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Journal articles on the topic 'Forensic Drugs'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 30 June 2021
Last updated: 13 February 2022

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1

Drummer, Olaf H. "Drugs and Forensic Science." Australian Journal of Forensic Sciences 33, no. 1 (January 2001): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00450610109410805.

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2

AŞICIOĞLU, Faruk, Emre MUTLU, and Mustafa OKUDAN. "Driving Under the Influence of Drugs." Turkiye Klinikleri Journal of Forensic Medicine and Forensic Sciences 16, no. 3 (2019): 164–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.5336/forensic.2019-65818.

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3

Peltier-Rivest, Dominic, and Carl Pacini. "Detecting counterfeit pharmaceutical drugs." Journal of Financial Crime 26, no. 4 (October 7, 2019): 1027–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jfc-06-2018-0057.

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Purpose This paper aims to analyze drug counterfeiting, explains its risk factors and operating and legal environments reviews recent legal cases and develops a multi-stakeholder prevention strategy that includes forensic accounting methods. Design/methodology/approach This is a theoretical study based on legal case studies and the best forensic accounting strategies. Findings Pharmaceutical drug counterfeiting is a fast-growing fraud that so far has attracted little attention from forensic accountants. A recent estimate projects that criminals collect around $75bn annually in illicit sales from counterfeit drugs (Bairu, 2015). Pharmaceutical counterfeiting also leads to the loss of lives when criminals use lethal chemicals in the manufacturing of fake medicines (Liang, 2006a; Brown, 2005). Because the detection of drug counterfeiting is extremely difficult after fake medicines have been ingested by patients, the strategy developed in this paper is based on early discovery by using reliable tracking technologies and inventory management controls in the supply chain, conducting effective regulatory and legitimate customs inspections, and increasing consumer awareness of basic forensic accounting tools. Research limitations/implications This paper extends previous research by integrating various factors into a single multi-stakeholder prevention framework. Practical implications The paper presents a synthesized, comprehensive view of the drug fraud epidemic and analyzes concrete steps that can be taken to protect the pharmaceutical supply chain to reduce the loss of lives and monetary injuries. Originality/value No previous research has analyzed this issue from a multi-stakeholder point of view and used forensic accounting tools to complement a prevention strategy. The drug counterfeiting prevention strategy developed in this paper addresses the supply side, the regulatory enforcement side and the demand side.
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4

Anderson,, Peter D., Kimmy Naik, Chenery Kinemond, and Anne ImObersteg. "Forensic Testing for Drugs of Abuse." Journal of Pharmacy Practice 13, no. 3 (June 1, 2000): 226–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1106/9hvx-72mk-cd0x-0u8c.

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5

Anderson, Peter D., Kimmy Naik, Chenery Kinemond, and Anne ImObersteg. "Forensic Testing for Drugs of Abuse." Journal of Pharmacy Practice 13, no. 3 (June 2000): 226–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/089719000001300311.

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Forensic urine drug testing (FUDT) is a tool of many employers to assess drug use in employees. Collegiate and professional sports test for banned substances. Immunoassays are often the screening test. Gas chromatography/mass spectrometry is the confirmatory test. Numerous foods and medications interfere with test results. Safeguards in FUDT include chain of custody procedures, certification of laboratories and personnel, cutoff values, quality assurance and quality control procedures, and medical review officers. Breath analysis is used in drunk-driving cases. Blood and hair can also be analyzed for substances of abuse. Pharmacists can be an asset in drug testing issues.
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6

Flanagan, R. J. "The Forensic Pharmacology of Drugs of Abuse." British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology 56, no. 3 (August 4, 2003): 345–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2125.2003.01891.x.

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7

Labadie, Jerry. "Forensic pharmacovigilance and substandard or counterfeit drugs." International Journal of Risk & Safety in Medicine 24, no. 1 (2012): 37–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.3233/jrs-2012-0551.

