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1
Radzhabova, Z. K., O. R. Radzhabov, M. M. Osmanov, T. G. Aygumov, G. A. Emirova, and S. Z. Khidirova. "Government Regulation of Foreign Economic Activity in Russia: Legal and Economic Aspects." International Journal of Criminology and Sociology 10 (December 31, 2020): 180–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.6000/1929-4409.2021.10.21.
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The paper assesses the fact that in the current conditions of globalization, any national economy is becoming more open, and therefore the state should take into account in its trade and economic policy the consistent relationship between the processes occurring within the economy and in the sphere of foreign economic relations. The state also acts as the organizer of the system of servicing foreign economic relations and achieving internal economic equilibrium, and finances this activity from budgetary funds. This system is branched in its nature, covering such areas of activity as the provision of information and consulting services, and organization of advertising and exhibition work; it also helps to increase the efficiency of foreign economic activity, introducing new participants to it. The authors conclude that in order to maintain domestic economic balance, the state should strengthen its influence on imports in order to maintain domestic producers and without depriving them of competition from foreign goods at the same time.
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KOSTIN, ALEKSEY. "PROBLEMATIC ASPECTS OF THE APPLICATION OF THE TOOLS OF TAX AND CUSTOMS REGULATION IN MODERN CONDITIONS." Economic Problems and Legal Practice 17, no. 6 (December 28, 2021): 231–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.33693/2541-8025-2021-17-6-231-238.
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Purpose of the study. The article examines the problems of using the instruments of tax and customs regulation in the modern period of development of Russian foreign trade. The purpose of the study is to identify the features of this development, as well as to substantiate the directions and measures that provide a way out of the current situation. Of all the factors influencing the development of foreign trade, at present, the main ones are the nature of political relations between states and the multilevel implementation of the achievements of scientific and technological progress. Modern sanctions against Russia show a high level of correlation between these factors. In particular, the imposition of a ban on the supply of equipment used in the mining industry to Russia will inevitably in the future lead to the deterioration of existing equipment and to a reduction in the volume of raw materials production. If we imagine the degree of dependence of Russian exports on the supply of raw materials, then it is quite probable that the share of products produced in Russia on the foreign market will decrease, and hence the revenues to the revenues of the country's budget. Conclusions. As a result of the study, the author comes to the conclusion about the confirmation of the hypothesis about the positive impact on the development of foreign trade of the introduction of new technologies into the activities of industrial enterprises. Meanwhile, the development of Russia's foreign trade is currently under threat in connection with the functioning of domestic enterprises in conditions of the risk of impact on their activities of economic sanctions. A separate danger for Russian exporters and importers is the supply of counterfeit goods both to the domestic market of Russia and to the member states of the Eurasian Economic Union.
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Zorkóciová, Otília, Hana Petríková, and Lenka Škodová. "Evaluation of Selected Aspects of the Business Environment of the Republic of Macedonia and Foreign Trade Relations with the Slovak Republic." Studia Commercialia Bratislavensia 10, no. 37 (June 1, 2017): 98–110. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/stcb-2017-0009.
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Abstract The paper focuses on the assessment of the Macedonian business environment based on analysis and comparison of selected global indices and ranks of competitiveness and quality of the business regulation and on the evaluation of the foreign trade relations with the Slovak Republic based on the calculation of the Revealed Comparative Advantage (RCA) Index. The Macedonian market has the potential to develop foreign trade activities with Slovak business entities, on the other hand, it is also a problematic territory to a certaint extent, as the current development of Macedonia is marked by the tense internal political situation that has persisted since the elections in April 2014.
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Bielov, Dmytro, and Myroslava Hromovchuk. "Constitutional and legal regulation of economic relations: selected aspects." Проблеми сучасних трансформацій. Серія: право, публічне управління та адміністрування, no. 1 (October 20, 2021): 30–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.54929/pmtl-issue1-2021-05.
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Found, constitutional and legal norms undoubtedly have a significant impact on the economic system of any state. Models of the world's economic systems are established and guaranteed by a system of legal means, which, in turn, are subject to the constitutional and legal framework. Specified, the sphere of constitutional-legal regulation of economic relations has been repeatedly explored in scientific research, however, the consensus on the scope of economic issues that should be subject to constitutional entrenchment has not been reached yet. The analysis of the world constitutional practice shows a tendency to strengthen the regulation of those relations that concern the economic organization of public life. This topic is relevant since not only the legal theory but also political practice enters into a heated debate over the above-mentioned issue. The author argues: 1) constitutional law regulates the place of the state in the political system of society and defines the principles of relations between the state and its non-state elements including the ways of resolving conflicts between them, limits of interference or even limits of its activity; 2) the boundaries of constitutional regulation of economic relations should be determined first of all on the basis of considering fundamental relations for the economic system of the state. That is, the limits of constitutional regulation depend on the system of relations that are included in the concept of economic relations; 3) the system of relations that require legal regulation should also include the establishment of an effective pricing mechanism, the exercise of control over monetary policy, the cancellation of restrictions on foreign trade activities, the development of an effective tax and budgetary system, regulation of financial reporting, etc.
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Pavlović, Radica. "The effects of economic policy on the foreign trade in the Republic of Serbia: Trade law and economic aspect: Future and perspectives." Megatrend revija 18, no. 4 (2021): 147–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.5937/megrev2104147p.
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Foreign trade of economic entities is determined by the instrument "Contract of Sale", which is one of the most common, frequent and numerous contracts in the economy without a clear distinction between seller and buyer. The Republic of Serbia has accepted the imposed international imperative rules in cooperation with the political influence of the domicile political economic policy. In such business conditions, and due to the process of globalization, deregulation and market liberalization, international dominance has several significant aspects, primarily given the turbulence, complexity and uncertainty of business and the application of regulations subject to change, which has significant negative implications for all economic policies domicile countries but also indirectly the dominant influence of international institutions. As an economic policy through price and exchange rate policy, it has a significant impact on foreign trade agreements in legal transactions through positioning, competitiveness, growth and development of the Republic of Serbia in both the domestic and international markets, where the so-calle. the principle of "victory of the stronger", the influences of imperialist forces, political influence and the world oligarchy should be considered in the context of the future and perspective and future of business of domestic companies. The aim of this paper is to connect knowledge from the legal and economic domain, focus on the effect of economic policy and its impact on foreign trade as challenges facing legal science, bearing in mind all the implications that are crucial for the future of business.
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Yurasova, L. A. "THE POLITICS OF HUNGARIAN SOVEREIGHTY." MGIMO Review of International Relations, no. 4(49) (August 28, 2016): 99–116. http://dx.doi.org/10.24833/2071-8160-2016-4-49-99-116.
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The article analyzes main aspects of V. Orban's policy of strengthening Hungarian economic sovereignty. The Hungarian leadership had to find out balanced and reasonable approach to tackle the world economic crisis. Hungarian ballot package included reform of economic regulation on a state's level, taking moderate protectionist measures and foreign trade diversification. V. Orban's government succeeded in constitutional reform that allowed to consolidate power to deliver coherent economic policy and to harmonize separation of powers with that goal to be reached. Moreover, transferring of economic regulation to constitutional level lead to stabilization of monetary sphere. V. Orban's government enhanced state sector of economy in vulnerable areas, rose taxation on large business and shrank loans' burden of citizens in order to maintain positive economic growth. This measures ensured potential to advance further inside demand rates and to galvanize market capacity. Finally, V. Orban announced "openness to the East" policy aimed at diversifying foreign trade of Hungary. The main focus of the policy was trade with China and Russia. However, supranational authorities of European Union objected this policy goals on the grounds of economic and political consideration. But Hungarian leadership advocated its policy in a very tough way, which is a good example of self-reliance and pragmatism for the future of Europe.
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Shkalenko, A. V. "The nature of institutional changes in foreign trade as a result of the digitalization during the international economic integration." National Interests: Priorities and Security 16, no. 7 (July 16, 2020): 1352–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.24891/ni.16.7.1352.
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Subject. The article focuses on the creation of a favorable institutional environment for the Russian companies to enter foreign markets, being prepared to digitalization processes. Objectives. I determine the nature of institutional changes that take place during the active and widespread integration of ICT. The article also traces trends in foreign trade relations between countries during the digitalization and the impact of innovation during the digital transformation of international relations. The article evaluates what part network technologies play in the economic, social and political life during the globalization. Methods. The study relies upon elements of the innovative methodology for the post-industrial analysis through the cross-disciplinary synthesis, which implies overcoming the single aspect focus, dichotomy and dogmatism of many concepts of the orthodox new institutionalism. Results. Based on digital technologies, institutional mechanisms of trade agreement were found to be a complex set of related constituents. Institutions for the regulation and self-regulation of the digital economy will comprise two big subsystems in the mid-term, i.e. smart institutions (rules and models of conduct resulting from self-performing smart contracts) and hybrid institutions, which combine aspects of traditional, written law and algorithmic one, which is based on computer codes and software. The digital institutional environment will unavoidably engender smart intermediaries, which have already featured legal attorneys for smart contracts, technical experts on digital technologies, auditors and managers of digital business processes. Conclusions and Relevance. New technologies reshape the institutional environment of the international cooperation on foreign trade, which contributes to the development of innovation so that countries could gain some competitive advantages. Drawing upon the cross-country cooperation within the same institutional space, national and/or regional innovative ecosystems become very important.
