Journal articles on the topic 'Forensic anthropology – methods'
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MacKinnon, Gaille. "Forensic anthropology current methods and practice." Journal of Forensic and Legal Medicine 27 (October 2014): 87–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jflm.2014.08.002.
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Cunha, Eugénia, and Ann H. Ross. "Recent Advances in Forensic Anthropological Methods and Research." Biology 11, no. 6 (June 13, 2022): 908. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/biology11060908.
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Nirenberg, MS. "Forensic methods and the podiatric physician." Journal of the American Podiatric Medical Association 79, no. 5 (May 1, 1989): 247–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.7547/87507315-79-5-247.
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This is an introductory study of forensic podiatry. To elevate forensic podiatry to the level of forensic odontology and forensic anthropology, the podiatric medical profession must begin educational programs and research. A system for monitoring the activities of podiatrists involved in forensic medicine must be established to ensure that the high degree of integrity to which the profession is committed is maintained. By following these guidelines, the author believes that sometime in the future a podiatrist will be on the staff of every major police department in the country. At that point, the podiatric medical profession will have achieved unsurpassed status, recognition, and prestige.
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Ross, Jade, Clarence Surette, Kathleen Whitaker, and Tamara Varney. "Teaching Virtual Forensic Anthropology Labs: Methods and Reflections." Teaching Anthropology 12, no. 2 (November 29, 2023): 82–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.22582/ta.v12i2.676.
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Development of virtual labs for Forensic Anthropology was complicated by the notion that the skeleton cannot be learned without physical manipulation. This was addressed by using free programs to teach using 3D models of bone. Successes and shortcomings are discussed based on student and educator feedback. Integration of 3D models in teaching is plausible as it reduces deterioration of specimens and increases accessibility of the lab, however, the ethics of digital archaeology, including curation of human skeletal models, is an unsolved challenge. Overall, although 3D modelling cannot replace hands-on learning, teaching virtually can indeed ensure high-quality instruction is delivered.
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Valera, Emanuel Emilio. "Forensic anthropology: challenges and scopes." Forensic Research & Criminology International Journal 12, no. 1 (January 23, 2024): 16–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.15406/frcij.2024.12.00392.
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The objective of this work is to analyze the scope of Forensic Anthropology, since this is a medical-legal specialty that is oriented towards the application of the knowledge, methods and techniques of Physical Anthropology, Cultural Anthropology. and Archaeology, with the aim of contributing to the resolution of judicial cases, through the identification of human remains or people, who have lost their identity due to some circumstance, or when verification is required or is doubted, through strategies with high scientific rigor.
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Moses, Sharon K. "FORENSIC ART AND ANTHROPOLOGY." Practicing Anthropology 43, no. 3 (June 1, 2021): 16–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.17730/0888-4552.43.3.16.
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Abstract Forensic artists must overcome ingrained ideas of what the human face “should” look like in order to learn how to draw it realistically. Ironically, those ingrained images and perceptions tucked away in our minds present the biggest obstacles to realism. As a teacher of a forensic art class in anthropology at Northern Arizona University, I encounter students of varying degrees of artistic ability and background. I do not require that students have pre-requisite courses in art before taking my course because I believe that any student can learn to draw faces more realistically if they apply some basic forensic art techniques used in composite sketching combined with an understanding of facial anatomy. This article is about teaching Northern Arizona University students forensic art drawing methods, but it is also about the lesser-known aspect of doing composite sketches, such as applying cultural understanding and sensitivity when interviewing traumatized witnesses and survivors of crime. The result is a very holistic approach to composite sketching rather than a purely technical one.
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Górka, Katarzyna, and Melania Mazur. "The Current Status of Forensic Anthropology in Poland-Assessment of the Discipline." Forensic Sciences 1, no. 2 (September 14, 2021): 102–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/forensicsci1020010.
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The existing divergences in the development of forensic anthropology (FA) around the world justify an analysis of its situation in each country/region. The present article aims to discuss the current status and development of the field of forensic anthropology in Poland to highlight the existing challenges and contribute to the advancement of the discipline. The research consisted of personal visits to three main centers where forensic anthropology is practiced in Poland and semi-structured interviews with the practitioners. Only seven forensic anthropology practitioners who provide anthropological opinions for law enforcement agencies in Poland have been identified. In 2019, the first post-graduate course in forensic anthropology was created at the Jagiellonian University in Kraków. There are also supplementary workshops for pathologists, prosecutors, and police officers to familiarize them with practical concepts of forensic anthropology. Scientific publications in the field of forensic anthropology appear regularly in national and international professional journals, and cutting-edge research on new methods of analysis and identification from video surveillance systems is being carried out. Their results stand out and gain significant recognition from international scientists. Forensic anthropology in Poland is constantly developing, but there is a need to analyze and harmonize the norms regulating the profession of forensic anthropologists.
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Langley, Natalie R., Lee Meadows Jantz, Shauna McNulty, Heli Maijanen, Stephen D. Ousley, and Richard L. Jantz. "Data for validation of osteometric methods in forensic anthropology." Data in Brief 19 (August 2018): 21–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.dib.2018.04.148.
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Kang, Hyun Wook. "The outline of forensic anthropology: Experience through an exhumation of the 4.3 massacre." Journal of Medicine and Life Science 6, no. 2 (March 1, 2009): 73–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.22730/jmls.2009.6.2.73.
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Forensic anthropology is the scientific discipline that applies the methods of physical anthropology and archaeology to the collection and analysis of legal evidence. The work of anthropologists overlaps the work of both the crime scene investigator and the medical examiner (or forensic pathologist) except that they deal with human remains losing legal consequence. ln this paper author reviewed the outline of forensic anthropology and described what experienced through an exhumation of the 4.3 massacre.
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Yadav, Sneha, Nipun Kulshreshtha, Shalu Sharma, and Tanishq Joshi. "Victim identification through skeletal remains: A review." IP International Journal of Forensic Medicine and Toxicological Sciences 8, no. 1 (May 15, 2023): 8–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.18231/j.ijfmts.2023.002.
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Investigative authorities use forensic anthropology to examine human skeletal remains in order to identify unidentified human remnants. Anthropology alone is the study of man, but also includes culture, language, and physical remains of humans. Forensic anthropology is used to help with the recovery of human remains and to interpret trauma. Asian, African, and European people, as well as the living and the dead, are all of interest to anthropologists. Anthropologists are also fascinated with a wide range of human characteristics, such as their technology, family dynamics, cultures, and linguistic. Forensic otology is a branch of forensic anthropology. The field began in the 19th century. Mathieu or fill published a textbook on measurements of arm bones in 1835. E.A Bertillon proposed an anthropometric system for personal identification in 1885. A branch of physical anthropology is forensic anthropology. In this analysis, criminal cases are solved using skeletal analysis and other archaeology methods. Experts in forensic anthropology focus on examining hard tissues like bones. They are also skilled at locating and recovering buried bodies. In this review we are going to discuss about the ways of identification of a victim by found skeletal remains
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Villa, Chiara, Niels Lynnerup, Lene Warner Thorup Boel, Jesper L. Boldsen, Svenja Weise, Camilla Bjarnø, Lars Krants Larsen, and Marie Louise Jørkov. "Forensic Anthropology and Archaeology in Denmark." Scandinavian Journal of Forensic Science 28, s1 (December 1, 2022): 3–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/sjfs-2022-0016.
