Academic literature on the topic 'Foreign word g2p'
Create a spot-on reference in APA, MLA, Chicago, Harvard, and other styles
Consult the lists of relevant articles, books, theses, conference reports, and other scholarly sources on the topic 'Foreign word g2p.'
Next to every source in the list of references, there is an 'Add to bibliography' button. Press on it, and we will generate automatically the bibliographic reference to the chosen work in the citation style you need: APA, MLA, Harvard, Chicago, Vancouver, etc.
You can also download the full text of the academic publication as pdf and read online its abstract whenever available in the metadata.
Journal articles on the topic "Foreign word g2p"
1
Utami, Arum Tri, Renny Miryanti, and Tundjung Linggarwati. "Upaya Diplomasi Indonesia dalam Forum G20 untuk Mewujudkan Framework for Strong, Sustainable and Balanced Growth 2008-2012." Insignia Journal of International Relations 2, no. 02 (November 4, 2015): 11. http://dx.doi.org/10.20884/1.ins.2015.2.02.455.
Full textAbstract:
AbstractThe aim of this article is to give an information about the effort of Indonesia�s diplomacy in G20 tomake Framework for Strong Sustainable and Balanced Growth. Indonesia�s diplomacy in G20 is toreach the national interest. This national interest is make by the foreign policy. Diplomacy is the wayto reach the national interest. Indonesia has take a lot of effort in G20 particullary to creatFramework for Strong, Sustainable and Balanced Growth. G20 is significant multilateral forum inthe world. Therefore, Indonesia should maximise Indonesia�s dipomacy to reach the national interest.
Keywords: Indonesia�s diplomacy, G20, Framework for Strong Sustainable and Balanced Growth
AbstrakPenelitian ini berusaha menganalisis terkait dengan kepentingan, politik luar negeri dan upayadiplomasi Indonesia dalam forum G20. Tujuan dari penelitian ini untuk menganalisis bagaimanaupaya diplomasi Indonesia dan apa saja kebijakan forum G20 yang dihasilkan dari upaya diplomasiIndonesia yang berkaitan dengan kepentingan nasional Indonesia khsusnya pada Framework forStrong, Sustainable and Balanced Growth . Fokus Penelitian ini ada pada periode 2008-2012. Tahun2008 diambil karena pada tahun tersebut forum G20 pertama kalinya dirubah menjadi pertemuantingkat tinggi kepala negara/pemerintahan. Tahun 2012 dipilih karena pada tahun tersebut terjadikrisis Eurozone dan hal ini berakibat pada peningkatan peran G20 dalam dunia internasional
Keywords: diplomasi Indonesia , G20, Framework for Strong Sustainable and Balanced Growth
2
Xing, Li. "STRENGTHENING ROLE OF G20: TRANSFORMATION OF WORLD ORDER AND FOREIGN POLICY OF CHINA." Comparative Politics (Russia) 3, no. 1(7) (July 9, 2015): 23. http://dx.doi.org/10.18611/2221-3279-2012-3-1(7)-23-26.
Full text
3
Pfennigstorf, Werner. "Tort Liability and Alternative Approaches to Compensation: Summary of a Comparative Survey of Foreign Systems at Work." Geneva Papers on Risk and Insurance - Issues and Practice 15, no. 3 (July 1990): 344–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/gpp.1990.22.
Full text
4
Paul, Sujan Chandra, Md Harun Or Rosid, Mohammad Rakibul Islam, and Refat Ferdous. "The Macroeconomic Determinants and FDI: Evidence from 14 International Alliances." Asian Development Policy Review 9, no. 2 (August 23, 2021): 69–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.18488/journal.107.2021.92.69.82.
Full textAbstract:
This study investigates the relationship between Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) and some macroeconomic variables such as Gross Domestic Product (GDP), Gross Capital Formation (GCF), Agriculture, Forestry, and Fishing (AFF), Industry, Import, Export, Inflation and Unemployment rate. Panel Data of 14 regional alliances countries from 1990-2018 were collected from The World Bank website. Robust regression models are used in this study. This research found that GDP had significant positive relationship with FDI in all regions except Arab League, EU and G7 countries. GCF had significant positive relationship with FDI in Arab League, BRI, GATT, NAFTA countries & negative relationship in APEC, G7 countries. AFF had significant positive relationship with FDI in BRICS, GATT countries & negative relationship in African Union, ASEAN, BIMSTEC, BRI, BRICS, SAFTA countries. Industry had significant positive relationship with FDI in African Union, BRI, NAFTA, OECD countries and negative relationship in BRICS, G7, G20 countries. Import had significant positive relationship with FDI in African Union, APEC, Arab League, ASIAN, BRI, G7, G20, GATT countries and negative relationship in BRICS countries. Export had significant positive relationship with FDI in BRICS countries and negative relationship in African Union, ASEAN, BRI, G20, GATT, OECD, SAFTA countries. Inflation had significant positive relationship with FDI in GATT, SAFTA countries and negative relationship in African Union, APEC countries. Unemployment rate had significant positive relationship with FDI in African Union, BRI, BRICS, EU, G20, GATT, OECD, SAFTA countries and negative relationship in ASEAN countries.
5
Andronova, Inna, Nikolay Gusakov, and Elena Zavyalova. "Terrorism Financing: New Challenges for International Security." International Organisations Research Journal 15, no. 1 (April 5, 2020): 120–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.17323/1996-7845-2020-01-05.
Full textAbstract:
Despite efforts by the international community to curb international terrorism, it remains one of the main threats to international security. A main reason for this is that international terrorism has significant financial inflows and their routes transform faster than the international countermeasures designed to stop them. The aim of this article is to identify existing and potential financial channels. The authors analyze antiterrorist legislation to define the theoretical and legal framework for this research and draw on empirical content from the reports of international organizations, the Group of 20 (G20), the International Centre for the Study of Radicalisation, and others. This article shows that the main sources of terrorism financing include taxes paid by foreign enterprises functioning in the occupied lands, taxes paid by local populations, profits from resource and goods trade, captured treasures trade, payments from non-governmental organizations, and financial fraud. The authors discuss the role of cryptocurrencies in international terrorism financing and note that while foreign experts deny the possibility and feasibility of their usage, Russians take an opposite view. The authors conclude that the Russian arguments should be heard and carefully considered by the international community. The Russian Federation has significant experience fighting terrorism. For this reason, the authors recommend that the G20 and other international organizations pay more attention to this issue and work out international standards to counter the use of cryptocurrencies by terrorists
6
Svoboda, Ondřej. "Julien Chaisse (ed.): China's International Investment Strategy: Bilateral, Regional, and Global Law and Policy." Czech Journal of International Relations 55, no. 2 (June 1, 2020): 73–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.32422/mv.1697.