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Smirnov, E., and S. Lukyanov. "International Political Economy of Preferential Trade Agreements." World Economy and International Relations 66, no. 5 (2022): 32–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.20542/0131-2227-2022-66-5-32-40.
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The change in the concept of globalization of the world economy has led to serious structural changes in the global governance of international trade, as well as in the theory and practice of organizing preferential trade agreements (PTAs) between countries. At all stages of economic globalization, the main motive for the creation of the PTS was the expansion of access to foreign markets. The period of slowbalization of the world economy after the global crisis of 2008–2009 led to a further increase in trade protectionism. The role of traditional determinants in the creation of PTAs is decreasing, while the lobbying activity of exporters – transnational companies – is becoming more significant, which leads to an increase in the unevenness of benefits received by participants in international exchange. The focus of the international political economy of the PTA is shifting from traditional tariff and non-tariff trade barriers to the study of the conditions for cross-border investment, rules for the protection of intellectual property, environmental issues, and production standards. The multidimensionality of trade policy at the present stage dictates the need to revise the preferences prevailing in international trade. Trade policy covers not only cross-border exchange, but also international production. Modern PTAs are an alternative design to the WTO multilateral trade regulation, which will simplify traditional international exchange procedures. In addition, in the PTAs, some aspects of competition rules that are poorly spelled out in the WTO may be especially significant, since the risks of collusion of firms in this case may already cover several jurisdictions. An important role in understanding the political and economic nature of PTAs is played by their “distributional” consequences, when the gains of different countries from participation in the PTAs becomes uneven, which is a serious challenge for real economic integration between countries. To develop new approaches to organizing PTAs requires a clear understanding of the new nature and scale of economic globalization. Therefore, in the coming years, we will face the transformation of the designs of the already created PTAs, taking into account the new challenges that have emerged in international trade.
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Kuleshov, Roman, and Elena Foigel. "Interethnic Relations: Organizational and Forensic Aspects of Modern Criminal Policy." Russian Journal of Criminology 16, no. 1 (March 11, 2022): 111–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.17150/2500-4255.2022.16(1).111-121.
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The authors analyze legal regulation of interethnic relations in the sphere of criminal law and the problems of implementing legal norms in modern law enforcement activities. It is noted that the condition of interethnic relations in a multinational country determines a substantial part of the migration policy and has a great influence on the economic, political and criminogenic situation. The authors describe the modern condition of interethnic relations in the Russian Federation, trace the historical connection with the national question in the Russian Empire and the USSR, analyze the State Strategy of National Policy of the Russian Federation till 2025 approved by the Decree of the RF President of December 19, 2012 № 1666. It is shown that Russian legal regulation of interethnic relations lacks a unified framework of concepts and categories; for example, there are no clear boundaries between the concepts «ethnic», «national», «racial» and their derived categories. All of them are used in a chaotic manner with different mutual correlations. The article describes the contents of the compared concepts, determines their converging and differentiating features. The fundamental difference in the understanding of the concept of «national» in Russian and foreign legislation and law enforcement is stressed. The authors prove the necessity to unify terminology, bring examples from Russian court practice and the position of the European Court of Human Rights, establish the criminalistic significance of ethnic information. It is suggested that the specific framework of concepts and categories should be the basis for the development of practical instruments for using ethnic information about the participants of a crime event — a mechanism of practical implementation of the legal regulation of interethnic relations, and for determinig its goals, tasks, and key directions of work. Besides, the authors examine modern social interethnic situation in the area of identifying, investigating and detecting crimes.
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Petrov, A. M., L. M. Sembieva, N. I. Golysheva, R. A. Ivanov, and N. K. Muravitskaya. "EVALUATION OF CRITERIA FOR THE ACTIVITIES OF REPRESENTATIVE OFFICES OF JAPANESE COMPANIES IN THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION AND THE NEED TO IMPROVE THEIR EFFICIENCY." BULLETIN 2, no. 390 (April 15, 2021): 70–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.32014/2021.2518-1467.53.
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Being one of the most important tools of the national economy, foreign direct investment provides means for production expansion, creating employment opportunities and jobs, accelerating structural changes, improving the country’s financial standing in foreign relations, increasing its foreign exchange reserves, reducing budget holdbacks, and improving its credit rating. In Russia, foreign investments are primarily made through capital contributions by registered foreign residents. According to official reports, in the total annual capital inflows into the Russian Federation, 10 to 12% are attributable to foreign direct investment, 1 to 2% - to indirect investment, and up to 80% - to other investments. The current state of the world economy is characterized by many challenges: from increased competition and a new round of trade wars between major economic powers to a shift in emphasis in approaches to assessing the effectiveness of economic entities from exclusively financial to mainly non-financial, including environmental and social aspects. The corresponding economic conditions, coupled with significant political and economic pressure from a number of countries, sharply raise the issue of developing new approaches to determining the effectiveness of their own activities. Determining the effectiveness of business entities is necessary in order to ensure timely and adequate assessment of their business model from the perspective of key stakeholders and to develop an effective strategy for long-term sustainable functioning in the new business environment. This issue is particularly relevant for those economic entities that implement their activities, including through foreign representative offices. Determining the effectiveness of business entities ' representative offices abroad and evaluating their strategic performance, in addition to differences in approaches to accounting and public reporting, is also complicated by the specifics of the legal status of representative offices of economic entities, as well as the processes of legal regulation of their activities in different countries.
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Faujura, Rahmanisa Purnamasari, Elisatris Gultom, and Sudjana Sudjana. "THE MONOPOLY PRACTICE AND UNFAIR BUSINESS COMPETITION IN THE TECHNOLOGY TRANSFER ACTIVITY THROUGH THE FOREIGN PATENT IN INDONESIA." UUM Journal of Legal Studies 12, Number 1 (January 31, 2021): 69–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.32890/uumjls2021.12.1.4.
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It is a common knowledge that technology development shall be in line with the development of a nation. This fact is raising the need of developing countries as Indonesia to maximize potential in the field of technology. However, it is not easy as it sounds, there are many obstacles for a country to develop its potential in technology, notably for the expert in the relevant country to master the necessary skills. Due to this limitation, many countries are beginning to fill-in the gap by registering license of foreign patent. It is expected that the use of foreign patent will replace the higher cost and longer time needed in developing local technology in the developing countries. Unfortunately, the use of foreign patent license does not itself automatically enhance one’s ability to master the necessary skills. Many cases where developing countries were deceived by the ‘grant-back’ clause attached to the foreign patent license. The licensee’s position is consequently considered has lower than of the licensor, which in its turn may rise monopoly practice and unfair business competition. This study is conducted with the purpose to formulate an effective technology transfer through the licensing of foreign patent that can refrain from the repetition of monopoly practice and unfair business competition, according to the TRIPs signed by WTO and the positive law in Indonesia. This study is using juridical-normative approach as the methodology of research, it also use analytical approach through the Law Number 13 of 2016 concerning Patent; Law Number 5 of 1999 concerning Prohibition of the Monopoly Practice and Unfair Business Competition as well as the Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights signed by the World Trade Organization, with respect to the license agreement of the foreign patent. Based on the issue as established previously in this journal, the expected outcome of increased information dissemination towards countries using patent licensing agreement in technology and information development related to any matter in intellectual property specifically in licensing agreement, which has higher possibility for Monopolistic Practices and Unfair Business Competition. Therefore, shows that in principle in order to prevent the licensing of foreign patent to lead onto the monopoly practice and unfair business competition, a country must establish a controlling entity to supervise the execution of the foreign patent and at the same time, enacting harmonious rules and regulations with such supervision.
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Meladze, Aleko. "SOME ASPECTS OF EXCELLENCE OF CUSTOMS POLICY OF GEORGIA." Economic Profile 16, no. 2(22) (January 15, 2022): 51–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.52244/ep.2021.22.05.