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Abstract In this paper, we provide a brief overview of the status of forensic anthropology and forensic archeology in Denmark, as well as related information about education, research, and skeletal collections. Forensic anthropologists mainly deal with the examination of unidentified skeletal remains. Some special tasks include cranial trauma analysis of the recently deceased, advanced 3D visualization from CT scanning of homicide cases, and stature estimation of perpetrators using surveillance videos. Forensic anthropologists are employed at one of Denmark’s three departments of forensic medicine (in Copenhagen, Odense, and Aarhus) and have access to advanced imaging equipment (e.g., CT and MR scanning, surface scanners, and 3D printers) for use in both their requisitioned work and their research. Extensive research is conducted on different topics, such as the health and diseases of past populations, age estimation, and human morphology. Research is based on skeletal material from the archeological collections housed in Copenhagen and Odense or on CT data from the recently deceased. There is no full degree in forensic anthropology in Denmark, but elective courses and lectures are offered to students at different levels and to people from different professional backgrounds. Forensic archaeology is a relatively new field of expertise in Denmark, and relevant cases are rare, with only one or two cases per year. No forensic archeologists are officially employed in any of the departments of forensic medicine. Until recently, the Special Crime Unit of the police handled crime scene investigations involving excavations, but with the option of enlisting the help of outside specialists, such as archaeologists, anthropologists, and pathologists. An official excavation work group was established in 2015 under the lead of the Special Crime Unit of the police with the aim of refining the methods and procedures used in relevant criminal investigations. The group is represented by five police officers from the Special Crime Scene Unit, a police officer from the National Police Dog Training center, the two archaeologists from Moesgaard Museum, a forensic anthropologist from the Department of Forensic Medicine (University of Copenhagen), and a forensic pathologist from the Department of Forensic Medicine (University of Aarhus).
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Paul, Pabitra, Ashish Mukhopadhyay, and Subir Biswas. "Stature determination from different body dimensions: a systematic review appraisal." INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL RESEARCH AND REVIEW 21 (April 30, 2020): 19–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.52756/ijerr.2020.v21.003.
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Forensic anthropology is a special sub-field of biological anthropology (the study of human remains) that involves applying skeletal analysis and techniques in archaeology and forensic sciences to solving identity cases. Generally speaking forensic anthropology is the examination of human skeletal remains for law enforcement agencies to help with the recovery of human remains, determine the identity of unidentified human remains, interpret trauma, and estimate time since death. Through the established methods, a forensic anthropologist can aid law enforcement in establishing a profile of the unidentified remains. The profile includes sex, age, ancestry, height, length of time since death, and sometimes the evaluation of trauma observed on bones. In many cases after identity of an individual is made, the forensic anthropologist is called to testify in court regarding the identity of the remains and/or the trauma or wounds present on the remains. In the era of uncertainty of life and uplifment of criminal activities, there should be an enriched stock of scientific weapons for investigation and identification. In this context, the present review analysis initiated for the prediction of stature of an individual from different body parts that could enhance the procedures of identification as well as investigation.
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Plens, Cláudia R., Katarzyna Górka, and Yuli Andrea Lopez Quintero. "The Identified Osteological Collections of South America and Their Ethical Dimensions." Forensic Sciences 2, no. 1 (March 1, 2022): 238–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/forensicsci2010018.
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Recent years have brought an important increase in the interest in identified human osteological collections in South America. Their number has been systematically growing and their sizes have been expanding, allowing the development of the field of forensic anthropology, among other disciplines, in this region. These collections are used mainly for the validation of international forensic anthropology methods for national and local populations, as well as for the training of professionals and researchers. Despite their growth, important limitation related to the lack of variability in the representativeness of individuals within these collections represents a significant drawback. Likewise, their concentration in only a few countries constitutes a noteworthy concern. This article aims at mapping the existing identified human osteological collections in South America, discussing the advances in the area of forensic anthropology that they have allowed, and reflecting upon their ethical dimensions in the South American context.
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Sierp, Ingrid, and Maciej Henneberg. "The Difficulty of Sexing Skeletons from Unknown Populations." Journal of Anthropology 2015 (December 31, 2015): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2015/908535.
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Determination of sex from skeletal remains is performed using a number of methods developed by biological anthropology. They must be evaluated for consistency and for their performance in a forensic setting. Twenty skeletons of varied provenance had their sex determined by 15 existing methods of forensic anthropology (7 metric and 8 morphological). The methods were evaluated for their consistency in determination of sex. No single individual was identified as belonging to one sex exclusively. Ambiguous results were obtained by metric methods for fourteen individuals (70%) and by morphological methods for only five individuals (25%) (Chi-squared = 4.3, df = 1, P<0.05). Methods which use the size of bones as an indicator of sex perform poorly on skeletal remains of individuals of unknown provenance. Methods which combine morphologic and metric techniques, that is, geometric morphometric analysis, may result in greater levels of consistency.
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Yang, Wen, Mingquan Zhou, Pengfei Zhang, Guohua Geng, Xiaoning Liu, and Haibo Zhang. "Skull Sex Estimation Based on Wavelet Transform and Fourier Transform." BioMed Research International 2020 (January 11, 2020): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2020/8608209.
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Skull sex estimation is one of the hot research topics in forensic anthropology, and has important research value in the fields of criminal investigation, archeology, anthropology, and so on. Sex estimation of skull is crucial in forensic investigations, whether in legal situations that involve living people or to identify mortal remains. The aim of this study is to establish a skull-based sex estimation model in Chinese population, providing a scientific reference for the practical application of forensic medicine and anthropology. We take the superior orbital margin and frontal bone of the skull as the research object and proposed a technology of objective sex estimation of the skull using wavelet transform and Fourier transform. Firstly, the supraorbital margin and frontal bone were quantified by wavelet transform and Fourier transform, and then the extracted features were classified by SVM, and the model was tested. The experimental results show that the accuracy rate of male and female sex discrimination is 90.9% and 94.4%, respectively, which is higher than that of morphological and measurement methods. Compared with the traditional methods, the method has more theoretical basis and objectivity, and the correct rate is higher.