Full textAbstract:
The phenomenal story of China’s ‘unprecedented disposition to engage the international legal order’ has been primarily told and examined by political scientists and economists. Since China adopted its ‘open door’ policy in 1978, which altered its development strategy from self-sufficiency to active participation in the world market and aimed at attracting foreign investment to fuel its economic development, the underlying policy for mobilizing inward foreign direct investment (IFDI) remains unchanged to date. With the 1997 launch of the ‘Going Global’ policy, an outward focus regarding foreign investment has been added, to circumvent trade barriers and improve the competitiveness of Chinese firms, typically its state-owned enterprises (SOEs). In order to accommodate inward and outward FDI, China’s participation in the international investment regime has underpinned its efforts to join multi-lateral investment-related legal instruments and conclude international investment agreements (IIAs). China began by selectively concluding bilateral investment treaties (BITs) with developed countries (major capital exporting states to China at that time), signing its first BIT with Sweden in 1982. Despite being a latecomer, over time China’s experience and practice with the international investment regime have allowed it to evolve towards liberalizing its IIAs regime and balancing the duties and benefits associated with IIAs. The book spans a broad spectrum of China’s contemporary international investment law and policy: domestic foreign investment law and reforms, tax policy, bilateral investment treaties, free trade agreements, G20 initiatives, the ‘One Belt One Road’ initiative, international dispute resolution, and inter-regime coordination.
7
Sakharuk, I. "LEGAL WAYS FOR OVERCOMING GENDER DISPROPORTIONS IN THE UKRAINIAN LABOR MARKET." Bulletin of Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv. Legal Studies, no. 108 (2019): 42–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.17721/1728-2195/2019/1.108-6.
Full textAbstract:
The article deals with the problems of improvement and implementation legislation for gender equality in Ukraine. Have been analysed the main manifestations of discrimination against women in labor market: vertical and horizontal occupational segregation; gender wage differentials; difficulties associated with the combination of work and family responsibilities; the overwhelming predominance of women in the field of part-time, informal, temporary employment; sexual harassment. The issues of gender segregation, gender pay gap, gender equality for work-life balance in the context of foreign and national experience have been explore. The author have been determine the tendencies of improving the labor legislation in foreign countries for introducing the principle of equality between men and women. Gender mainstreaming strategies and programs in G20 countries were summarized. The author draw attention to the nonefficiency of State Social Program for Equal Rights and Opportunities for Women and Men for the period up to 2021, was made the proposals for its improvement. The study finds that there is the issue of equality opportunities between men and women in representation authorities at different levels in Ukraine (on the example of the Verkhovna Rada of Ukraine and the Cabinet of Ministers of Ukraine). Approaches to gender quotas in foreign countries have been analyzed. The author used the statistics on employment, entrepreneurship and remuneration to show inequality on the labor martet in Ukraine. The author have also identified that the national legislation, which establishes special guarantees and restrictions on women's work, will have to be improve in the context of a substantive model of equality. Have been suggested the ways of overcoming gender discrimination in the workplace by a policy of affirmative action
8
Kuznetsov, A. V. "Disintegration of the World Trade System: Reasons and Consequences." Finance: Theory and Practice 23, no. 5 (October 24, 2019): 50–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.26794/2587-5671-2019-23-5-50-61.
Full textAbstract:
The article presents the study results of the world trade stagnation issues associated with the WTO systemic crisis. The aim of the article is to summarize the main reasons for the world trade system disintegration and to identify feasible directions for the world economic order transformation. The G20 trade-restricting measures were analyzed based on the statistical databases of the WTO and the non-governmental organization Global Trade Alert (GTA). The views of leading domestic and foreign experts on the consequences of liberalization of the world trade in goods and services were summarized. The author systematized the reasons for the world trade system disintegration, including: the US anti-globalization policy aimed at containing the PRC; counteracting unipolar globalization by the Southeast Asian nations; developed countries’ rejecting the growing participation of developing countries in redistributing global resources; inefficiency of international organizations in solving problems of global imbalances, inequality and instability of the global financial system. Structuring disintegration processes revealed its main trends: protectionism, regionalism, trans-regionalism. There were shown mechanisms to keep the US in the European Union due to companies providing professional services to European business. The author evaluated Russia and China’s competitive advantages in the production chains of the new technological structure. The areas of cooperation between Russia and the BRICS countries for realizing export potential in agriculture, aviation and nuclear industries were determined. The prospects for trade and economic relations in Eurasia are discussed in terms of changing the economic paradigm and shifting the regulation of the global economy problems to the regional level.
9
Ozekicioglu, Seda. "Tobin Tax: Arguments and Current Derivative Studies." Studies in Business and Economics 10, no. 1 (April 1, 2015): 103–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/sbe-2015-0009.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract Tobin Tax and its derivative applications have started to be discussed again in many platforms as the issue regarding taxation of short-term capital movements has become an agenda among international communities such as European Union (EU) and G20 since the beginning of 2000s. In this study, Tobin Tax, which is the first significant step towards taxation of foreign currency transactions, has been discussed theoretically and considering its possible effects on application. Also, in this context, the initiatives of countries such as USA, Belgium, France and Austria regarding international implementation of Tobin Tax and its derivatives are being evaluated. The intended use of the taxes, determination of transactions exempt from tax and international cooperation in the implementation of taxation are possible problems that can be faced regarding Tobin Tax. In this study the conclusion, which the effects of Tobin Tax in developing and developed countries will be different but imposing such tax regarding cyclic balance of the world economy will be a positive improvement, has been reached.
10
Kesgingöz, Hayrettin. "Türkiye İçin Gümrük Birliği’ne Alternatif Bir Pazar: İslam İşbirliği Teşkilatı / An Alternative Market to European Union for Turkey: The Organization of Islamic Cooperation." Journal of History Culture and Art Research 7, no. 1 (March 31, 2018): 710. http://dx.doi.org/10.7596/taksad.v7i1.1418.