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Customs system and customs activity is an important economic mechanism for the county, which has to follow current modern global and integrative processes in the world. Customs politics based on the reasonable and scientific principles will give the chance to a government to develop priority fields, deepen political and economic relation with the foreign countries, and help social-economic development of the country. Lack of development of real sector in economic Georgia made as import-dependent country. In the whole unit of commercial circulation amount of import exceeds amount of export almost three time. Local market is full with imported products, which is the result that country depends on the import, but, it is possible to create safe economic conditions for the local producers. For that the country should actively use instruments of customs politics While working on above mentioned topic, studying the problem was implemented by using qualitative and quantitative methods. Research of inner information about the topic was fulfilled in the scope of qualitative research. During quantitative research was processed statistic data. Finally, based on the analysis of result corresponding reports were made. Tasks and forms of implementing customs politics, in many cases, harshly oppose each other. That is why, one of the main task is to balance the opposing principles, for this action it is important that customs politics should be flexible, changeable and compatible with current economic occurrence and processes. On modern stage main direction of Georgian customs politics are characterized as having low import tariffs, by being free from customs tax, having less amount of export and import licenses and by not having other quantitative restrictions. But it described as having important gaps in solving modern economic problems and resisting modern challenges. Unfortunately, real sector of economics in Georgia is not developed. According the existed tendencies main priority for the county’s development is tourism. The result is that absolute majority of the product what the population of the country uses, is imported. Given tendency of correlation between import and export results gives us a chance to say that during past years, Political measurements from the state can not reach the aim. Within other factors, given problem is mainly outlined by the level of technological development and innovation problems. Non-existence of subsidiary infrastructure for development export, causes lack of information about potential export markets and not-enough popularity is Georgian products. Except measures taken for stimulating export, state customs politics should be aimed to broaden country’s exporting markets, to diversify exporting countries and export products main part of the export products for today is raw materials, which has low supplemented cost, its export does not need to activate manufacturing processes and local workmen do not take part in this process. Hence it follows that all these positive economic effects which might follow product export from the country, in this case is on low level or does not exist at all. That is why, main factor of the customs politics should be to encourage export ready production and not raw materials. There is cause-effect relation between quality of development of real sector between export and import correlation. Lack of development of real economic sector significantly defines the quality of country’s import-dependence. In order to achieve desired correlation results between import and export for the country, it is important to reduce import index, as well as export index. For the development of real sector of economics it is crucially important to protect economic activities of local manufacturers from the competition with foreign production. The government has got its regulation mechanisms, by using these mechanisms it can achieve above mentioned aim. While implementing customs politics, the government has authority, foreseeing the given situation in the country, use different instruments of customs-tariff regulations, in order to get concrete desired results. For this result it is necessary to fulfill the obligations which the country has towards world trade organization. In order to be recognized Georgia as an equal partner, from the members of the partner countries of World Trade Organization, it is necessary to be legislative basis which will regulate and administrate customs rules and other similar business spheres. Such kind of specific obligations from Georgia were outlined while signing the treaty of partnership with World Trade Organization. It was mentioned not to implement the cases of protection, anti-dumping measures and compensation duties, before other corresponding regulations and legislative acts would be received in the country. One of the main challenge of customs politics for Georgia is to resist with the problems of local manufacturers and protecting domestic market. Finally, we can say that effectiveness of customs politics significantly defines stability of country’s economic development, mainly, stimulating to develop export and protecting domestic market. Accordingly, in this thesis there are reports and recommendations, which represent closing sentences based on the analysis of separate parts of the given work.
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Klochkovsky, L. "New World Economic Development Trends and Latin America." World Economy and International Relations 60, no. 4 (2016): 48–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.20542/0131-2227-2016-60-4-48-60.
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There are substantial changes in the evolution of world economy and world economic relations. The growth rates of international trade have diminished two-fold, the prices for oil and other commodities have fallen, and the competition on world markets has sharpened greatly. These new trends complicate fundamentally external conditions for the economic development of peripheral regions, especially Latin America. Latin American countries have reached a phase of considerable economic deceleration. Under these circumstances, there is an urgent need for reconsideration of key conclusions made by some Russian experts on the possibilities of the future economic and social growth of Latin America. The author examines the most discussed aspects of the Latin American modern economic situation – the deepening technological gap and slow rates of technological progress, the limited role of internal economic motive forces, the conservation of foreign economic dependence. The future of Latin America’s economic development is uncertain in many respects and will depend greatly on foreign economic conditions. The new world balance opened important additional possibilities for Latin America on world markets. China has converted into the second largest economic partner of the region. But there is a number of complicated problems in their relations that need an urgent regulation. At the same time, the strategic task for Latin America consists in finding of effective ways for further broadening of economic relations with the United States in terms of equality and mutual benefit.
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Ecer, Sencer, and Darnita York Akers. "The TRIPS Agreement and Its Effects on the R&D Spending of US-Owned Multinational Companies in Developing Countries." Journal of World Trade 43, Issue 6 (December 1, 2009): 1173–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/trad2009046.
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We test whether the strict intellectual property protection regulations required by the Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPS) agreement benefit developing countries, specifically by attracting private US research and development funds. We examine the level of country-specific research and development (R spending by foreign affiliates of US-owned multinational companies between 1989 and 2003 as a function of whether the country has adopted two of the major patent protection regulations required by TRIPS – patent protection for a duration of twenty years and patent protection for pharmaceuticals. Results from the regression analysis suggest that providing a patent protection duration of twenty years positively impacts the R&D spending while providing patent protection for pharmaceuticals does not impact it. As such, pharmaceutical patent protection should be enforced in a case-by-case manner, whereas twenty-year patent protection should be broadly undertaken.
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Micić, Ivana, and Jelena Krstić-Ranđić. "The process of globalization: Good and bad sides." Ekonomski pogledi 23, no. 2 (2021): 99–109. http://dx.doi.org/10.5937/ekopogl2102099m.
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The purpose of the paper is to point out the factual state of the globalization process, the positive and negative aspects of this process, which relate to the aspirations of world powers to shape the world in technological, economic, informational, political and cultural terms. Globalization encourages the spread of integration, market openness, capital transfer, but at the same time the emergence of spiritual and material superficialities and gaps. Therefore, many point out the downsides of this process. On the other hand, globalization has a multiple impact on the economy of all countries, and it concerns foreign direct investment and the movement of people and capital from country to country. As production at the global level is rationalized and new technologies spread, countries can increase production, and thus the level of wages and living standards, and due to the unification of various regulations between countries, trade becomes easier and more useful for all participating countries. For this and similar reasons, some authors point out the advantages of globalization over disadvantages. The aim of the paper is to point out that the advantages should not be denied, but the greater presence of disadvantages should be noticed.
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Mehmeti, Ismail A., Sokol Krasniqi, and Hysen Sogojeva. "Trade and Country Legislation as a Roadmap for Economic Integration: Focus on Balkan Countries." International Journal of Management Excellence 14, no. 3 (April 30, 2020): 2109–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.17722/ijme.v14i3.1143.
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Purpose: This paper focuses on identifying the role of trade and legislation of a country for economic integration. Every Balkan country has claims to integrate into the large family of the European Union- EU. This context besides foreign trade legal infrastructure is one of the main determinants of this process. It is imperative that laws related to the process of economic integration should comply with EU legal directives. Design/Methodology/Approach: Data processing design (for legislation as a roadmap for economic integration) is in line with established international standards. It focuses on data published by the governing institutions of the relevant countries using deductive methods. It also compares data obtained from research in analytical and synthetic terms with direct access to literature, scientific journals, as well as official reports published locally and abroad. Findings: Today, economic integration has become a necessity of recent times. They are influenced by a large number of relevant factors and are received by political actors on the basis of whose political actions will bring about liberal or protectionist policies. Each state has its own legal acts and other legal provisions regulating the functioning of the country's legal system. Free trade and the implementation of economic integration are closely linked to "Fiscal Policy" as part of the overall economic system. Adoption of restrictive fiscal laws that impede the international movement of goods and services has detrimental effects on the development of international trade and impedes the development of good relations between sovereign states. Practical Implications: The elaboration of this paper is based on the legal analysis of contemporary economic integration as well as the economic aspects and modalities for the practical realization of regional integration. The paper presents data - on market performance and legislation that determines economic integration - which shows the current state of affairs of the Western Balkan countries in the context of such integration. Originality/Value: The data in the paper present the real state of commercial economic developments and legislation as determinant of economic integration in the Western Balkan countries. The focus is on the creation of adjacent legislative spaces of these countries, which enables accelerated integration with the ultimate aim of joining the EU.
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Potapov, M., and N. Kotlyarov. "China in Global Capital Markets." World Economy and International Relations 65, no. 8 (2021): 81–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.20542/0131-2227-2021-65-8-81-89.
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The article is analyzing the positions of China in global capital markets, and the factors that determine them. It shows the trends and features of attracting foreign direct investment in China, exporting Chinese capital abroad, attracting portfolio investments to China. The investment aspects of the Chinese Belt and Road Initiative and the role of Hong Kong as an international financial center are also considered. The evolution of the currency market regulation in China and the dynamics of the Yuan exchange rate, as well as the internationalizing of the Chinese currency and its use in cross-border operations are also discussed. The authors believe that the prospects for strengthening China’s position in the global capital markets will be determined by a number of circumstances, including the dynamics of the world economy, the growth rate of the Chinese economy, and the consistent liberalization of conditions for cross-border capital movement in China. The maintaining of higher growth rates of the Chinese economy in the context of the global recession and the coronavirus pandemic, as well as the ongoing liberalization of the domestic capital markets, suggest that the Chinese economy will remain attractive for foreign investors. The export of Chinese direct investment abroad will be largely determined by the dynamics of the country’s foreign trade, national restrictions on the export of capital, the implementing the Belt and Road Initiative and the position of China’s leading economic partners, primarily the United States, towards Chinese investment. At the same time, increased geopolitical and country risks will affect the geographical structure of China’s investment abroad in the direction of enhancing cooperation with Asian countries and participants of the Belt and Road Project. In the context of aggravated relations with the United States, China will make efforts to reduce dependence on the US dollar in settlements. Further steps will also be taken to internationalize the Chinese national currency and to achieve an increase in the use of RMB in payments. The lifting of restrictions on cross-border portfolio investments in the PRC is predetermined by ensuring the domestic macroeconomic stability, strengthening the financial system, low inflation, affordable credit, a stable balance of payments, and sufficient foreign exchange reserves. China’s real entry into the world’s leaders, both in the global commodity and capital markets, requires the creation of its own technological base, the transition to a new energy-saving, environmental-friendly national economic structure based on knowledge and new technologies, balancing the development levels of the country’s regions, and increasing the average per capita income of people.