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Narozhna, O. V. "IMPLEMENTATION OF THE ACHIEVEMENTS OF FORENSIC ARCHEOLOGY AND FORENSIC ANTHROPOLOGY IN THE INVESTIGATION OF ILLEGAL SEARCH OPERATIONS AT AN ARCHAEOLOGICAL HERITAGE SITE." Constitutional State, no. 49 (April 18, 2023): 190–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.18524/2411-2054.2023.49.276057.
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The results of expert research in the field of forensic anthropology and forensic archeology help solve many important tasks: identify bone remains, determine the antiquity of a crime and can help historians and archaeologists find answers about the way of life, habits and level of civilization of a particular era. In some cases, even a historical investigation is possible, in which special knowledge of forensic anthropology and archeology can also come in handy. The study of skeletons and corpses, mummified remains of ancient people, cooperation with criminologists and historians helps not only to recognize certain individuals in the presence of materials for comparative research, but also to verify or refute more global versions of certain facts of the life of the entire historical society. The active development of forensic archeology and anthropology abroad provides a worthy example for domestic science and practice to borrow the positive experience of European and American colleagues. We see the use of the results of forensic archeology and forensic anthropology as part of a complex forensic investigation within the framework of the investigation of many offenses, in particular, illegal search operations at an archaeological heritage site, destruction, destruction or damage to cultural heritage sites. General scientific methods of research are empirical (experiment, observation, description) and theoretical (analysis, synthesis, abstraction, generalization, induction, deduction, explanation, classification, etc.), as well as systemic, functional, specifically sociological. The purpose of the article is to develop and analyze the theoretical foundations of conducting a complex forensic-medical and forensic-archaeological/forensic-anthropological examination during the investigation of illegal search operations at an archaeological heritage site, destruction, destruction or damage of cultural heritage sites and other offenses. First of all, when investigating the illegal conduct of search works at an archaeological heritage site, it is necessary to use the achievements of many sciences, to come to a systematic perception of the research object, to look for new interdisciplinary approaches. Secondly, when studying skeletonized remains and corpses, it is necessary to combine knowledge from forensic medicine, history, archeology and anthropology. It is necessary to develop a plan for the investigation of crimes taking into account the appointment of such types of examinations, to calculate certain deadlines and the complexity of investigations of this kind. Thirdly, to develop and test the methodology of conducting comprehensive forensic-medical and forensic-archaeological/forensic-anthropological examinations taking into account the achievements of these fields of knowledge and modern domestic technical and personnel capabilities. Fourth, to study the experience of foreign colleagues, in particular, American research centers and criminal proceedings, to improve the qualifications of certain specialists directly on international practice bases.
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Chovalopoulou, Maria-Eleni, Efstratios Valakos, and Efthymia Nikita. "Skeletal Sex Estimation Methods Based on the Athens Collection." Forensic Sciences 2, no. 4 (October 30, 2022): 715–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/forensicsci2040053.
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The aim of this paper was to present all studies that have used the Athens Collection in order to develop methods for skeletal sex estimations and highlight the importance of documented skeletal reference collections in forensic anthropology. The Athens Collection is housed at the National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Greece; it consists of 250 individuals and both sexes are well-represented. Several studies have used this collection for skeletal sex estimations. In particular, macroscopic observation methods have been used based on the cranium and pelvis; metric methods, including geometric morphometrics, have been applied to cranial and postcranial elements. These studies involved both the development of methods for the sex estimation of Greek/Eastern Mediterranean assemblages and an examination of the accuracy of the existing methods, thus making this collection a key resource for forensic anthropological and bioarchaeological research.
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Meucci, Marine, Emeline Verna, and Caroline Costedoat. "The Skeletal Remains of Soldiers from the Two World Wars: between Identification, Health Research and Memorial Issues." Genes 13, no. 10 (October 13, 2022): 1852. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/genes13101852.
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After causing mass disasters that claimed the lives of tens of thousands of soldiers from countries around the world, the two Great Wars left some of them lost and missing. In France, these corpses reside in a legal vagueness where they belong neither to forensic anthropology nor archeology. Nevertheless, the process of identification and determining the cause of death requires the use of modern forensic anthropology by applying biological profiling and DNA analysis. New genomic methods also provide insight into the health statuses of these military populations, providing new perspectives on these periods of humanitarian crisis.
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Ermida, Catarina, Eugénia Cunha, and Maria Teresa Ferreira. "Dating death." Antropologia Portuguesa, no. 39 (December 12, 2022): 45–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.14195/2182-7982_39_3.
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The estimation of the postmortem interval (PMI), particularly the late time since death, is a crucial issue when dealing with human remains. Its establishment is an important task for forensic scientists since it has important legal implications such as identifying a victim or prosecuting an offender. However, dating death is a very complex and challenging task due to the amount of intrinsic and extrinsic factors, that may influence the rate and nature of body decomposition. Many methods have been used to estimate PMI, from classical decomposition methods to entomological and botanical methods or more recently physics and biochemical methods.
This paper reviews current forensic dating methods, focusing especially on forensic anthropological techniques. Nevertheless, the existing literature is insufficient, denoting a lack of effective methods to achieve an accurate and reliable PMI estimation and further investigation is required. A holistic approach, where every element must be considered, is the key to achieving a reliable estimation of PMI. Interdisciplinarity is thus mandatory, allied with the capacity of forensic anthropologists to denote all the details.
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Żądzińska, Elżbieta. "Forensic Microscopy for Skeletal Tissues: Methods and Protocols." Anthropological Review 76, no. 2 (December 1, 2013): 241–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/anre-2013-0025.
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Thurzo, Andrej, Helena Svobodová Kosnáčová, Veronika Kurilová, Silvester Kosmeľ, Radoslav Beňuš, Norbert Moravanský, Peter Kováč, Kristína Mikuš Kuracinová, Michal Palkovič, and Ivan Varga. "Use of Advanced Artificial Intelligence in Forensic Medicine, Forensic Anthropology and Clinical Anatomy." Healthcare 9, no. 11 (November 12, 2021): 1545. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/healthcare9111545.
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Three-dimensional convolutional neural networks (3D CNN) of artificial intelligence (AI) are potent in image processing and recognition using deep learning to perform generative and descriptive tasks. Compared to its predecessor, the advantage of CNN is that it automatically detects the important features without any human supervision. 3D CNN is used to extract features in three dimensions where input is a 3D volume or a sequence of 2D pictures, e.g., slices in a cone-beam computer tomography scan (CBCT). The main aim was to bridge interdisciplinary cooperation between forensic medical experts and deep learning engineers, emphasizing activating clinical forensic experts in the field with possibly basic knowledge of advanced artificial intelligence techniques with interest in its implementation in their efforts to advance forensic research further. This paper introduces a novel workflow of 3D CNN analysis of full-head CBCT scans. Authors explore the current and design customized 3D CNN application methods for particular forensic research in five perspectives: (1) sex determination, (2) biological age estimation, (3) 3D cephalometric landmark annotation, (4) growth vectors prediction, (5) facial soft-tissue estimation from the skull and vice versa. In conclusion, 3D CNN application can be a watershed moment in forensic medicine, leading to unprecedented improvement of forensic analysis workflows based on 3D neural networks.