Full textAbstract:
<p><strong>Abstract</strong></p><p>Increasing competition in the world by the help of globalization has directed countries to cooperation with other countries and interregional organizations. Nowadays competition in foreign trade is becoming more and more challenging due to globalization process and countries use the most important alternatives, economic integrations to export and import. The new idea of creating new regional alternatives to increase foreign trade for Turkey is becoming more important day by day. Organization of Islamic Cooperation (OIC) which is being created under the leadership of Turkey has an important share on Turkish foreign trade after G20, OECD and Customs Union. Though OIC has occupied an important place in Turkish foreign trade it is least known and this study searches whether OIC can become an alternative in future. In order to answer this question, the performance analysis of foreign trade was conducted with the help of macroeconomic indicators while the analysis of foreign trade compliance was held with the help of international foreign trade indices. As a result of foreign trade compliance analysis it is concluded that importance of Organization of Islamic Cooperation is increasing every day. Though foreign trade between Turkey and Customs Union reduced, foreign trade between Turkey and OIC increased and that result shows that Turkey turns his face to markets of OIC. However foreign trade between Turkey and OIC can just be alternative to Custom union in further years.</p><p> </p><p><strong>Öz</strong></p><p>Küreselleşmeyle birlikte dünyada artan rekabet ortamı 2008 küresel ekonomik krizinden sonra dünya ülkelerini ülkeler ve bölgeler arası işbirliğine doğru yöneltmiştir. Küreselleşme sürecinde dış ticarette rekabetin her geçen gün zorlaştığı bir dönemde bugün ülkeler, dış ticareti gerçekleştirmek için en önemli seçenekleri olan ülkeler ve bölgesel arası ekonomik bütünleşmeleri kullanmaktadırlar. Yeni yeni bölgesel ekonomik bütünleşmelerle dış ticareti arttırmak için alternatifler oluşturma düşüncesi, Türkiye için önemli hale gelmektedir. Türkiye’nin öncülüğünde oluşturulan İslam İşbirliği Teşkilatı (İİT) Türkiye’nin dış ticaretinde G-20, OECD ve Gümrük Birliği (GB) ile dış ticaretinden sonra en önemli paya sahiptir. Bu çalışmada Türkiye’nin dış ticaret payında önemli sırada yer almasına rağmen az bilinen uluslararası ekonomik kuruluşlardan İslam İşbirliği Teşkilatı’nın zamanla Gümrük Birliğine alternatif olup olmayacağı sorusuna cevap aranmıştır. Bu soruya cevap verebilmek için çalışmada dış ticaretin performansı analizi makroekonomik göstergeler ve dış ticaretin uyum analizi ise uluslararası dış ticaret endeksleri yardımıyla yapılmıştır. Dış ticaretin performans analizi ve dış ticaretin uyum analizi sonucunda Türkiye için İslam İşbirliği Teşkilatı’nın önemi her geçen gün artmaktadır. Türkiye’nin Gümrük Birliğiyle olan dış ticaretinin azalmasının aksine İslam İşbirliği Teşkilatı ile dış ticaretinin artması Türkiye’nin İslam İşbirliği Teşkilatı alternatif pazarına yöneldiğini göstermektedir. Fakat Türkiye ile İslam İşbirliği Teşkilatı arasındaki dış ticaret ancak zamanla Gümrük Birliğine iyi bir alternatif olarak değerlendirilebilir.</p>
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Foreign word g2p"
1
Ármannsson, Bjarki. "Grapheme-to-phoneme transcription of English words in Icelandic text." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Institutionen för lingvistik och filologi, 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-446924.
Full textAbstract:
Foreign words, such as names, locations or sometimes entire phrases, are a problem for any system that is meant to convert graphemes to phonemes (g2p; i.e.converting written text into phonetic transcription). In this thesis, we investigate both rule-based and neural methods of phonetically transcribing English words found in Icelandic text, taking into account the rules and constraints of how foreign phonemes can be mapped into Icelandic phonology. We implement a rule-based system by compiling grammars into finite-state transducers. In deciding on which rules to include, and evaluating their coverage, we use a list of the most frequently-found English words in a corpus of Icelandic text. The output of the rule-based system is then manually evaluated and corrected (when needed) and subsequently used as data to train a simple bidirectional LSTM g2p model. We train models both with and without length and stress labels included in the gold annotated data. Although the scores for neither model are close to the state-of-the-art for either Icelandic or English, both our rule-based system and LSTM model show promising initial results and improve on the baseline of simply using an Icelandic g2p model, rule-based or neural, on English words. We find that the greater flexibility of the LSTM model seems to give it an advantage over our rule-based system when it comes to modeling certain phenomena. Most notable is the LSTM’s ability to more accurately transcribe relations between graphemes and phonemes for English vowel sounds. Given there does not exist much previous work on g2p transcription specifically handling English words within the Icelandic phonological constraints and it remains an unsolved task, our findings present a foundation for the development of further research, and contribute to improving g2p systems for Icelandic as a whole.
2
Kinuthia, Wanyee. "“Accumulation by Dispossession” by the Global Extractive Industry: The Case of Canada." Thèse, Université d'Ottawa / University of Ottawa, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/30170.
Full textAbstract:
This thesis draws on David Harvey’s concept of “accumulation by dispossession” and an international political economy (IPE) approach centred on the institutional arrangements and power structures that privilege certain actors and values, in order to critique current capitalist practices of primitive accumulation by the global corporate extractive industry. The thesis examines how accumulation by dispossession by the global extractive industry is facilitated by the “free entry” or “free mining” principle. It does so by focusing on Canada as a leader in the global extractive industry and the spread of this country’s mining laws to other countries – in other words, the transnationalisation of norms in the global extractive industry – so as to maintain a consistent and familiar operating environment for Canadian extractive companies. The transnationalisation of norms is further promoted by key international institutions such as the World Bank, which is also the world’s largest development lender and also plays a key role in shaping the regulations that govern natural resource extraction. The thesis briefly investigates some Canadian examples of resource extraction projects, in order to demonstrate the weaknesses of Canadian mining laws, particularly the lack of protection of landowners’ rights under the free entry system and the subsequent need for “free, prior and informed consent” (FPIC). The thesis also considers some of the challenges to the adoption and implementation of the right to FPIC. These challenges include embedded institutional structures like the free entry mining system, international political economy (IPE) as shaped by international institutions and powerful corporations, as well as concerns regarding ‘local’ power structures or the legitimacy of representatives of communities affected by extractive projects. The thesis concludes that in order for Canada to be truly recognized as a leader in the global extractive industry, it must establish legal norms domestically to ensure that Canadian mining companies and residents can be held accountable when there is evidence of environmental and/or human rights violations associated with the activities of Canadian mining companies abroad. The thesis also concludes that Canada needs to address underlying structural issues such as the free entry mining system and implement FPIC, in order to curb “accumulation by dispossession” by the extractive industry, both domestically and abroad.