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Predmestnikov, Oleh, and Vitaliy Gumenyuk. "HARMONIZATION OF ECONOMIC AND LEGAL MECHANISMS FOR DEEPENING EU-UKRAINIAN RELATIONS." Baltic Journal of Economic Studies 5, no. 1 (March 22, 2019): 174. http://dx.doi.org/10.30525/2256-0742/2019-5-1-174-181.
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The policy of Ukraine for the establishment and development of relations with the European Union began in 1993, was carried out all the years of Ukraine’s existence, and received intensive deepening with the beginning of the formation of an international treaty – the Association Agreement, which includes a list of legal, social, economic, and technical regulations, and Deep and Comprehensive Free Trade Area (DCFTA), in 2014 and its final signing in 2017. Political and economic objectives of the Agreement are of fundamental importance to the future of both Ukraine and the whole European region. The political goal is to implement European standards on the territory of Ukraine. This implies the introduction of fundamental European values, namely democracy, rule of law, respect for human rights and the standards of the European security system. The Agreement does not foresee membership in the European Union, however, does not exclude such an opportunity in the future. The economic goal is to help to modernize the Ukrainian economy by expanding trade volumes with the EU and other countries, as well as reforming economic regulation mechanisms in line with the best European practices. Subject to the improvement of the business climate, Ukraine will become attractive for foreign and domestic investment for further production for export to the EU and other markets of the world. Harmonization of standards and European regulations has become a much more important process than the fulfilment of strictly technical requirements and underlies the introduction of effective governance without corruption. In the process of harmonization of interaction, an adaptive institutional mechanism was formed (the highest level – annual Summits; the key coordinator is the Association Council, consisting of members of the Council of the European Union and members of the European Commission, and members of the Cabinet of Ministers of Ukraine; the level of operational coordination – the Association Parliamentary Committee, which includes members of the European Parliament, representatives of the Verkhovna Rada of Ukraine, and the Civil Society Platform; in order to coordinate processes on the territory of Ukraine, the Ukrainian government has introduced a few supervisory committees and commissions). The harmonization of the economic aspect of the mechanism has been determined in solving issues of openness of markets for duty-free import from Ukraine in April 2014, obtaining a visa-free regime with the EU, abolishing export-import tariffs, implementing European technical standards for food safety, phytosanitary norms, competition policy, service provision, and public procurement policy. The issues of further deepening of relations include a review of the terms for the introduction of regulations and legislative provisions before their actual implementation, stabilization of financial and economic processes in the country, and further development of democratic values and social institutions.
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Zarapina, L. V., and N. S. Kuptsov. "Methods of enforcing obligations and the astrent institute in civil law of Russia." Juridical Journal of Samara University 8, no. 3 (January 18, 2023): 47–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.18287/2542-047x-2022-8-3-47-53.
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The formation and development of human society, the deepening, expansion and complication of economic, economic and interpersonal relations between interacting subjects, as well as a high degree of integration and convergence of modern political, economic and legal systems of various states inevitably entail the formulation of significant scientific problems and challenges for researchers in a wide variety of fields. In this sense, the doctrine and practical implementation of the branch of civil law are no exception: the rapidly changing conditions of economic activity and trade and economic turnover naturally force the legislator and the scientific community to search for new, more modern and relevant instruments of legal regulation of a wide range of civil legal relations between subjects that in essence, they form the economic turnover within a particular society and state. This trend, with varying degrees of intensity, affects all sub-sectors and institutions of civil law, including ways to ensure civil law obligations: undoubtedly, today there are many ways for development. Ensuring the proper performance of civil obligations by the subjects of civil law is one of the most important and, as a result, controversial, problematic issues both in domestic and foreign civil law doctrine and in extensive law enforcement practice. In this regard, of central importance is the scientific consideration and study of specific ways to ensure the fulfillment of obligations, many of which are gradually being legally enshrined in the legislation of the Russian Federation. At the same time, due to the lack of real practical experience, as well as the insufficiency of doctrinal sources, the essence of many of them, as well as the relevance and necessity of their application, causes serious disagreement among the scientific and professional legal community. One of these institutions at this stage is the institute of astrent. The article is devoted to the consideration of some problematic aspects of determining the theoretical essence of astrent, which may affect subsequent clarifications or changes in the text of the relevant regulatory legal acts of the Russian Federation. The aim of the work is an attempt to determine the theoretical essence of the institute of astrent in connection with the dual nature of its most significant legal features.
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Dudin, Pavel N., and Zufar F. Khusainov. "Преддоговорные основы «экспорта революции» в Восточной Азии и региональный политический порядок в зоне советского влияния: позитивный опыт и социалистическая идеология в Монголии. Год 1921. Часть 1." Oriental Studies 14, no. 1 (April 5, 2021): 8–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.22162/2619-0990-2021-53-1-8-23.
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Introduction. In November of 1921 after the meeting between Mongolian officials and Vladimir Lenin, an Agreement on Friendly Relations between the two states was concluded. This significant act confirmed the mutual recognition of the only legitimate government by both counterparties, measures of prevention of unfriendly actions by third parties, exchange of plenipotentiary representatives and ambassadors, state border regulations and the most favorable nation treatment for citizens whilst visiting the counterparty and jurisdiction. It also provided the regulations for a number of trade matters, intercommunication issues, questions of personal property etc., however, in actuality this document touched upon a smaller realm of mutual relations that had already been established before the execution of the Agreement, having been formalized in other documents, such as letters and memorandums. These precontractual acts are of genuine interest not only due to their uncertain legal nature and consequences, but also because they cover a much wider range of collaboration and cooperation issues than the Agreement dated November 5, 1921. Goals. So, the paper attempts an interdisciplinary insight into the mentioned documents (addresses, diplomatic notes, letters, etc.) to have preceded the Agreement and formalized Soviet Russia’s foreign policy in the region and its presence in the territory of Outer Mongolia ― to determine the role and impact of the former. Materials and Methods. The study focuses on widely known materials contained in diverse published collections of documents from the Soviet era that were never viewed by most researchers as important tools to have guaranteed the national interests in the Far East. To facilitate a more comfortable perception of the investigated materials by different specialists, the paper was divided in two ― Part One to focus on research tools and its ideological essentials, and Part Two to emphasize certain instruments to have secured the ‘export of revolution’. Results. The article specifies four key lines of cooperation: 1) bilateral collaboration that includes ‘export of ideology’ and sufficient tools thereto, such as disassociation from former political regimes, support for anticolonial sentiments, securement of equal rights in foreign policy issues, cooperative struggle against the common ideological enemy ― world capitalism, ‘soft power’ in the form of educational projects; 2) security arrangements for Soviet territories and borders, including assistance to Mongolian comrades in their fight against the White Guard, allocation of the Red Army units within Mongolian territories until the complete eradication of the White threat, with the participation of military units from the Far Eastern Republic; 3) economic cooperation through mutual financial and economic support of industrial construction projects, resource development and social infrastructure initiatives, etc., 4) joint actions on the international stage pinnacled with the recognition of the Mongolian People’s Republic by China (1945) and the rest of the world community (1961). This shows that during the shaping of the political agenda towards Mongolia the then Soviet leaders did not view contractual aspects of the mechanism as fundamental, and attached no paramount importance to international agreements, which had been distinctive of the Russian Empire.
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Kirilenko, V. P., Yu V. Mishalchenko, and E. V. Vasileva. "Features of International Legal Regulation of Foreign Trade Contracts." EURASIAN INTEGRATION: economics, law, politics 16, no. 3 (October 14, 2022): 84–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.22394/2073-2929-2022-03-84-94.
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The article conducts a study to determine the mechanism of effective legal regulation of the content of foreign trade contracts when establishing mutually beneficial relations between participants in a foreign economic transaction who are subjects of law of different states by type of economic activity in accordance with and in accordance with the terms agreed by the parties on the basis of the applicable norms of national and international law and the legislation of the countries regulating these legal relations in foreign economic activity.Aim. To propose the most optimal directions for improving the legal regulation of the content of foreign trade contracts in the system of international integration.Tasks. To determine the legal basis for regulating foreign trade contracts in modern integration processes; to investigate the legal aspects, specifics and procedure for concluding foreign trade contracts, as well as to identify legal problems that hinder the development of these legal relations.Methods. In this research we used methods of comparative law, methods of analysis and synthesis, as well as methods of deduction and induction.Results. In the course of the study, the authors come to the conclusion that there are some problematic aspects of both national and international regulation in the field of foreign trade contracts. These problems are expressed in the absence of a single legal regulation for the conclusion and execution of foreign trade contracts, the presence of specific requirements for the content of the contract in different countries, and as a result, the appearance of conflicts at the stage of agreement of the text of the contract by partners from different countries, as well as in the absence of a single legal mechanism ensuring fair resolution of disputes between the parties to the contract.Conclusion. As a result of the analysis of the actual problems associated with the lack of the necessary comprehensive legal regulation of the content of foreign trade contracts, the authors propose optimal ways to solve them by harmonizing legislation at the international level in order to humanely and fairly bring together the legislations of states and establish comparable regulatory legal regulation in relation to the legal regulation of the content, conclusion and execution of a foreign trade contract.