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8

McBay, Arthur J., and Andrew P. Mason. "Forensic Science Identification of Drugs of Abuse." Journal of Forensic Sciences 34, no. 6 (November 1, 1989): 12789J. http://dx.doi.org/10.1520/jfs12789j.

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9

Singer, Raymond. "The Forensic Pharmacology of Drugs of Abuse." International Journal of Toxicology 21, no. 5 (September 2002): 436–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/109158180202100519.

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10

Maciów-Głąb, Martyna, Sebastian Rojek, Karol Kula, and Małgorzata Kłys. "“New designer drugs” in aspects of forensic toxicology." Archives of Forensic Medicine and Criminology 1 (2014): 20–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.5114/amsik.2014.44587.

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11

Gunja, Naren. "The Clinical and Forensic Toxicology of Z-drugs." Journal of Medical Toxicology 9, no. 2 (February 13, 2013): 155–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s13181-013-0292-0.

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12

Florea, Anca, Mats de Jong, and Karolien De Wael. "Electrochemical strategies for the detection of forensic drugs." Current Opinion in Electrochemistry 11 (October 2018): 34–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.coelec.2018.06.014.

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13

Go, Matthew C., and Maria Corazon A. De Ungria. "Forensic sciences and the Philippines’ war on drugs." Forensic Science International: Synergy 1 (2019): 288–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.fsisyn.2019.05.003.

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14

Usova, G. M., and I. V. Malykhin. "Forensic Techniques Used in the Investigation of Smuggling on Railway Transport." Actual Problems of Russian Law 15, no. 12 (December 30, 2020): 149–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.17803/1994-1471.2020.121.12.149-156.

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The paper examines the forensic tools and methods used in the investigation of smuggling on the railway transport. The role of these forensic tools and methods is quite high, since they make it possible to timely identify and suppress the commission of the crime in question, determine the perpetrators and prevent the spread of narcotic drugs, psychotropic substances or their precursors on the territory of our country. The paper also discusses the features of the use of special methods of forensic science in the investigation of smuggling committed on the railway transport. One of the main smuggled items today are narcotic drugs, psychotropic substances or their precursors or analogues, plants containing narcotic drugs, psychotropic substances or their precursors, or their parts containing narcotic drugs, psychotropic substances or their precursors, tools or equipment, under special control and used for the manufacture of narcotic drugs or psychotropic substances, while criminal liability for this crime is provided for in Art. 229.1 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation.
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15

MERCAN, Selda, Tuğba TEKİN, Merve KULOĞLU, Zeynep TÜRKMEN, Ahmet Özgür DOĞRU, Ayşe Nur SAFRAN, Münevver AÇIKKOL, and Faruk AŞICIOĞLU. "Comparison of Two Extraction Set-ups for the Determination of Illicit Drugs fromWastewater." Turkiye Klinikleri Journal of Forensic Medicine and Forensic Sciences 16, no. 1 (2019): 28–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.5336/forensic.2018-62466.

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16

Денисюк, С. Ф. "INVESTIGATION OF CRIMINAL CHARACTERISTICS OF ILLEGAL PUBLIC USE OF DRUGS." Juridical science, no. 1(103) (February 19, 2020): 277–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.32844/2222-5374-2020-103-1.33.

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The relevance of the article is that the spread of drug addiction and drug crime in Ukraine over the past ten years has become one of the most acute social problems, failure to solve which leads to harm to human health, negative impact on the social sphere, and is a threat to national security. Of particular concern in the light of socio-economic crises is the systematic use of illicit drugs and the increase in drug-related crimes. At the same time, the number of criminal offenses for illegal public use of drugs is increasing, which in turn requires the creation of the most advanced methods of detection and investigation of criminal offenses and the development of appropriate practical recommendations for the use of forensic techniques and tactics specific to a particular crime. The purpose of the article is to provide a forensic characterization of illegal public drug use. The scientific article analyzes the scientific positions of forensic scientists and proceduralists on the understanding of the conceptual category «forensic characteristics of a criminal offense» and further identification of the main elements of the forensic characteristics of criminal offenses. It is stated that forensic characteristics are a relevant scientific abstraction based on the analysis of investigative, expert, operational-search, judicial practice used by this practice through the methodology of investigation of criminal offenses of the relevant type, the starting point for which it is characteristic. Within the limits of the scientific article the following elements of the criminological characteristic of illegal public use of drugs are allocated and investigated: a) a way of commission of a criminal offense; b) a description of the identity of the offender; c) the subject of criminal encroachment; d) place of commission; e) typical traces of the crime.
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17

