. v. Gadow. "Opinion Paper: Forest management and biodiversity." Web Ecology 14, no. 1 (March 7, 2014): 3–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/we-14-3-2014.
Abstract:
Abstract. In this opinion paper we investigate the effects of forest management on animal and plant biodiversity by comparing protected areas with intensively and extensively managed forests in Germany and in Romania. We want to know the extent to which differences in diversity of Romanian compared to German forests are based on management. The number of tree species was not different in protected and managed forests ranging between 1.8 and 2.6 species per plot in Germany and 1.3 and 4.0 in Romania. Also herbaceous species were independent of management, ranging between 13 species per plot in protected forests of Romania and 38 species per plot in German coniferous forest. Coarse woody debris was generally low, also in protected forests (14 to 39 m3 ha−1). The main difference between Romania and Germany was the volume of standing dead trees (9 to 28 m3 ha−1 for Romania), which resulted in larger numbers of forest relict saproxylic beetles independent of management. Large predators (wolves, bears and lynxes) are only found in regions with low human intervention. Thus, we identified a "cut and leave" type of management in Romania, in which clear-felling of forest are followed by long periods of no human intervention. Forests managed in the "cut and leave" mode contained the highest diversity, due to a natural succession of plant species and due to habitat continuity for animals. In Germany intensive management eliminates poorly formed tree individual and species of low market value during stand development. Forest protection does not ensure the maintenance of more light demanding key species of earlier stages of succession unless competition by shade-tolerant competitors is reduced through disturbances. We compare the economics of intensive and extensive management. The "cut and leave" mode delivers less wood to the wood market, but saves expenses of tending, thinning and administration. Thus the net income could be quite similar to intensive management at a higher level of biodiversity. Our analysis suggests that forest protection per se does not yet ensure the maintenance of species. Clear-felling followed by natural succession may even be superior to the protection of old growth forests, regarding biodiversity. Further research is needed to substantiate this hypothesis.
5
Recher, HA. "Conserving forest biodiversity: A comprehensive multiscaled approach." Australian Mammalogy 25, no. 1 (2003): 113. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/am03113_br.
Abstract:
DAVID Lindenmayer and Jerry Franklin are the two most influential forest conservation biologists of the past decade and will probably remain so for the coming decade. Each has contributed significantly to forest research, management, biodiversity conservation and policy. Lindenmayer is an Australian based at the Australian National University in Canberra who has worked mainly in the temperate eucalypt forests of Victoria and southeastern New South Wales. Most of his research is wildlife oriented, with an emphasis on arboreal marsupials and the impacts of forest management on forest vertebrates. Franklin is an American at the University of Washington, Seattle in the Pacific Northwest. His research is more botanically oriented, with an emphasis on the impacts of forest management on forest structures (e.g., large trees and logs) and processes. Of the two, Franklin has had the greatest involvement in the political, economic and social processes driving the modern change in forestry practices and attitudes. Together they form a formidable team to present a summary and an analysis of how temperate forests globally can and should be managed. Their goal is not just to enhance biodiversity and other ecological values, but to ensure the long-term sustainability of forest ecosystems. Only when forests are managed sustainably to protect biodiversity can forest managers guarantee the many social and economic benefits derived from the world’s forests, including wood production.
6
Tawade, Shailesh, Rinku R. Choudhary, and Vaishnavi Santosh Chavan. "EFFECTS OF FOREST FIRE ON FOREST ECOSYSTEM, BIODIVERSITY AND LOSS OF PLANT AND ANIMAL SPECIES." International Journal of Advanced Research 10, no. 06 (June 30, 2022): 597–600. http://dx.doi.org/10.21474/ijar01/14926.
Abstract:
Forests fires though considered a natural disaster by many it is a result of combined natural and anthropogenic causes. Loss of habitat due to forest fire is the greatest threat to biodiversity. Frequent forest fires in the forests around the globe have been blamed for forest deterioration. It is true thatfrequent fires on large scales cause air pollution, affect quality of stream water, threaten biodiversity and spoil the aesthetics of an area, but fire plays an important role in forest ecosystem dynamics. In this paper effects of fire on various forest elements, biodiversity and its threat to flora and fauna of a forest area is analyzed and reviewed with the help of existing publications and research papers.
7
Mörtberg, Ulla, Xi-Lillian Pang, Rimgaudas Treinys, Renats Trubins, and Gintautas Mozgeris. "Sustainability Assessment of Intensified Forestry—Forest Bioenergy versus Forest Biodiversity Targeting Forest Birds." Sustainability 13, no. 5 (March 4, 2021): 2789. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13052789.
Abstract:
Intensified forestry can be seen as a solution to climate change mitigation and securing energy supply, increasing the production of forest bioenergy feedstock as a substitution for fossil fuels. However, it may come with detrimental impacts on forest biodiversity, especially related to older forests. The aim of this study was to assess the sustainability of intensified forestry from climate-energy and biodiversity perspectives, targeting forest bird species. For this purpose, we applied the Landscape simulation and Ecological Assessment (LEcA) tool to the study area of Lithuania, having high ambitions for renewables and high forest biodiversity. With LEcA, we simulated forest growth and management for 100 years with two forest management strategies: Business As Usual (BAU) and Intensive forestry (INT), the latter with the purpose to fulfil renewable energy goals. With both strategies, the biomass yields increased well above the yields of the reference year, while the biodiversity indicators related to forest bird habitat to different degrees show the opposite, with lower levels than for the reference year. Furthermore, Strategy INT resulted in small-to-no benefits in the long run concerning potential biomass harvesting, while substantially affecting the biodiversity indicators negatively. The model results have the potential to inform policy and forest management planning concerning several sustainability goals simultaneously.
8
Bütler, Rita, and Thibault Lachat. "Wälder ohne Bewirtschaftung: eine Chance für die saproxylische Biodiversität | Forests without harvesting: an opportunity for the saproxylic biodiversity." Schweizerische Zeitschrift fur Forstwesen 160, no. 11 (November 1, 2009): 324–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.3188/szf.2009.0324.
Abstract:
Veteran trees and deadwood are key elements to maintain forest biodiversity. Setting aside protected forest areas and old-growth patches is a recent concept intended to favor deadwood dependent species. We compared forest areas where no harvesting occurred for at least 30 years with regularly managed forests, in order to assess the efficiency of such conservation measures. We collected data from 24 sites in Switzerland, where we inventoried dead trees and habitat structures such as cavities, cracks, bark pockets, etc. In unmanaged forests we found deadwood amounts of 98–143 m3 and 20 snags > 30 cm DBH per hectare, one and half time more large trees (> 60 cm DBH) und twice as many habitat structures as in managed forests. The latter had in average 15–19 m3 of deadwood and 3 snags > 30 cm DBH per hectare. Deadwood amounts in unmanaged forests were similar to the ones in natural forests of central Europe. However, we found 10–50 times less veteran trees (> 80 cm DBH) than in natural forests (1 vs. 0.2 trees per hectare in unmanaged vs. managed forests). For equal diameter classes, trees had more habitat structures in unmanaged than in managed forests. Forest managers plan to intensify wood harvesting in Swiss forests. Consequently, we recommend to urgently set aside protected forest areas and old-growth patches, to maintain and favor habitat trees in managed forests, and to introduce an efficient sustainable deadwood management in any forest.
9
Frey, Ueli. "Waldbiodiversität im Kanton Luzern | Forest biodiversity in the canton Lucerne." Schweizerische Zeitschrift fur Forstwesen 159, no. 7 (July 1, 2008): 185–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.3188/szf.2008.0185.
Abstract:
The promotion of forest biodiversity in Lucerne is conducted by the office of Landwirtschaft und Wald (Lawa). The biodiversity program 2008–2011 is coordinated with the program agreement “Biodiversität im Wald” between the federal and the cantonal authorities. The canton Lucerne has well-developed planning criteria available which allow a correct prioritization during the promotion and a goal oriented investment of the available financial resources. One difficulty with the application of the biodiversity program is the large portion of private forest owners in the canton Lucerne. The following measures which are eligible for grants and their application are discussed in more detail: old growth, forest edges, forest ponds and forest reserves.