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Koliadych, Oleksandr. "Economic and political aspects of foreign trade in the scientific legacy of Ivan Vernadsky." Ìstorìâ narodnogo gospodarstva ta ekonomìčnoï dumki Ukraïni 2021, no. 54 (December 1, 2021): 225–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.15407/ingedu2021.54.225.
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The article provides a historical digression on I. Vernadsky's development of foreign trade concepts, and considers its most significant factors, in particular the economic ones (freedom, mutual benefit, measure of needs, strength of economic law) and political ones (geopolitical influence, consolidation). The purpose of the article is to reveal the significance and relevance of I. Vernadsky’s views on the economic and political aspects of foreign trade and assess the scientist's contribution to the development of conceptual foundations of foreign trade based on historical sources. The theoretical basis of the research is the multi-directional application of the concept of foreign trade and the interpretation of foreign trade policy as a tool for successful economic development. The historical and economic methods of analysis, and the problem-personified approach to the study of the history of economic ideas are used. The author applies the tools of systematic approach for the layout of the studied by I. Vernadsky tools for the government’s activities in the field of customs policy and foreign trade. It is shown that I. Vernadsky was critical of the interpretation of an objective, and equivalent exchange and put forward the idea of the urgency of its participants’ needs, emphasizing the subjective nature of any exchange operations. At the same time, the scientist condemned the violent nature of external relations and exchange. Emphasis is placed on an important place in the study of foreign trade issues by I. Vernadsky – the influence of both economic and non-economic factors, in particular the nation’s level of education the and its connection with the level of trade. Also, in the article are highlighted the attitude of I. Vernadsky to the relationship of peoples, which is determined by the ratio of the size of their foreign trade. In return, asymmetry in trade can trigger the operation of the law of counteraction, which demonstrates the scientist's position on trade wars and their inevitability in the event of violence, expansion and robbery. It is emphasized that I. Vernadsky’s liberalism and policy of free trade in the issue of foreign trade should be implemented in conditions of low taxes and tariff duties. High duties not only minimize the mutual benefit of the parties in foreign trade, but also, according to the scientist, set up producers of individual countries against each other. This leads to a foreign policy confrontation between the two countries and international tensions. I. Vernadsky’s research of foreign trade issues in the XIX century is also relevant for the beginning of the XXI century, in particular, the idea of the importance of preventing neo-protectionism, trade conflicts and wars.
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Suleymanov, Z. E. "Macroeconomic aspects of customs and logistics activities." Voprosy regionalnoj ekonomiki 32, no. 3 (September 20, 2017): 83–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.21499/2078-4023-2017-32-3-83-88.
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In the article the characteristic elements of the state management of customs and logistics industry. The problems of interagency cooperation in the field of regulation of foreign trade activities and proposed some solutions.
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Bobylov, Y. "Foreign Trade Aspects of the Russian Fishery Sector." World Economy and International Relations, no. 5 (2008): 54–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.20542/0131-2227-2008-5-54-62.
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Van Eeckhaute, Jean Charles. "Private Complaints against Foreign Unfair Trade PracticesThe EC's Trade Barriers Regulation." Journal of World Trade 33, Issue 6 (December 1, 1999): 199–213. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/trad1999049.
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Uyanga Myagmar. "Influence of WTO law on foreign trade regulation in Mongolia: basic aspects, challenges." KOOKMIN LAW REVIEW 30, no. 2 (October 2017): 551–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.17251/legal.2017.30.2.551.
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Aksenov, Pavel A. "The US Foreign Investment Regulation: Trade War Restrictions." International Trade and Trade Policy, no. 4 (January 3, 2020): 31–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.21686/2410-7395-2019-4-31-41.
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Over the past several years, the United States has taken a leading position in the world in attractiveness to foreign investors, largely due to the policy of favoring foreign investment and the absence of significant restrictions on incoming FDI. Currently the United States are trying to find a balance between openness to foreign investment and emerging issues related to the economy and national security. As a result of the adoption of the Foreign Investment Risk Review Modernization Act in 2018, the authority of the US Foreign Investments Committee was significantly expanded and the requirements for transactions were tightened, in particular, monitoring and verification of compliance with national security requirements. Despite the fact that these measures affected all incoming FDI in the United States, they are primarily an instrument of competition between the United States and China. Restrictions on outbound investment by China, as well as new requirements on the part of the United States, have significantly reduced the flow of FDI from China to the United States, especially in high-tech industries and infrastructure projects. Meanwhile, the US direct investment in China has remained stable over the past few years. In addition, there are some industry regulations on the share of foreign investors in the capital of energy companies, broadcasting companies, banks and others. Investment relations between the two countries, according to the investors, despite political and trade contradictions, remain quite close.
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Larin, O. N. "Regulation of International Transportation: Modern Aspects." World of Transport and Transportation 17, no. 2 (September 13, 2019): 296–305. http://dx.doi.org/10.30932/1992-3252-2019-17-2-296-305.
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Platonov, O. I. Multimodal transportation of goods: the state of affairs today and the prospects for implementation. Kiev, 2018, 160 pThe reviewed monograph by O. I. Platonov «Multimodal transportation of goods: the state of affairs today and the prospects for implementation» explores the current state and prospects for further development of international transportation of goods using several modes of transport. The book presents the results of a comparative analysis of the provisions of many interstate, intergovernmental and industry agreements, international standards, regulations, strategies and other governing documents related to organization of multimodal transportation. The author paid special attention to ensuring economic security in multimodal supply chains for foreign trade goods. The appendix contains a brief glossary of key terms and definitions developed by the authorIn the context of the monograph review, a discussion was initiated on the approaches to classification of international transport according to various criteria.
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Voloshyn, Roman. "Regulation of foreign trade relations on the Ukraine grain market." ED/2019/1, no. 1 (March 2019): 15–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.36742/2410-0919-2019-1-2.
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Introduction. Grain market plays an important role in the system of foreign trade relations of Ukraine. Its benefits are due to the much risk factors, but the advancement of grain in foreign markets requires adjusting of certain regulatory processes. Methods. Investigation of the aspects of state regulation of various types of processes, which were characterized by the monographic method, taking into account the possibilities of legal regulations, methods of analysis and synthesis - for systematization of the revealed tendencies, statistical methods and methods of regulation. Results. The article outlines and generalizes the basic directions of regulation of the Ukraine grain market in the context of export potential realization, including improvement of quality standards, product quality and increasing of its value added. The methodological principles of grain market regulation, draws attention to the shortcomings of the regulatory system, proposes areas for improving the regulation of the grain market, which include improving the quality of exported products, increasing its value added and harmonizing standards. Discussion. Further research in this area should relate to the scientific substantiation of the proposed areas, the formation of an economic and organizational mechanism for their implementation. Keywords: grain market, state regulation, foreign trade, World Trade Organization, customs tariffs, non-tariff restrictions, free trade area, added value, export.
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Efimtseva, Tatiana V., and Aslan S. Aliturliev. "STATE REGULATION OF FOREIGN TRADE ACTIVITY: METHODS AND THEIR LEGAL ESSENCE." Oeconomia et Jus, no. 1 (March 31, 2022): 83–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.47026/2499-9636-2022-1-83-93.
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The authors carried out the analysis of current legislation of the Russian Federation and the Eurasian Economic Union, the practice of its application, the literature on the issue of state regulation of foreign trade activities. The concept of state regulation of foreign trade is given, the classification of these regulatory methods into types according to various criteria is presented. The Russian legislation contains an exhaustive list of methods for state regulation of foreign trade. However, application of specific methods depends on the type of goods. In connection therewith, the content of some of the most commonly used methods for state regulating foreign trade activity in practice is disclosed. At this, preference is given to the methods of customs tariff regulation, which include the customs tariff and customs duties. The relevance of the topic of state regulation of foreign trade is caused by the fact that foreign trade activity is currently becoming more and more colossal and covers all regions of the world, and therefore legal regulation of foreign trade is acquiring important socio-economic and sometimes political significance. So, in In January-August 2021, according to the data from the Bank of Russia, Russia's foreign trade turnover amounted to $492 billion dollars (137.8% by January-August 2020), including exports – $299 billion (144%), imports – $193 billion (129.2%). The trade balance remained positive, 106 billion US dollars (in January-August 2020 – positive, 58.3 billion dollars). Using the methods of observation, analysis, synthesis, comparison, interpretation of norms and others, the results were obtained that allow us to draw the following conclusions. When forming a foreign trade policy, the state needs to assess the regulatory impact on foreign trade in order to respond promptly to rapidly changing conditions in foreign markets functioning. Taking into account that the methods of state regulation of foreign trade activities are not systematized in the legislation, it is necessary to refer to the doctrine in which there is a classification of such methods into types. In addition, it is also necessary to take into account the fact that different methods of state regulation are applied to foreign trade in different goods.