Anderson, Peter D. "The Broad Field of Forensic Pharmacy." Journal of Pharmacy Practice 25, no. 1 (January 17, 2012): 7–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0897190011431144.

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Forensic pharmacy is application of the sciences of drugs to legal issues. Forensic pharmacists engage in work relating to litigation, the regulatory process, and the criminal justice system. Forensic pharmacy overlaps with many other forensic fields. Pharmacists hold a variety of positions with local, state, and federal governments. Many pharmacists do freelance work as forensic litigation consultants. A forensic pharmacist can be a valuable resource in legal cases relating to malpractice, adverse drug reactions, drunk and drugged driving, health care fraud, poisoning, and numerous other types of civil and criminal cases.
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18

Popescu, Daniel, Gabriela Popescu, George Lupu, Victor Panus, Sebastian Neagu-Sadoveanu, and Octavian Buda. "Drugs effects on the central nervous system. Forensic implications." Romanian Journal of Legal Medicine 18, no. 3 (2010): 231–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.4323/rjlm.2010.231.

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19

Miki, Akihiro, Munehiro Katagi, and Hitoshi Tsuchihashi. "Recent Improvements in Forensic Hair Analysis for Illicit Drugs." JOURNAL OF HEALTH SCIENCE 49, no. 5 (2003): 325–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1248/jhs.49.325.

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20

Williams, T. A., M. Riddle, S. L. Morgan, and W. E. Brewer. "Rapid Gas Chromatographic Analysis of Drugs of Forensic Interest." Journal of Chromatographic Science 37, no. 6 (June 1, 1999): 210–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/chromsci/37.6.210.

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21

McGrath, Kelly K., and Amanda J. Jenkins. "Detection of Drugs of Forensic Importance in Postmortem Bone." American Journal of Forensic Medicine and Pathology 30, no. 1 (March 2009): 40–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/paf.0b013e31818738c9.

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22

Graf, M. "Driving Ability and Psychotropic Drugs: Legal Framework, Forensic Aspects." European Psychiatry 41, S1 (April 2017): S51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.eurpsy.2017.01.215.

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Although the rate of victims of road traffic accidents is already relatively low in Switzerland compared to other western countries, still 253 people died in 2015. The Swiss parliament therefore issued in 2012 already a program called “Via secura” to increase road traffic security by means of a package of measures, ranging from immobilizing systems for the car in case of drunken drivers to stricter rules for medical assessment of ability to drive a car and better training for doctors in such assessment to finally stricter laws regarding lower tolerance for alcohol levels and zero tolerance for drug consumption when driving a car. The presentation will focus on changes in legal regulation for both medical assessment as well as rules for alcohol or drug consumption when driving a car. Positive and negative consequences for the field of forensic psychiatry are discussed.Disclosure of interestThe author declares that he has no competing interest.
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23

Anderson, Peter D., and Gyula Bokor. "Forensic Aspects of Drug-Induced Violence." Journal of Pharmacy Practice 25, no. 1 (January 3, 2012): 41–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0897190011431150.