10
Lukac, Martin. "Soil biodiversity and environmental change in European forests." Central European Forestry Journal 63, no. 2-3 (June 27, 2017): 59–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/forj-2017-0010.
Abstract:
AbstractBiodiversity not only responds to environmental change, but has been shown to be one of the key drivers of ecosystem function and service delivery. Forest soil biodiversity is also governed by these principles, the structure of soil biological communities is clearly determined by spatial, temporal and hierarchical factors. Global environmental change, together with land-use change and forest ecosystem management, impacts the aboveground structure and composition of European forests. Due to the close link between the above- and belowground parts of forest ecosystems, we know that soil biodiversity is also impacted. However, very little is known about the nature of these impacts; effects they have on the overall level of biodiversity, the functions it fulfills, and on the future stability of forests and forest soils. Even though much remains to be learned about the relationships between soil biodiversity and forest ecosystem functionality, it is clear that better effort needs to be made to preserve existing soil biodiversity and forest conservation strategies taking soils into account must be considered.
11
Wohlgemuth, Thomas. "Die Natur und ihr Imitat (Essay) | The nature and its imitation (essay)." Schweizerische Zeitschrift fur Forstwesen 161, no. 8 (August 1, 2010): 316–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.3188/szf.2010.0316.
Abstract:
This essay questions the increasing call for broad conservation strategies to sustain and support biodiversity in the Swiss forest. Three arguments build the basis for this discussion: 1) Forests, together with the alpine mountain zones, represent the most extensive ecosystems in Switzerland. As a consequence of the continuous expansion of the forest area, biodiversity of forest organisms is not generally at risk. 2) Endangered species are less frequent in mountain forests than in lowland forests. 3) Populations of different species groups have been subjected to large, natural fluctuations over the last 3000 years. The biodiverse forest model, which is aspired today, resembles more an intensively or even overused forest of former times than a natural or even pristine forest. I conclude that future forest management should focus on the preservation of natural processes rather than biodiversity. Since Switzerland lacks large contiguous zones of natural forests, existing incentives should be more effectively used to achieve this goal.
12
Venier, L. A., I. D. Thompson, R. Fleming, J. Malcolm, I. Aubin, J. A. Trofymow, D. Langor, et al. "Effects of natural resource development on the terrestrial biodiversity of Canadian boreal forests." Environmental Reviews 22, no. 4 (December 2014): 457–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/er-2013-0075.
Abstract:
Much of Canada’s terrestrial biodiversity is supported by boreal forests. Natural resource development in boreal forests poses risks to this biodiversity. This paper reviews the scientific literature to assess the effects of natural resource development on terrestrial biodiversity in Canadian boreal forests. We address four questions: (1) To what extent have Canadian boreal forests changed due to natural resource development? (2) How has biodiversity responded to these changes? (3) Will the biodiversity of second-growth forests converge with that of primary boreal forests? (4) Are we losing species from boreal forests? We focus on trees, understory plants, insects, fungi, selected mammals, and songbirds because these groups have been most studied. We review more than 600 studies and found that changes in community composition are prevalent in response to large-scale conversion of forest types, changes in stand structures and age distributions, and altered landscape structure resulting from forest management and habitat loss associated with other developments such as oil and gas, hydroelectric, and mining. The southern boreal forest has been more highly impacted than the north due to more extensive forest management and the cumulative effects of multiple forms of development. There is abundant evidence that most species are not in danger of being extirpated from the boreal forest due to these anthropogenic changes. A few species, including woodland caribou (Rangifer tarandus) and grizzly bear (Ursus arctos), have, however, undergone long-term range contractions. Significant gaps in our ability to assess the effects of natural resource development on biodiversity in the boreal zone are the lack of long-term spatial and population data to monitor the impact of forest changes on ecosystems and species.
13
McAfee, Brenda J. "Conservation and sustainable use of biodiversity in Canada's forests: Progress and challenges." Forestry Chronicle 79, no. 4 (August 1, 2003): 761–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.5558/tfc79761-4.
Abstract:
This paper is a summary of an assessment of the forest community's progress toward meeting its commitment to the Canadian Biodiversity Strategy of maintaining the extent, diversity and health of a large portion of the world's temperate and boreal forests. The past decade's success with current sustainable forest management programs has been important in achieving Canada's custodial responsibilities. So, too, is our enviable position of a high degree of public ownership of forests, the wilderness nature of most northern forests and limited development that has largely retained forests in their natural state. As Canada develops a new National Forest Strategy, there is again the opportunity to examine emerging issues and develop new programs to meet the challenges over the next five years. Canada has made considerable progress in achieving a strong commitment to biodiversity conservation by establishing a variety of new mechanisms to monitor and deliver programs. The Canadian Biodiversity Strategy is a long-term commitment that requires sustained resources and co-operation from a variety of governmental, industry and community interests. Key words: forest biodiversity, sustainable forest management, ecosystem approach.
14
Lock, Marcelle, Iris van Duren, Andrew K. Skidmore, and Neil Saintilan. "Harmonizing Forest Conservation Policies with Essential Biodiversity Variables Incorporating Remote Sensing and Environmental DNA Technologies." Forests 13, no. 3 (March 11, 2022): 445. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f13030445.
Abstract:
It remains difficult to compare the state of conservation of forests of different nations. Essential Biodiversity Variables (EBVs) are a set of variables designed as a framework for harmonizing biodiversity monitoring. Methods to monitor forest biodiversity are traditional monitoring (according to conservation policy requirements), remote sensing, environmental DNA, and the information products that are derived from them (RS/eDNA biodiversity products). However, it is not clear to what extent indicators from conservation policies align with EBVs and RS/eDNA biodiversity products. This research evaluated current gaps in harmonization between EBVs, RS/eDNA biodiversity products and forest conservation indicators. We compared two sets of biodiversity variables: (1) forest conservation indicators and (2) RS/eDNA biodiversity products, within the context of the Essential Biodiversity Variables framework. Indicators derived from policy documents can mostly be categorized within the EBV ‘ecosystem vertical profile’, while ‘ecosystem function’ remains underrepresented. RS/eDNA biodiversity products, however, can provide information about ‘ecosystem function’. Integrating RS/eDNA biodiversity products that monitor ecosystem functioning into monitoring programs will lead to a more comprehensive and balanced reporting on forest biodiversity. In addition, using the same variables and similar RS/eDNA products for forest biodiversity and conservation policies is a requirement for harmonization and international policy reporting.
15
Ptichnikov, A. V. "Market based forest conservation opportunities." Izvestiya Rossiiskoi akademii nauk. Seriya geograficheskaya, no. 6 (December 17, 2019): 97–106. http://dx.doi.org/10.31857/s2587-55662019697-106.
Abstract:
Forests of Russia have global ecological significance. They include huge massive of boreal forests, almost a quarter of global area of intact forest landscapes. The global role of Russian forests in inhibition of aridization and land degradation is well known. Development of representative system of forest protection is one of the main tasks of Russian Federation in implementation of the Convention on Biological Diversity obligations. The Strategic Plan for Biodiversity 20112020 and the Aichi Strategic Goals plan protection of no less than 17% of terrestrial ecosystems area to the 2020, especially the sites of high significance for biodiversity and ecosystem services. The main forest protection mechanisms are protected natural areas (PNA), forests with protective functions, and protective sites (PS). PNA contains around 7% of forest covered area. Forests with protective functions make up around 16% of forest covered areas, but the management regimes of many types of such forests are not conforming to the Aichi Biodiversity Targets. Many of forests with protective functions are under lease for forest management. Since recently the significance of voluntary Forest Stewardship council (FSC) certification for biodiversity conservation is increasing. The standards of FSC certification require from forest companies to implement protection and appropriate use of high conservation value forests (HCVF). Totally there are 46 mln ha of FSC certified forests in Russia, from them around 56 mln ha of HCVF received additional protection from certification. One of the most important categories of HCVF are intact forest landscapes (IFLs). Around 1 mln ha of IFLs are protected as the result of forest certification, providing significant input into Convention on Biological Diversity. For 35 FSC certified companies the share of identified HCVFs with nature conservation regimes in their leased forests is comparable with the average share of PNAs (without certification) on the regional or district level. The main output of the research is that the role of voluntary forest certification for enhancing the system of forest protection in Russia is increasing, which receives worldwide recognition.