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He, Mingjun. ""One belt – one road": historical aspects development and regulation of trade." International Trade and Trade Policy 7, no. 3 (October 14, 2021): 79–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.21686/2410-7395-2021-3-79-89.
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The article is devoted to a topic that has been significantly updated in the last 5 years – the study of the ancient Great Silk Road as the historical predecessor of the Chinese initiative "One Belt – One Road". This initiative has involved dozens of countries on all continents of the Earth in its sphere. Many of them continue to wonder about the effectiveness of this project for China, other countries, the world economy and trade in general. The purpose of the article is to study the deep historical roots and significance for the socio-economic evolution in the past – with an emphasis on foreign trade aspects-and their role in general economic and humanitarian processes. The historical objectivity and validity of both the ancient Silk Road and the modern "One Belt, One Road" initiative are shown. The author comes to the conclusion that the ancient Great Silk Road played an extremely important role in the socio-economic development of China and other countries along the way, and at the same time provided the opportunity for intercivilizational communication, which together is extremely important in the conditions of the modern unstable world. The following research methods were used in the article: historical and economic analysis, induction and deduction, analysis and synthesis.
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He, Mingjun. ""One belt – one road": historical aspects development and regulation of trade." International Trade and Trade Policy 7, no. 3 (October 14, 2021): 79–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.21686/2410-7395-2021-3-79-89.
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The article is devoted to a topic that has been significantly updated in the last 5 years – the study of the ancient Great Silk Road as the historical predecessor of the Chinese initiative "One Belt – One Road". This initiative has involved dozens of countries on all continents of the Earth in its sphere. Many of them continue to wonder about the effectiveness of this project for China, other countries, the world economy and trade in general. The purpose of the article is to study the deep historical roots and significance for the socio-economic evolution in the past – with an emphasis on foreign trade aspects-and their role in general economic and humanitarian processes. The historical objectivity and validity of both the ancient Silk Road and the modern "One Belt, One Road" initiative are shown. The author comes to the conclusion that the ancient Great Silk Road played an extremely important role in the socio-economic development of China and other countries along the way, and at the same time provided the opportunity for intercivilizational communication, which together is extremely important in the conditions of the modern unstable world. The following research methods were used in the article: historical and economic analysis, induction and deduction, analysis and synthesis.
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ILCHENKO, S. V., and V. О. DIAKOV. "COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF THE DYNAMICS OF DEVELOPMENT OF INSURANCE IN THE SPHERE OF WATER TRANSPORT: UKRAINIAN PRACTICE AND FOREIGN EXPERIENCE." Economic innovations 24, no. 2(83) (June 20, 2022): 66–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.31520/ei.2022.24.2(83).66-77.
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Topicality. Water transport is an important part of the infrastructure of the transport system of any country that has access to the sea or inland waterways and the ability of the country to participate in international trade and transport goods abroad. There is a certain water dependence, which is determined by the geographical access of countries to maritime and inland waterways, since access to them is one of the key factors in attracting world capital. By means of water transport in Ukraine, one third of all cargoes in the field of water transport are annually transported by inland waterways, among which are mainly construction cargo, grain, metal products, chemical products. However, when transporting goods, there are certain risks that require insurance when using water transport. Therefore, it is important in the current conditions of the policy of resource saving and greening of water transport activities to conduct research on the economic aspects of water transport insurance, in particular insurance of risks arising from the use of sea and inland waterways of Ukraine, during the conduct of economic activities by water transport enterprises require a separate study for the merits of favorable economic conditions for international cooperation, harmonization of the economic qualities of the foreign policy of states, increasing the efficiency of domestic insurance, etc.Aim and tasks. The purpose of the article is to conduct a comparative analysis of Ukrainian practice and foreign experience in the dynamics of the development of insurance in the field of water transport.Research results. The current insurance international and domestic organizations consider the issues of insurance in the field of water transport and taking into account climatic, economic, political, environmental, informational, innovative and other factors that improve the conditions under which insurance takes place: ships as property against any adverse events that protect the ship, taking into account the furniture and objects of the vessel; liability under which the ship is insured in the event of an accident, collision or any attack that may result in loss or damage; cargo, in which expenses are compensated for the loss or damage to the cargo of the shipping company from the insurance company. Based on the statistical and analytical data of international organizations, it has been determined that the greatest demandin terms of insurance premiums is for cargo and property insurance services of shipping companies among the countries of Europe and the Asia-Pacific region. The materials of the National Commission, which carries out state regulation in the field of financial services markets, whose functions in the field of insurance have been distributed to the National Bank of Ukraine since July 1, 2020, have been analyzed; water transport, provided for by the legislation of Ukraine. Based on the use of methods of retrospective and statistical analysis, detailing and comparison, an analysis of the main indicators of voluntary insurance was carried out: in the field of water transport of Ukraine (marine inland and other types of water transport), which determined the positive recovery dynamics of the development of this type of insurance with a simultaneous increase in net insurance premiums ; liability of water transport owners (including the liability of the carrier), according to which the annual loss of consumers is determined, which is mainly due to the reduction in the number of water transport vehicles and its high wear and tear, which, in turn, makes it impossible to accept the corresponding risks and insurance; cargo and luggage (cargo luggage), which has a significant positive development dynamics and is the largest type of insurance in terms of gross receipts of insurance payments and is in significant demand among water transport entities.Conclusion. Based on the analysis of foreign experience, it was determined that, in general, the global marine insurance market has positive trends, which is mainly due to the increase in the premium base and significantly low claims in 2020, as well as the gradual recovery of the economies of countries after the first consequences of the pandemic. An analysis of Ukrainian practice made it possible to establish the dynamics of the development of insurance in the field of water transport, the absence and receipt of insurance payments (premiums, contributions), and, accordingly, insurance payments for compulsory types of insurance in the field of water transport, provided for by domestic legislation. However, in the field of voluntary insurance, based on the number of contracts, the volume of insurance payments and payments, cargo and luggage insurance (cargo luggage) is in greatest demand. Also, agreements are made on insurance of water transport (marine inland and other types of water transport) and liability insurance of water transport owners (including the liability of the carrier). The studies carried out made it possible to determine the need to improve the regulatory framework for the development of insurance on inland waterways in order to protect and preserve the environment, as well as to minimize pollution risks and impose liability on insurance companies.
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MOSTOVA, Anastasiia. "FOREIGN ECONOMIC ASPECTS OF THE STATE FOOD SECURITY." Ukrainian Journal of Applied Economics 4, no. 3 (August 30, 2019): 86–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.36887/2415-8453-2019-3-10.
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Introduction. Current conditions of socio-economic relations development, formation of a single Food independence require special attention in the realization conditions of the state food security strategy, since the implementation of the state foreign economic policy aimed at maintaining the openness of internal markets in terms of Ukraine’s integration into the multilateral system of WTO food security of the state and some pressure from foreign trading partners. Purpose. The purpose of the article is to develop methodological bases for guaranteeing food security and independence, the factors of their formation and to develop recommendations for guaranteeing the food security of the state under the influence of foreign economic factors. Methods. The methods of system analysis and synthesis, abstract-logical, monographic, generalization, were used in the study. Results. Food security and its components have been investigated. Theoretical, methodological and practical approaches to the study of food independence and food self-sufficiency as the main elements of food security are analyzed. The conclusions on the state of food security of Ukraine are formulated on the basis of indicators of food independence by main foodstuffs, self-sufficiency of basic types of foodstuffs, foreign trade in foodstuffs and balance of foreign trade in foodstuffs. The main problems that do not allow to increase the food independence of the state are identified and those that need to be solved within the framework of the state food security strategy. The strategic tasks of the state policy for the achievement of food independence and self-sufficiency are considered in the conditions of increasing integration of Ukraine into the system of international relations. A set of measures is proposed to stimulate the development of a number of agriculture sectors and food industry to ensure their competitiveness within the framework of the food security strategy. The necessity of using indirect instruments and mechanisms of financial support to the agricultural sector, the introduction of an effective system of foreign economic regulation in the agrarian sector are justified, aimed at protecting domestic producers from unfair and excessive competition from foreign suppliers and promoting equipoise. Key words: food security, food independence, food security, foreign trade, agrarian sector.
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Fedyakina, Lora N., and Arina A. Tinkova. "US foreign trade policy as a tool for protecting national interests." RUDN Journal of Economics 28, no. 4 (December 15, 2020): 842–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.22363/2313-2329-2020-28-4-842-857.
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National economic interests are changing in terms of high competition in the world economy, and its global players foreign trade policy direction is correlated with the protectionist sentiments of the United States. The purpose of the study is to identify and analyze the evolution, correlation and new trends in the mechanisms of US trade policy. As a result of the analysis of four mechanisms (international organizations, the official financing system, international integration, tariff and non-tariff regulation, as well as their variations in the form of trade wars and sanctions within the framework of a trade war instrument), authors describe the theoretical, evolutionary and practical aspects of protecting national interests and their impact on the world economy. The authors opinion on the place and role of sanctions in the system of trade policy mechanisms is presented, the sanctions economic aspect in the framework of trade wars is highlighted.
