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Journal articles on the topic 'Forensic taphonomy'

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Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 29 July 2024

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1

Bartelink, Eric J. "Review of:Manual of Forensic Taphonomy." Journal of Forensic Sciences 59, no. 4 (June 27, 2014): 1164. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1556-4029.12497.

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2

İşcan, Mehmet Yaşar, and Barbara Q. McCabe. "Forensic Taphonomy: The Postmortem Fate of Human Remains." Forensic Science International 116, no. 2-3 (February 2001): 227–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0379-0738(00)00376-5.

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3

Duhig, C. "Non-forensic remains: the use of forensic archaeology, anthropology and burial taphonomy." Science & Justice 43, no. 4 (October 2003): 211–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1355-0306(03)71778-x.

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4

Miles, Kelly L., Devin A. Finaughty, and Victoria E. Gibbon. "A review of experimental design in forensic taphonomy: moving towards forensic realism." Forensic Sciences Research 5, no. 4 (August 13, 2020): 249–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/20961790.2020.1792631.

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5

Milroy, C. M. "Book: Forensic Taphonomy: The Postmortem Fate of Human Remains." BMJ 319, no. 7207 (August 14, 1999): 458. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmj.319.7207.458.

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6

Ioan, Beatrice Gabriela, Cristiana Manea, Bianca Hanganu, Laura Statescu, Laura Gheuca Solovastru, and Irina Manoilescu. "The Chemistry Decomposition in Human Corpses." Revista de Chimie 68, no. 6 (July 15, 2017): 1352–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.37358/rc.17.6.5672.

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Human body is a complex of organic substances (proteins, lipids, carbohydrates), which undergo chemical decomposition processes soon after death. The compounds released during decomposition characterize the development of different stages of this process: e.g. biogenic amines resulted from the proteins decomposition will confer the particular smell of a cadaver, gases resulted from carbohydrates fermentation will give the bloating aspect of the cadaver. The study of cadaver decomposition and the products resulted from this process is the subject of human taphonomy and is realized nowadays in special facilities in USA and Australia. Identification and analysis of the chemical compounds emerged after human decomposition (gases, liquids, salts) give valuable information to forensic pathologists for estimating the postmortem interval (PMI). More, volatile compounds � which give the odor signature�specific to human remains � may be utilized in identifying clandestine burials, human remains or victims entrapped under ruins in cases of natural disasters. In this paper the authors describe the chemical decomposition stages of human cadavers, the factors influencing these processes and utility for the forensic activity of the results of human taphonomic studies.
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7

Rowe, Walter F. "Review of:Advances in Forensic Taphonomy: Method, Theory, and Archaeological Perspectives." Journal of Forensic Sciences 47, no. 6 (November 1, 2002): 15590J. http://dx.doi.org/10.1520/jfs15590j.

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8

Dirkmaat, Dennis C., and Luis L. Cabo. "Forensic Archaeology and Forensic Taphonomy: Basic Considerations on how to Properly Process and Interpret the Outdoor Forensic Scene." Academic Forensic Pathology 6, no. 3 (September 2016): 439–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.23907/2016.045.

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9

Spies, Maximilian J., Victoria E. Gibbon, and Devin A. Finaughty. "Forensic taphonomy: Vertebrate scavenging in the temperate southwestern Cape, South Africa." Forensic Science International 290 (September 2018): 62–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.forsciint.2018.06.022.

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10

Iqbal, Mohammad Asif, Maiken Ueland, and Shari L. Forbes. "Recent advances in the estimation of post-mortem interval in forensic taphonomy." Australian Journal of Forensic Sciences 52, no. 1 (May 9, 2018): 107–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00450618.2018.1459840.

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11

Franklin, D. "Taphonomy of human burials on beacon Island: archaeological observations informing forensic interpretations." Australian Journal of Forensic Sciences 56, sup1 (April 28, 2024): 10–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00450618.2024.2324717.

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12

Williams, A., C. J. Rogers, and J. P. Cassella. "Why does the UK need a Human Taphonomy Facility?" Forensic Science International 296 (March 2019): 74–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.forsciint.2019.01.010.