16
Lewis, Simon L. "Tropical forests and the changing earth system." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 361, no. 1465 (November 21, 2005): 195–210. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2005.1711.
Abstract:
Tropical forests are global epicentres of biodiversity and important modulators of the rate of climate change. Recent research on deforestation rates and ecological changes within intact forests, both areas of recent research and debate, are reviewed, and the implications for biodiversity (species loss) and climate change (via the global carbon cycle) addressed. Recent impacts have most likely been: (i) a large source of carbon to the atmosphere, and major loss of species, from deforestation and (ii) a large carbon sink within remaining intact forest, accompanied by accelerating forest dynamism and widespread biodiversity changes. Finally, I look to the future, suggesting that the current carbon sink in intact forests is unlikely to continue, and that the tropical forest biome may even become a large net source of carbon, via one or more of four plausible routes: changing photosynthesis and respiration rates, biodiversity changes in intact forest, widespread forest collapse via drought, and widespread forest collapse via fire. Each of these scenarios risks potentially dangerous positive feedbacks with the climate system that could dramatically accelerate and intensify climate change. Given that continued land-use change alone is already thought to be causing the sixth mass extinction event in Earth's history, should such feedbacks occur, the resulting biodiversity and societal consequences would be even more severe.
17
Bollmann, Kurt, Ariel Bergamini, Beatrice Senn-Irlet, Michael Nobis, Peter Duelli, and Christoph Scheidegger. "Konzepte, Instrumente und Herausforderungen bei der Förderung der Biodiversität im Wald | Concepts, instruments and challenges for the conservation of biodiversity in the forest." Schweizerische Zeitschrift fur Forstwesen 160, no. 3 (March 1, 2009): 53–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.3188/szf.2009.0053.
Abstract:
According to the forest law, the conservation of biological diversity is an integral part of the multifunctional forestry in Switzerland. To date, biodiversity conservation has mainly been addressed by sustainable and partly nature-close forest practices and the conservation of rare biotopes and single threatened species. Some studies show that this generally integrative approach cannot guarantee the persistence of the 32 000 known species, their genes and habitats in Switzerland. The deficits of highest concern are the low percentage of forest reserves, old-growth stands and deadwood, the dominance of uniform and dense stands and the high proportion of unstructured, linear forest edges. The total area of primary forests and nature forest reserves as well as special forest reserves that are managed in favour of a conservation target is below five percent. Besides, old-growth stands are missing more or less in forests dedicated for timber production. Here, we describe the major concepts and instruments (segregation, integration) for biodiversity conservation in forests. In a further step, we discuss the main challenges for this task by considering the accelerated demand for wood as renewable resource, the ongoing climate change and the increasing number of invasive species. We conclude that a strategy that links both, integrative and segregative instruments and measures and combines them with species conservation projects will be the best option to address ongoing problems of biodiversity conservation in forests. In addition, there is a need to scientifically identify the gaps in the network of forest reserves so as to complement the spectrum of protected forest habitats and their various organismic groups.
18
Tung, Do Quang, Felipe Bravo, Rosario Sierra-de-Grado, and Hoang Van Sam. "Global biodiversity-related conventions on facilitating biodiversity conservation in Vietnam." Forest and Society 6, no. 2 (May 14, 2022): 489–502. http://dx.doi.org/10.24259/fs.v6i2.14473.
Abstract:
Global biodiversity-related conventions have positively influenced nature conservation in Vietnam. Adherence to international policies and strategies is one of the critical motivations for reducing biodiversity loss. As highlighted in Aichi Target 11, protected areas are central for this effort and Vietnam is not an exception. In this study we reflect on and suggest how this Target can be most effectively pursued in Vietnam. Of which, besides remaining the status of special-use forests, uplifting protection forests, especially focusing on forest areas which are in rich biodiversity condition, to special-use forests category should be a priority.
19
Habel, Jan Christian, Elisabeth Koc, Roland Gerstmeier, Axel Gruppe, Sebastian Seibold, and Werner Ulrich. "Insect diversity across an afro-tropical forest biodiversity hotspot." Journal of Insect Conservation 25, no. 2 (February 10, 2021): 221–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10841-021-00293-z.
Abstract:
Abstract Tropical forests host a remarkable proportion of global arthropod diversity. Yet, arthropod communities living in tropical forests are still poorly studied, particularly for dry forests of Eastern Africa. The aim of this study was to analyse community structures, species richness and relative abundances of insects across a heterogeneous forest consisting of various forest types. We collected insects in the lower canopies with light traps across the Arabuko Sokoke forest, part of the East African coastal forest biodiversity hotspot in southeast Kenya. Sampling was conducted across three forest types and along the forest edge. In total we collected > 250,000 individuals. We grouped these individuals into orders, and beetles into (sub)families. Representatives of the taxonomically well-known beetle families Cerambycidae, Tenebrionidae and Scolytinae were further determined to species level. We subsequently classified these groups into guilds according to their ecological requirements and life-histories. Relative abundances of arthropods strongly differed among taxonomic groups and forest types. Evenness was highest in the heterogeneous natural Brachystegia forest type. The mixed forest type and the forest edges showed intermediate degrees of evenness, while the structurally homogenous Cynometra forest showed comparatively low degrees of evenness. Implications for insect conservation We found that taxonomic and guild compositions strongly differed among the forest types. Our findings reveal that structural heterogeneity of a forest is the major driver of insect diversity, community composition, and relative abundance. Our study underlines that the preservation of all three forest types is crucial to maintain the complete diversity of arthropods across all taxonomic groups.
20
Fredericksen, Todd S. "Biodiversity Conservation in Managed Forests." Forests 12, no. 8 (August 8, 2021): 1054. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f12081054.
21
Clark, James S., and Jason S. McLachlan. "Stability of forest biodiversity." Nature 423, no. 6940 (June 2003): 635–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nature01632.
22
Khasa, P. D., and B. P. Dancik. "Sustaining Tropical Forest Biodiversity." Journal of Sustainable Forestry 5, no. 1-2 (April 4, 1997): 217–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1300/j091v05n01_03.
23
Boyle, T. J. B. "Biodiversity of Canadian forests: Current status and future challenges." Forestry Chronicle 68, no. 4 (August 1, 1992): 444–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.5558/tfc68444-4.
Abstract:
Biodiversity is a concept covering all levels of biological organization, including genes, species, and ecosystems. Few estimates of levels of biodiversity in Canadian forests have been made. It is likely that, in general, species and ecosystem diversity do not match those in forests of more southerly latitudes, but genetic diversity is probably comparable. Although conservation activities both within and outside the natural surroundings of a species are already extensive, further efforts are justified and the effectiveness of current efforts should be demonstrated.The impact of human disturbances on forest biodiversity must be assessed. Inappropriate forest harvesting operations can lead to habitat fragmentation and loss of ecosystem integrity. Revision of forest management systems may be required to conserve biodiversity, but comprehensive and integrated research programmes must be developed in different forest regions to provide the necessary scientific information which is currently lacking.
24
Kasper, Heinz. "Warum Naturwaldreservate einrichten? (Essay)." Schweizerische Zeitschrift fur Forstwesen 163, no. 6 (June 1, 2012): 180–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.3188/szf.2012.0180.