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Tokas, Marios. "Playing the Game: The EU’s Proposed Regulation on Foreign Subsidies." Journal of World Trade 56, Issue 5 (October 1, 2022): 779–802. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/trad2022032.
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The objective of ‘level playing field’ has become increasingly more present in international trade affairs. The European Union (EU) has recently embarked on a quest to promote and protect the level playing field within and outside the borders of the internal market. The most recent manifestation of this objective is the regulation of foreign subsidies, i.e., subsidies provided by non-EU countries to undertakings operating within the EU. The European Commission issued its proposal for a new Regulation with the goal of tackling distortions to the level playing field caused by foreign subsidies. The present article introduces the major concepts of the Proposal and provides a comparative analysis with EU State Aid law and the WTO Subsidies and Countervailing Measures (SCM) Agreement. Further, it pursues an economic analysis of the anticipated impact of the Proposal with a view of examining whether the Proposal is capable of addressing global distortions caused by foreign subsidies and ensure a level playing field. Lastly, the article examines the compatibility of the Proposal with Article 32.1 of the SCM Agreement. Trade Remedies, WTO Law, Subsidies, Treaty Interpretation, EU Law, International Trade Law
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Прокофьев, Александр, Aleksandr Prokofiev, Валерия Смирнова, and Valeriya Smirnova. "Certain Issues Concerning Legal Regulation of Trade Mark License Contracts." Journal of Russian Law 3, no. 7 (June 25, 2015): 0. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/11743.
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The article examines current legal problems which arise in connection with trade mark license contracts. In the contemporary business environment a problem of liability for non-ensuring quality control under trade mark licensing law has become increasingly important. Restrictive business practices and regulation of parallel import is another concern. Authors analyze not only provisions of the substantive law but also legal regulation of the relevant issues concerning the conflict of laws rules. The article also tackles a major problem in the sphere of international private law: correlation of lex contractus and lex loci protectionis connecting factors. Lex contractus covers contractual aspects of the trade mark license such as contract interpretation, mutual obligations of the parties, their performance, discharge and consequences of breach thereof. And lex loci protectionis governs non-contractual aspects such as existence, validity and protection of the right to the trade mark itself. Sometimes it is difficult to label certain issues, like the licensee’s allowed continued use of the mark after the termination of the license, as contractual or non-contractual. The article offers comprehensive analysis of all these questions on the basis of the most recent legislation, court practice and doctrines, both Russian and foreign.
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Hanna, DUHINETS, and SARKISIAN Larysa. "DIGITAL TRANSFORMATION OF THE STATE’S FOREIGN TRADE POLICY." Foreign trade: economics, finance, law 119, no. 6 (December 22, 2021): 26–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.31617/zt.knute.2021(119)03.
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Background. The impact of digital transformations on financial, investment and trade flows requires the introduction of appropriate incentives and the reduction of restrictive practices. The lack of coordination between national governments and international organizations in establishing mechanisms and instruments increases the risk of instability zones. Modern regulatory instruments applied by countries may be twofold, owing to the nature of digital technologies. In sum, the issue of improving foreign trade policy is actual and requires further research and practical consideration. The aim of the articleis to develop theoretical, methodological and practical approaches to the regulation of the foreign trade policy digital transformation process. Materials and methods. Database of statistical and analytical materials of international organizations (Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development, World Economic Forum), national statistical offices, centres of expertise and in-house research were used. The study used economic analysis, comparison, grouping and systematization methods. Results. The article examines the theoretical, methodological and practical approaches to regulating the process of digital transformation of foreign trade policy. It is determined that the main directions of regulatory practices are the rules for data transfer, consolidation and regulation of intellectual property rights, data protection of consumers of information services, ethics of digital products. The classification of tools of digital transformation of foreign trade policy is formed. Conclusion. The growing share of digital goods and services in international trade has intensified the complex aspects of global cooperation among countries to develop the digital economy and to regulate joint activities in the creation of physical and virtual mobility rules. For Ukraine, it is important to accelerate the pace of implementation of planned measures and to strengthen the development and introduction of stimulating tools for the development of the destiny of the digital sector in the economy.
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Song, Junrong. "A Comparative Study on the Trade Barriers Regulation and the Foreign Trade Barriers Investigation Rules." Journal of World Trade 41, Issue 4 (August 1, 2007): 799–831. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/trad2007032.
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YAMNENKO, Tetiana. "Aspects of legal regulation of the cryptuality of Ukraine and EU countries." Economics. Finances. Law, no. 3(1) (March 31, 2020): 37–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.37634/efp.2020.3(1).7.
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The purpose of the paper is to determine the financial and legal nature of cryptocurrency, its characteristic features, the history of cryptocurrency on the basis of domestic and foreign scientific intelligence, current legislation of Ukraine and foreign experience. Approaches to determining the nature of cryptocurrencies are available in the world and national practice. Research methods: documentary analysis and synthesis, comparative analysis, objective truth, cognitive-analytical, etc. The author analyzes the situation of determining the legal status of cryptocurrency in foreign countries and Ukraine, and substantiates the peculiarities of the application in the world practice of three basic approaches to regulation of the cryptocurrency market. The article presents a number of practical problems that determine the need to intensify the activity of the state on the legal regulation of cryptocurrency in Ukraine. Discussion: the analysis of the developments concerning the cryptocurrency market development was carried out, which made it possible to distinguish the relevant tendencies of its development in Ukraine for the future. The necessary determinants of implementation the efficient regulation approaches to the cryptocurrencies’ transactions and the ways of legislative base formation in Ukraine are shown. To our mind, the main steps for Ukrainian financial market regulators nowadays could be recognition of cryptocurrencies as digital currencies, introduction of favorable regime of cryptocurrencies market regulation, and development of fluent approaches to the taxation of incomes generated by transactions with cryptocurrencies. The author concludes that, in the long term, blockchain technology in Ukraine can be actively used not only for IT technologies and cybersecurity, but also for data storage in the real estate trade and property registration, cadastral accounting, public administration, banking, education, medicine, trade, insurance, etc. Therefore, the author calls the issue of regulatory regulation of cryptocurrency in the territory of our country relevant and necessary, because cryptocurrency is becoming more and more popular in international practice, and its development is almost impossible and economically impractical.
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Liang, Ping, Daniel M. Gropper, and Steven B. Caudill. "What Determines the Foreign Ownership Share of a Country's Banking Assets?" Review of Pacific Basin Financial Markets and Policies 14, no. 03 (September 2011): 535–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0219091511002226.
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The main purpose of this paper is to examine the roles of economic and political factors in explaining the foreign ownership share of a country's banking assets. In particular, our study includes new market-openness and regulation variables. The General Agreement on Trade in Services is an important element that affects financial sector regulation of every current and potential World Trade Organization member country, and opening financial markets is an important goal of this agreement. We find that the market openness index developed by Barth et al. (2010) bears a statistically significant relation to foreign ownership, as expected, and that regulation, rule of law, and profit opportunities are also important determinants of foreign ownership of bank assets.
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Toropygin, A. V. "Economic and Political Aspects of the Serbia — EAEU Free Trade Area." EURASIAN INTEGRATION: economics, law, politics 14, no. 2 (July 9, 2021): 120–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.22394/2073-2929-2021-02-120-131.
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The article is devoted to the analysis of the Serbia — EAEU relations development through the prism of the Agreement on the Free Trade Area (FTA) — between the integration association and the separate economy / country. The purpose of this study is to identify the prospects of the FTA taking into account Serbia’s desire to integrate into the European Union. The author come to the conclusion that intensive interaction, primarily between Serbia and Russia through the FTA between Serbia and the EAEU, is explained, on the one hand, by Serbia’s multi-vector foreign policy, and, on the other hand, by Russia’s attentive attitude to the course of the conflict over Kosovo. Russia has economic interests in this region, as well as the region is people-related value for Russia within which it has used and will intensively utilize of soft power mechanisms.
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Dorofeyeva, E. S., and A. V. Chekmareva. "POLITICAL AND LEGAL ASPECTS OF STATE REGULATION OF INTERETHIC RELATIONS." Current Issues of the State and Law, no. 7 (2018): 5–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.20310/2587-9340-2018-2-7-5-22.
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The relevance of political and legal regulation of interethnic relation consists of new model of modern multicultural state formation and challenges of inner and international character overcoming. Inner challenges are connected with separatist sentiments of national institutions, historical factors, territorial and ethic and national submission to the centre, resurrection of people cultural independence, bureaucratization of ethnic leaders in national republics. Among international challenges the most important are facts of terrorism and globalization, corrupted past historical facts in Post-Soviet republics. The aim of the research is to decide the level of interaction of politics and law on developing ethnos in multicultural society, historical faults exposure, balance between two substances formation, determination of most important legal and political regulators of interethnic relations on the Russian and foreign examples. In the process of the work we use following methods: analysis, synthesis, comparative, historical, civilizational. It is proved that politics and law have a key role in regulations of interethnic relations. However in historical faults the first place has politics and it foresees legal system formation. We analyze Russian and foreign experience on form and methods exposure in the interethnic relations regulation with political and legal means. It is proved that Russian experience of interethnic communication gives an opportunity to use it not only in Russian but in the other countries, especially because of overloading them with escapers and migrants. Conclusions about necessity of the balance of politics and law, of historical past informational base formation, of using national and cultural autonomies for ethnic development realization, of Agency on National Affairs activity improvement may have practical use.