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13

Campanacho, Vanessa, Francisca Alves Cardoso, and Douglas H. Ubelaker. "Documented Skeletal Collections and Their Importance in Forensic Anthropology in the United States." Forensic Sciences 1, no. 3 (December 15, 2021): 228–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/forensicsci1030021.

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Documented skeletal collections are the backbone of forensic anthropology due to their associated biohistories. This paper describes the identified skeletal collections and their relevance in forensic anthropological research, education and training in the US. The establishment of documented skeletal collections in the US can be distinguished into two modus operandi, depending on the stance towards the dead, legislation, and medical and forensic practices. In the 19th and early 20th centuries, anatomists amassed skeletons from cadaver dissections, shaped by European influences. Those skeletons compose the anatomical collections—such as the Robert J. Terry Anatomical Collection—predominantly representing impoverished and unclaimed individuals. Ethical concerns for the curation and research of African American skeletons without family consent are growing in the US. In contrast, since the 1980s, modern documented skeletal collections originated from body donations to human taphonomy facilities, such as the William M. Bass Donated Skeletal Collection. The establishment and testing of osteological methods essential to establish one’s identity—such as age at death and sex—have been developed with skeletons from documented collections. Therefore, the analysis of identified skeletons has been crucial for the development of forensic anthropology in the US.
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14

Sunniyyah, Durrotus. "Perubahan Kadar Nitrogen Total Pada Tanah Sebagai Alternatif Estimasi Post-Mortem Interval." Jurnal Biosains Pascasarjana 23, no. 1 (June 10, 2021): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.20473/jbp.v23i1.2021.1-5.

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AbstractForensic taphonomy is a branch of forensic science which in its application uses processes related to the decomposition of corpses and uses soil evidence to estimate post-mortem interval (PMI) or post burial. Soil has evidential value because it contains minerals, plants and animal materials that are useful for characterization. This research was conducted by analyzing soil characteristics, namely soil pH and soil moisture and total nitrogen content in soil samples taken from under rabbit carcasses that were placed on the soil surface, buried 25 cm and 50 cm at each decomposition stage. The results obtained showed significant differences at each stage of decomposition and laying of the carcasses.
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15

Onyejike, Darlington Nnamdi, Victor Adolf Fischer, Ugochukwu Godfrey Esomonu, Ugochukwu Samuel Aguwa, Emmanuel Nzube Ezenwatu, Darlington Cyprain Akukwu, Somadina Nnamdi Okeke, et al. "Estimation of Time Since Death of Bodies Above Soil Surface in A Guinea Forest-Savannah Vegetation of Nigeria Using Visible Post Mortem Changes." International Journal of Anatomy and Research 10, no. 3 (September 5, 2022): 8398–407. http://dx.doi.org/10.16965/ijar.2022.169.

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Background: Forensic taphonomy is the use of decomposition timeline estimation to unravel mystery behind time of death confirmation in homicide cases involving the law court. The Guinea forest-savannah vegetation is one of the vegetations in Nigeria characterized by short trees, grassland, very hot temperatures almost round the year, speedy wind, etc. It has two distinct seasons – rainy and dry seasons. This study aimed at investigating the visible post mortem changes of domestic pigs (Sus scrofa domestica) in a Guinea forest-savannah vegetation of Nigeria so that it can be used to estimate time since death of bodies on the soil surface. Methods: A stratified random sampling technique was used to select two male and two female matured domestic pigs from a private pig farm located close to the research facility. The visible post mortem changes were observed daily (morning, afternoon and evening) for 49 days. Results: Four stages of decomposition were identified namely fresh, bloat, active decay, and advanced decay stages. Mummification process started at the sixth day post mortem which slowed the rate of decomposition, and prevented the animals to completely skeletonize within the study period. Extreme atmospheric temperature was the major factor that aided the mummification of the animals. Conclusions: Decomposition of domestic pigs in this region accelerates at the early hours of post mortem, and subsequently slows down due to extreme climatic conditions. In addition, it takes carcasses on the soil surface more than 49 days to completely skeletonize due to its vegetative factors. This implies that most crime investigations carried out in this region must take into account the climatic conditions before estimating the time of death. KEYWORDS: Crime investigation, Decomposition timeline estimation, Forensic taphonomy, Mummification, Stages of decomposition, Visible post mortem changes.
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16

Grömer, Karina, and Martin Grassberger. "Organic remains from archaeological contexts. Forensic taphonomy applied to prehistoric and early medieval inhumation graves." Neues Jahrbuch für Geologie und Paläontologie - Abhandlungen 289, no. 2 (August 1, 2018): 203–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1127/njgpa/2018/0750.