Abstract:
Why should we have natural forest reserves? (Essay) Natural forest reserves, where any kind of intervention is prohibited, are a component of a holistic biodiversity and forest policy today. Permitting natural processes to unfold in natural forest reserves is a sustainable and cost-efficient contribution to the maintenance and enhancement of biodiversity. This paper discusses the reasons for the establishment of natural forest reserves and the peculiarities that need to be taken into account when implementing the biodiversity goals. It demonstrates that particularly the establishment of large natural forest reserves in currently managed forests on the Swiss Plateau and in the Jura mountains requires a large effort.
25
Mölder, Andreas, Malin Tiebel, and Tobias Plieninger. "On the Interplay of Ownership Patterns, Biodiversity, and Conservation in Past and Present Temperate Forest Landscapes of Europe and North America." Current Forestry Reports 7, no. 4 (November 29, 2021): 195–213. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s40725-021-00143-w.
Abstract:
Abstract Purpose of Review Ownership patterns and the associated management characteristics are related to forest structures, biodiversity patterns, and their conservation worldwide. A literature review on this topic is missing so far. We fill this gap with an emphasis on the temperate forests of Europe and North America. Mixed-ownership landscapes are the special focus of the analysis. In a first step, historical effects of ownership patterns on forest structure and biodiversity are elucidated. Second, connections between present-time forest ownership patterns and both forest structural and biodiversity patterns are analyzed. Finally, implications for integrative conservation management are evaluated with a special focus on mixed-ownership forest landscapes. Recent Findings Close linkages between ownership type-specific forest management and particular forest structural and biodiversity patterns are identified for past and current forest landscapes. Both in Europe and North America, publicly and privately owned forests show comparable lines of historical development but with a time shift. Forest reserves and ancient woodland with long ecological continuity appear to be mainly connected with public ownership. A high diversity of management approaches and cultural landscape habitats is characteristic of non-industrial small private forests. In mixed-ownership landscapes, a more diverse mosaic of habitats has developed than in mono-ownership landscapes. Summary We conclude that cross-boundary ecosystem management is crucial for effective conservation in present-day mixed-ownership landscapes. Integrative forest management that considers biodiversity and social-ecological aspects across ownerships is indispensable. We present a framework of implications for conservation management in mixed-ownership forest landscapes that build on each other and may enhance cross-boundary ecosystem management.
26
Petaloudi, Lydia-Maria, Petros Ganatsas, and Marianthi Tsakaldimi. "Exploring Biodiversity and Disturbances in the of Peri-Urban Forests of Thessaloniki, Greece." Sustainability 14, no. 14 (July 11, 2022): 8497. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su14148497.
Abstract:
Forests host important plant biodiversity. Nevertheless, due to climate change and human disturbances, the floristic quality of forest ecosystems is degraded. Greek peri-urban forests biodiversity is threatened by anthropogenic activities such as forest fragmentation, pollution, garbage, etc. Measurement of biodiversity status and the floristic quality assessment can be used to estimate the degree of forest degradation caused by anthropogenic disturbances. In this study, we compared and evaluated six forest ecosystem types in the peri-urban forests of Thessaloniki, northern Greece, by using Shannon’s biodiversity index as well as and α and β diversity Sørensen indices. Furthermore, we recorded the prevailing anthropogenic disturbances and compared the plant families and the ruderal species appearing in each forest ecosystem. Finally, the average conservatism value (C value) of the plant species found in each ecosystem was determined in order to calculate the ecosystem floristic quality index. Analysis of the results showed that the floristic and ecological parameters tested greatly vary among ecosystems. Broadleaf forests of higher altitude hosted the greatest biodiversity, and the higher floristic quality index and plant conservation value. On the contrary, most disturbances and most ruderal species were recorded in ecosystems of lower altitude, adjacent to the city (Pinus brutia forest and Maqui vegetation), the least disturbed ecosystems were found in the steep slopes (Castanea sativa forest). Most ruderal species found belonged to the Asteraceae and Rosaceae families. Accessibility and attractiveness of stands were positively correlated with disturbances. Insufficient management, lack of protection measures, and littering removal contribute to the increase in the level of disturbance.
27
Mahiga, Samuel N., Paul Webala, Mugo J. Mware, and Paul K. Ndang’ang’a. "Influence of Land-Use Type on Forest Bird Community Composition in Mount Kenya Forest." International Journal of Ecology 2019 (March 12, 2019): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2019/8248270.
Abstract:
Few studies have explored how human land uses influence and support persistence of forest biodiversity in central Kenya. In the case of the Mount Kenya ecosystem, farmlands and plantation forests are significant land-use types. Using point counts, we assessed bird communities in natural forests, plantation forests, and farmlands in the Nanyuki Forest Block, Western Mount Kenya. Bird point counts were undertaken during two sampling periods (wet and dry season). Compared to farmlands and plantation forest, natural forest had the highest overall avian species richness and relative species richness of all except one forest-dependent foraging guild (granivores) and nonforest species, which occurred frequently only on farmlands. Plantation forest had the lowest relative richness of all avian habitat and foraging guilds. Conversely, specialist forest-dependent species mainly occurred in the structurally complex remnant natural forest. Our study underscores the importance of remnant natural forests for the persistence and conservation of forest biodiversity and risks posed by replacing them with plantation forests and farmlands.
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Morris, Rebecca J. "Anthropogenic impacts on tropical forest biodiversity: a network structure and ecosystem functioning perspective." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 365, no. 1558 (November 27, 2010): 3709–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2010.0273.
Abstract:
Huge areas of diverse tropical forest are lost or degraded every year with dramatic consequences for biodiversity. Deforestation and fragmentation, over-exploitation, invasive species and climate change are the main drivers of tropical forest biodiversity loss. Most studies investigating these threats have focused on changes in species richness or species diversity. However, if we are to understand the absolute and long-term effects of anthropogenic impacts on tropical forests, we should also consider the interactions between species, how those species are organized in networks, and the function that those species perform. I discuss our current knowledge of network structure and ecosystem functioning, highlighting empirical examples of their response to anthropogenic impacts. I consider the future prospects for tropical forest biodiversity, focusing on biodiversity and ecosystem functioning in secondary forest. Finally, I propose directions for future research to help us better understand the effects of anthropogenic impacts on tropical forest biodiversity.
29
Mattsson, Eskil, Martin Erlandsson, Per Erik Karlsson, and Hampus Holmström. "A Conceptual Landscape-Level Approach to Assess the Impacts of Forestry on Biodiversity." Sustainability 14, no. 7 (April 1, 2022): 4214. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su14074214.
Abstract:
In this study, we propose a conceptual approach to assessing biodiversity impacts in the life-cycle assessments (LCAs) of forest wood production with a focus on Nordic managed forests at the landscape level. As a basis for our methodology, we suggest assessing the proportion of the total land area of productive forest under the control of a forest owner that fulfils certain criteria that can be regarded as having a positive impact on the development of forest biodiversity. A similar assessment of the forest management performed on the surrounding land is used to define a site-specific reference situation. In the context of an attributional LCA, the suggested method for the specification of business-as-usual (BAU) or environmental quality objectives (EQO) baselines encourages forest owners to choose forest management options that increase the proportion of productive forest land with properties that are more favorable to biodiversity over time. We illustrate the BAU baseline approach with two examples in Sweden to calculate the biodiversity impact from wood production for individual forest owners using four biodiversity indicators from the Swedish national Environmental Quality Objectives (EQOS)—‘Living Forests’. The approach defined in this study is at this stage only applicable to forestry assessments. Using a BAU baseline approach similar to that used for international climate reporting is a simple but novel approach that makes use of consensuses that have already been drawn and approaches that have already been established.
30
Hedges, S. Blair, Warren B. Cohen, Joel Timyan, and Zhiqiang Yang. "Haiti’s biodiversity threatened by nearly complete loss of primary forest." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 115, no. 46 (October 29, 2018): 11850–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1809753115.