Books on the topic "Foreign word g2p"
1
Knill, April M. Can foreign portfolio investment bridge the small firm financing gap around the world ? [Washington, D.C: World Bank, 2005.
Find full text
2
Daeyeol, Ku. Korea 1905–1945. GB Folkestone: Amsterdam University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.5117/9781912961214.
Full textAbstract:
This important new study by one of Korea’s leading historians focuses on the international relations of colonial Korea – from the Japanese rule of the peninsula and its foreign relations (1905–1945) to the ultimate liberation of the country at the end of the Second World War. In addition, it fills a significant gap – the ‘blank space’ – in Korean diplomatic history. Furthermore, it highlights several other fundamental aspects in the history of modern Korea, such as the historical perception of the policy-making process and the attitudes of both China and Britain which influenced US policy regarding Korea at the end of World War II.
3
Hee, Michael. "Pedigree" of IEC conversion factors for per capita GNP computations for the World Bank's operational guidelines and atlas. Washington, DC (1818 H St., N.W., Washington 20433): Population and Human Resources Dept., World Bank, 1992.
Find full text
4
Arase, David. Foreign Aid. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acrefore/9780190846626.013.181.
Full textAbstract:
As a policy tool, aid has not been confined to the roles that foreign and economic policy theorists have prescribed for it. Foreign aid attracts controversy because it structures how global poverty will be addressed. Aid’s proponents believe that it can eradicate absolute poverty and close the income gap between rich and poor countries, but its critics believe it holds out only false hope and obscures the real nature of the problem. The unrequited transfer of wealth from a weak nation to a stronger one is an ancient tradition, but the notion that it would be powerful nations transferring wealth to advance the economic development of weaker ones was virtually unheard of until the post-World War II era, particularly during the highly polarized Cold War climate. During this time, aid was used as a means of competition between the United States and the Soviet Union for influence over Third World countries. Aid also became a tool for opening up the markets of the developing world and integrating them into the global economy. The fact that foreign aid has come to mean development assistance since has raised a series of questions debated in the scholarly literature. Moreover, it is universally acknowledged that donors use aid to achieve objectives other than development and poverty reduction.
5
Knill, April M. Can Foreign Portfolio Investment Bridge The Small Firm Financing Gap Around The World ? The World Bank, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1596/1813-9450-3796.
Full text
6
Hook, Steven W., and Franklin Barr Lebo. Development/Poverty Issues and Foreign Policy Analysis. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acrefore/9780190846626.013.432.
Full textAbstract:
International development has remained a key part of global economic relations since the field emerged more than half a century ago. From its initial focus on colonization and state building, the field has evolved to encompass a wide range of issues, theoretical problems, and disciplinary traditions. The year 1945 is widely considered as a turning point in the study of international development. Three factors account for this: the end of World War II that left the US an economic hegemon, the ideological rivalry that defined the Cold War, and the period of decolonization that peaked around 1960 that forced development issues, including foreign aid, state building, and multilateral engagement, onto the global agenda. Since then, development paradigms have continuously evolved, adapted, and been reinvented to address the persistent and arguably widening gap between the prosperous economies of the “developed North” and the developing and frequently troubled economies of the “global South.” Today, a loosely knit holistic paradigm has emerged that recognizes the deficiencies of its predecessors, yet builds on their strengths. A holistic conception of international development embraces methodological pluralism in the scholarly study of development, while recognizing the multiple ways policy practitioners may productively apply academic theories and research findings in unique settings.
7
Dupuy, Béatrice, and Muriel Grosbois, eds. Language learning and professionalization in higher education: pathways to preparing learners and teachers in/for the 21st century. Research-publishing.net, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.14705/rpnet.2020.44.9782490057757.
Full textAbstract:
In this volume, language learning and professionalization are explored by addressing the existing gap between pressing needs for enhanced soft skills in work environments wherein technology-mediated, multilingual communication is increasingly the norm, and current foreign language teaching and learning offerings in higher education. Considering theoretical, methodological, and pedagogical perspectives for preparing language learners and teachers in/for the 21st century, this volume’s eight chapters underscore that research findings should inform the design of learning experiences so that people’s communication needs in fast-changing work environments are met and the link between language education and professionalization, within a lifelong learning perspective, is sustained.
8
Davies, Brian. Military Engineers and the Rise of Imperial Russia. Edinburgh University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/edinburgh/9781845861209.003.0009.
Full textAbstract:
Before 1690 the Muscovite state was handicapped by its lack of knowledge of western engineering techniques and especially of mathematics and geometry. From the time of Peter the Great it moved rapidly to close the gap with the appointment of experienced foreign engineers, translation work, and the establishment of military academies. Originally lagging behind their Polish-Lithuanian enemies in gunnery and cartography, the Russians had by the eighteenth century introduced a new technical vocabulary into Russian and established good schools of navigation, gunnery, cartography and artillery.
9
United States Institute of Peace, ed. Bridging the theory/practice gap: Lessions from the Gulf War : [book summary]. [Washington, DC] (1550 M St., NW, Suite 700, Washington 20005-1708): [U.S. Institute of Peace, 1993.
Find full text
10
Chaisse, Julien, ed. China's International Investment Strategy. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198827450.001.0001.