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17

Vass, Arpad A. "Review of: Soil Analysis in Forensic Taphonomy: Chemical and Biological Effects of Buried Human Remains." Journal of Forensic Sciences 53, no. 6 (October 27, 2008): 1484–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1556-4029.2008.00886.x.

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18

Oostra, Roelof-Jan, Tamara Gelderman, W. J. Mike Groen, H. Gepke Uiterdijk, Erik L. H. Cammeraat, Tristan Krap, Leah S. Wilk, et al. "Amsterdam Research Initiative for Sub-surface Taphonomy and Anthropology (ARISTA) - A taphonomic research facility in the Netherlands for the study of human remains." Forensic Science International 317 (December 2020): 110483. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.forsciint.2020.110483.

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19

Demo, Caroline, Edison Rogério Cansi, Cecília Kosmann, and José Roberto Pujol-Luz. "Vultures and others scavenger vertebrates associated with man-sized pig carcasses: a perspective in Forensic Taphonomy." Zoologia (Curitiba) 30, no. 5 (October 2013): 574–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1984-46702013000500010.

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20

Miles, Kelly. "Comparative decomposition rates of piglets buried in manure: a pilot study and implications for forensic taphonomy." Canadian Society of Forensic Science Journal 52, no. 4 (September 19, 2019): 174–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00085030.2019.1664972.

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21

Aturaliya, Saras, and Anya Lukasewycz. "Experimental Forensic and Bioanthropological Aspects of Soft Tissue Taphonomy: 1. Factors Influencing Postmortem Tissue Desiccation Rate." Journal of Forensic Sciences 44, no. 5 (September 1, 1999): 12011J. http://dx.doi.org/10.1520/jfs12011j.

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22

Spies, Maximilian J., Devin A. Finaughty, and Victoria E. Gibbon. "Forensic taphonomy: Scavenger-induced scattering patterns in the temperate southwestern Cape, South Africa — A first look." Forensic Science International 290 (September 2018): 29–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.forsciint.2018.06.015.

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23

Pickering, Travis Rayne, and Kristian J. Carlson. "Baboon taphonomy and its relevance to the investigation of large felid involvement in human forensic cases." Forensic Science International 144, no. 1 (August 2004): 37–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.forsciint.2004.03.003.

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24

Martin, Clément, Philippe Maesen, Damien Minchilli, Frédéric Francis, and François Verheggen. "Forensic taphonomy: Characterization of the gravesoil chemistry using a multivariate approach combining chemical and volatile analyses." Forensic Science International 318 (January 2021): 110569. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.forsciint.2020.110569.

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25

Stokes, Kathryn L., Shari L. Forbes, and Mark Tibbett. "Human Versus Animal: Contrasting Decomposition Dynamics of Mammalian Analogues in Experimental Taphonomy." Journal of Forensic Sciences 58, no. 3 (March 28, 2013): 583–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1556-4029.12115.

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26

Matuszewski, Szymon, Martin J. R. Hall, Gaétan Moreau, Kenneth G. Schoenly, Aaron M. Tarone, and Martin H. Villet. "Pigs vs people: the use of pigs as analogues for humans in forensic entomology and taphonomy research." International Journal of Legal Medicine 134, no. 2 (June 17, 2019): 793–810. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00414-019-02074-5.

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27

Ururahy-Rodrigues, Alexandre, José Albertino Rafael, Roberto Ferreira Wanderley, Helder Marques, and José Roberto Pujol-Luz. "Coprophanaeus lancifer (Linnaeus, 1767) (Coleoptera, Scarabaeidae) activity moves a man-size pig carcass: Relevant data for forensic taphonomy." Forensic Science International 182, no. 1-3 (November 2008): e19-e22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.forsciint.2008.09.009.