Abstract:
Tropical forests hold most of Earth’s biodiversity. Their continued loss through deforestation and agriculture is the main threat to species globally, more than disease, invasive species, and climate change. However, not all tropical forests have the same ability to sustain biodiversity. Those that have been disturbed by humans, including forests previously cleared and regrown (secondary growth), have lower levels of species richness compared with undisturbed (primary) forests. The difference is even greater considering extinctions that will later emanate from the disturbance (extinction debt). Here, we find that Haiti has less than 1% of its original primary forest and is therefore among the most deforested countries. Primary forest has declined over three decades inside national parks, and 42 of the 50 highest and largest mountains have lost all primary forest. Our surveys of vertebrate diversity (especially amphibians and reptiles) on mountaintops indicates that endemic species have been lost along with the loss of forest. At the current rate, Haiti will lose essentially all of its primary forest during the next two decades and is already undergoing a mass extinction of its biodiversity because of deforestation. These findings point to the need, in general, for better reporting of forest cover data of relevance to biodiversity, instead of “total forest” as defined by the United Nation’s Food and Agricultural Organization. Expanded detection and monitoring of primary forest globally will improve the efficiency of conservation measures, inside and outside of protected areas.
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Abildtrup, Jens, Anne Stenger, Francis de Morogues, Philippe Polomé, Marieke Blondet, and Claude Michel. "Biodiversity Protection in Private Forests: PES Schemes, Institutions and Prosocial Behavior." Forests 12, no. 9 (September 14, 2021): 1241. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f12091241.
Abstract:
The overall research question addresses the effectiveness of incentive mechanisms in poli -cies that enhance private forest owners’ biodiversity protection. In particular, the paper focuses on the link between forest owners’ motivations, incentives, and institutions, and questions the incentives of the current biodiversity protection policies. Our hypothesis is that the purely monetary nature of the incentives can cause a “crowding out effect”, i.e., forest owners may reduce their voluntary contribution to biodiversity protection that is driven by prosocial motivations (altruism, self-image, etc.). With this in mind, as well as the knowledge acquired via this project about forest owners’ motivations, we looked for the most effective combinations of “incentive mechanisms” (monetary and non-monetary) and “institutions” (national and local authorities, NGOs, etc.) to encourage forest owners to adopt biodiversity protection measures in their forests.
32
Khasa, P. D., J. Bousquet, G. Vallée, and J. Bélanger. "Utilization and management of forest resources in Zaire." Forestry Chronicle 71, no. 4 (August 1, 1995): 479–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.5558/tfc71479-4.
Abstract:
Tropical forest biomes are characterized by a high biodiversity. However, this biological complexity is diminishing rapidly. The causes for the decline and deterioration of tropical forests in Zaire were analysed. The main factors causing loss of biodiversity are shifting agriculture, fuelwood consumption, and fires in open forests and savannas. Measures for maintenance of forest biodiversity are proposed. These include in situ and ex situ conservation, suitable agricultural and silvicultural management systems, based on knowledge of genetic structure, genecology, reproductive biology of tropical plant populations, and biotic and edaphoclimatic factors. The active participation and support of the Zairean people as a whole, and policy and institutional reform are essential for a more effective utilization, management, and protection of the forests, so that socio-economic and environmental benefits are provided for present and future generations. Sustainable forestry development requires also a greater collaboration between government agencies and local communities and non-governmental organizations (NGOs). Key words: Biodiversity, deforestation, national tropical forestry action plan, sustainable development, tropical forests, Zaire
33
Wu, Jinzhuo, Wenshu Lin, Xuanyi Peng, and Weiguo Liu. "A Review of Forest Resources and Forest Biodiversity Evaluation System in China." International Journal of Forestry Research 2013 (2013): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/396345.
Abstract:
China is a country rich in diverse forest ecosystems due to the large span of the country, complex topography, and multiple climate regimes. In this paper, the basic information of forest resources in China was briefly introduced and the current state in the measurements of forest biodiversity and the establishment of forest biodiversity index systems in related studies were reviewed. The results showed that a lot of studies on forest biodiversity have been conducted mostly at landscape or stand level in China and the commonly used biodiversity indicators were identified and compared. Several comprehensive forest biodiversity index systems were proposed. However, there are still some problems during the construction of forest biodiversity assessment system. Due to the late establishment of biodiversity monitoring system in China, the availability of data that could be included in a forest biodiversity index system is limited, which hurdles the precise assessment of forest biodiversity. It is suggested to develop long-term monitoring stations and keep data recording consistently. Concerns should also be given to the construction of the framework of the forest biodiversity index system and the determination of the indicators’ weight. The results will provide reference for the establishment of national or regional forest biodiversity evaluation indicator systems in China.
34
Winter, Susanne, Matthias Lüderitz, and Michael Rzanny. "Unterirdische Kontinuität und Pilzvielfalt alter Waldstandorte." Schweizerische Zeitschrift fur Forstwesen 166, no. 2 (February 1, 2015): 83–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.3188/szf.2015.0083.
Abstract:
Underground continuity and fungi diversity of old forest sites Old-growth forests (old stands) and ancient forests (historically old forest sites) in general provide a higher biodiversity (number of species) than comparable younger ones. Thus the forest and forest site history in terms of continuity is fundamental for the biodiversity status. Underground continuity comprises several aspects, each of which impacts the biodiversity: continuity of carbon and nitrogen storage, undisturbed ageing of the ground surface (large terrestrial bryophyte cushions and lichen turfs), uninterrupted soil hydrological processes, continuity of natural processes such as bio- and cryoturbation, continuity of soil development and geological layers as well as underground and above ground structural diversity. We describe two approaches for assessing underground continuity. The first is based on records of indicator fungi species (signal species), and the second considers structural surface components. We show the relation between fungi species indicating forest continuity and total fungi diversity without signal species at plot level (500 m2) considering a continuity index and the classification of a regression tree. Finally we conclude that 1) the conservation of forests with long continuity should be prioritized as the high fungi species diversity of these sites contributes greatly to biodiversity, and 2) the underground diversity should be markedly considered in forest monitoring schemes.
35
Reiss, Martin, and Peter Chifflard. "Different forest cover and its impact on eco-hydrological traits, invertebrate fauna and biodiversity of spring habitats." Nature Conservation 27 (July 3, 2018): 85–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/natureconservation.27.26024.
Abstract:
Headwater springs in the German Low Mountain Ranges are local ecotone habitats and biogeographical islands embedded in and interlinked with their adjacent landscape. The structure of forests reflects the eco-hydrological conditions in substrate type occurrence, microhabitat richness and biodiversity in forest springs. This study considers effects from different forest land cover by comparing spring habitats in deciduous beech forests and coniferous spruce forests on eco-hydrological structures and biodiversity. Study areas include six different forest landscapes in the Low Mountain Ranges in Central Germany in Hesse and Thuringia. Hydro-morphological structure mapping and invertebrate sampling was executed within a multi-habitat sampling regime, which involves sampling plots being allocated according to the cover ratio of the occurring substrata. Aquatic and terrestrial spring zones are considered with respect to an ecotone approach. Some in situ measurements were implemented, such as pH values, to assess the acidity of the spring water. Results show obvious differences in acidity, substrate type cover ratios and biodiversity in deciduous and coniferous forest springs. Conifer forest springs were found tending to acidification while deciduous forest springs were slightly alkaline. Deciduous forest springs had higher cover ratios of organic microhabitats as well as a higher biodiversity in species richness and total number of individuals. Although it was not possible to clearly distinguish one direct key factor of fauna assemblages, negative effects from forest management practices (e.g. monoculture plantations of conifer forest) on spring habitats can be concluded.
36
Måren, Inger, and Lila Sharma. "Managing Biodiversity: Impacts of Legal Protection in Mountain Forests of the Himalayas." Forests 9, no. 8 (August 4, 2018): 476. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f9080476.