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Juarez, Chelsey A., Cris E. Hughes, and An‐Di Yim. "Technical note: A report on the Forensic Anthropology Database for Assessing Methods Accuracy." American Journal of Physical Anthropology 174, no. 1 (November 3, 2020): 149–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ajpa.24167.
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Spradley, M. Kate. "Metric Methods for the Biological Profile in Forensic Anthropology: Sex, Ancestry, and Stature." Academic Forensic Pathology 6, no. 3 (September 2016): 391–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.23907/2016.040.
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Komar, Debra. "Skeletal Attributions of Race: Methods for Forensic Anthropology. George W. Gill , Stanley Rhine." Journal of Anthropological Research 61, no. 2 (July 2005): 252–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/jar.61.2.3630875.
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Berezowski, Victoria, Xanthé Mallett, Justin Ellis, and Ian Moffat. "Using Ground Penetrating Radar and Resistivity Methods to Locate Unmarked Graves: A Review." Remote Sensing 13, no. 15 (July 23, 2021): 2880. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs13152880.
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The location of unmarked graves in forensic and archaeological investigations is legally and culturally important. In a forensic context, locating covert burials of missing persons can provide closure to the family, as well as facilitating the successful prosecution of the individual(s) responsible. Archaeologically, burials provide an important source of information about health, diet, physical anthropology, and culture. Despite the importance of these features, the location of unmarked graves with conventional archaeological and forensic techniques, such as excavation, is difficult and expensive. As a result, geophysical techniques have been widely applied to the location of unmarked graves as they are non-invasive, cost and time effective, and avoid the unnecessary disturbance of human remains. This article brings together the literature on ground penetrating radar (GPR), and two resistivity methods, electrical resistivity tomography (ERT) and fixed probe resistivity (FPR), on their ability to locate burials and reviews their use in forensic and archaeological investigations. This paper aims to provide law enforcement personnel, archaeologists, geophysicists, and interested academics with an overview of how these techniques work, how they have been previously applied to grave detection, and the strengths and weakness of these methods.
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Flaherty, Taylor M., Liam J. Johnson, Katharine C. Woollen, Dayanira Lopez, Katherine Gaddis, SaMoura L. Horsley, and Jennifer F. Byrnes. "Speaking of Sex: Critical Reflections for Forensic Anthropologists." Humans 3, no. 4 (October 18, 2023): 251–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/humans3040020.
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Forensic anthropologists have a responsibility to appropriately relay information about a decedent in medicolegal reports and when communicating with the public. The terms ‘sex’ and ‘sex estimation’ have been applied with numerous, inconsistent definitions under the guise that sex—a broad, complex concept—can be reduced to a female/male binary. This binary does not reflect biocultural realities and harms those whose bodies do not meet social expectations of maleness or femaleness. The University of Nevada, Las Vegas’ Forensic Anthropology and Bioarchaeology Laboratory (UNLV FAB Lab) advocates for the use of the term ‘assigned sex at birth’ (ASAB) to highlight that binary sex is not biologically inherent to the body, but rather, assigned by society. Additionally, we call for the use of disclaimers in case reports to denote the limitations of ASAB estimation methods, the differentiation between those with mixed trait expression (i.e., indeterminate) and those on whom an ASAB analysis cannot be performed (i.e., unknown), and the included consideration of gender in forensic anthropology research and case reports. Such applications challenge biological normalcy, allowing forensic anthropologists to actively advocate for those whose bodies do not meet biocultural expectations.
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Campanacho, Vanessa, Francisca Alves Cardoso, and Douglas H. Ubelaker. "Documented Skeletal Collections and Their Importance in Forensic Anthropology in the United States." Forensic Sciences 1, no. 3 (December 15, 2021): 228–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/forensicsci1030021.
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Documented skeletal collections are the backbone of forensic anthropology due to their associated biohistories. This paper describes the identified skeletal collections and their relevance in forensic anthropological research, education and training in the US. The establishment of documented skeletal collections in the US can be distinguished into two modus operandi, depending on the stance towards the dead, legislation, and medical and forensic practices. In the 19th and early 20th centuries, anatomists amassed skeletons from cadaver dissections, shaped by European influences. Those skeletons compose the anatomical collections—such as the Robert J. Terry Anatomical Collection—predominantly representing impoverished and unclaimed individuals. Ethical concerns for the curation and research of African American skeletons without family consent are growing in the US. In contrast, since the 1980s, modern documented skeletal collections originated from body donations to human taphonomy facilities, such as the William M. Bass Donated Skeletal Collection. The establishment and testing of osteological methods essential to establish one’s identity—such as age at death and sex—have been developed with skeletons from documented collections. Therefore, the analysis of identified skeletons has been crucial for the development of forensic anthropology in the US.
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Ross, Ann H., and Shanna E. Williams. "Ancestry Studies in Forensic Anthropology: Back on the Frontier of Racism." Biology 10, no. 7 (June 29, 2021): 602. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/biology10070602.
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One of the parameters forensic anthropologists have traditionally estimated is ancestry, which is used in the United States as a proxy for social race. Its use is controversial because the biological race concept was debunked by scientists decades ago. However, many forensic anthropologists contend, in part, that because social race categories used by law enforcement can be predicted by cranial variation, ancestry remains a necessary parameter for estimation. Here, we use content analysis of the Journal of Forensic Sciences for the period 2009–2019 to demonstrate the use of various nomenclature and resultant confusion in ancestry estimation studies, and as a mechanism to discuss how forensic anthropologists have eschewed a human variation approach to studying human morphological differences in favor of a simplistic and debunked typological one. Further, we employ modern geometric morphometric and spatial analysis methods on craniofacial coordinate anatomical landmarks from several Latin American samples to test the validity of applying the antiquated tri-continental approach to ancestry (i.e., African, Asian, European). Our results indicate groups are not patterned by the ancestry trifecta. These findings illustrate the benefit and necessity of embracing studies that employ population structure models to better understand human variation and the historical factors that have influenced it.
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Bašić, Željana, Stipan Janković, Šimun Anđelinović, Dragan Primorac, Katarina Vilović, Darko Kero, Snježana Štambuk, et al. "Anthropological individualization of relics from sarcophagus stored in Vodnjan monastery, Vodnjan, Croatia." St open 3 (June 24, 2022): 1–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.48188/so.3.5.