Full textAbstract:
The phenomenal story of China’s ‘unprecedented disposition to engage the international legal order’ has been primarily told and examined by political scientists and economists. Since China adopted its ‘open door’ policy in 1978, which altered its development strategy from self-sufficiency to active participation in the world market and aimed at attracting foreign investment to fuel its economic development, the underlying policy for mobilizing inward foreign direct investment (IFDI) remains unchanged to date. With the 1997 launch of the ‘Going Global’ policy, an outward focus regarding foreign investment has been added, to circumvent trade barriers and improve the competitiveness of Chinese firms, typically its state-owned enterprises (SOEs). In order to accommodate inward and outward FDI, China’s participation in the international investment regime has underpinned its efforts to join multi-lateral investment-related legal instruments and conclude international investment agreements (IIAs). China began by selectively concluding bilateral investment treaties (BITs) with developed countries (major capital exporting states to China at that time), signing its first BIT with Sweden in 1982. Despite being a latecomer, over time China’s experience and practice with the international investment regime have allowed it to evolve towards liberalizing its IIAs regime and balancing the duties and benefits associated with IIAs. The book spans a broad spectrum of China’s contemporary international investment law and policy: domestic foreign investment law and reforms, tax policy, bilateral investment treaties, free trade agreements, G20 initiatives, the ‘One Belt One Road’ initiative, international dispute resolution, and inter-regime coordination.
Book chapters on the topic "Foreign word g2p"
1
Zapatka, Kasey, John Mollenkopf, and Steven Romalewski. "Reordering Occupation, Race, and Place in Metropolitan New York." In The Urban Book Series, 407–29. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-64569-4_21.
Full textAbstract:
AbstractThe New York metropolitan area is one of the oldest, largest, and perhaps most complex urban region in the United States (U.S.). Its 23.7 million residents live across four states, produce a GDP of more than $1.7 trillion, are governed by a fragmented political system, and experience persistently high degrees of geographic and racial/ethnic inequality and segregation. This chapter investigates the evolving spatial organization of occupation and race across the metropolitan area. While white professionals have traditionally lived in an outer ring of suburbs and blue-collar immigrant and minority groups have lived closer to the city center, our research shows that the forces of gentrification and minority and immigrant suburbanization have been turning the metropolitan area inside out. Specifically, young, usually white, professionals are increasingly located in and around the central city whereas many working-class minorities have shifted away from it. At the heart of this spatial reordering lie the diminishing plurality of native-born whites within the region and the increasing share of immigrant minority groups, especially for foreign-born Hispanics and Asians. This trend has lessened the share of white males in better occupations even as the region’s occupational structure slowly but inexorably tilts toward managerial and professional occupations. Technology is transforming white-collar work as blue-collar work continues to disappear. Dramatic shifts are thus afoot, yet inequality and segregation remain high. We argue that these changes in the spatial organization of the metropolitan area challenge us to see these inequalities from a new vantage point. As elites are now more likely to live among less advantaged groups, this may provide the social basis for new thinking.
2
Jackman, Robert W. "Dependence on Foreign Investment and Economic Growth in the Third World." In The Gap between Rich and Poor, 211–31. Routledge, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9780429311208-18.
Full text
3
Chowdhury, Mohammad Ashraful Ferdous. "The Nexus Between Institutional Quality and Foreign Direct Investments (FDI) in South Asia." In Foreign Direct Investments, 676–93. IGI Global, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-7998-2448-0.ch029.
Full textAbstract:
South Asia is one of the world's fastest growing regions, averaging 6.7 percent annual increases in real GDP over the past decade. However, South Asia's FDI inflows as a share of GDP are the lowest of all developing regions, averaging less than 2 percent in 2000-11(World Bank, 2013). Institutional quality is one of the factors that determine the volume of FDI inflow in any country. This study covers the data of three sampled countries of South Asia provided by the World Bank for the period 2003-2014. By using both static and dynamic models, this study reveals that regulatory quality and the political stability have significantly positive impact on the FDI inflow into each of the three countries. For Robustness, this study also employs dynamic heterogeneous panel approaches like Pool Mean Group (PMG) and found that institutional quality factors are significantly relevant to the FDI. As a policy implication, the regression results indicate that during the process of reform, the relation between FDI and institutional quality warrants a certain amount of attention.
4
Mungunzul, Erdenebat, and Taikoo Chang. "The Effect of Foreign Direct Investment on the Economic Development of Mongolia." In Foreign Direct Investments, 1064–75. IGI Global, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-7998-2448-0.ch044.
Full textAbstract:
This article describes how foreign direct investment in Mongolia has reached 3.9 billion US$ mainly in the mining sector that amounted approximately 40% of the year's GDP. Even though FDI into Mongolia has been grown along with the country's economic development with trade openness to the world, a few studies have used regression analysis to analyze determinant factors of FDI. This article has estimated the determinants attracting FDI inflow into Mongolia by using two methods: applying single country (Mongolia) data using the determinants attracting FDI inflow into Mongolia from 1995-2014, and applying the determinants attracting FDI from the top investment countries using panel data, using random and fixed effects models from 2005-2013. The study results showed that GDP of Mongolia has a positive and significant effect on the FDI inflow. It was also revealed that the partner countries located either too far away from or too close to Mongolia pay little attention to and play a small investment role in Mongolian FDI.
5
Rana, Ritu, Manoj Sharma, and Ajay Singh. "Technology Gap." In Handbook of Research on Developing Circular, Digital, and Green Economies in Asia, 415–38. IGI Global, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-7998-8678-5.ch021.
Full textAbstract:
This chapter extends the authors' previous research work in which an examination of causality was conducted between foreign direct investment (FDI), economic growth (GDP), and the environment (CO2 emissions and energy consumption [EC]) in the Indian context. Two more important variables (i.e., trade openness and technology gap) were also added. The chapter further examines the effects of information and communication technology (ICT) trade on both GDP and the environment of India. The results of previous model show that FDI is neither causing GDP nor is it bridging the technology gap. The results also indicate the existence of pollution haven hypothesis (PHH) in India as FDI is causing both CO2 and EC. Also, FDI is, though not causing the GDP directly, doing so indirectly through CO2 validating the existence of PHH. FDI is causing trade openness in India, but that openness is again causing more FDI, which is doing no good for India. The results of ICT trade model indicate that both GDP and ICT exports cause CO2 in India. Also, both the GDP and ICT exports are consuming energy in India.
6
Boachie, Christopher. "The Effect of International Financial Reporting Standards Adoption on Foreign Direct Investment and the Economy." In Foreign Direct Investments, 748–68. IGI Global, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-7998-2448-0.ch032.