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28

Gocha, Timothy P., Sophia R. Mavroudas, and Daniel J. Wescott. "The Texas State Donated Skeletal Collection at the Forensic Anthropology Center at Texas State." Forensic Sciences 2, no. 1 (December 27, 2021): 7–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/forensicsci2010002.

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The Forensic Anthropology Center at Texas State (FACTS) began accepting whole-body donations for scientific research and educational purposes under the Texas Anatomical Gift Act in 2008. Research conducted with donated whole bodies involves studies in taphonomy and human decomposition, including reconstructing the postmortem interval. Following decomposition, the skeletal elements of all donors are collected, cleaned, and permanently curated into the Texas State Donated Skeletal Collection (TXSTDSC), which is used for teaching and research by faculty and students at Texas State but is also open to external researchers. To date, FACTS has received 710 donors. Fifty-eight percent of donors are male and 42% are female. Donor ages range from 21 weeks’ gestation to 103 years old at the time of death, with a mean of 66 years, and a median of 68 years. Based on self-identified or family-identified ancestry, 90% of donors are White, 4.5% are Hispanic, 3% are Black, less than 2% are of mixed ancestry, and less than 1% are Asian or Native American. Information collected about each donor includes geographic/residential history; occupational history; socioeconomic status; anthropometrics; parity status; alcohol, tobacco, and drug use history; mobility status; an overall health questionnaire; cause and manner of death.
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29

Morton, Robert J., and Wayne D. Lord. "Taphonomy of Child-Sized Remains: A Study of Scattering and Scavenging in Virginia, USA*." Journal of Forensic Sciences 51, no. 3 (May 2006): 475–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1556-4029.2006.00134.x.

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30

Wiersema, Jason. "Mark Tibbet, David O. Carter (eds): Soil Analysis in Forensic Taphonomy: Chemical and Biological Effects of Buried Human Remains." Forensic Science, Medicine, and Pathology 4, no. 4 (July 9, 2008): 269. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12024-008-9050-z.

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31

Pittner, Stefan, Valentina Bugelli, M. Eric Benbow, Bianca Ehrenfellner, Angela Zissler, Carlo P. Campobasso, Roelof-Jan Oostra, et al. "The applicability of forensic time since death estimation methods for buried bodies in advanced decomposition stages." PLOS ONE 15, no. 12 (December 9, 2020): e0243395. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0243395.

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Estimation of the postmortem interval in advanced postmortem stages is a challenging task. Although there are several approaches available for addressing postmortem changes of a (human) body or its environment (ecologically and/or biochemically), most are restricted to specific timeframes and/or individual and environmental conditions. It is well known, for instance, that buried bodies decompose in a remarkably different manner than on the ground surface. However, data on how established methods for PMI estimation perform under these conditions are scarce. It is important to understand whether and how postmortem changes are affected under burial conditions, if corrective factors could be conceived, or if methods have to be excluded for respective cases. We present the first multi-methodological assessment of human postmortem decomposition carried out on buried body donors in Europe, at the Amsterdam Research Initiative for Sub-surface Taphonomy and Anthropology (ARISTA) in the Netherlands. We used a multidisciplinary approach to investigate postmortem changes of morphology, skeletal muscle protein decomposition, presence of insects and other necrophilous animals as well as microbial communities (i.e., microbiomes) from August to November 2018 associated with two complete body exhumations and eight partial exhumations. Our results clearly display the current possibilities and limitations of methods for PMI estimation in buried remains and provide a baseline for future research and application.
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32

Defilippo, Francesco, Martina Munari, Annalisa Grisendi, Rosa Maria Gaudio, Mario D’Incau, Antonio Lavazza, and Silva Rubini. "Insect Colonisation and the Decomposition Process in Aerated versus Watertight Burial Systems." Insects 14, no. 6 (June 19, 2023): 566. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/insects14060566.

