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1
Nicole Wassenberg. "Transatlantic Trade and Investment Partnership (TTIP): The Possible Impact on the European Union and North America." Journal of Advance Research in Business Management and Accounting (ISSN: 2456-3544) 2, no. 8 (August 31, 2016): 01–08. http://dx.doi.org/10.53555/nnbma.v2i8.92.
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The Transatlantic Trade and Investment Partnership (TTIP) is projected high-standard and inclusive free trade agreement which is being conversed between the United States (US) and European Union (EU). Transatlantic Trade and Investment Partnership is a chain of trade negotiations operating between EU and US. The TTIP is mainly about decreasing the regulatory obstacles to trade to open up a way for bigger businesses such as environmental legislation, food safety, sovereign powers of the individual nations and also banking regulations. The US and EU are two of the most integrated countries when it comes to economy globally. It is as a result of their trade in services, investments and the high commercial presence in each other's financial prudence. These two regions support each other when it comes to the economy, and that's why they are good trading partners in products and services. The EU and U.S trade and investment partnership which is sometimes referred to as transatlantic economy has a significant global relationship and creates a mutually beneficial understanding between the two states (Hoekman and Kostecki, 2009). The TTIP is one of the largest trade and investment partnership in the world and also the most significant because of its absolute size. It has many for example the European Union has 28 member states which include: Bulgaria, Cyprus, Belgium, Austria, Czech Republic, Estonia, Germany, Denmark, Finland. Greece, Ireland, Hungary, Italy, Netherlands, Poland, Slovenia, Lithuania, Romania, Spain, Latvia, Sweden, Portugal and United Kingdom are also part of the partnership. The initial negotiations on TTIP which was to become the first largest bilateral free trade and investment partnership agreement were earlier supported by a paramount and independent study of the Center for Economic Policy Research (CEPR). The study by CEPR was called Reduction of the Transatlantic Barriers to Trade and investment. The negotiations were mainly to provide independent advice to the two negotiators based on the additional research. Despite, TTIP being one of the largest trade and investment partnership, it has created both negative and positive impacts on the two states. There are benefits t being enjoyed by the member states such as job creation and home growth. The EU depends on the US exports; they can get investments from the US and also import the goods and services they require (Khanna, Palepu, and Sinha, 2005). Other positive impacts of the TTIP includes; upholding and promoting human rights, governing in a transparent manner that can hold to account individuals in authority and also has markets that can be open to free and reasonable competition and is well-regulated market areas. TTIP also protects the people and the planet through their international rules. For example, the rules look at everyone's health, their condition at workplaces, the endangered species around them and the entire environment. There are also challenges that have come out from TTIP in the field of politics and economics, poor labor standards, workers' rights and security of their workplaces, democracy, and state authority. Foreign shareholder protection, public health and the environment as a whole, health care, consumer safety and food security, climate change and environment protection, banking regulation and privacy and many others. Some competitors challenge the TTIP on slowness in services than in goods leading to difficulty in opening markets in service areas.
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Sproge, Ilze, Irina Curkina, Sandra Jekabsone, Valentina Tsilibina, Julia Rumyantseva, and Kirill Piletsky. "Production and Foreign Trade of Mineral Products in Latvia and Belarus." Environment. Technology. Resources. Proceedings of the International Scientific and Practical Conference 1 (August 6, 2015): 240. http://dx.doi.org/10.17770/etr2013vol1.830.
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Latvia and Belarus are small countries with limited scope of natural resources. However, the available mineral resources play important role in production of mineral products for domestic and foreign consumption. Main goal of the paper is to characterize the role of extraction industry in national economy and mineral products trade in two neighboring countries - Latvia and Belarus. To achieve the goal, the role of mining and quarrying industry in Latvia and Belarus was identified; trade of mineral resources in Latvia was analyzed. The main trends in the development of its own mineral resources of the Republic of Belarus were identified, the role of mineral resources in the commodity structure of foreign trade of the Republic of Belarus was shown, ways to increase the level of security of the country's own organic and mineral resources were determined, including the improvement of the legal framework. The research was performed in 2012; the following methods were used in the paper: comparative analysis and synthesis, statistical analysis and monographic methods.
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Karnups, Viesturs Pauls. "Latvia-Mandated Palestine Economic Relations 1920–1940." Humanities and Social Sciences: Latvia 28, no. 2 (2020): 20–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.22364/hssl.28.2.02.
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This paper provides an overview of Latvian-Mandated Palestine economic relations in the interwar period. In the interwar period Latvian and Mandated Palestine economic relations were mainly confined to foreign trade. Latvia’s foreign trade in relation to Mandated Palestine was more or less regulated by Latvia’s 1923 treaty with Great Britain. Latvia’s main imports from Mandated Palestine in the interwar period were fruits (including oranges, lemons, grapes, figs, pears, etc.), tobacco, and olive oil, whilst Latvia’s main exports to Mandated Palestine were fish and fish conserves (including “Sprotes”), timber and timber products, paper and paper products, plywood, butter, and wooden nails and pins for footwear. In general, despite a growth in trade in the 1930s, trade and thus economic relations were of marginal significance to both countries in the interwar period.
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Karnups, Viesturs Pauls. "Latvia-South Africa Economic Relations 1918–1940." Journal of Economics and Management Research 9 (2020): 42–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.22364/jemr.9.03.
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The Republic of South Africa was the first country on the continent of Africa to recognise the renewed independence of the Republic of Latvia on 29 August 1991. This paper provides an overview of Latvian-South African economic relations in the interwar period. In the interwar period Latvian and South African economic relations were mainly confined to foreign trade. Latvia’s foreign trade in relation to South Africa (then known as the Union of South Africa) was more or less regulated by Latvia’s 1923 treaty with Great Britain. Latvia’s main imports from South Africa in the interwar period were fruits (including oranges, mandarins, apricots, grapes, pears, etc.), tanning extracts and materials, paint and varnish extracts and materials, raw wool, palm kernels and oil, and furs and hides, whilst Latvia’s main exports to South Africa were fish and fish conserves (including “Sprotes”), confectionery and chocolates, timber and timber products, paper and paper products, plywood, and liquors etc. In general, despite a growth in trade in the 1930s, trade and thus economic relations were of marginal significance to both countries in the interwar period.