Abstract:
Legal protection has been used as means of conserving forests and associated biodiversity in many regions of the world since the eighteenth century. However, most forests in the global south, even those within protected areas, are influenced by human activities. Himalayan forests harbour much of the biodiversity of the region, maintain subsistence livelihoods, and provide regional and global ecosystem services like water regulation, flood control, and carbon sequestration. Yet few studies have quantitatively studied the impacts of legal protection on forest health and biodiversity. We assess woody biodiversity and forest health in relation to legal protection and biomass extraction in forests inside and outside Langtang National Park in Nepal (n = 180). We found more woody species in protected forests. Of the 69 woody species recorded, 47% occurred at both sites. Within protected forests, we found differences in forest health largely related to the intensity of biomass extraction expressed as walking distance to settlement. The closer the forest was to settlements, the heavier degradation it suffered, showing that within agro-forestry systems in the Himalayas, the resource-consumer distance is typically determining the intensity of biomass extraction. Our research brings forth the need to better address the drivers of resource extraction from protected areas in order to mitigate this degradation. It also brings forth the need to contribute to the development of appropriate participatory management programmes outside areas of formal protection in order to sustain both biodiversity and ecosystem service delivery from these forests for the future.
37
Hartmann, Henrik, Gaëtan Daoust, and Brigitte Bigué. "Negative or positive effects of plantation and intensive forestry on biodiversity: A matter of scale and perspective." Forestry Chronicle 86, no. 3 (June 1, 2010): 354–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.5558/tfc86354-3.
Abstract:
Terrestrial biodiversity is closely linked to forest ecosystems but anthropogenic reductions in forest cover and changes in forest structure and composition jeopardize their biodiversity. Several forest species are threatened because of reduced habitat quality and fragmentation or even habitat loss as a result of forest management activities. In response to this threat, integrated forest management (IFM) was developed in the early 1990s and has been applied over large spatial scales ever since. While IFM seeks to satisfy both human resource demands and ecosystem integrity, the whole forest matrix is affected and this may also have negative impacts on biodiversity. The concept of forest zoning (e.g., Triad) avoids these issues by physically separating land uses from each other. The zoning approach has been developed in the same period as IFM, but there are still very few examples of large-scale applications. This may be because its distinctiveness from IFM may not always seem clear and because forest zoning is not easily implemented. Here we explain these differences and show that IFM and the zoning approach are indeed different management paradigms. We advocate the use of high-yield plantations within the zoning paradigm as a means for biodiversity conservation and review the literature (with an emphasis on the northern hemisphere and on plantation forestry within a land-zoning approach) on impacts of forest management activities on biodiversity. Furthermore, we give advice on issues that require consideration when implementing forest zoning at both the stand and the landscape levels. We recommend several small changes in design and management of forest plantations as a means to significantly increase their biodiversity value. We conclude that while forest zoning seems an adequate strategy for the Canadian forestry sector, a shift in paradigm must carry over to policy-makers and legislation if this approach is to succeed. Key words: biodiversity, landbase zoning, forest management, intensive silviculture, plantation forests
38
Shivaprakash, Kadukothanahally Nagaraju, Niraj Swami, Sagar Mysorekar, Roshni Arora, Aditya Gangadharan, Karishma Vohra, Madegowda Jadeyegowda, and Joseph M. Kiesecker. "Potential for Artificial Intelligence (AI) and Machine Learning (ML) Applications in Biodiversity Conservation, Managing Forests, and Related Services in India." Sustainability 14, no. 12 (June 10, 2022): 7154. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su14127154.
Abstract:
The recent advancement in data science coupled with the revolution in digital and satellite technology has improved the potential for artificial intelligence (AI) applications in the forestry and wildlife sectors. India shares 7% of global forest cover and is the 8th most biodiverse region in the world. However, rapid expansion of developmental projects, agriculture, and urban areas threaten the country’s rich biodiversity. Therefore, the adoption of new technologies like AI in Indian forests and biodiversity sectors can help in effective monitoring, management, and conservation of biodiversity and forest resources. We conducted a systematic search of literature related to the application of artificial intelligence (AI) and machine learning algorithms (ML) in the forestry sector and biodiversity conservation across globe and in India (using ISI Web of Science and Google Scholar). Additionally, we also collected data on AI-based startups and non-profits in forest and wildlife sectors to understand the growth and adoption of AI technology in biodiversity conservation, forest management, and related services. Here, we first provide a global overview of AI research and application in forestry and biodiversity conservation. Next, we discuss adoption challenges of AI technologies in the Indian forestry and biodiversity sectors. Overall, we find that adoption of AI technology in Indian forestry and biodiversity sectors has been slow compared to developed, and to other developing countries. However, improving access to big data related to forest and biodiversity, cloud computing, and digital and satellite technology can help improve adoption of AI technology in India. We hope that this synthesis will motivate forest officials, scientists, and conservationists in India to explore AI technology for biodiversity conservation and forest management.
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Geraskina, A. P., D. N. Tebenkova, D. V. Ershov, E. V. Ruchinskaya, N. V. Sibirtseva, and N. V. Lukina. "WILDFIRES AS A FACTOR OF THE LOSS OF BIODIVERSITY AND FUNCTIONS OF FOREST ECOSYSTEMS." FOREST SCIENCE ISSUES 4, no. 2 (August 23, 2021): 1–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.31509/2658-607x-202142-11.
Abstract:
Due to ever-increasing anthropogenic impact and global climate change, wildfires are becoming more frequent and intense all over the world. The wildfire factor is turning into an acute problem for forested countries that requires prompt solutions as the areas of forest ecosystems are reducing catastrophically, which results in an irreparable loss of biodiversity that provides all ecosystem functions and forest services. Many biologists consider wildfires a factor destructive to biota that results in permanent loss of some species and groups of living organisms; even if it is possible for them to recover after a wildfire, they may need a lot of time to do so. However, some studies argue that not only do wildfires reduce the biodiversity in forest ecosystems, but they also increase it, thus contributing to species conservation and sustainable functioning of forests. This article is aimed at analyzing the works that study how wildfires impact the main components, biodiversity, and functions of forest ecosystems. The authors answer the question why wildfires, while being an obvious destruction factor, are sometimes considered a factor for increase in biodiversity. The “positive” influence wildfires have on biodiversity can mostly be reduced to mosaic patterns, that is, forest canopy gaps that occur after a wildfire. However, reference analysis shows that the persistent opinion found in a number of works that a certain frequency of wildfires is necessary to maintain forest communities may be associated with ignored or misunderstood importance of biotic factors in the functioning of forests. In contemporary forest ecosystems, populations of key large mammal species disappeared or are greatly reduced; therefore, there are no microsites they usually form, including large forest canopy leaps (gaps, glades) that provide both opportunities for photophilous flora and pollinating insects to develop and generally sufficient conditions for multi-aged polydominant forest ecosystems with high biodiversity. In the forestry practice, measures are known to maintain mosaics. They include special types of felling, supporting populations of key animal species, etc., and are both significantly less catastrophic in comparison with the wildfire factor and substantiated biologically. The authors provide recommendations for the conservation and maintenance of biodiversity and ecosystem functions in contemporary forests.
40
Fodor, Ecaterina, and Ioan Ovidiu Hâruța. "The roles of plant pathogens in old-growth forests." Bucovina Forestiera 22, no. 1 (July 29, 2022): 41–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.4316/bf.2022.005.