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Violence is unfortunately a part of society. The causes of violence are not completely understood, but it involves sociological, genetic, financial, biological, and environmental factors. Drugs can cause aggression by altering the neurotransmitters dopamine, norepinephrine, gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA), and serotonin. Specific drugs associated with aggression include alcohol, anabolic steroids, cocaine, amphetamines, sedatives, opiates, and hallucinogens. Aggression can be categorized into impulsive and predatory aggression. Drugs under certain conditions cause impulsive aggression. Sometimes a defense in criminal cases is that the drug caused the violence, that is drug-induced insanity. A case of insanity is more likely to be accepted if the event was unplanned and had no apparent motive. An acceptance of insanity by voluntary intoxication is rarely accepted by the criminal justice system. A more common legal strategy is to seek diminished capacity which aims to obtain a reduction in the severity of the criminal charges. We will discuss some, but not all of the pharmacological and physiological issues relating to drug-induced violence. Then some of the “big picture” forensic issues will be presented. Our goal is to present a primer on the pharmacological and forensic issues relating to drug-induced violence. No attempt was made to provide a comprehensive review of all the literature related to drug-induced violence.
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24

Ahmad, Samir M., Oriana C. Gonçalves, Mariana N. Oliveira, Nuno R. Neng, and José M. F. Nogueira. "Application of Microextraction-Based Techniques for Screening-Controlled Drugs in Forensic Context—A Review." Molecules 26, no. 8 (April 9, 2021): 2168. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules26082168.

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The analysis of controlled drugs in forensic matrices, i.e., urine, blood, plasma, saliva, and hair, is one of the current hot topics in the clinical and toxicological context. The use of microextraction-based approaches has gained considerable notoriety, mainly due to the great simplicity, cost-benefit, and environmental sustainability. For this reason, the application of these innovative techniques has become more relevant than ever in programs for monitoring priority substances such as the main illicit drugs, e.g., opioids, stimulants, cannabinoids, hallucinogens, dissociative drugs, and related compounds. The present contribution aims to make a comprehensive review on the state-of-the art advantages and future trends on the application of microextraction-based techniques for screening-controlled drugs in the forensic context.
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25

Robertson, James. "Research Front Essay: Forensic Chemistry." Australian Journal of Chemistry 63, no. 1 (2010): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ch09672.

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The author discusses the benefits for forensic science from greater engagement with basic and other applied areas of chemistry and gives examples of how his organization, the Australian Federal Police, have partnered with academia and others to promote the use of chemistry in areas of trace evidence, illicit drugs, fingerprint detection, and explosives.
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26

Ewing, Andrew V., and Sergei G. Kazarian. "Infrared spectroscopy and spectroscopic imaging in forensic science." Analyst 142, no. 2 (2017): 257–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c6an02244h.

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27

Caddy, Brian. "Drugs analysis." Science & Justice 43, no. 3 (July 2003): 175–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1355-0306(03)71768-7.

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28

Chapin, William. "Training in Forensic Microscopy." Microscopy Today 5, no. 1 (January 1997): 12–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1551929500059952.

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The world of forensic microscopy is complex and challenging. There is a never-ending variety of requested examinations and consequently, the analyst is often asked to work in an area of little familiarity. Adding to the challenge is the inherent problem of having no exact information as to the condition of the sample prior to the crime. The forensic microscopist is expected to have mastered proficiency in polarized light microscopy in order to identify fibers, minerals, insect parts, woods, metals, biological fluids, pollution particles, microchemical techniques, paints, pigments, pollens, drugs, explosives, diatoms, safe insulation, etc. and to compare samples of all the these plus hairs, glass, etc., etc.
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29

TERADA, MASARU. "Recent advance in forensic analysis of drugs and toxic compounds." Eisei kagaku 32, no. 3 (1986): 133–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1248/jhs1956.32.133.

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30

Khandasammy, Shelby R., Marisia A. Fikiet, Ewelina Mistek, Yasmine Ahmed, Lenka Halámková, Justin Bueno, and Igor K. Lednev. "Bloodstains, paintings, and drugs: Raman spectroscopy applications in forensic science." Forensic Chemistry 8 (May 2018): 111–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.forc.2018.02.002.