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Karnups, Viesturs Pauls. "Latvian–Norwegian Economic Relations 1918–1940." Humanities and Social Sciences: Latvia 29, no. 1 (June 2021): 55–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.22364/hssl.29.1.03.
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This article provides an overview of Latvian–Norwegian economic relations in the interwar period. In the interwar period, economic relations between Latvia and Norwegian were mainly confined to foreign trade, although there were some investments in Latvia from Norway as well. Latvia declared its independence in 1918, however normal trade with Norway did not commence until 1920 after the end of the Latvian War of Independence. It ended with the occupation of Norway in 1940. Latvia’s foreign trade in relation to Norway was regulated by the 1924 Commercial and Navigation treaty. Latvia’s main imports from Norway in the interwar period were herrings, cotton cloth, agricultural and industrial machinery, treated hides, various types of metals and metal products, animal fats and fish oils, drive-belts, stones and wire, whilst Latvia’s main exports to Norway were butter, meat, plywood, pit-props and boards, thread, linoleum, pulpwood, gypsum, paints and paint products, as well as radios. In general, trade and thus economic relations were of marginal significance to both countries in the interwar period due mainly to similarities in their economic structures and geographical distance.
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Karnups, Viesturs Pauls. "Latvian-Lithuanian Economic Relations 1918–1940." Humanities and Social Sciences Latvia 30, no. 1, 2 (December 20, 2022): 70–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.22364/hssl.30.05.
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This paper provides an overview of Latvian-Lithuanian economic relations in the interwar period. In the interwar period, economic relations between Latvia and Lithuania were mainly confined to foreign trade, although there were some investments in Latvia from Lithuania, as well as tourism. Latvia’s foreign trade in relation to Lithuania was regulated by a number of trade treaties and agreements entered into in 1930, 1933, 1935, and 1936. Latvia’s main imports from Lithuania in the interwar period were horses, seed flax, cattle, pigs and piglets, and timber and timber products, whilst Latvia’s main exports to Lithuania were coal, machinery (agricultural and industrial), paper, timber and timber products, rubber goods (including galoshes), cement, as well as radios. In general, trade and thus economic relations were of marginal significance to both countries in the interwar period due mainly to similarities in their agriculturally based economic structures.
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Karnups, Viesturs Pauls. "Latvian-Brazilian Economic Relations 1918–1940." Humanities and Social Sciences: Latvia 29, no. 2 (December 2021): 27–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.22364/hssl.29.2.02.
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This article provides an overview of Latvian-Brazilian economic relations in the interwar period. In the interwar period, economic relations between Latvia and Brazil were mainly confined to foreign trade. Latvia declared its independence in 1918, however Latvians had been emigrating to Brazil from 1890 and establishing farming colonies. By the end of the 1930s some 8000 Latvians had settled in Brazil. Latvia’s foreign trade in relation to Brazil was regulated by the 1932 Commercial Agreement. Latvia’s main imports from Brazil in the interwar period were coffee, cocoa, hides and furs, tobacco, raw rubber, and cotton, whilst Latvia’s main exports to Brazil were fish conserves, paper, and rubber goods. In general, trade and thus economic relations were of marginal significance to both countries in the interwar period due partly to some similarities in their economic structures, but mainly because of geographical distance.
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Karnups, Viesturs Pauls. "Latvian-Estonian Economic Relations 1918–1940." Humanities and Social Sciences Latvia 30, no. 1, 2 (December 20, 2022): 25–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.22364/hssl.30.02.
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This paper provides an overview of Latvian-Estonian economic relations in the interwar period. In the interwar period, economic relations between Latvia and Estonia were mainly confined to foreign trade, although there were some investments in Latvia from Estonia, as well as tourism. Latvia’s foreign trade in relation to Estonia was regulated by a number of trade treaties and agreements entered into in 1923, 1927, 1928, 1931, 1932, 1935, and 1937. Latvia’s main imports from Estonia in the interwar period were horses, cement, petroleum products from oil shale (including bitumen, crude oil, etc.) – except petrol, petrol, and fabrics (cotton, linen, wool, etc), whilst Latvia’s main exports to Estonia were linoleum, machinery (agricultural and industrial), timber and timber products (including plywood), rubber goods (including galoshes), paints, inks, and paint products, sugar, as well as radios. In general, trade and thus economic relations were of marginal significance to both countries in the interwar period due mainly to similarities in their agriculturally based economic structures.
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Kamaci, Ahmet, Ekrem Gul, and Mustafa Torusdag. "FOREIGN DIRECT INVESTMENTS, TRADE OPENNESS AND CO2 EMISSIONS RELATIONSHIP: THE CASE OF 1995-2019 EU COUNTRIES." Revista de Investigaciones Universidad del Quindío 33, no. 2 (October 1, 2021): 56–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.33975/riuq.vol33n2.637.
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Foreign direct investments (FDI), which are very important in the economic development of countries, prefer regions with free trade. Since the share of international trade in the world economy is constantly increasing, trade openness and foreign direct investments have become more important for countries. However, the increase in trade and FDI entries can have negative effects on the environment. Although many different variables are included in the literature as determinants of carbon emission, foreign direct investments are mostly taken as an explanatory variable with the effect of the economic globalization process.
The aim of this paper is to analyze the relationship between FDI, trade openness and CO2 emission for the 1995-2019 period in 24 EU countries. The relationship between variables was estimated by applying panel AMG estimator and Emirmahmutoglu and Kose causality tests to series with cross-sectional dependency. Empirical results for the overall panel show that there is unidirectional causality from carbon emission to trade openness and FDI. There is a directional causality from FDI to trade openness for the general panel has been determined.