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In recent years, burial systems have covered increasingly higher costs due to the pollution caused by decomposition products. These products are understood as chemicals and microorganisms in the surrounding soil and groundwater and represent a topical issue. The purpose of this research was to ascertain the extent of decomposition when pig carcasses are buried in two different burial systems (“aerated” vs. “watertight”) and catalogue the arthropods associated with burials at different time-points of removal from niches (after 6, 12, 24, 36, and 60 months). Thirteen taxa were collected in aerated niches, whereas five were collected in watertight niches. The initial access or exclusion of insect colonisers affected overall functional activity. Two Diptera species, Hydrotaea capensis and Megaselia scalaris, were the most abundant, supporting the hypothesis that insects can colonise carcasses in aerated burial systems. Furthermore, some species of bacteria have been documented as facilitators of the initial decomposition process of the carcass. Most bacterial colonies develop only in aerated niches. The trial showed that the first enzymatic–bacterial and insect actions helped promote the process of cadaveric decomposition and later skeletonisation, mainly when associated with aeration modes of the tomb/mound. The results obtained provide essential information on the process of human decomposition and taphonomy in cemeteries. Moreover, these data could benefit forensic science by adding information on insect colonisation and body modification in medico-legal investigations concerning the post-mortem interval in exhumed bodies and illegal burials.
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33

Barbosa, Rodrigo R., Cesar Carriço, Raimundo N. P. Souto, Sergio R. Andena, Alexandre Ururahy-Rodrigues, and Margareth M. C. Queiroz. "Record of postmortem injuries caused by the Neotropical social wasp Agelaia fulvofasciata (Degeer) (Hymenoptera, Vespidae) on pig carcasses in the Eastern Amazon region: implications in forensic taphonomy." Revista Brasileira de Entomologia 59, no. 3 (July 2015): 257–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.rbe.2015.07.004.

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34

Pirrone, Cecilia A., Luis A. Buatois, and Richard G. Bromley. "Ichnotaxobases for bioerosion trace fossils in bones." Journal of Paleontology 88, no. 1 (January 2014): 195–203. http://dx.doi.org/10.1666/11-058.

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Bioerosion trace fossils in bones are defined as biogenic structures that cut or destroy hard bone tissue as the result of mechanical and/or chemical processes. Under the premise that their paleoecological potential can completely be realized only through correct taxonomic assignment, this work focuses on the methodology for naming these biogenic structures. Thus, we propose the following ichnotaxobases in order to assist in naming trace fossils in bones: general morphology, bioglyphs, filling, branching, pattern of occurrence, and site of emplacement. The most common general morphologies are: pits and holes (borings); chambers; trails; tubes; channels (canals); grooves; striae; and furrows. The main types of bioglyphs are grooves and scratches, which may display different arrangements, such as parallel and opposing, or arcuate paired. The nature of the fill may help recognition of the origin, composition, and relationship with the surrounding sediment, as well as processes of destruction or consumption of bony tissue. The structure and layout of the filling, such as meniscate backfill or pelleted filling, offer information about the bioeroding processes. Branching structures on cortical bone are present in canals and furrows. Where the trace penetrates spongy bone, branching structures are forming tunnels that may connect internal chambers. The common patterns of occurrence are individual, paired, grouped, overlapping, lined, and arcuate. The site of emplacement may be in cortical bone, spongy bone, articular surfaces, internal bone microstructures, and external bone anatomical structures. The use of substrate as an ichnotaxobase is problematic, but as biological substrate, bone itself is a valuable source of information for paleoecologic and ethologic inferences. Given the paleontological importance of bioerosion trace fossils in bones, we underscore interactions between ichnology and other sciences, such as forensic entomology, archaeology, paleoecology, and taphonomy.
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35

Carter, David O., and Mark Tibbett. "Taphonomic Mycota: Fungi with Forensic Potential." Journal of Forensic Sciences 48, no. 1 (January 1, 2003): 2002169. http://dx.doi.org/10.1520/jfs2002169.

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36

Stokes, Sarah, Nicholas Márquez-Grant, and Charlene Greenwood. "Establishing a minimum PMI for bone sun bleaching in a UK environment with a controlled desert-simulated comparison." International Journal of Legal Medicine 134, no. 6 (August 15, 2020): 2297–306. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00414-020-02385-y.