Full textAbstract:
This chapter examines the effect of International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS) adoption on Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) and Ghanaian economy. It is a cross sectional survey study, with the population consisting of both Preparers and Users of financial statements. Stratified Random sampling method was adopted to gather primary data. Findings showed that IFRS has been adopted in Ghana and it is perceived that IFRS implementation promotes FDI inflows and economic growth. This study recommends all stakeholders to have full implementation to reap benefits of the IFRS and principle - based standards. The implication is that preparers need to work on their skills and expertise gap through training and development and to ensure that these standards are included in the academic and professional curricula. Moreover, regulatory bodies should monitor and enforce these standards but where local content is needed, convergence should be the solution.
7
Sheng, Andrew. "Outlook for global development finance: excess or shortage?" In Did the Millennium Development Goals Work? Policy Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1332/policypress/9781447335702.003.0017.
Full textAbstract:
This chapter presents an outlook for global development finance and asks whether we have an excess or shortage of available resources for the implementation of the Post-2015 Development Agenda. It begins with a discussion of current and future sources of development finance, with a focus on both products and institutions, including long-term institutions capable of funding development. Future sources include foreign capital in the form of foreign direct investments (FDI), foreign portfolio investments and foreign aid, as well as the domestic sector. The chapter then reflects on the future of development finance, emphasising three paths: deepening capital markets in emerging market economies (EMEs); meeting the strategic objectives of institutional investors such as pension funds, insurance companies, sovereign wealth funds and Islamic finance; and innovating the financing of investment. The G20 development strategy, the impact of technology on development finance, and implementation issues on financing of climate change are also analysed.
8
Dinç, Dilek Temiz, Aytaç Gökmen, and Zehra Burçin Kanık. "Energy Policy Issues in Turkey." In Foreign Direct Investments, 1152–68. IGI Global, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-7998-2448-0.ch049.
Full textAbstract:
Energy is the source of development of the mankind and an indispensable input for economic growth. Currently, most of the energy consumed in the world is composed of fossil fuels which are not environmentally friendly and reliable since their prices are volatile and their supply compels importing countries dependent on energy exporting countries. Thus, a good remedy to reduce fossil fuel dependency is to utilize more renewable energy resources. Renewable resources can be replenished quickly, are almost infinite and would lead a country to sustainable development. The Republic of Turkey is a net importer of energy. The diversification of energy sources and supply security is of great importance for it. Thus, the objective of this study is to analyze the relationship between renewable energy production and economic growth in Turkey by using Johansen Cointegration Test, Vector Error Correction Model (VECM), Granger Causality Test and the Augmented Dickey-Fuller Test (ADF). Consequently, both long run and short run a casualty running from GDP growth to renewable energy production is determined in the study.
9
Gökmen, Aytaç. "Foreign Direct Investment in the Cement Industry of Turkey." In Handbook of Research on Strategic Developments and Regulatory Practice in Global Finance, 375–85. IGI Global, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-4666-7288-8.ch023.
Full textAbstract:
The cement sector contributes to the development of the GDP and also the creation of employment opportunities in Turkey. The cement production is made of 100% national inputs and it is exported to 90 countries in the world. Additionally, it attracted an important portion of foreign direct investment (FDI) by means of the privatization operations. However, despite its importance, the cement sector of Turkey is very fragile, especially in times of global crisis and economic downturns. Eventually, the aim of this chapter is to review the cement sector of Turkey, analyze the foreign participation and work out its overall contribution to the entire economic capacity of Turkey depending on credible national and international publications.
10
Morozova, Nadiia, Tetyana Novikova, and Timur Malafeyev. "TRENDS RESEARCH OF THE INFORMATION ECONOMY BASED ON GLOBAL INTERNATIONAL INDICES." In Priority areas for development of scientific research: domestic and foreign experience. Publishing House “Baltija Publishing”, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.30525/978-9934-26-049-0-8.
Full textAbstract:
The article describes the uneven development of the information economy based on an analysis of the ICT development index in order to identify innovative growth at the national, regional, and global levels. The aim of the work is to develop a set of models for the analysis of the dynamics of the information economy, which makes it possible to determine the stages of the information economy development, groups of countries according to the level of ICT development, and to assess the factors impact of ICT development on the economic growth rate. The work considered the set of information indicators for assessing the level of the information economy development and analyzed development trends of the information economy by macro-region; developed a country profile model for ICT development and built a model for measuring the impact of ICT development on economic growth. Special empirical measures – international indices – are used to determine the extent of the impact of informatization on the countries’ development. All the indicators used in the work form the basis of the Information and Communication Technology (ICT) Development Index. This suggests that the ICT index is a universal tool for comparing world economies. Research has been carried out based on neural network modelling techniques, in particular the Kohonen network and econometric methods and models. The article discusses the use of ICT to analyze the information economy at the macroeconomic level to measure the impact of ICT on the gross national product. The author’s concept of research on the impact of ICT on the gross national product of the countries of the world has been developed. The author’s concept scheme consists of two blocks. The first block consists of the construction of country groupings based on the level of ICT development. Based on the Kohonen networks, the countries have been clustered according to the level of development of information and communication technologies, which will make it possible to compare the world economies and to highlight priority and problem areas in the implementation of ICT. The second block is to study the influence level of the ICT development index on countries' GDP using econometric models of macroeconomic indicators. The relationship between ICT and GDP has been confirmed. The simulation found that the potential for increasing GDP through ICT was greater for developing countries than for developed countries because for developed countries ICT using was routine and necessary. The impact of further ICT development in developed countries is such that, with an increase of 1% in ICT use, GDP increases by 0.6 %. For developing countries, however, the opposite is true. An increase of 1 % in the rate of ICT increases GDP by 1.2 % on average, i.e., such countries have the potential to develop and meet the targets of developed countries. The findings and results of the study can be used by policymakers and enterprises to ensure better ICT outcomes, which in turn can promote sustainable economic and social development, both in certain countries and globally.
Conference papers on the topic "Foreign word g2p"
1
Zhumakunova, Tolkun, and Zhainagul Kydyralieva. "The Effects of External Debts on Economic Growth of Kyrgyzstan." In International Conference on Eurasian Economies. Eurasian Economists Association, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.36880/c09.02019.