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Aim: To develop a methodology for the estimation of the preservation of human skeletal remains – the relics in the Vodnjan assembly; to estimate the minimum number of individuals (MNI), sex, and age; to evaluate the physical state of their remains, and to individualize the remains to verify the list of saints allegedly buried at the monastery. Methods: Standard crime scene investigation and forensic anthropology methods were used, including trace evidence marking, photography, minimum number of individuals (MNI) estimation, sex, age, stature estimation, pathological and traumatic changes examination, individuation, and individualization by the comparison to the biography. Results: The total sample of the bones in the Vodnjan relic collection was very poorly preserved. The MNI in the sarcophagus was twenty-two. Of those, three were female, twelve were male, and seven were subadults. Conclusion: The forensic approach to the documentation and analysis of relics was appropriate for this kind of skeletal material. The final identification was not possible because of the poor preservation of skeletal material and the lack of hagiographical (antemortem) data. However, the forensic anthropology approach enabled us to create osteobiographies, and after the comparison with the existing antemortem data, we could not exclude that the remains belonged to the named saints.
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dani, Rupa. "Comparative Study of Femur Bone in Human and Non- Human Species." International Journal of Forensic Sciences 9, no. 2 (2024): 1–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.23880/ijfsc-16000389.
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Understanding skeletal remains found at crime scenes or archaeological sites requires a multidisciplinary approach involving anthropology, zoology, and wildlife forensics. Anthropology focuses on analyzing measurements, size, shape, and structure of bones to determine the cause of death, whether it involves humans or animals. Wildlife forensics investigates animal deaths, particularly for illegal activities like poaching and smuggling, by examining remains such as bones, skins, and horns. Zoology contributes by studying the behavior and characteristics of living creatures, as well as preserving and studying extinct species for future research in zoological museums. Examining human remains yields insights beyond individual data, shedding light on broader societal dynamics. Through classification by sex and age, valuable information emerges regarding mortality patterns, demography, and even migration within the community or society where the individual lives. This interdisciplinary approach allows for a comprehensive understanding of past populations, contributing to our knowledge of cultural practices, social structures, and historical contexts. In simpler terms, when bones are discovered at a crime scene, anthropological methods help identify the type of bone. If it's determined to be from an animal, wildlife forensics is employed to investigate the circumstances of its death. If the bone belongs to a rare species, zoology is used to preserve the specimen for further study and display in a zoological museum. This interdisciplinary approach ensures a comprehensive understanding of skeletal remains and their significance in forensic investigations and scientific research.
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Lontai, Márton, Horolma Pamzsav, and Dávid Petrétei. "Artificial Intelligence in Forensic Sciences Revolution or Invasion?" Belügyi Szemle 72, no. 4 (April 27, 2024): 577–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.38146/bsz-ajia.2024.v72.i4.pp577-592.
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Aim: The first half of the two-part study is on the emerging role of artificial intelligence in the forensic sciences. After clarifying the basic concepts and a brief historical overview, the possibilities of using AI in various forensic fields are discussed: genetics, pattern recognition, chemistry, toxicology, anthropology, forensic medicine, and scene reconstruction. Methodology: The study synthesises several recently published international papers. Findings: The penetration of the application of artificial intelligence into some fields of science is undoubtedly an ongoing process. Most of the varied forensic fields also cannot avoid this development. Analysing large databases unmanageable with traditional methods, pattern recognition, and machine learning can all be important tools for forensic science. However, an important conclusion is that AI is a supporter of human expert work, not a substitute. Value: In the field of forensic sciences, no such detailed summary article has been published in Hungarian so far.
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Lontai, Márton, Horolma Pamjav, and Dávid Petrérei. "Artificial Intelligence in Forensic SciencesRevolution or Invasion? Part I." Belügyi Szemle 72, no. 4 (April 27, 2024): 701–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.38146/bsz-ajia.2024.v72.i4.pp701-715.
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Aim: The first half of the two-part study is on the emerging role of artificial intelligence in the forensic sciences. After clarifying the basic concepts and a brief historical overview, the possibilities of using AI in various forensic fields are discussed: genetics, pattern recognition, chemistry, toxicology, anthropology, forensic medicine, and scene reconstruction. Methodology: The study synthesises several recently published international papers. Findings: The penetration of the application of artificial intelligence into some fields of science is undoubtedly an ongoing process. Most of the varied forensic fields also cannot avoid this development. Analysing large databases unmanageable with traditional methods, pattern recognition, and machine learning can all be important tools for forensic science. However, an important conclusion is that AI is a supporter of human expert work, not a substitute. Value: In the field of forensic sciences, no such detailed summary article has been published in Hungarian so far.
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Márquez-Grant, Nicholas, Elisa Baldini, Victoria Jeynes, Lucie Biehler-Gomez, Layla Aoukhiyad, Nicholas V. Passalacqua, Gaia Giordano, Domenico Di Candia, and Cristina Cattaneo. "How Do Drugs Affect the Skeleton? Implications for Forensic Anthropology." Biology 11, no. 4 (March 29, 2022): 524. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/biology11040524.
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Forensic anthropologists rely on a number of parameters when analyzing human skeletal remains to assist in the identification of the deceased, predominantly age-at-death, sex, stature, ancestry or population affinity, and any unique identifying features. During the examination of human remains, it is important to be aware that the skeletal features considered when applying anthropological methods may be influenced and modified by a number of factors, and particular to this article, prescription drugs (including medical and non-medical use) and other commonly used drugs. In view of this, this paper aims to review the medical, clinical and pharmacological literature to enable an assessment of those drug groups that as side effects have the potential to have an adverse effect on the skeleton, and explore whether or not they can influence the estimation of age-at-death, sex and other indicators of the biological profile. Moreover, it may be that the observation of certain alterations or inconsistencies in the skeleton may relate to the use of drugs or medication, and this in turn may help narrow down the list of missing persons to which a set of human remains could belong. The information gathered from the clinical and medical literature has been extracted with a forensic anthropological perspective and provides an awareness on how several drugs, such as opioids, cocaine, corticosteroids, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, alcohol, tobacco and others have notable effects on bone. Through different mechanisms, drugs can alter bone mineral density, causing osteopenia, osteoporosis, increase the risk of fractures, osteonecrosis, and oral changes. Not much has been written on the influence of drugs on the skeleton from the forensic anthropological practitioner perspective; and this review, in spite of its limitations and the requirement of further research, aims to investigate the current knowledge of the possible effects of both prescription and recreational drugs on bones, contributing to providing a better awareness in forensic anthropological practice and assisting in the identification process of the deceased.
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Shirley, Natalie R., and Paula Andrea Ramirez Montes. "Age Estimation in Forensic Anthropology: Quantification of Observer Error in Phase Versus Component-Based Methods." Journal of Forensic Sciences 60, no. 1 (November 12, 2014): 107–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1556-4029.12617.