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31

Mogollón, Noroska Gabriela Salazar, Cristian Daniel Quiroz-Moreno, Paloma Santana Prata, Jose Rafael de Almeida, Amanda Sofía Cevallos, Roldán Torres-Guiérrez, and Fabio Augusto. "New Advances in Toxicological Forensic Analysis Using Mass Spectrometry Techniques." Journal of Analytical Methods in Chemistry 2018 (August 29, 2018): 1–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2018/4142527.

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This article reviews mass spectrometry methods in forensic toxicology for the identification and quantification of drugs of abuse in biological fluids, tissues, and synthetic samples, focusing on the methodologies most commonly used; it also discusses new methodologies in screening and target forensic analyses, as well as the evolution of instrumentation in mass spectrometry.
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32

Moffat, A. C. "Drugs of abuse." Science & Justice 40, no. 2 (April 2000): 89–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1355-0306(00)71949-6.

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33

Caddy, Brian. "Drugs of abuse." Science & Justice 43, no. 2 (April 2003): 119. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1355-0306(03)71753-5.

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34

Allan, A. R. "Indispensable Drugs Reference." Science & Justice 44, no. 4 (October 2004): 240–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1355-0306(04)71728-1.

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35

Gutteridge, D. R. "Introduction to drugs." Science & Justice 35, no. 4 (January 1995): 316. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1355-0306(95)72695-8.

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36

Smyth, Maureen. "Drugs and Crime." Journal of the Forensic Science Society 26, no. 6 (November 1986): 451–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0015-7368(86)72537-1.

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37

Davis, R. J., and M. J. Lewis. "Drugs and Society." Journal of the Forensic Science Society 27, no. 5 (September 1987): 337–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0015-7368(87)72774-1.

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38

Spitz, Werner U. "Drugs and Homicide." American Journal of Forensic Medicine and Pathology 10, no. 1 (March 1989): 90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00000433-198903000-00023.

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39

Segawa, Hiroki, Takao Fukuoka, Tamitake Itoh, Yuichi Imai, Yuko T. Iwata, Tadashi Yamamuro, Kenji Kuwayama, Kenji Tsujikawa, Tatsuyuki Kanamori, and Hiroyuki Inoue. "Rapid detection of hypnotics using surface-enhanced Raman scattering based on gold nanoparticle co-aggregation in a wet system." Analyst 144, no. 6 (2019): 2158–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c8an01829d.

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40

Slater, N. "Therapeutic Drugs." Journal of Clinical Pathology 45, no. 6 (June 1, 1992): 551. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/jcp.45.6.551-b.

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41

Ceelen, Manon, Tina Dorn, Marcel Buster, Joris Stomp, Peter Zweipfenning, and Kees Das. "Post-mortem toxicological urine screening in cause of death determination." Human & Experimental Toxicology 30, no. 9 (November 17, 2010): 1165–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0960327110390063.

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This study evaluated standard toxicology screening by forensic physicians during external post-mortem examination. Collected urine samples of decedents were screened on-site for the presence of 10 commonly used drugs by means of a rapid multidrug test. Urine samples of 53% of the cases appeared to be positive for one or more compounds. Importantly, several cases were revealed which were positive for toxicology screening without indications for use of these drugs at the scene of death or from medical history. Based on these (preliminary) results, further action to incorporate routine post-mortem toxicology as a tool in forensic death investigation is recommended.
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42

Bogusz, Maciej J. "Response of forensic scientific community to Covid-19 pandemic: A Review Article." 99 3, no. 1 (June 1, 2021): 94–108. http://dx.doi.org/10.26735/padj1368.

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The purpose of this review was to show the impact of Covid-19 pandemic on forensic sciences, as reflected in the publications, which appeared in 2020. The review covered following topics: Response of legal medical experts on the increased daily workload in forensic practice and enhanced risk issues arising in forensic practice, particularly regarding autopsy, drugs used in Covid-19 therapy and their toxicological significance, and influence of Covid-19 pandemic on the profile and extent of substance abuse.
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43

Tran, Cat-Van, and Jay R. Vargas. "Determination of Specific Absorbance (A¦) for Six Psychoactive Drugs Encountered in Forensic Toxicology." Journal of Analytical Toxicology 44, no. 6 (February 4, 2020): 531–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jat/bkz091.