Abstract:
Old-growth forests are considered a benchmark for naturalness and models to which one compares managed forests, comparison leading to debates around biodiversity and its conservation, structure and dynamics, polarizing conservationists and forest practitioners. Plant pathogens are frequently disregarded as components of forests biodiversity, the common perception referring to this category of organisms as important biotic stressors. However, pathogens building several functional groups (necrotrophic and biotrophic pathogens, endophytic pathogens, sapro-parasitic species, generally on wood), in highly natural forests such as old-growth forests are establishing interaction networks with several other functional groups of organisms such as hyperparasites, consumers, disease facilitators, indirect opportunistic species (such as tree hollow dwellers), saprotrophs or mutualists. Being connected to old trees (rare or missing components of managed forests) or to endangered forest plants, pathogens become indicators of naturalness and biodiversity. The gradient going from saprotrophs, to sapro-pathogens and generalist/specialist pathogens characterizing forest ecosystems is linked at great extent to wood and bark, being connected to nutrient cycling as ecosystem level process. As long as disease is maintained within the baseline mortality of the trees, pathogens play the important role of control factors and contribute directly and indirectly to forest biodiversity. The current disease ecology progresses, the biodiversity integrative studies, and the new holistic approaches shaping modern ecology bring in the focus rare, endemic pathogens as important control factors of plant populations, as components of the plants’ phenotypic niche and of the global biodiversity, as potential providers of services (sources of medicines) and components of the intricate ecological webs. However, the comparisons between old-growth and managed forests biodiversity should be focused on species evenness (high evenness in old-growth forests versus low evenness in managed forests) and not particularly on species richness. Still, there are pathogens responsible for major biotic disturbances in forests worldwide, the invasive, alien or emerging pathogens threatening both old-growth forests and managed forests.
41
Rath, Subhani, Subham Banerjee, and Robert John. "Greater tree community structure complexity in sacred forest compared to reserve forest land tenure systems in eastern India." Environmental Conservation 47, no. 1 (January 17, 2020): 52–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0376892919000390.
Abstract:
SummarySacred forests are small patches of forest that are preserved and protected from human exploitation. Although they are identified primarily for spiritual or religious purposes, their contribution to biodiversity conservation has been widely debated. Sacred sites are known to harbour greater biodiversity compared to exploited forests, but the patterns are not well known. We studied tree diversity in a remote forested location in eastern India where sacred forests and reserve forests used by people are present. Tree data from eight sacred forest sites and nine reserve forest sites showed that species richness was significantly greater in sacred forests; species diversity and evenness tended to be greater, but these were not statistically significant. Basal area (a measure of aboveground biomass) was significantly greater, mainly due to the greater density of large trees. There were significant departures from the theoretical expectation of stem size density distributions under pure asymmetric competition for both land tenures, which indicated that extraneous mortality increased death rates of large trees under both regimes, but sacred forests had a greater range of stem sizes. Our results suggest that sacred forests can contribute to biodiversity conservation by preserving greater tree diversity than forests subject to human use.
42
İNANÇ, Sevim. "Artvin Urban Forest and expectations of the people." Turkish Journal of Biodiversity 2, no. 2 (September 30, 2019): 57–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.38059/biodiversity.615897.
43
Maskun, Hasbi Assidiq, Nurul Habaib Al Mukarramah, and Siti Nurhaliza Bachril. "Threats to the sustainability of biodiversity in Indonesia by the utilization of forest areas for national strategic projects: A normative review." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 886, no. 1 (November 1, 2021): 012071. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/886/1/012071.
Abstract:
Abstract Strategic geographical conditions have made Indonesia becomes the country with the second highest level of biodiversity in the world and is in the ranks of 17 mega biodiversity countries. Forest ecosystems are home to a large number of these biodiversity species, and therefore, the existence of forests is the key to their sustainability. Although supported by the availability and potential of massive forest resources, Indonesia is not necessarily exempt from the threat of biodiversity degradation. Indonesia ranks first as the country with the highest number of endangered species in Southeast and South Asia. Habitat degradation and fragmentation are suspected to be the main factors causing the extinction of various species of biodiversity in Indonesia. For this reason, legal protection that ensures the viability of biodiversity species and their habitats is indispensable. Unfortunately, the direction of development policy in Indonesia seems to show a step backwards towards these protection efforts, one of which is through the legalization of forest areas utilization for several development activities designated as National Strategic Projects. This study aims to normatively analyze the impact of the legalization of forest areas utilization for National Strategic Projects. The main findings indicate several legal issues and various potential threats to the sustainability of biodiversity, especially in relation to forest governance.
44
Eggers, Jeannette, Minna Räty, Karin Öhman, and Tord Snäll. "How Well Do Stakeholder-Defined Forest Management Scenarios Balance Economic and Ecological Forest Values?" Forests 11, no. 1 (January 9, 2020): 86. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f11010086.
Abstract:
Research Highlights: We show the difference in the long-term effects on economic and ecological forest values between four forest management scenarios of a large representative forest landscape. The scenarios were largely formulated by stakeholders representing the main views on how to manage north-European forests. Background and Objectives: Views on how to balance forest management between wood production and biodiversity differ widely between different stakeholder groups. We aim to show the long-term consequences of stakeholder-defined management scenarios, in terms of ecological and economic forest values. Materials and Methods: We simulated management scenarios for a forest landscape in Sweden, based on the management objectives and strategies of key stakeholders. We specifically investigated the difference in economic forest values coupled to wood supply and ecological indicators coupled to structural biodiversity between the scenarios over a 100-year period. The indicators were net present value, harvest, growing stock and increment, along with deadwood volume, the density of large trees, area of old forests and mature broadleaf-rich forests. Results: We show that the scenarios have widely different outcomes in terms of the studied indicators, and that differences in indicator outcome were largely due to different distributions in management regimes, i.e., the proportion of forest left unmanaged or under even-aged management or continuous cover forest, as well as specific retention practices. Retention and continuous cover forestry mitigate the negative effects that clear-cut forestry has upon biodiversity. Conclusions: We found that an increase in the forest area under the continuous cover forestry regime could be a cost-efficient way to increase structural diversity in managed boreal forests. On the other hand, no single management regime performed best with respect to all indicators, which means that a mixture of several management regimes is needed to balance conflicting objectives. We also show that the trade-off between economic and ecological indicators was not directly proportional, meaning that an increase in structural biodiversity may be obtained at a proportionally low cost with appropriate management planning.
45
Sari, Rizky Novia, Rahmat Safe'i, and Dian Iswandaru. "BIODIVERSITAS FAUNA SEBAGAI SALAH SATU INDIKATOR KESEHATAN HUTAN MANGROVE FAUNA." PERENNIAL 15, no. 2 (October 31, 2019): 62. http://dx.doi.org/10.24259/perennial.v15i2.6061.
Abstract:
Mangrove forests have a special function, namely as a green belt which is certainly very important for human life. Health of forests, especially mangrove forests, is often overlooked regarding their health conditions. The health condition of the mangrove forest is very influential on its sustainability, so to know its health, one of the indicators that can be used is fauna biodiversity. Fauna biodiversity can be known by using the FHM (Forest Health Monitoring) method to determine the diversity and condition of health status. Mangrove forest in Pasir Sakti Sub-District, East Lampung Regency has a diversity of 9 species of birds and 5 types of epifauna diversity. Based on this, the Mangrove Forest of Pasir Sakti District, East Lampung Regency has a good forest health status.
46
MacKinnon, K., K. Richardson, and J. MacKinnon. "Protected and other conserved areas: ensuring the future of forest biodiversity in a changing climate." International Forestry Review 22, no. 1 (June 1, 2020): 93–103. http://dx.doi.org/10.1505/146554820829523943.
Abstract:
Biodiversity loss and climate change are two of the greatest environmental challenges of our times and are inextricably interlinked. The most significant drivers of forest and biodiversity loss are habitat loss and fragmentation due to land use changes and overexploitation. These changes will be exacerbated by climate change with increasing land degradation and more conversion of forests to meet increasing demands for agriculture and forest resources. Protected areas are the cornerstones of biodiversity conservation. Currently terrestrial protected areas cover about 15 percent of the world's land surface but this is inadequate to fully represent global biodiversity, with many forest ecosystems poorly represented in protected area networks. Ensuring effective biodiversity conservation post-2020 will require both expansion of formal reserve systems and recognition and support for other effective conservation measures, under a diverse range of governance and management regimes. Expanding forest conservation efforts will not only protect biodiversity but is increasingly recognised as an efficient and cost-effective strategy to help societies to cope with climate change and its impacts.