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Abstract Microenvironments play a significant part in understanding the post-mortem interval in forensic taphonomy. Recently, the value of weathering factors in relation to obtaining a PMI has been investigated further. In this study, observations were made to calculate the length of time it takes for three different bone elements (femur, rib, and scapula) to bleach in a UK summer and winter. This research also investigated whether there were any physicochemical modifications to the bone caused by bleaching. Porcine femora, scapulae, and ribs were placed into open and shaded areas of an outdoor research facility located in Oxfordshire, UK, during summer (July–Sep) and winter months (Dec–Mar). The specimens were monitored at 3-week intervals using photography, and an observational scoring method was developed to quantify the extent of bleaching. As temperatures are typically much lower in the UK compared with warmer climates, a controlled indoor-simulated desert experiment was also undertaken to be used as a control. This allowed sun bleaching and changes to the bone chemistry to be monitored in a controlled, high-UV environment for comparison with the UK outdoor experiments. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) was employed to analyze physicochemical modifications to both the mineral and organic components of the bone. The FTIR was used to calculate crystallinity index (CI), mineral to organic ratio, and the relative amount of carbonate concentrations. Weather data was collected and a positive correlation was found between both ultraviolet (UV) levels and accumulated degree days (ADD) when compared with observational bleaching scores. Bleaching (whitening) of the bone samples occurred in both seasons but at different rates, with the bleaching process occurring at a slower rate in winter. During summer, the initial bleaching process was evident at 6 weeks, and by 9 weeks, the bones were an off-white colour. During the winter period, whitening of the bone started at 9 weeks; however, only the scapula and rib samples displayed a similar off-white colour. This colouration was observed at 13 weeks rather than at 9 weeks. The desert simulation samples started bleaching in a similar pattern to the outdoor samples after 1 week but the bones did not fully bleach. The bone chemistry, based on physicochemical properties obtained from the FTIR, showed a significant statistical difference between the simulated desert and winter season when compared against a control sample. For the winter samples, the mineral to organic ratio was significantly higher than that in the control, suggesting a reduction in the proportion of organic. For the samples in the simulated desert environment, the crystallinity index was significantly higher than that in the control samples, suggesting an increase in crystallinity. The results of this experiment support the fact that it is possible to achieve bleaching in a UK environment and that the minimal time frame for this to occur differs in seasons.
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37

Indra, Lara, David Errickson, Alexandria Young, and Sandra Lösch. "Uncovering Forensic Taphonomic Agents: Animal Scavenging in the European Context." Biology 11, no. 4 (April 15, 2022): 601. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/biology11040601.

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Animal scavenging by vertebrates can significantly alter human bodies and their deposition site. For instance, vertebrate animals can cause postmortem modification to a body, alter perimortem trauma, influence decomposition rates, disarticulate and scatter body parts or evidence, and affect the identification of the deceased. Animal scavenging is a relatively common occurrence in forensic investigations. Even so, studies on the subject are scattered and rare, with most focussing on geographical areas outside of Europe. For that reason, we intend to collate the literature to provide an account of forensically relevant vertebrate scavengers in Europe, their impacts on human remains, and their implications for forensic investigations. Here, we provide an overview of forensic aspects where the knowledge of animal scavenging is crucial, as well as an account of potential scavengers of human remains in Europe and their typical alterations to soft tissue and, in particular, to bones. In addition, we are the first to provide a guide for forensic practitioners to identify the presence of vertebrate scavenging and subsequently inform outdoor search strategies for affected human remains.
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38

Indra, Lara, and Sandra Lösch. "Forensic anthropology casework from Switzerland (Bern): Taphonomic implications for the future." Forensic Science International: Reports 4 (November 2021): 100222. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.fsir.2021.100222.

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39

Tridico, Silvana R., Sandra Koch, Amy Michaud, Gordon Thomson, K. Paul Kirkbride, and Michael Bunce. "Interpreting biological degradative processes acting on mammalian hair in the living and the dead: which ones are taphonomic?" Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 281, no. 1796 (December 7, 2014): 20141755. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2014.1755.