When analyzed on a country basis, there is unidirectional causality from carbon emission to trade openness for Bulgaria, Italy, Latvia, Poland, Portugal and Slovenia. Likewise, for Austria, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Poland, Portugal, Spain and Switzerland, there is unidirectional causality from carbon emission to FDI. In addition, when analyzed on a country basis, there is a one-way causality relationship from foreign direct investments to trade openness for Bulgaria, Italia, Latvia, Poland, Portugal and Slovenia. For Bulgaria, Finland and Germany, there is a one-way causality from trade openness to foreign direct investment. The importance of this study derives from the emphasis on the need for environmentally protective FDIs to reduce carbon emissions.
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Gambarova, R., and S. Gambarova. "DEVELOPMENT DIRECTIONS OF AZERBAIJAN'S FOREIGN TRADE REGULATION." EurasianUnionScientists 7, no. 9(78) (October 30, 2020): 14–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.31618/esu.2413-9335.2020.7.78.1026.
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Foreign economic relations include foreign trade, foreign lending and borrowing, attraction of foreign investment, participation in international production cooperation, implementation of joint research programs, etc. is a system of economic relations. The development of national economies of countries trying to build a market system in modern times is closely linked not only with domestic opportunities, but also with the effective use of foreign trade, which is the main form of international economic relations. In this regard, the article shows and analyzes the current state of the country's foreign trade relations.
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Shved, A. V. "The Effectiveness of Foreign Trade: Approaches to Statistical Evaluation." Voprosy statistiki 27, no. 4 (August 25, 2020): 88–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.34023/2313-6383-2020-27-4-88-96.
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The purpose of the article is to present the results of the author’s research on best current practices in studying the effectiveness of the country’s foreign trade (on the example of the Republic of Belarus) and wording of proposals for improving approaches to its statistical assessment.The author analyzes the traditional methodology directions to evaluate the effectiveness of activities of the national economic authorities by the state. The article provides some modern approaches to assessing the efficiency of foreign trade at the state level. Current econometric methods for estimating the efficiency of foreign trade which are not quite popular with domestic authors but are extensively used by foreign researchers are examined in detail. Based on actual data, the author conducted the analysis of foreign trade efficiency for the EAEU member countries using gravity models of foreign trade with dummy variables and the stochastic frontier method. The results indicate a positive trend in increasing the efficiency of foreign trade activities of the Republic of Belarus and Russia for the period from 2011 to 2019 with the other EAEU, CIS member states, as well as with Lithuania, Latvia and Poland.In the final section of the article, are formulated the directions for improving national statistics of foreign trade based on international experience in terms of its segment, which reflects the effectiveness of foreign economic activity.
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Malvikko, Max, and Teemu Matikainen. "Market Court of Finland rules on reasonable compensation in a trade mark infringement case concerning cheaper foreign alcohol and a national retailing monopoly." Journal of Intellectual Property Law & Practice 16, no. 7 (July 1, 2021): 636–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jiplp/jpab111.
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Efimtseva, Tatiana V., and Aslan S. Aliturliev. "STATE REGULATION OF FOREIGN TRADE ACTIVITY: METHODS AND THEIR LEGAL ESSENCE." Oeconomia et Jus, no. 1 (March 31, 2022): 83–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.47026/2499-9636-2022-1-83-93.
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The authors carried out the analysis of current legislation of the Russian Federation and the Eurasian Economic Union, the practice of its application, the literature on the issue of state regulation of foreign trade activities. The concept of state regulation of foreign trade is given, the classification of these regulatory methods into types according to various criteria is presented. The Russian legislation contains an exhaustive list of methods for state regulation of foreign trade. However, application of specific methods depends on the type of goods. In connection therewith, the content of some of the most commonly used methods for state regulating foreign trade activity in practice is disclosed. At this, preference is given to the methods of customs tariff regulation, which include the customs tariff and customs duties. The relevance of the topic of state regulation of foreign trade is caused by the fact that foreign trade activity is currently becoming more and more colossal and covers all regions of the world, and therefore legal regulation of foreign trade is acquiring important socio-economic and sometimes political significance. So, in In January-August 2021, according to the data from the Bank of Russia, Russia's foreign trade turnover amounted to $492 billion dollars (137.8% by January-August 2020), including exports – $299 billion (144%), imports – $193 billion (129.2%). The trade balance remained positive, 106 billion US dollars (in January-August 2020 – positive, 58.3 billion dollars). Using the methods of observation, analysis, synthesis, comparison, interpretation of norms and others, the results were obtained that allow us to draw the following conclusions. When forming a foreign trade policy, the state needs to assess the regulatory impact on foreign trade in order to respond promptly to rapidly changing conditions in foreign markets functioning. Taking into account that the methods of state regulation of foreign trade activities are not systematized in the legislation, it is necessary to refer to the doctrine in which there is a classification of such methods into types. In addition, it is also necessary to take into account the fact that different methods of state regulation are applied to foreign trade in different goods.
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Juško-Štekele, Angelika. "MARKET PHENOMENON IN THE CULTURE OF LATGALE." Via Latgalica, no. 4 (December 31, 2012): 14. http://dx.doi.org/10.17770/latg2012.4.1685.