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C. Zapico, Sara, and Douglas H. Ubelaker. "Application of Aspartic Acid Racemization for Age Estimation in a Spanish Sample." Biology 11, no. 6 (June 3, 2022): 856. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/biology11060856.
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Correct age-at-death estimation in adult individuals is one of the challenges of forensic investigation. Forensic anthropology macroscopic techniques are non-invasive methods for this purpose. However, several methods need to be applied to accurately estimate age, and the difference between chronological and predictive age may still be around ±10 years. New research trends are focused on the inherent process of aging, which produces changes in tissues and organs at different biochemical levels. One of the oldest and most studied approaches in this field is aspartic acid racemization. The accuracy of this technique in age estimation has been widely demonstrated. However, only a few studies have assessed its accuracy in different populations. The aim of this research was to assess the accuracy of aspartic acid racemization in a Spanish sample and its applicability to forensic cases. Dentin from fifteen third molars from two Spanish populations (ages 19–70 years old) was isolated and D and L forms of aspartic acid were detected through GC/MS, according to a previous published protocol. D/L ratios were calculated and after the application of a regression analysis, a formula for age estimation was developed. The results were similar to previous studies, obtaining an R = 0.91 between racemization ratios and age and a mean absolute error (MAE) between chronological and predictive age of 5 years. These results were ratified by leave-one-out cross-validation, as well as the application of the formula to five teeth of a known age. Despite these promising results, this technique is not exempt from drawbacks; thus, further studies are required to apply this methodology to forensic cases and to combine it with forensic anthropology findings.
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Jankauskas, Rimantas, and Giedrius Kisielius. "Development of forensic archaeology in Lithuania and identification of historical persons." Scandinavian Journal of Forensic Science 28, s1 (December 1, 2022): 40–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/sjfs-2022-0012.
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Abstract This article presents a brief overview of the development of forensic archaeology in Lithuania. From the beginning of the early 1960s, the disciplines of forensic osteology and anthropology have been intensively developed through extensive work on numerous mass graves left in Lithuania after wars and other social disasters. This has allowed individual researchers and their teams to develop and validate a set of original, population-specific forensic osteological methods. Nevertheless, the term forensic archeology is still new in Lithuania. Only over the last few years has a short program of forensic archeology been offered to students of archaeology. The potential application of forensic archaeology in solving legal issues still lacks the interest of law enforcement and governmental institutions. We want to emphasize the importance of close collaboration between different institutions and an interdisciplinary approach to these investigations as a core value in achieving final goals. In addition, the particular importance of international cooperation to properly commemorate the victims of wars is emphasized.
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Alves-Cardoso, Francisca, and Vanessa Campanacho. "The Scientific Profiles of Documented Collections via Publication Data: Past, Present, and Future Directions in Forensic Anthropology." Forensic Sciences 2, no. 1 (January 12, 2022): 37–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/forensicsci2010004.
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Human osteological documented collections (DCs), also referred to as “identified collections”, are a valuable resource in biological and forensic anthropology, as they offer the possibility for hypothesis-driven research on sex and age-at-death estimation methods, human variability, and other morphometric-based parameters of individual identification. Consequently, they feature in many publications addressing the forensic sciences. The paper aims to explore the scientific profiles of DCs via publication using bibliometric data. The Dimensions databases were used to select the DC-related keywords in the title and abstracts of the publications. The search result analysis and extraction were conducted using VOSviewer. A total of 376 articles were found, published between 1969 and 2021 (November). The number of publications has increased over the years, specifically after 2011. The results show that most of the publications are associated with countries such as the United States and Portugal (the latter highlights the University of Coimbra), that the research tends to focus on human biological profiling (e.g., age, sex assessments), and that the journals with the highest numbers of publications were related to forensic sciences. This analysis shows a positive correlation between DC publications and the growth of forensic anthropology in recent years, with a slight shift towards the leading institutions that publish DC-based research. Hence, we can anticipate a change in the institutional leading profiles in the years to come.
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C. Zapico, Sara, Quentin Gauthier, Aleksandra Antevska, and Bruce R. McCord. "Identifying Methylation Patterns in Dental Pulp Aging: Application to Age-at-Death Estimation in Forensic Anthropology." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 22, no. 7 (April 2, 2021): 3717. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms22073717.
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Age-at-death estimation constitutes one of the key parameters for identification of human remains in forensic investigations. However, for applications in forensic anthropology, many current methods are not sufficiently accurate for adult individuals, leading to chronological age estimates erring by ±10 years. Based on recent trends in aging studies, DNA methylation has great potential as a solution to this problem. However, there are only a few studies that have been published utilizing DNA methylation to determine age from human remains. The aim of the present study was to expand the range of this work by analyzing DNA methylation in dental pulp from adult individuals. Healthy erupted third molars were extracted from individuals aged 22–70. DNA from pulp was isolated and bisulfite converted. Pyrosequencing was the chosen technique to assess DNA methylation. As noted in previous studies, we found that ELOVL2 and FHL2 CpGs played a role in age estimation. In addition, three new markers were evaluated—NPTX2, KLF14, and SCGN. A set of CpGs from these five loci was used in four different multivariate regression models, providing a Mean Absolute Error (MAE) between predicted and chronological age of 1.5–2.13 years. The findings from this research can improve age estimation, increasing the accuracy of identification in forensic anthropology.
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Sigler-Eisenberg, Brenda. "Forensic Research: Expanding the Concept of Applied Archaeology." American Antiquity 50, no. 3 (July 1985): 650–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0002731600086467.
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Anthropology, along with chemistry, geology, physics, medicine, and mathematics, consists of scientific modes of inquiry and techniques that have application for the public good beyond the boundaries of the respective disciplines. Within the past few decades the application of these sciences has emerged as a major force in scientific police investigations. The methods and techniques of archaeology are increasingly being applied by physical anthropologists and police investigators to the excavation of bodies buried during the course of criminal activity. It is argued that the potential for substantive and methodological contributions to archaeology, as well as to the criminal justice system, warrants increased participation and support of forensic research by forensically trained professional archaeologists.
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Monteiro, Sara, Francisco Curate, Susana Garcia, and Eugénia Cunha. "The Identification Potential of Atherosclerotic Calcifications in the Context of Forensic Anthropology." Biology 13, no. 2 (January 23, 2024): 66. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/biology13020066.