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Koshman, Sergey S. "Challenging Aspects of the Legal Regulation of International Economic Activities of Gas Exporters as Parties to Exchange Trade in Gas Abroad." Energy law forum 4 (January 14, 2021): 111–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.18572/2410-4396-2020-4-111-115.
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According to the Energy Strategy of the Russian Federation until 2035, the indicator of solution of the task of a flexible response to the world gas market dynamics is retaining by the Russian Federation of the dominant position of top three world gas exporters. Russian exporting companies are interested in trading in natural gas in European exchanges, as exchange trade in natural gas gives an opportunity to diversify the existing natural gas export mechanisms, gain access to highly liquid natural gas sales channels. At present, there is little legal research dedicated to challenging aspects of the legal regulation of exchange trade in energy resources, access of exporting companies to foreign exchanges. There are gaps and discrepancies in the existing legal regulation of this sector. The author reviews peculiarities of the legal regulation of relationships arising in trade in natural gas in European exchanges, the requirements set for exchange participants, the existing restrictions of these operations for Russian exporting companies, brings forward legal regulation development proposals.
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Koshman, Sergey S. "CHALLENGING ASPECTS OF THE LEGAL REGULATION OF INTERNATIONAL ECONOMIC ACTIVITIES OF GAS EXPORTERS AS PARTIES TO EXCHANGE TRADE IN GAS ABROAD." Energy law forum 4 (January 14, 2021): 56–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.18572/2312-4350-2020-4-56-61.
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According to the Energy Strategy of the Russian Federation until 2035, the indicator of solution of the task of a flexible response to the world gas market dynamics is retaining by the Russian Federation of the dominant position of top three world gas exporters. Russian exporting companies are interested in trading in natural gas in European exchanges, as exchange trade in natural gas gives an opportunity to diversify the existing natural gas export mechanisms, gain access to highly liquid natural gas sales channels. At present, there is little legal research dedicated to challenging aspects of the legal regulation of exchange trade in energy resources, access of exporting companies to foreign exchanges. There are gaps and discrepancies in the existing legal regulation of this sector. The author reviews peculiarities of the legal regulation of relationships arising in trade in natural gas in European exchanges, the requirements set for exchange participants, the existing restrictions of these operations for Russian exporting companies, brings forward legal regulation development proposals.
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Aksenevich, A. "Key performance indicators of foreign entities of commodity distribution networks." Science and Innovations, no. 4 (April 20, 2022): 45–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.29235/1818-9857-2022-4-45-49.
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During the analysis of the key legal act regulating distribution channels abroad, namely Resolution №183, it was revealed that the specified indicators need to be adjusted and clarified, since do not fully take into account generally accepted methodological approaches to assessing effectiveness and are focused more on quantitative rather than qualitative aspects. Also, given the active participation of the state in the regulation of foreign entities of enterprises’ distribution network, it is important to analyze state regulation influence on exporters’ foreign trade activities. This necessitates the development of a methodological approach that would allow for a comprehensive analysis of the channels for selling products to foreign markets in order to determine an effective export strategy by business entities.
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Bhagat, Sadan Kumar. "Pattern of Foreign Trade in Nepal." Tribhuvan University Journal 35, no. 1 (June 30, 2020): 163–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/tuj.v35i1.35879.
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Most of the countries in the world strengthen their economic and political power with the help of foreign trade and it is advantageous for both importing and exporting countries. The situation of foreign trade is not good in Nepal. Nepal has imported almost 15 times greater than its export amount in Fiscal Year 2018/19.The import amount of only petroleum products was 2.62 times greater than its total export amount. The major contributors of foreign trade were India and China which covered 64.70 percent and 13.70 percent market share respectively during FY 2018/19. The objectives of this study were to examine the situation of foreign trade in Nepal, to highlight its positive aspects and to analyze the problems along with some measures to resolve the problems. To examine the situation of foreign trade in Nepal secondary data have been collected from government publications and analyzed after presenting in tables. Likewise, a cross-section of 50 respondents from various cities have been interviewed to collect primary data. Nepal was always in trade deficit which was increasing every year. Remittance inflow from migrant labors was a major source of foreign exchange which covered the payment of imported goods. The problems of foreign trade were landlocked country, transit and transport problems, illegal import-export, low value addition exportable commodities, incompetent Nepalese products in terms of cost and quality, poor physical infrastructure, industrial dependency on imported raw and intermediate materials, procedural problems created by foreign countries in the import-export of products, administrative hurdles etc.
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Berezhnaya, Olga Vladimirovna, Tatyana Gennadievna Martseva, Vladimir Ivanovich Berezhnoy, Viktor Nikolaevich Glaz, and Elena Viktorovna Berezhnaya. "Modern aspects of Russia's foreign trade policy and its export potential in the grain market." LAPLAGE EM REVISTA 7, Extra-D (July 21, 2021): 434–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.24115/s2446-622020217extra-d1124p.434-451.
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A comprehensive study of the foreign trade potential of the country's grain complex is conducted, considering compliance with the requirements of food security and the development of foreign trade cooperation. Analysis of the system of legal regulation of grain exports and imports, state support not only for exporters but also for intermediaries along the entire logistics route, and research of the potential opportunities of the grain market and directions for the development of grain policy, considering the existing problems allow the authors to conclude that this area is a priority for the Russian economy. This determines the relevance of the study. The article reveals contradictions in the pricing system on the Russian grain market since the close dependence of domestic prices for major cereals (wheat, barley, rice) on their value in the international market is determined. The importance of the policy of supporting not only grain producers but also the transport and logistics sector, terminals, and warehouses for expanding the transshipment capacity of the grain trade business is highlighted.
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Rozhenko, Oleksandra. "LEGAL REGULATION OF FOREIGN ECONOMIC ACTIVITY OF ECONOMIC ENTITIES IN THE FIELD OF GRAIN GROWING IN UKRAINE: THEORETICAL AND LEGAL ASPECTS." Law Journal of Donbass 77, no. 4 (2021): 101–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.32366/2523-4269-2021-77-4-101-109.
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The article examines the definition of the term "foreign economic activity", analyses the definitions of foreign economic activity as well as legislation and theory formed in connection with the emergence, as well as the history of this term. Based on the results of the analysis of the definition of the term "foreign economic activity", its advantages and fragmentation and incompleteness are formulated in separate definitions, the need to highlight its complexity and multi-segment is emphasized, which are the objects, criteria and analytical features of economic management at micro level and legal regulation at macro level in this area. The article revealed the composition of the elements of the system of legal regulation of foreign economic activity, which includes: types of foreign economic activity, methods of foreign economic regulation, tools to influence foreign economic activity, subjects of foreign economic activity in Ukraine. The non-exclusive importance of legal regulation of foreign economic activity of economic entities in the field of grain growing is substantiated, namely the strategic importance of grain in the process of ensuring economic security of the country, including food, the priority of the grain market, which is enshrined in law. Based on the analysis of the system of legal regulation of foreign economic activity, a systematic approach to the interpretation of the category "legal regulation of foreign economic activity in the field of grain growing" is proposed. Improvement and specification of the specific category in the field of grain growing will create the necessary conditions for increasing the efficiency of using the existing potential at macro and micro levels. The proposals were made to improve the current legislation by eliminating the identified shortcomings in the definition of the term category in the interpretation of the concept of "foreign economic activity", what will promote the development of the system of legal regulation of foreign economic activity in the field and achieving the goals of sustainable development of Ukraine in accordance with the National Report of the Ministry of Economic Development and Trade of Ukraine (2017), in particular, the legal regulation of investment insurance.
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Lydgate, Emily. "Do the Same Conditions Ever Prevail? Globalizing National Regulation for International Trade." Journal of World Trade 50, Issue 6 (December 1, 2016): 971–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/trad2016039.
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Countries craft their regulations in a specific national context. When foreign exporters apply this regulation to achieve market access, it becomes subject to a global array of implementation conditions. Several World Trade Organization (WTO) disputes have ruled that regulation failed to acknowledge the conditions of foreign exporters. The WTO Appellate Body has suggested that comparing conditions or ‘situations’ is part of not discriminating between foreign and domestic products, but the implications remain vague. In fact, pulling too hard on this thread could unravel the non-discrimination principle as it leads to its inherent contradiction: regulation will never treat all trade partners exactly the same precisely because of their diverse conditions. Further, suggesting that it should put a huge undue burden on regulators: deep integration run amok. Key WTO environment and development controversies centre on how to acknowledge differences between countries’ situations and still achieve the formal equality that the system promises. The case law on situational discrimination feeds into these debates. This article proposes that the focus should be on how different situations influence the comparative effectiveness of a regulation in meeting its goal, an approach which delimits and clarifies.