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<p>The article aims to characterize the market as cultural phenomenon in Latgale, particular type of social communication with sustainable, traditionally consolidated functions and branched semantics. For characteristics of the market basically the phenomenological approach is used by updating specifics of the market as a phenomenon of cognition in Latgale. For this purpose a wide range of diverse sources is used, providing reflection of both individual and collective cognition – folklore, periodicals, fiction, cultural and historical essays. Apart from that also the semantically cognitive approach is used, with an emphasis on nominative density, etymology and contextual semantics of lexemes belonging to the semantic field of market. Market phenomenon in this article is reviewed as three thematic blocks – attitude towards market, selling and traders, market mega-system and, finally, functional load of the market.</p><p>Attitude towards the market, traders and trading as a type of economic activity has not been uniform in Latgale. With livestock breeding and farming becoming stronger, trade invariably serves as a tool for exchange of the surplus of goods produced in natural economy for the missing goods. Negative attitude towards trade and trader’s profession develops, when Jews are starting to trade in Latgale, by performance of intermediary and dealer functions. From the beginning of 19th century under influence of periodicals, the trade as a type of economic activity is rehabilitated among Latgalians, which is confirmed by folkloric materials and statistical data.</p><p>Market in the terms of place for selling in Latgale is becoming topical as regards its location, calendar, the market square layout, traders, ritual elements of marketing and a general atmosphere inherent to the market. Traditionally a market developed in more densely populated and well accessible places. In their establishing local estate managers were playing their roles, however as far as 40-ties of the 20th century location, attendance and calendar of the market in Latgale, was mainly determined by a tradition to arrange a market together with the church festivities. Like in former times, also today, coexistence of the church and the market promotes thinking about the balance of spiritual and material values, which is analyzed mainly by periodicals.</p><p>The market has always been distinguished with surprising regularity. In Latgale usually there were annual, monthly, and weekly markets. The names were formed according to the church holiday, dominant goods, market participants. Phenomenal nature of the market is acknowledged by their spontaneous organisation, even disregarding the government regulations. In this respect already during 30-ies of the 20th century Viļāni and Kārsava were distinguishable also these days maintaining the tradition of widely attended monthly market.</p><p>Marketplace as the most important part of the market mega-system has been established in the cognition not only as a marketing, but also as a venue of different cultural and social processes. Substantial factors for understanding of the marketing is improvement of the market area, the offer of goods, diversity of traders. Designations and arrangement of market place presents both a bright national colour and impact of foreign cultures (notably Polish, Russian). Varied supply of goods and bargaining possibility to the present day is specifying the market when compared with other trading venues. All these elements constitute market as the place of convergence of various historical, political and socio-economic developments to signal of all the topical events both in the social life and in the life or particular individuals.</p><p>In the public mind the market has been established also as an essential factor strengthening and even forming the family ties, since up to the middle of the 20th century, the market was the place and reason for meeting of closer and more distant relatives. The market was the place brides were selected, wedding jewellery was purchased. Market lexicon (for example, bride’s purchase, ‘bariši’) has entered also the wedding rituals.</p><p>Since the market is increasingly connected to a large number of people, it has been and still is used also for socio-political purposes: marketplaces have been areas of demonstrations, moots. Political parties address their electorates in the market both at the beginning of the 20th century and today. During the Second World War years, the marketplace was also used as a public place for punishment.</p><p>Perception of the market as a phenomenon has not decreased, it has become a singular identity factor and represents traditions and culture of Latgale both in other areas of Latvia and abroad.</p>
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Aksenov, Pavel A. "The US Foreign Investment Regulation: Trade War Restrictions." International Trade and Trade Policy, no. 4 (January 3, 2020): 31–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.21686/2410-7395-2019-4-31-41.
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Over the past several years, the United States has taken a leading position in the world in attractiveness to foreign investors, largely due to the policy of favoring foreign investment and the absence of significant restrictions on incoming FDI. Currently the United States are trying to find a balance between openness to foreign investment and emerging issues related to the economy and national security. As a result of the adoption of the Foreign Investment Risk Review Modernization Act in 2018, the authority of the US Foreign Investments Committee was significantly expanded and the requirements for transactions were tightened, in particular, monitoring and verification of compliance with national security requirements. Despite the fact that these measures affected all incoming FDI in the United States, they are primarily an instrument of competition between the United States and China. Restrictions on outbound investment by China, as well as new requirements on the part of the United States, have significantly reduced the flow of FDI from China to the United States, especially in high-tech industries and infrastructure projects. Meanwhile, the US direct investment in China has remained stable over the past few years. In addition, there are some industry regulations on the share of foreign investors in the capital of energy companies, broadcasting companies, banks and others. Investment relations between the two countries, according to the investors, despite political and trade contradictions, remain quite close.
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Chugaiev, O. "FOREIGN TRADE REGULATION IN THE ECONOMY OF SMALL AND BIG COUNTRIES." ACTUAL PROBLEMS OF INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS 1, no. 127 (2016): 128–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.17721/apmv.2016.127.1.128-137.
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Size of economy is a factor of international trade regulation. We systematize the effects described in existing research works. Size of economy influences export and import priorities of foreign trade policy, efficiency of tariff regulation or tariff liberalization, sophistication of customs procedures, indirect tax rates for imports, prevalence of subsidies and trade remedies, importance of foreign trade taxes for the government revenues, opportunities and stimuli for trade disputes and wars. It is more difficult for small countries to carry out import substitution policy. In small countries tariff regulation is less efficient, considering the absence of the terms of trade effect and market competition deterioration. But under larger trade openness customs tariffs are more important for the state budget of small countries. Non-tariff regulation is more sophisticated in large countries. The balance of economic stimuli and opportunities in trade wars and disputes is not favorable for middle-sized economies. We extrapolate the abovementioned effects to Ukraine as a middle-sized economy. This allows us to provide recommendations for its foreign trade policy: differentiated trade liberalization, dependence of the optimal foreign trade taxation level on trade openness and trade balance, collective trade sanctions.
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Kirilenko, V. P., Yu V. Mishalchenko, and E. V. Vasileva. "Features of International Legal Regulation of Foreign Trade Contracts." EURASIAN INTEGRATION: economics, law, politics 16, no. 3 (October 14, 2022): 84–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.22394/2073-2929-2022-03-84-94.