47
Felton, Adam, Therese Löfroth, Per Angelstam, Lena Gustafsson, Joakim Hjältén, Annika M. Felton, Per Simonsson, et al. "Keeping pace with forestry: Multi-scale conservation in a changing production forest matrix." Ambio 49, no. 5 (September 16, 2019): 1050–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s13280-019-01248-0.
Abstract:
Abstract The multi-scale approach to conserving forest biodiversity has been used in Sweden since the 1980s, a period defined by increased reserve area and conservation actions within production forests. However, two thousand forest-associated species remain on Sweden’s red-list, and Sweden’s 2020 goals for sustainable forests are not being met. We argue that ongoing changes in the production forest matrix require more consideration, and that multi-scale conservation must be adapted to, and integrated with, production forest development. To make this case, we summarize trends in habitat provision by Sweden’s protected and production forests, and the variety of ways silviculture can affect biodiversity. We discuss how different forestry trajectories affect the type and extent of conservation approaches needed to secure biodiversity, and suggest leverage points for aiding the adoption of diversified silviculture. Sweden’s long-term experience with multi-scale conservation and intensive forestry provides insights for other countries trying to conserve species within production landscapes.
48
MÅREN, INGER E., KHEM R. BHATTARAI, and RAM P. CHAUDHARY. "Forest ecosystem services and biodiversity in contrasting Himalayan forest management systems." Environmental Conservation 41, no. 1 (August 9, 2013): 73–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0376892913000258.
Abstract:
SUMMARYIn developing countries, the landscape surrounding agricultural land is important for maintaining biodiversity and providing ecosystem services. Forests provide a full suite of goods and services to subsistence farmers in the Himalayan agro-ecological system. The effects of biomass outtake on woody species richness and composition were analysed in forests under communal and government management. Interviews on forest use and perception of forest condition and ecosystem service delivery were conducted in farmer households bordering the forests. Significantly more woody species were found in the community managed forests. Species richness was negatively correlated with walking distance from the nearest village and increasing levels of anthropogenic disturbance. Community forests were generally less degraded than government managed forests, giving support to common pool resource management. Woody vegetation represented a crucial source of fuelwood, timber, fodder, and edible, aromatic and medicinal plants. Using a multidisciplinary framework to analyse ecosystem integrity and ecosystem service delivery enabled a finer understanding of these complex agro-ecological systems, giving support to evidence-based management and conservation planning for the future.
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Ćosović, Marija, Miguel Bugalho, Dominik Thom, and José Borges. "Stand Structural Characteristics Are the Most Practical Biodiversity Indicators for Forest Management Planning in Europe." Forests 11, no. 3 (March 19, 2020): 343. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f11030343.
Abstract:
Including biodiversity assessments in forest management planning is becoming increasingly important due to the importance of biodiversity for forest ecosystem resilience provision and sustainable functioning. Here we investigated the potential to include biodiversity indicators into forest management planning in Europe. In particular, we aimed to (i) identify biodiversity indicators and data collection methods for biodiversity assessments at the stand and landscape levels, and (ii) evaluate the practicality of those indicators for forest management planning. We performed a literature review in which we screened 188 research studies published between 1990 and 2020. We selected 94 studies that fulfilled the inclusion criteria and examined in more detail. We considered three aspects of biodiversity: structure, composition, and function, and four forest management categories: unmanaged, managed, plantation, and silvopastoral. We used three criteria to evaluate the practicality of forest biodiversity indicators: cost-effectiveness, ease of application, and time-effectiveness. We identified differences in the practicality of biodiversity indicators for their incorporation into management plans. Stand-level indicators are more practical than landscape-level indicators. Moreover, structural biodiversity indicators (e.g., large trees, canopy openness, and old forest stands) are more useful in management plans than compositional indicators, as these are easily observable by non-professionals and can be obtained by forest inventories. Compositional indicators such are vascular plants, fungi, bryophyte, lichens, and invertebrate species are hard to identify by non-professionals and thus are impractical. Functional indicators (e.g., nutrient cycling) are not sufficiently addressed in the literature. Using recently updated existing databases (e.g., national forest inventories and bird atlases) is very time and cost-efficient. Remote sensing and other technology (e.g., smartphone applications) are promising for efficient data collection in the future. However, more research is needed to make these tools more accurate and applicable to a variety of ecological conditions and scales. Until then, forest stand structural variables derived from inventories can help improve management plans to prepare European forests towards an uncertain future.
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Steneck, Robert S., Michael H. Graham, Bruce J. Bourque, Debbie Corbett, Jon M. Erlandson, James A. Estes, and Mia J. Tegner. "Kelp forest ecosystems: biodiversity, stability, resilience and future." Environmental Conservation 29, no. 4 (December 2002): 436–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0376892902000322.
Abstract:
Kelp forests are phyletically diverse, structurally complex and highly productive components of coldwater rocky marine coastlines. This paper reviews the conditions in which kelp forests develop globally and where, why and at what rate they become deforested. The ecology and long archaeological history of kelp forests are examined through case studies from southern California, the Aleutian Islands and the western North Atlantic, well-studied locations that represent the widest possible range in kelp forest biodiversity. Global distribution of kelp forests is physiologically constrained by light at high latitudes and by nutrients, warm temperatures and other macrophytes at low latitudes. Within mid-latitude belts (roughly 40–60° latitude in both hemispheres) well-developed kelp forests are most threatened by herbivory, usually from sea urchins. Overfishing and extirpation of highly valued vertebrate apex predators often triggered herbivore population increases, leading to widespread kelp deforestation. Such deforestations have the most profound and lasting impacts on species-depauperate systems, such as those in Alaska and the western North Atlantic. Globally urchin-induced deforestation has been increasing over the past 2–3 decades. Continued fishing down of coastal food webs has resulted in shifting harvesting targets from apex predators to their invertebrate prey, including kelp-grazing herbivores. The recent global expansion of sea urchin harvesting has led to the widespread extirpation of this herbivore, and kelp forests have returned in some locations but, for the first time, these forests are devoid of vertebrate apex predators. In the western North Atlantic, large predatory crabs have recently filled this void and they have become the new apex predator in this system. Similar shifts from fish- to crab-dominance may have occurred in coastal zones of the United Kingdom and Japan, where large predatory finfish were extirpated long ago. Three North American case studies of kelp forests were examined to determine their long history with humans and project the status of future kelp forests to the year 2025. Fishing impacts on kelp forest systems have been both profound and much longer in duration than previously thought. Archaeological data suggest that coastal peoples exploited kelp forest organisms for thousands of years, occasionally resulting in localized losses of apex predators, outbreaks of sea urchin populations and probably small-scale deforestation. Over the past two centuries, commercial exploitation for export led to the extirpation of sea urchin predators, such as the sea otter in the North Pacific and predatory fishes like the cod in the North Atlantic. The large-scale removal of predators for export markets increased sea urchin abundances and promoted the decline of kelp forests over vast areas. Despite southern California having one of the longest known associations with coastal kelp forests, widespread deforestation is rare. It is possible that functional redundancies among predators and herbivores make this most diverse system most stable. Such biodiverse kelp forests may also resist invasion from non-native species. In the species-depauperate western North Atlantic, introduced algal competitors carpet the benthos and threaten future kelp dominance. There, other non-native herbivores and predators have become established and dominant components of this system. Climate changes have had measurable impacts on kelp forest ecosystems and efforts to control the emission of greenhouse gasses should be a global priority. However, overfishing appears to be the greatest manageable threat to kelp forest ecosystems over the 2025 time horizon. Management should focus on minimizing fishing impacts and restoring populations of functionally important species in these systems.