Full textAbstract:
In developing countries, insufficient internal sources cause the increase of need on external sources. These countries in order to maintain their economic growth apply for external debt to cover the gap of foreign currency and savings. After the collapse of Soviet Union, Kyrgyzstan began to use external funds. It is very important to use these sources in accurate areas and efficiently. Most empirical studies indicate a negative correlation between foreign debt and economic growth, especially in those countries whose foreign debts are relatively high. This work examines the correlation between foreign debt and economic growth in Kyrgyz economy. Toward this objective, it uses the economic indicators of Kyrgyzstan between 1993 and 2015. The stationarity of time series data used in this study was tested by the ADF test. Than a least-squares regression analysis is performed. According to the findings of study, foreign debt in Kyrgyzstan have a negative impact on economic growth. According to results foreign debt should be reduced in order to increase the level of economic growth in Kyrgyzstan.
2
Köprücü, Yılmaz. "The Effect of Foreign Direct Investment on Economic Growth: Turkey Case." In International Conference on Eurasian Economies. Eurasian Economists Association, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.36880/c07.01726.
Full textAbstract:
From the second half of the 20th century, foreign direct investment (fdi) has gone to the developing countries and has affected economic growth. The so-called effect has taken attention of some researchers and they have provided a considerable amount of papers for growth literature. Hence, theories about fdi were improved by scientists. In this paper, the long run relationship between fdi and growth in Turkey for the years 1980-2011will be examined. The method used for investigating the relationship is Johansen coentegration. The variables are the growth rate of GDP per person (y), foreign direct investment (fdi), human capital (hc), openness (open) and investment (i). We use natural logarithm of GDP per person and investment variables. The data acquired from World Bank web site and Penn World Tables web site. According to analytical findings, we monitored that the variables’ first differences are stationary and there is a long run relationship between fdi and economic growth.
3
Özer, Ali, Aslı Cansın Doker, and Adem Türkmen. "Analysis of Capital Flight in Developing Countries: A Study on Turkey between 1980 and 2010." In International Conference on Eurasian Economies. Eurasian Economists Association, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.36880/c04.00702.
Full textAbstract:
The aim of this study is to determine whether there is a relationship between Capital flight and some macroeconomic variables by using anual data between 1980 and 2010 in Turkey. Capital flight measured by World Bank (1985) method, was used as dependent variable and external debt, foreign direct investment, uncertainty, real GDP growth, exchange rates, trade balance and consumer price index were used as independent variables. Ordinary Least squares estimation method, Johansen-Jeselius cointegration test, Granger causality test and variance decomposition results produced by VEC model were used in the study. After those econometrics and economics analysis, this paper put forward that there is a long run relationship between some macroeconomic variables and capital flight.The results show external debt, foreign direct investment inflows, and foreign reserves to be the major effector of capital flight.
4
Fisher, Dara R. "Pedagogy and content evolution in cross-border higher education: Evidence from an American-Singaporean cross-border partnership." In Third International Conference on Higher Education Advances. Valencia: Universitat Politècnica València, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.4995/head17.2017.5284.
Full textAbstract:
Reflecting larger trends in business, economics, and communications, the field of higher education has undergone a rapid period of globalization and internationalization over the last half century. While much scholarship has been devoted to the policies and practices of cross-border higher education work, little research has examined the mechanisms by which educational practices and approaches are modified and adapted when moved across cultural contexts. This paper addresses this gap by examining the processes by which foreign and local partners adapted and modified American educational approaches to fit the needs of Singaporean students in a large-scale cross-border higher education partnership. Developed based on a year of immersive ethnographic fieldwork at the Singapore University of Technology and Design – a new university established in collaboration with the Massachusetts Institute of Technology – the findings of this paper show that local and foreign partners utilized three distinct strategies to modify American pedagogical and curricular approaches to fit the needs of the Singaporean context: collaborative mentorship and guidance, incremental modification of content and practice, and enabling and facilitating student-driven change. This paper presents an overview of these findings, as well as their implications for future work.
5
Mihajlović, Ljiljana Stošić, and Miloš Nikolić. "CONSEQUENCES OF THE COVID-19 PANDEMIC ON THE WORLD AND SERBIAN ECONOMY." In NORDSCI International Conference. SAIMA Consult Ltd, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.32008/nordsci2020/b2/v3/03.
Full textAbstract:
One of the biggest economic crises since the industrial revolution centuries ago is underway, and its intensity is still invisible. The current crisis is caused by the corona virus (COVID-19) pandemic. In March, when the corona began to take off all over the world, including in Serbia, leading epidemiologists claimed that it would be better from May, some even from June, guided by the thesis that warmer weather could stop the virus and bring life back. on the "old". It is now almost impossible to give any precise forecast, both from the health and economic aspect. The only thing that is certain is uncertainty, both for workers and managers and owners, and uncertainty often brings with it fear. The economic crisis of 2020 differs from the crisis of 2008 because the current one was caused by the states with their measures, and the last one was caused by the financial sector by uncontrolled risky behavior. The consequences will be similar, because again, the banks will warn the states that they have borrowed too much, as if the debt did not arise first in order for the banks to be saved. Unlike the world economic crisis that was current ten years ago, this crisis does not have a clear focus in the financial system that can be identified and acted upon with adequate measures. The economic consequences of the pandemic are greater the more economically underdeveloped the country is, and Serbia entered this crisis as a country burdened with numerous problems, a high share of public debt in GDP and developmentally dependent on foreign capital. The suspension of economic activity for a certain period and its restart in an environment of uncertainty and fear of the now certain second wave, are trends that some companies will survive with certain reductions in production and work capacity.
6
Bal, Harun, Shahanara Basher, Abdulla Hil Mamun, and Emrah Akça. "Export-led Growth Hypothesis in MINT Countries: A Panel Cointegration Analysis." In International Conference on Eurasian Economies. Eurasian Economists Association, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.36880/c09.01989.
Full textAbstract:
The contribution of exports to GDP in MINT countries that improve substantially just after their implantation of export promotion strategy in the late 1980s raises the issue of whether the growth in these countries is led by export or not. While a good number of studies have been found investigating whether economic growth is promoted by exports for developing countries having an outstanding share of export in GDP, no study investigating the export-led growth hypothesis for MINT countries has been found until recent times. The main purpose of this study is to fill up the void. The study employs panel cointegration technique with an aim to examine whether the export is the key factor of economic growth for MINT countries employing yearly secondary data that covers the period. Results of the study imply that economic growth of these countries is considerably exports driven. Moreover, there is an indication of improvement of efficiency as exports work along with the rise capital formation. As the employment opportunity of an economy is expanded through capital formation, the emerging MINT countries endowed with large population and favorable demographics are expected to become the major exporters with strong GDP growth by being able to attract adequate foreign investment.