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The article conducts a study to determine the mechanism of effective legal regulation of the content of foreign trade contracts when establishing mutually beneficial relations between participants in a foreign economic transaction who are subjects of law of different states by type of economic activity in accordance with and in accordance with the terms agreed by the parties on the basis of the applicable norms of national and international law and the legislation of the countries regulating these legal relations in foreign economic activity.Aim. To propose the most optimal directions for improving the legal regulation of the content of foreign trade contracts in the system of international integration.Tasks. To determine the legal basis for regulating foreign trade contracts in modern integration processes; to investigate the legal aspects, specifics and procedure for concluding foreign trade contracts, as well as to identify legal problems that hinder the development of these legal relations.Methods. In this research we used methods of comparative law, methods of analysis and synthesis, as well as methods of deduction and induction.Results. In the course of the study, the authors come to the conclusion that there are some problematic aspects of both national and international regulation in the field of foreign trade contracts. These problems are expressed in the absence of a single legal regulation for the conclusion and execution of foreign trade contracts, the presence of specific requirements for the content of the contract in different countries, and as a result, the appearance of conflicts at the stage of agreement of the text of the contract by partners from different countries, as well as in the absence of a single legal mechanism ensuring fair resolution of disputes between the parties to the contract.Conclusion. As a result of the analysis of the actual problems associated with the lack of the necessary comprehensive legal regulation of the content of foreign trade contracts, the authors propose optimal ways to solve them by harmonizing legislation at the international level in order to humanely and fairly bring together the legislations of states and establish comparable regulatory legal regulation in relation to the legal regulation of the content, conclusion and execution of a foreign trade contract.
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Rysz, Maria. "CHANGES IN THE INTERNATIONAL TRADE SALES OF APPLES IN POLAND AFTER the ACCESSION TO THE EUROPEAN UNION." Annals of the Polish Association of Agricultural and Agribusiness Economists XX, no. 3 (June 28, 2018): 138–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0012.1509.
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The aim of the study was to determine the changes in Polish foreign trade in apples between 2004 and 2016. The paper analyses quantitative and valuable changes in export, import and the balance of Polish apples turnover. There are also presented main sales directions of apples in Poland. As shown in the data, the foreign trade of Polish apples has been continuously growing since the accession to the European Union. The data show that continuously since 2004, despite the turbulence in 2005-2008, 2014-2016 (Russian embargo and bad weather conditions in 2007 and 2010), there has been a positive balance in foreign trade. The main recipients of Polish apples in the analysed period were: countries of the Commonwealth of Independent States (Russia in 2004/2005 and 2008-2013, Belarus, Ukraine, Kazakhstan), new EU-13 Member States (including Romania, the Czech Republic, Lithuania and Latvia), “ old “EU-15 countries (mainly Germany), and after 2014, among others Serbia, Egypt, Bosnia and Herzegovina and the United Arab Emirates.
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Van Eeckhaute, Jean Charles. "Private Complaints against Foreign Unfair Trade PracticesThe EC's Trade Barriers Regulation." Journal of World Trade 33, Issue 6 (December 1, 1999): 199–213. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/trad1999049.
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Rimkus, Vladas. "Lithuanian Intra-Industry Trade with the Main Partner Countries." Lietuvos statistikos darbai 51, no. 1 (December 20, 2012): 73–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.15388/ljs.2012.13908.
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The paper deals with the analysis of Lithuanian intra-industry trade. The largest foreign trade partner countriesselected for the analysis are as follows: Russia, Germany, Latvia, and Poland. An increase in the extent of intra-industry tradestimulates interest in this phenomenon. Traditional trade theories cannot explain why some countries trade in differentiatedproducts. Some economists think that intra-industry trade is based on monopolistic competition and economies of scale,which point that any countries located close to each other will trade with each other in similar products the more intensively,the more they are similar to each other with regard to both economic development and geographical resources. Variousindices are used to assess the intensiveness of intra-industry trade. Calculations provided in the paper are carried out applyingthe Grubel ˗ Lloyd index, which is the most frequently used for this purpose. The paper analyses changes in trade during theperiod of 2005 ˗ 2011 based on the data of Statistics Lithuania according to the Combined Nomenclature of goods. Theobject of research is trade between Lithuania and the above-mentioned countries. The methods of research are as follows:analysis of scientific literature and description, analysis of Lithuanian foreign trade statistics.
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BILOUSOVA, Aryna, Yevheniia HNATENKO, Viktor LYASHENKO, and Anatoly GRIZA. "THE MODERN PARADIGM OF STATE REGULATION OF FOREIGN ECONOMIC ACTIVITIES SUBJECT." Ukrainian Journal of Applied Economics 6, no. 3 (September 2, 2021): 130–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.36887/2415-8453-2021-3-17.
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Introduction. At all historical stages of the state's development, foreign economic activity has influenced the solution of economic problems at various levels: the national economy as a whole, separate regions, associations, and enterprises. As part of the general structure of the national economy, foreign economic activity affects the improvement of domestic economic proportions, location and development of productive forces. The purpose of the study is to substantiate the essence and content of the mechanisms of state management of foreign economic activity in the field of trade in the development of integration processes. Results. It is established that at all historical stages of development of the state foreign economic activity influences the decision of economic problems at various levels: a national economy as a whole, separate regions, associations, the enterprises. Depending on the system of priorities of an individual state in the field of foreign economic relations, the types of foreign economic policy are distinguished. Methods and tools of state regulation of foreign trade activities of the business entity are studied. Conclusions. It is determined that all methods of regulating foreign trade are divided into two major groups: administrative (short-term are restrictive) and economic methods. According to the results of the study, the classification of methods of regulating foreign economic activity is substantiated, where the basic features are: the form of influence; the nature of the manifestation; method of implementation; appointment; validity period, etc. Keywords: foreign economic activity, state regulation, methods and tools of regulation, trade operations, foreign economic policy of the state, foreign trade.