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Atherosclerosis is an inflammatory disease that, in its more developed stages, can lead to the calcification of fatty plaques on the walls of arteries, resulting in the appearance of new bone elements. It is a condition that has been studied and documented little in the context of paleopathology, especially in the framework of forensic anthropology. This article analyzed the skeletal remains of 71 individuals (35 females and 36 males) from the Luís Lopes Identified Collection of the National Museum of Natural History and Science in Lisbon, 31 of whom had an autopsy report. An attempt was made to ascertain whether these bone elements resulting from atherosclerotic calcification would resist cadaveric decomposition and whether they would be recoverable several years after burial, and a survey was carried out of their distribution according to sex and age, as well as their association with other pathologies, such as osteoporosis and cardiac and renal pathologies. An imaging analysis of an atherosclerotic plaque was also carried out to complement the macroscopic analysis and present other methods of identifying plaques. It was concluded that each atherosclerotic calcification has a unique profile, which can be useful for identification, especially in cases where the individual shows a severe condition. In terms of identification potential, the analysis of calcified atherosclerotic plaques can be useful, as they can corroborate or reject an identification. However, it always requires the existence of ante-mortem imaging exams and must always be used in addition to other identification methods. Regardless of the identification, these plaques are bone elements resulting from a pathology and should, therefore, be known and recognized by the scientific community.
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Beschiu, Laura Maria, Lavinia Cosmina Ardelean, Codruta Victoria Tigmeanu, and Laura-Cristina Rusu. "Cranial and Odontological Methods for Sex Estimation—A Scoping Review." Medicina 58, no. 9 (September 14, 2022): 1273. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/medicina58091273.
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The estimation of sex from osteological and dental records has long been an interdisciplinary field of dentistry, forensic medicine and anthropology alike, as it concerns all the above mentioned specialties. The aim of this article is to review the current literature regarding methods used for sex estimation based on the skull and the teeth, covering articles published between January 2015 and July 2022. New methods and new approaches to old methods are constantly emerging in this field, therefore resulting in the need to summarize the large amount of data available. Morphometric, morphologic and biochemical analysis were reviewed in living populations, autopsy cases and archaeological records. The cranial and odontological sex estimation methods are highly population-specific and there is a great need for these methods to be applied to and verified on more populations. Except for DNA analysis, which has a prediction accuracy of 100%, there is no other single method that can achieve such accuracy in predicting sex from cranial or odontological records.
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Castagnola, María Josefina, Francisco Medina-Paz, and Sara C. Zapico. "Uncovering Forensic Evidence: A Path to Age Estimation through DNA Methylation." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 25, no. 9 (April 30, 2024): 4917. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms25094917.
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Age estimation is a critical aspect of reconstructing a biological profile in forensic sciences. Diverse biochemical processes have been studied in their correlation with age, and the results have driven DNA methylation to the forefront as a promising biomarker. DNA methylation, an epigenetic modification, has been extensively studied in recent years for developing age estimation models in criminalistics and forensic anthropology. Epigenetic clocks, which analyze DNA sites undergoing hypermethylation or hypomethylation as individuals age, have paved the way for improved prediction models. A wide range of biomarkers and methods for DNA methylation analysis have been proposed, achieving different accuracies across samples and cell types. This review extensively explores literature from the past 5 years, showing scientific efforts toward the ultimate goal: applying age prediction models to assist in human identification.
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Albanese, John, Abegail Dagdag, Carmen Skalic, Stephanie Osley, and Hugo Cardoso. "The Fall and Rise of Identified Reference Collection: It Is Possible and Necessary to Transition from a Typological Conceptualization of Variation to Effective Utilization of Collections." Forensic Sciences 2, no. 2 (June 17, 2022): 438–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/forensicsci2020033.
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In some jurisdictions, race, ancestry or population affinity are part of the biological profile used in preliminary identification, for historical and political reasons. It is long overdue for forensic anthropologists to abandon this typological approach to human variation, regardless of the terms used. Using a sample (n = 105) selected from the Terry and Coimbra identified reference collections, a blind experimental approach is used to test several metric methods and versions of methods for group estimation (Fordisc 3.0 and 3.1, and AncesTrees), that rely on different statistical approaches (discriminant function analysis and random forest algorithms, respectively) derived from different reference samples (Howells’ data in AncesTrees and Fordisc 3.1, and different forensic subsamples in Fordisc 3.0 and 3.1). The accuracy for matching premortem documented group designation is consistently low (36 to 50%) across testing parameters and consistent with other independent tests. The results clearly show that a change in terminology, software updates, alternative statistics, expanded reference samples, and newer collections will not solve the underlying fundamental problems. It is possible and necessary to transition from a typological conceptualization of variation to the effective utilization of identified reference collections in Forensic Anthropology. In addition to the theoretical and methodological reasons, it is unethical for forensic anthropologists to continue to use on the deceased methods that do not work and that serve only to further exclude and marginalize the living.
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Jeong, Yangseung, Eun Jin Woo, and Sookyoung Lee. "Bibliometric Analysis on the Trend of the Computed Tomography (CT)-Related Studies in the Field of Forensic Science." Applied Sciences 10, no. 22 (November 17, 2020): 8133. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app10228133.
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The computed tomography (CT) technique has attracted much attention as a promising tool for non-invasive diagnosis and examination in the field of forensic science. The purpose of this study is to assess the trend in CT-related forensic studies through bibliometric methods and thus present a holistic idea about the application of CT in the field of forensic science of the past and present. A total of 2084 articles published in the Scopus index journals between 1978 and 2020 were analyzed using VOSviewer 1.6.15. A drastic increase in the number of CT-related articles was noticed in forensic science since the early 2000s. Switzerland, having the most productive institution (University of Zurich) and author (Michael J. Thali), contributed most to the increasing number of publications. Forensic Science International was the top journal, where approximately 12.5% of the articles (261 out of 2084) have been published. CT was frequently used for autopsy and diagnosis purposes, but recently its applicability has expanded to the field of forensic anthropology and personal identification. This research is expected to provide researchers using CT with not only an understanding about past research trends but also an insight about future research topics and potential collaborative opportunities.
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Wazir, Sartaj Singh, Pallok Arora, Rahul Srivastava, and Sameer Rastogi. "Forensic Application of Palatal Rugae in Dental Identification." Journal of Nepal Medical Association 53, no. 199 (September 30, 2015): 151–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.31729/jnma.2781.
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Introduction: The palatal rugae are anatomical folds or wrinkles located on the anterior third of the palate behind the incisive papilla on each side of the palatal raphe. The rugae patterns have been studied for various purposes mainly in the field of anthropology, comparative anatomy, genetics, prosthodontics, orthodontics and forensic odontology. This study is aimed to determine the difference in number and pattern of palatal rugae in males and females.
Methods: This is a prospective study in which maxillary impressions of 50 volunteers, 25 males and 25 females were taken and the casts prepared. The boundaries of the rugae were marked with a HB pencil and were observed with a magnifying glass following the classification used by Kapali, et al, (1997). Association between rugae number and sex and rugae shape and sex were tested using two sample unpaired t test.
Results: The study revealed significant difference in the pattern of converge rugae which were found to be higher in females than males, however, no statistical significant difference was found in the number of rugae between the two sexes.
Conclusions: The rugae pattern can be an additional method of differentiation between the males and females in conjunction with the other methods used in forensic sciences.