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Although the taphonomic (post-mortem) degradation processes relevant to teeth and bones have been well described, those taking place with regards to mammalian hairs have not been characterized to the same extent. This present article describes, in detail, microscopic changes resulting from the actions of biological agents that digest and degrade hairs. The most noteworthy and prevalent agents responsible for the destruction of hair structure are fungi, which use a range of strategies to invade and digest hairs. One of the most important finds to emerge from this study is that taphonomic structures and processes can easily be interpreted by the unwary as ‘real’, or as class characteristics for a particular animal taxon. Moreover, under certain conditions, ‘taphonomic’ processes normally associated with the dead are also present on the hairs of the living. This work will improve the reliability of hair examinations in forensic, archaeological and palaeontological applications—in addition, the finding has relevance in the protection of mammalian collections susceptible to infestation. This article also addresses the popular myth that ancient peoples were often red-haired and discusses phenomena responsible for this observation. Insights gained from detailed characterization of taphonomic processes in 95 hairs from a variety of species demonstrate the range and breadth of degradative effects on hair structure and colour. Lastly, the study demonstrates that hairs often tell a story and that there is value of extracting as much morphological data as possible from hairs, prior to destructive sampling for biomolecules.
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Valoriani, Satu, Piero Mannucci, and Matteo Borrini. "An innovative procedure for cranial reconstruction as an aid for human identification." Archivio per l'Antropologia e la Etnologia 152 (November 1, 2022): 33–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.36253/aae-2196.

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Human remains are frequently recovered fragmented from forensic contexts. Taphonomic factors and peri-mortem trauma can damage human remains recovered from clandestine graves. Therefore, an incomplete or broken skull can represent a challengeto identifying an individual, osteometric analysis, and trauma interpretation. A reconstructive approach is proposed to aid forensic experts in achieving all the information from human remains. This study proposes an innovative method that involves the use of reversible glue to connect the fragments. Non-permanent wax is used to reconstruct the missing parts and stabilize the skull. The reconstruction procedure is divided into three phases: cleaning, reassembling and remodelling. The reassembling is carried out with non-permanent reversible glue. Consequently, if the reconstructed remains do not have enough solidity to undergo a forensic examination, some of the missing anatomical parts can be replaced with reversible wax modelled on the missing bone’s shape. The method allows a more comprehensive examination of the whole skull structure for biological profiling of unknown individuals and a better analysis of trauma and injuries. Moreover, Computed Tomography (CT) and radiographic analysis can be better performed on areconstructed skull; the data obtained can also be a more appropriate background for unidentified persons’ facial approximations.
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41

Yucha, Josephine M., James T. Pokines, and Eric J. Bartelink. "A Comparative Taphonomic Analysis of 24 Trophy Skulls from Modern Forensic Cases,." Journal of Forensic Sciences 62, no. 5 (February 1, 2017): 1266–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1556-4029.13426.

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Guareschi, Edda E., Sara Poggesi, Marco Palmesino, and Paola A. Magni. "The Presence of the Human Auditory Ossicles—Detected Postmortem by CT Scan—As a Taphonomic Indicator." Forensic Sciences 3, no. 4 (November 2, 2023): 560–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/forensicsci3040039.