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Rozenbergs, Jānis. "Permissibility of the Reverse Burden of Proof and its Limits in Criminal Proceedings in the Context of the Presumption of Innocence." Journal of the University of Latvia. Law 15 (November 16, 2022): 266–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.22364/jull.15.18.
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This publication explores the limits of admissibility of the reverse burden of proof in criminal proceedings. To determine these limits, the reverse burden of proof is tested vis-à-vis the fundamental principle of the presumption of innocence in criminal proceedings. In searching for answers to the advanced question, the Latvian criminal procedural regulation is analysed in the context of the findings made in the Latvian and foreign theory of criminal procedure law, fundamental rights enshrined in the Satversme [Constitution] of the Republic of Latvia and the case law of the Constitutional Court of the Republic of Latvia, as well as international legal regulation and case law of the European Court of Human Rights.
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Krutik, Iu V., and Yu A. Stoliar. "DIRECTIONS OF STATE REGULATION OF UKRAINIAN FOREIGN TRADE POLICY." States and Regions. Series: Public Administration, no. 3 (2019): 235–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.32840/1813-3401-2019-3-41.
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Iskevich, Irina S. "THE CONCEPT OF LEGAL PRINCIPLES, THEIR MEANING IN THE REGULATION OF FOREIGN TRADE RELATIONSHIPS." Public international and private international law 1 (January 21, 2021): 33–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.18572/1812-3910-2021-1-33-36.
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One of the most important components of the world economy remains the foreign economic activity of its economic entities, which, in turn, includes foreign trade, or international trade, industrial cooperation, currency and financial and credit operations, as well as relations with international organizations. The article examines the characteristics and classification of the principles of legal regulation of foreign trade.
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Cieślik, Andrzej, and Oleg Gurshev. "Factor Endowments, Economic Integration, Round-Tripping, and Inward FDI: Evidence from the Baltic Economies." Journal of Risk and Financial Management 14, no. 8 (July 29, 2021): 348. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jrfm14080348.
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This paper studies the location choice of foreign multinational firms in the Baltic economies of Estonia, Latvia, and Lithuania using a knowledge-and-physical capital model across 2004–2017. We used the Bayesian model averaging estimation method to investigate a set of possible factors that drive inward FDI. Our analysis demonstrates that factor endowments play a dominant role in driving vertical foreign direct investment, while external market barriers generate “tariff-jumping” FDI. Our analysis quantifies the effects of round-trip FDI, European integration, and external bilateral free trade agreements vis-à-vis inward FDI in the Baltics.
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Behmane, Daiga, and Didzis Rutitis. "INTERNATIONAL HEALTH CARE REGULATION AT NATIONAL AND INSTITUTIONAL LEVELS IN LATVIA." Management Theory and Studies for Rural Business and Infrastructure Development 40, no. 4 (December 21, 2018): 442–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.15544/mts.2018.41.
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The number of foreign patients who use medical services in Latvia increases every year and health care institutions have to provide quality services. The research problem is related to lack of a unified quality system in Latvian healthcare industry. The aim of the study is to introduce suggestions regarding the implementation of the international requirements to health systems outlined by the Directive 2011/24/EU. Research method is a focus group discussion with 8 Latvian health care experts and executives. Research results indicate that health care provider measures are introduced to a higher grade than national level measures reflecting the need for more comprehensive systemic changes in the governance of the system. Main improvements should be made regarding e-health system on national level, and medical follow-ups on institutional level.
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Pugachevska, Kateryna. "TRADE RESTRICTIONS IN THE CONTEXT OF FOREIGN TRADE LIBERALIZATION." Scientific Bulletin of Mukachevo State University. Series “Economics” 1(13) (2020): 51–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.31339/2313-8114-2020-1(13)-51-55.
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Research on the impact of the external component on economic growth shows the prevailing view of the positive impact of foreign trade and its liberalization on economic growth. At the same time, discussions on trends in foreign trade liberalization are part of the issue of contradictory impact of free cross-border movement of goods, capital and labor on the economic development. The majority of sources on endogenous growth contains a range of models for the relationship between trade restrictions and economic growth. Therefore, the aim of the article is to study trade restrictions in the context of foreign trade liberalization. At a high level of economic development, the liberalization of the economy allows to increase the benefits of foreign trade, but the issues related to the opening of national markets in the economic periphery remain controversial. The article considers the essence and classification of foreign trade restrictions. The views of scholars of leading economic schools on the relationship between trade liberalization and economic growth have been represented. It has been determined, that the main trends in the liberalization of foreign trade are: expanding the scope of regulatory measures by both national governments and global trade institutions; coordination and intensification of international cooperation in the areas of multilateral liberalization of foreign trade; growing non-tariff barriers to the development of international trade. The results of the study allow to deepen the understanding of the peculiarities of ensuring national economic interests in the conditions of dynamization of foreign trade. Key words: trade restrictions, national economic interests, import regulation, foreign trade liberalization, tariff and non-tariff restrictions.
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Lukjanova, Jelena. "Problems and trends of regional tourism development in Latvia." Economics ecology socium 3, no. 1 (March 31, 2019): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.31520/2616-7107/2019.3.1-1.
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Introduction. Tourism industry is one of the most promising and rapidly developing sectors of the global economy. In modern conditions of increased competition in the global market of tourist services, the problem of increasing the competitiveness of the tourism industry in Latvia is becoming more urgent, and studying the issue of the competitiveness of regional tourist markets is particularly relevant. The level of competitiveness of a particular region determines its success in relation to other regions of the state and the world, indicates the presence of existing problems and helps to find solutions to them.
Aim and tasks. This article explores some aspects of solving the problems of regional tourism in Latvia.
Results. Factors that hinder in the successful development of regional tourism, external and internal, has been revealed. The importance of combining the efforts of a number of territories to form a common tourist offer and its promotion both the level of Latvia and internationally. Successful initiative that promotes the development of regional tourism is a creation of tourism clusters at the national and regional levels.