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Abstract Specific absorbance (A¦) is defined as the maximum absorbance of a 1% solution over a 1-cm path length measured via spectroscopy. Finding a reliable value for specific absorbance for a drug provides an important tool for the quantitative verification of concentration of analytical standards. Although many new drugs have emerged within the last ten years, many either do not have a reliable value for A¦, or a value simply has never been published. This work focused on determining the quantitative value of the specific absorbance of six psychoactive drugs using ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy, as well as comparing A¦ values of drugs purchased in 2017 to A¦ of their counterparts purchased in 2019. The drugs analyzed included Iloperidone, Risperidone, Aripiprazole, Vilazodone, Vortioxetine and Suvorexant.
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44

Mammadov, V. G. "O21. Forensic toxicology and drugs of abuse analysis in Azerbaijan Republic." Journal of Clinical Forensic Medicine 6, no. 3 (September 1999): 192. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1353-1131(99)90119-0.

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45

Kotrly, Marek, and Michael Roman. "Complex Analysis of Counterfeits and New Synthetic Drugs in Forensic Practice." Acta Crystallographica Section A Foundations and Advances 70, a1 (August 5, 2014): C1570. http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/s2053273314084290.

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Counterfeit drugs began to appear on the world market in 90-ies of the 20th century and their number is significantly increasing. It applies not only to dietary (food) supplements, but also for vitally important preparations. The definition of a counterfeit is not entirely uniform, some drugs can be determined in some countries as counterfeits but not in other countries. World Health Organization defines counterfeits as medicines (drugs) "which are deliberately fraudulently mislabelled with respect to identity and/or sources". IFPMA (International Federation of Pharmaceutical Manufacturers Associations) states that 7% of all medicines (drugs, pharmaceuticals) sold around the world are counterfeits and estimates that the value of the trade in counterfeit products is more than USD 30 billion. Forensic analysis deals with these materials comprehensively, besides standard quantitative analysis of content components, examined the shape and form of tablets and logo embossing, measured quantitatively colour, characterized surface, etc. Content substances, in addition to (apart from) techniques of organic analysis, are tested also by methods of X-ray powder diffraction. The advantage is the possibility of non-destructive analysis of tablets directly in the blister and complex analyses of organic and inorganic phases. Automated divergence slits and collimators are use to on a primary x-ray beam. Methods of image analysis are employed for correct adjustment of surface analysed. Phase analysis is carried out using both commercially available databases and as well data of own standards. So-called "Legal Highs" - new synthetic drugs emerging on the world market pose a similarly relevant problem. These are structural variants of known substances with psychomimetic effects, which are not included on the lists of controlled substances. An array of these substances are legally sold not only on the internet, but also in newly established stores called Amsterodam Shops or Smart Shops. Analysis, identification and quantification of these substances are rather complex as they are not included in identification databases. The methods of x-ray diffraction are very suitable complementary techniques to common methods of organic analysis - GC-MS, MS/MS, MSn, NMR, etc. The occurrence of "Legal Highs" on the market can be regarded as very dangerous also considering that toxicity in these substances has not been known so far.
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46

Yanson, Ian J. "Use of on-site testing for illicit drugs in forensic settings." Psychiatric Bulletin 33, no. 12 (December 2009): 483. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/pb.33.12.483.

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47

Robinson, Katherine, and R. N. Smith. "Radioimmunoassay of Tricyclic Antidepressant and Some Phenothiazine Drugs in Forensic Toxicology." Journal of Immunoassay 6, no. 1-2 (March 1985): 11–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01971528508063018.

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48

Kintz, P., A. Tracqui, and P. Mangin. "Detection of drugs in human hair for clinical and forensic applications." International Journal of Legal Medicine 105, no. 1 (January 1992): 1–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf01371228.