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Introduction: Three tiny bones compose the human ossicular chain: malleus, incus and stapes. Also known as auditory ossicles, they are united by joints in the middle ear cavity of the petrous part of the temporal bone. Completely developed two years after birth, the ossicular chain is involved in the physiological process of hearing, by which sound waves from the environment are converted into electrochemical impulses. In the last 500 years, most studies have focused on the morphogenesis, morphological variability and clinical pathology of the ossicular chain, whilst only a few studies have added relevant knowledge to anthropology and forensic science. The auditory ossicles and the enclosing petrous bone are some of the hardest in the human skeleton. This is reflected in a relative resistance to fire and in the possibility of preservation and fossilization in millions of years. Materials and Methods: The literature and four present-day forensic cases were included in studying the postmortem loss of the auditory ossicles in skeletal or decomposing remains. Results indicate that it can be ascribed to their destruction or physical displacement, by either macro-micro-faunal action and/or any other natural or artificial disturbance. Discussion: Physical displacement is closely connected to the depositional environment of the skeletal remains, such as burial, entombment (sarcophagus, coffin, vault…), submersion or exposure to natural elements. Auditory ossicles can be recovered in situ, or very close to their anatomical location, when the skeletal material has been involved in an archaeological excavation. In the case of accessible or disturbed remains, scavengers may remove the tiny ossicles and/or they can slip out of the middle ear cavity following skull movements. Entombment offers effective protection against the displacement of the auditory ossicles, whereas aquatic submersion and aquatic movement almost invariably displace them. Conclusion: the preservation of the human auditory ossicles should be critically considered in the comprehensive context of any forensic investigation on human remains since it can assist the reconstruction of their taphonomic history. Taphonomic histories of remains can add crucial information to forensic investigations (e.g., the Post Mortem Interval, PMI). The aim of this study, limited by scarce relevant literature, is to discuss the potential role of the ossicular chain, detected by postmortem imaging techniques, as a taphonomical indicator in decomposing and/or skeletonized bodies.
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Bunyard, Britt A. "Commentary on: Carter DO, Tibbett M. Taphonomic mycota: fungi with forensic potential. J Forensic Sci 2003;48(1):168–71." Journal of Forensic Sciences 49, no. 5 (2004): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.1520/jfs2003418.

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Delannoy, Yann, Thomas Colard, Catherine Cannet, Vadim Mesli, Valéry Hédouin, Guillaume Penel, and Bertrand Ludes. "Characterization of bone diagenesis by histology in forensic contexts: a human taphonomic study." International Journal of Legal Medicine 132, no. 1 (September 30, 2017): 219–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00414-017-1699-y.

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Sorg, Marcella H. "Differentiating trauma from taphonomic alterations." Forensic Science International 302 (September 2019): 109893. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.forsciint.2019.109893.

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Rudden, Séamus. "Body Farms: A Field of Opportunity." COMPASS 3, no. 2 (December 15, 2023): 119–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.29173/comp75.

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Human Taphonomic Facilities (HTF)—or as they are more commonly known, body farms—have grown in number since the first facility opened in 1980. As recognition of their utility grows, it is worth reconsidering their origins in light of the generative value they provide and the challenges yet to overcome. This paper examines the first HTF in depth, tracing how it came about and the advances it has made to the field of forensics. I address the ethical implications that body farms pose, but also the solutions they have to offer.
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Pickering, Travis Rayne. "Carnivore Voiding: A Taphonomic Process with the Potential for the Deposition of Forensic Evidence." Journal of Forensic Sciences 46, no. 2 (March 1, 2001): 14984J. http://dx.doi.org/10.1520/jfs14984j.

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Ferreira, Maria Teresa, Catarina Coelho, and Inês Gama. "Application of forensic anthropology to non-forensic issues: an experimental taphonomic approach to the study of human body decomposition in aerobic conditions." Australian Journal of Forensic Sciences 51, no. 2 (May 24, 2017): 149–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00450618.2017.1329850.

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Buck, Trudi, Elizabeth M. Greene, Alexander Meyer, Victoria Barlow, and Eleanor Graham. "The Body in the Ditch: Alternative Funerary Practices on the Northern Frontier of the Roman Empire?" Britannia 50 (May 6, 2019): 203–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0068113x1900014x.

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ABSTRACTDisarticulated human remains were recovered from a first-century fort ditch at Vindolanda on the north-west frontier of the Roman Empire. Ancient DNA analysis revealed the skeleton to be that of a male individual and forensic taphonomic analysis suggested a primary deposition of the body in a waterlogged environment with no obvious evidence of formal burial. Occurrences of disarticulated human remains outside a cemetery context are often overlooked in Roman bioarchaeology. This discovery adds to the growing body of literature regarding alternative funerary practice in the Empire, highlighting that the concept of burial and disposal of the dead is more complex than ancient historical sources suggest. Details of the DNA analysis are provided in the Supplementary Material available at https://doi.org/10.1017/S0068113X1900014X.
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Kõrgesaar, Karin, Xavier Jordana, Geli Gallego, Javier Defez, and Ignasi Galtés. "Taphonomic model of decomposition." Legal Medicine 56 (May 2022): 102031. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.legalmed.2022.102031.

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