As a promising direction for the development of regional tourism, it’s possible to point out the expansion of the circle in territories of Latvia that have received resort status.
Rural tourism contributes to development of regional tourism, but there is a certain range of problems that impede the attractiveness of this type of tourism for foreign tourists. In the order to gain a competitive advantage, Latvian regions need to step up their efforts to form an unique tourist offers. More marketing activities to promote regional tourist product in local and foreign markets require attention.
Conclusions. Latvia has high potential for regional tourism, but there are a number of factors hindering its development. In analysis of regional tourism development programs Latvia has shown that regions are trying to conduct active work of the development, support and regulation of foreign and local tourism. It is necessary to develop measures to improve the tourism management mechanism, which would face coordination and cooperation among the various actors, avoiding disproportionate regulation and inefficient use of resources. In the framework of promoting the development of regional tourism, it is necessary to combine efforts of both the state and local governments, and entrepreneurs and other parties who can be involved in the tourism sector.
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Honcharenko, Olena, Olha Diachenko, and Nataliia Bykova-Fedorchuk. "State regulation of Ukraine's foreign trade in a global pandemic." Scientific Horizons 23, no. 9 (September 23, 2020): 86–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.48077/scihor.23(9).2020.86-97.
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The COVID-19 pandemic has caused problems in all sectors of the world economy. There is no doubt that the pandemic will have far-reaching negative consequences for the world economy, including Ukraine. It is established that in January-September 2020, exports of Ukrainian goods decreased by almost 6%, imports – by 19%. Exports maintained large harvests of grain and oilseeds. Monitoring of changes in trade policy in the context of the spread of COVID-19 allowed to identify groups of countries that have introduced restrictive measures in trade policy: in 24 countries no export-import restrictions were introduced, in 19 countries indirect measures were implemented to protect the economy. To offset the negative effects on business, governments are developing aid packages to support it. These are mainly the following instruments: loans at reduced rates, the grace period for the payment of tax liabilities, cash grants. It was established that only some developing countries impose temporary foreign trade restrictions to avoid shortages in the domestic market. Most countries use other economic incentives to mitigate the effects of a pandemic. Ukraine is implementing economic measures and temporary trade restrictions to counter the pandemic. In particular, the Government of Ukraine introduced temporary restrictions on exports with the establishment of a zero quota for alcohol, buckwheat and anti-epidemic goods. The alcohol export ban not only did not worsen the situation on Ukraine's foreign markets, but also marked almost triple their extension. The embargo on buckwheat and grain exports from Ukraine has tripled imports. Despite the embargo on exports of anti-epidemic goods, trade did not stop, but even increased significantly for some commodity subheadings. The results of the study allowed to identify measures to mitigate the effects of the pandemic in trade and economic cooperation of Ukraine on the international arena.
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Mikhnevich, E. S. "Accession to the World trade organisation: a boon or a challenge?" Obshchestvo i ekonomika, no. 9 (2021): 107. http://dx.doi.org/10.31857/s020736760016812-2.
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The article is based on statistical data and examines the changes in the main macroeconomic indicators in eleven countries that joined the World Trade Organization in the period from 1996 to 2008. The group of countries for this study includes Bulgaria, Mongolia, Kyrgyzstan, Latvia, Estonia, Georgia, Lithuania, Moldova, Armenia, Vietnam, Ukraine (ranked in the order of their accession to the WTO). The main goal of the study was to see an objective picture of how the fact of accession to the multilateral trading system has affected the country's economic development. The group of surveyed macroeconomic indicators comprises: gross domestic product per capita; export of goods and services; inflow of foreign direct investment; inflation rate; unemployment rate; the volume of foreign exchange reserves. Studies have shown that accession to the GATT/WTO multilateral trading system did not entail pronounced negative consequences for development processes for any of the studied countries. Macroeconomic indicators such as gross domestic product per capita, the volume of attracting foreign direct investment, the volume of exports of goods and services, the volume of foreign exchange reserves tended to grow in all states studied in the article. The unemployment and inflation rates were less stable, but the main reasons for their volatility were mainly, negative phenomena in the world economy, as well as internal political events that took place in some of the countries.
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Yessenzholova, G. "Customs regulation of foreign trade as a tool of strategic state planning of the Republic of Kazakhstan." ECONOMIC SERIES OF THE BULLETIN OF THE L.N. GUMILYOV ENU, no. 2 (2022): 130–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.32523/2789-4320-2022-2-130-143.
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The intensity of foreign trade in goods within the framework of the increasing processes of globalization, the complication of trade logistics, as well as the strengthening of its role in the development of the state requires ensuring a high level of customs regulation of foreign economic activity. The article is devoted to the study of the role of customs regulation of foreign trade in the strategic state planning of the country. Based on the model, the variables of which were the index of imported machinery and equipment and the volume of industrial production in the manufacturing industry, the existence of a positive relationship between the customs regulation of Kazakhstan’s foreign trade and the development of the real sector of the country’s economy was proved, which confirmed the significant role of customs regulation of foreign trade in a positive change in the country’s economy. In the course of the analysis of the strategic state planning system of Kazakhstan (SSP) for the reflection of customs regulation in the documents of the SSP at various levels, the insufficiency of reflection of its mechanisms in the formation of Kazakhstan’s economic policy has been established. In the course of the analysis of the SSP of Kazakhstan for the reflection of customs regulation in its documents of various levels, the insufficient presence of its mechanisms in the formation of Kazakhstan’s economic policy was established. Along with general scientific methods of cognition, the method of correlation and regression analysis was used in the study.
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Voloshyn, Roman. "Regulation of foreign trade relations on the Ukraine grain market." ED/2019/1, no. 1 (March 2019): 15–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.36742/2410-0919-2019-1-2.