Keywords: forensic science; human identification; palatal rugae.
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Atreya, Alok, Rijen Shrestha, Lujaw Ratna Tuladhar, Samata Nepal, Raju Shrestha, and Sanjay Kumar Sah. "Sex Predictability by Using Mandibular Canine Index." Journal of Nepal Health Research Council 17, no. 4 (January 21, 2020): 501–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.33314/jnhrc.v17i4.2187.
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Background: Canines are known for their higher resistance to trauma and pathological alterations when compared to other teeth. Among all the teeth, canines show highest sexual dimorphism.Methods: This descriptive cross-sectional study was commenced from January 2019 to April 2019 after the ethical approval from Institutional Review Committee. The maximum mesio-distal widths of right and left mandibular canines and mandibular inter-canine arch width were measured on the cast with the help of a divider and digital vernier callipers. Mandibular canine index was calculated by dividing the mesio-distal width of each mandibular canine with inter-canine arch width. Data was entered and analyzed using Statistical Package for the Social Sciences version 21. Results: Sex predictability by using mandibular canine index in the present study showed poor sex predictability (57.5% - 62.5%).Conclusions: Sex determination should be done by other methods and mandibular canine index should be used cautiously in Nepalese population.Keywords: Canine dimorphism; forensic anthropology; forensic dentistry; forensic identification, sex determination.
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Arofi Kurniawan, Aisyah Novianti, Feby Ayu Lestari, and Sheryn Marcha Ramaniasari. "Integrating artificial intelligence and adult dental age estimation in forensic identification: A literature review." World Journal of Advanced Research and Reviews 21, no. 2 (February 28, 2024): 1374–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.30574/wjarr.2024.21.2.0605.
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Age estimation is crucial in various forensic fields, including forensic medicine, anthropology, and demographic studies. Adult dental age estimation is affected by multiple factors, resulting in discrepancies between dental age and chronological age. The development of artificial intelligence (AI) technology has led to extensive investigations in forensic sciences, encompassing several areas such as facial recognition, age, sex identification, and DNA analysis. Adult age estimation methods commonly used include the pulp-tooth ratio approach, the Harris & Nortje method, and the Van Heerden method. AI approaches such as Fuzzy Logic (FL), Evolutionary Computing (EC), and Machine Learning (ML) are being extensively applied. These techniques use algorithms to imitate human thinking and behavior. Deep learning techniques, explicitly using deep convolutional neural networks (DCNN), enable age estimation by segmenting images and making measurements, replicating the cognitive processes of radiologists when computing indices such as the third molar maturity (I3M) index. Also, DCNNs automatically optimize teeth segmentation in dental X-ray images, improving image refining and analysis efficiency. AI integration in forensic dentistry improves the precision and effectiveness of dental data processing while significantly accelerating individual identification procedures. Incorporating this technology shows potential for enhancing the caliber and dependability of evidence in forensic investigations.
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Joon, Vandana, and Dr Richa Rohatgi. "Sex Determination by Pelvis: A Mini Literature Review." International Journal for Research in Applied Science and Engineering Technology 10, no. 10 (October 31, 2022): 1008–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.22214/ijraset.2022.47117.
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Abstract: An endeavor involving the application of physical anthropology in the context of civil or criminal cases is forensic anthropology. Determination of sex is the matter of absolute attention for a forensic anthropologist as it is the first step towards positive identification process after discovering the skeletal or bone remains of human origin. Pelvic Girdle is the most sexually dimorphic part of human skeleton which estimates the result with an accuracy of 95% and along with sacrum i.e. pelvis it estimates the sex with 98% accuracy and it decomposes slowly than other parts. Sex can be estimated by skeletal remains only in adults as the marked variations on bones be in terms of morphology or size are visible only after attaining puberty. Methods involved in sex estimation process are Morphological, Metric and Radiological. The Morphological method accords the result by considering the morphological sexual traits on pelvis and in contrary the Metric method involves measurement of bones and indices. Metric recipe should be applied in combination with Morphological results as Morphometric in order to get more accurate results. Whereas, in radiological recipe radiographs of collected remains are taken from which certain measurements and morphologic observations can be carried out. Quantitative and statistical analysis can be done using these mentioned methods. Skeletal features may vary with population. Bones are very frail in nature so, in turn, cannot be collected fully thus when fragmented remains are collected the morphometric method is of ultimate importance in the estimation process.
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De Donno, Antonio, Carmelinda Angrisani, Federica Mele, Francesco Introna, and Valeria Santoro. "Dental age estimation: Demirjian’s versus the other methods in different populations. A literature review." Medicine, Science and the Law 61, no. 1_suppl (January 2021): 125–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0025802420934253.
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Age estimation is an important issue in forensic anthropology and odontology, since it is applied to both the living and the dead. Studies have shown that assessing tooth development using radiological methods is a reliable way to estimate age, especially in children. Demirjian’s method is the most widely used estimation method for dental age evaluation. Over the years, many methods have been developed in order to asses which one predicts more accurately the age. In the literature, many populations were examined with these different methods and discordant results are described. This review aims to evaluate the studies in which Demirjian’s method was compared with Willems’, Cameriere’s, Nolla’s, Smith’s, Haavikko’s and Chaillet’s methods in order to estimate the most accurate dental age estimation method in different populations. Using the methodology described in the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analysis statement, the authors conducted a review of existing literature using three databases: PubMed, Google Scholar and Google Scopus.
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Welch, John R., Mark T. Altaha, Garry J. Cantley, William H. Doelle, Sarah A. Herr, Morag M. Kersel, Brandi L. MacDonald, et al. "Hope in Dirt: Report of the Fort Apache Workshop on Forensic Sedimentology Applications to Cultural Property Crime, 15—19 October 2018." International Journal of Cultural Property 26, no. 02 (May 2019): 197–210. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0940739119000092.
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Summary:A 2018 workshop on the White Mountain Apache Tribe lands in Arizona examined ways to enhance investigations into cultural property crime (CPC) through applications of rapidly evolving methods from archaeological science. CPC (also looting, graverobbing) refers to unauthorized damage, removal, or trafficking in materials possessing blends of communal, aesthetic, and scientific values. The Fort Apache workshop integrated four generally partitioned domains of CPC expertise: (1) theories of perpetrators’ motivations and methods; (2) recommended practice in sustaining public and community opposition to CPC; (3) tactics and strategies for documenting, investigating, and prosecuting CPC; and (4) forensic sedimentology—uses of biophysical sciences to link sediments from implicated persons and objects to crime scenes. Forensic sedimentology served as the touchstone for dialogues among experts in criminology, archaeological sciences, law enforcement, and heritage stewardship. Field visits to CPC crime scenes and workshop deliberations identified pathways toward integrating CPC theory and practice with forensic sedimentology’s potent battery of analytic methods.