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49

De Giovanni, Nadia, and Daniela Marchetti. "A Systematic Review of Solid-Phase Microextraction Applications in the Forensic Context." Journal of Analytical Toxicology 44, no. 3 (November 12, 2019): 268–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jat/bkz077.

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Abstract Since the introduction in 1990, the solid-phase microextraction (SPME) technology has brought significant progress in many fields of forensic sciences due to the versatility of this fast and solventless alternative to conventional extraction techniques. A systematic review about SPME applications in forensic context from January 1995 to June 2018 was carried out according to systematic review guidelines. The majority of the reviewed articles (40/133) aimed to identify drugs (cannabinoids, cocaine, opiates, amphetamines, simultaneous detection of different drugs of abuse, prescribed drugs); 29 of the 133 articles focused on the investigation of fatalities; 28 of the 133 papers used headspace SPME technique for the identification of markers of chronic alcohol abuse. Sixteen papers involved this technique for the isolation of volatile organic compounds for the human odor profile and 20 concerned forensic applications regarding living people. Solid-phase microextraction was preferably employed in the headspace mode and many kinds of fibers were employed, although polydimethylsiloxane was the most adaptable to many forensic realities. Gas chromatography/mass spectrometry was more frequently used, probably for the well-established coupling with SPME. Most of the papers validated their method to harmonize the scientific approaches of procedures development. Good outcomes are reported on biological material collected from living people as well as on cadaveric samples. The results obtained by most of the studies about alcohol biomarkers on scalp hair have been adopted by the “Society of Hair Testing” to demonstrate abstinence over a pre-defined time period and to assess chronic excessive alcohol consumption.
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50

Zarafiants, G. N., V. D. Isakov, and T. V. Gorbacheva. "QUESTIONS OF DYNAMICS, FORENSIC MEDICAL AND FORENSIC CHEMICAL DIAGNOSTICS OF METHADONE POISONING IN SAINT PETERSBURG IN 2009-2018." Toxicological Review, no. 1 (February 24, 2020): 2–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.36946/0869-7922-2020-1-2-7.

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Acute poisonings occupy one of the leading places in the structure of mortality due to external causes in the Russian Federation. In Saint Petersburg, there are consistently high rates of drug poisonings (especially methadone poisoning). Reports, statistical maps and other information of the Bureau of Forensic Medical Expertise for the period 2009 – 2018 were used for this study. The research methods were a selective copy of the data, including the results of a forensic chemical study, the calculation of statistical coefficients, descriptive. The analysis showed a decrease in mortality due to external causes in Saint Petersburg in 2009-2018, indicators (per 100 thousand of the population of Saint Petersburg) decreased gradually from 99,3 to 69,8. Acute poisoning of chemical etiology was in the 2nd place (24,9%) after mechanical injury. In the structure of acute poisoning of chemical etiology, the 1st place was occupied by fatal drug poisoning (45,1%). Their share was 28,7% in 2009-2011. It increased sharply up to 52,2% in the period 2012-2018 and began to change both qualitative and quantitative. In Saint Petersburg there were 19 fatal cases of methadone poisoning (0,04 per 100 thousand people) in 2009 and 599 cases (11,19 per 100 thousand people) in 2018. The number of forensic studies on the identification of methadone sharply increased (9 times). In almost half of the poisoning’s cases ethanol, other narcotic drugs (amphetamine derivatives, morphine, cocaine, etc.), as well as drugs and psychotropic substances (derivatives of barbituric acid, benzodiazepine, phenothiazine, etc.) were revealed along with methadone.Forensic medical diagnostics of methadone poisoning are based on the results of chromatography-mass spectrometry, morphological features (macro- and microscopic), analysis of the clinical picture (from medical documents), and consideration of the circumstances of the poisoning. The combined reception of methadone, ethanol and other narcotic and / or psychotropic drugs has a potentiating deprimative effect, aggravates the clinical and morphological picture of poisoning, which must be taken into account when diagnosing them.
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