7
Balcılar, Mehmet, Harun Bal, Neşe Algan, and Mehmet Demiral. "Turkey’s Export Performance: Examining the Main Determinants of Export Volume (1995-2012)." In International Conference on Eurasian Economies. Eurasian Economists Association, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.36880/c04.00774.
Full textAbstract:
The main objective of this study is to investigate the short and the long run relationships between export performance proxied by export volume index and real effective exchange rate changes in Turkey using the aggregated quarterly data sets covering the period of 1995-2012. The other factors that are expected to affect export performance such as wage, foreign income, productivity, trend GDP and exchange rate volatility are also added to the model. The ARDL bounds testing approach to cointegration is performed in the estimation process. The causalities among the variables in the model are determined based on the estimated ARDL models. The empirical results reveal that the variables of interest are cointegrated. Real effective exchange rate coefficient is significantly positive in the short run whereas negative in the long run and exchange rate volatility has no significant effect on export performance in contrast with theoretical expectations. Other evidences indicate that the recent export boom in Turkey can be explained by wages, productivity and world demand, rather than exchange rate changes. Consequently, findings suggest that policies that depressing wages and stimulating high productivity can help export sectors increase their export volume and competitiveness in Turkey.
8
Carlomagno, M., S. Rossin, M. Delvecchio, and A. Anichini. "Experimental and Numerical Validation of Conical Strainer Fluid/Structural Performance Model." In ASME Turbo Expo 2012: Turbine Technical Conference and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/gt2012-69751.
Full textAbstract:
Temporary conical strainers are widely employed in the Oil & Gas industry as filtering devices in the Centrifugal Compressors suction line. They protect compressor stages from the ingestion of foreign objects whether coming from dirty process gas or left in the pipeline after its construction. Very few literature and research papers are available on the fluid dynamic and structural performance of conical strainers. The purpose of this work is to plug this gap by the definition of a theoretical-experimental model for the characterization of the pressure drop and mechanical resistance of these devices. Starting from the definition of the main fluid dynamics and geometric variables which influence the performances, an experimental campaign has been performed in order to derive the relationship governing the pressure drop behavior. The model efficacy has been confirmed by a CFD analysis, which also allowed a qualitative insight review into the dynamics of velocity and turbulence intensity fields. Further tests have been performed in order to validate the model at off-design points. As far as the structural analysis is concerned, several FEM models and DOE techniques have been implemented in order to define relationships for bust pressure computation and feasible design improvements with respect to the current state of the art. Besides fluid dynamic and structural correlations, the notable achievements of this work are the definition of best pressure static probes positioning and the maximum clogging level that a strainer can withstand before collapse. Furthermore, some guidelines are given in order to prevent pipeline resonance and acoustic fatigue caused by the interaction between strainer turbulence and compressor inlet flow.
9
VILKĖ, Rita, Lina PAREIGIENĖ, and Aldona STALGIENĖ. "CHALLENGES AND INCENTIVES FOR CORPORATE SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITY IN THE PROVISION OF PUBLIC GOODS: AN AGRARIAN DISCOURSE." In Rural Development 2015. Aleksandras Stulginskis University, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.15544/rd.2015.120.
Full textAbstract:
Crisis of recent decade had proved many times the interconnectivity and interdependency among all actors, sectors and areas of concern throughout the globalized value chains. Today sustainable development strategies are under reconstruction by global governance bodies together with stakeholders from around the world, concerning the main issue of durable future. Agriculture as main provider of public goods, recently had experienced pressure from public society and entered the debates for an essential review of the underlying support principles, based on multifunctionality, which hardly meet the goals of sustainable development. Recently some evidence appeared that the gap between multifunctionality and sustainability might be closed with help of corporate social responsibility (CSR). The paper aims to disclose the challenges and incentives which accelerated the origination of CSR concept and related discussions in an agrarian discourse through the provision of public goods. Systemic analysis and synthesis of theoretical insights of foreign and local scientific literature and the methods of induction and deduction were applied to investigate the theoretical aspect and characteristics of CSR and public goods in agrarian discourse. Theoretical research results propose that the concept of CSR does provide a basis for further analysis and discussion concerning the role of agriculture as a subject of government support from a broader systems perspective, which means a shift in paradigms, emphasized by movement from the sectoral policy and agricultural support to a more inclusive place-based development.
10
Bulut, Cihan, Elchin Suleymanov, and Fakhri Hasanov. "Problems Encountered during the Transition to Market Economy in Azerbaijan and Solution Attempts." In International Conference on Eurasian Economies. Eurasian Economists Association, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.36880/c04.00681.
Full textAbstract:
After re-gaining its independence on 18 October 1991, the Republic of Azerbaijan started to transform to the market-based economy and to integrate into the world economy. The country’s oil and natural gas reserves have been considered the main source for financing range of government programs for reforms. On the one hand, these reserves had to be used effectively; on the other hand, there was a huge demand for foreign investment for extraction. To this end, Azerbaijan has signed “Contract of the Century” in 1994. Although Azerbaijan has wide oil and natural gas reserves, it has faced a number of difficulties in its transition way. This study analyzes these problems and reforms for solving them. One of the types of the problems were related to the economic structure of the former Soviet Union: disruption of the economic ties between the republics resulted in decline of production, high levels of unemployment and prices and consequently led to an economic recession in all of the republics. Another set of problems was related to lack of sufficient institutional bases to transform to the market economy. Moreover, internal conflicts between the political parties and groups for having authority as well as political chaos in the republic can be considered other serious problems during the transition period. Furthermore, Karabakh war and occupation of 20 percent of the Azerbaijani territory by the Armenian military forces had made the situation extremely complicated. Despite all of these extremes, Azerbaijan transformed to the market-based economy decidedly and even became one of the fast growing countries of the world. Even in 2006, with the GDP growth rate of 34.5 percent, Azerbaijan was a leader among growing economies. In parallel with this significant economic development, there is still a need for some socio-economic and institutional reforms in order to get a well-functioned market-based economy in Azerbaijan.