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Introduction. Grain market plays an important role in the system of foreign trade relations of Ukraine. Its benefits are due to the much risk factors, but the advancement of grain in foreign markets requires adjusting of certain regulatory processes. Methods. Investigation of the aspects of state regulation of various types of processes, which were characterized by the monographic method, taking into account the possibilities of legal regulations, methods of analysis and synthesis - for systematization of the revealed tendencies, statistical methods and methods of regulation. Results. The article outlines and generalizes the basic directions of regulation of the Ukraine grain market in the context of export potential realization, including improvement of quality standards, product quality and increasing of its value added. The methodological principles of grain market regulation, draws attention to the shortcomings of the regulatory system, proposes areas for improving the regulation of the grain market, which include improving the quality of exported products, increasing its value added and harmonizing standards. Discussion. Further research in this area should relate to the scientific substantiation of the proposed areas, the formation of an economic and organizational mechanism for their implementation. Keywords: grain market, state regulation, foreign trade, World Trade Organization, customs tariffs, non-tariff restrictions, free trade area, added value, export.
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AKMATALIEVA, Aida S. "PECULIARITIES OF NON-TARIFF MEASURES OF RUSSIAN FOREIGN TRADE REGULATION." Геоэкономика энергетики 18, no. 2 (2022): 157–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.48137/26870703_2022_18_2_157.
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Harianto, Aries. "Regulating Foreign Labor in Emerging Economies: Between National Objectives and International Commitments." Academic Journal of Interdisciplinary Studies 10, no. 3 (May 10, 2021): 384. http://dx.doi.org/10.36941/ajis-2021-0092.
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The dialectics of the regulation of foreign workers, is a problematic indication as a legal problem in Indonesian legislation. This article aims to describe the urgency of critical studies concerning the regulation of foreign workers by exploring existing legal problems with national commitments to ratify international agreements regarding free trade, with a case study in Indonesia. By using normative and juridical approach with a variety of approaches both the law approach, conceptual approach, case approach and comparative approach, the study found that the regulation there is an inconsistency clause regarding special competencies that must be owned by foreign workers, including the selection and use of terminology in Act No. 13 of 2003 concerning Manpower. Thus, this study offers a constitutional solution due to the regulation of the subordinate foreign workers on international trade commitments which in turn negate the constitutional goals of creating the welfare of domestic workers. The normative consequences that immediately bind Indonesia after integrating itself in the World Trade Organization (WTO) membership are services trade agreements that are contained in the regulations of the General Agreement on Trade in Services (GATS). Based on the GATT/WTO rules, national legislation or labor regulations that are too protective are considered to violate WTO provisions because the WTO substantially requires the creation of policies without discrimination in all matters including equalizing the position of foreign workers and domestic workers. The final finding of this study offers to draft the concept of future regulation regarding the regulation of foreign workers who are loaded with elements of the objectives of constitutional-based law.
Received: 25 September 2020 / Accepted: 9 April 2021 / Published: 10 May 2021
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Akhmedov, Shokhrukh B., and Vladimir M. Kutovoi. "ON THE ISSUE OF IMPROVING THE MECHANISM FOR REGULATING FOREIGN ECONOMIC ACTIVITY OF THE REPUBLIC OF UZBEKISTAN." RSUH/RGGU Bulletin. Series Economics. Management. Law, no. 3 (2020): 62–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.28995/2073-6304-2020-3-62-71.
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The article analyzed the foreign trade policy of foreign countries and the implementation of the customs policy of the Republic of Uzbekistan. The analysis of methods of non-tariff and tariff regulation of foreign economic activity was carried out, as well as projects of active influence on foreign trade of the country in order to adapt it to the requirements of the world economy. During the WTO accession, the main principles were defined and proposals were made for measures to improve the customs and tariff regulation of the Republic of Uzbekistan.
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Shved, A. V. "Investigation of the Relations Between Foreign Trade and Characteristics of Environmental Quality: Existing Approaches and Approbation of Gravity Modeling." Voprosy statistiki 28, no. 6 (December 10, 2021): 69–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.34023/2313-6383-2021-28-6-69-78.
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The purpose of this study is for the author to summarize approaches and methods for assessing availability, identifying forms and types of relations between characteristics of environmental quality and international trade, and also to test the gravity theory of trade as such a method (on the example of the Republic of Belarus).The author has investigated modern economic works devoted to the study of the influence of trade liberalization on environmental pollution, the pollution haven hypothesis, the environmental Kuznets curve, the Porter hypothesis, etc., as well as the studies aimed at confirming or refuting these hypotheses, has systematized modern approaches to assessing the relations between trade and environmental indicators.Based on the panel data for the period from 1995 to 2019, the author has constructed the gravity models of trade (separately for export and import) of the Republic of Belarus with the EAEU partner countries and neighboring countries (Lithuania, Latvia, Poland, Ukraine), taking into account the environmental impact (the carbon dioxide emissions as the proxy variable of pollution). The simulation results have confirmed the theoretical provisions of the gravity theory. In addition, a significant effect of an increase in carbon dioxide emissions of countries – trade partners of the Republic of Belarus on its imports has been revealed.
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Mikhailova, Yu L. "Peace negotiations between Russia and Latvia in 1920: Premises, key issues, and outcomes." Moscow University Bulletin of World Politics 14, no. 3 (November 27, 2022): 227–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.48015/2076-7404-2022-14-3-227-264.
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The conclusion of the Peace Treaty between Latvia and the RSFSR on August 11, 1920 marked an important stage both in the process of international recognition of Latvia and in the normalization of international relations in the region in general, and charted a new course of the foreign policy of the Soviet state. On the basis of a wide range of archival sources (transcripts of the plenary meetings of the RSFSR and Latvia delegations, the meetings minutes of the Soviet-Latvian boundary commission, etc.), as well as recent Russian and foreign historical researches, the paper examines a set of issues related to the conclusion of the Treaty. The key issues that predetermined the agenda of the Soviet-Latvian peace negotiations included border demarcation, the exchange of war prisoners, the return of property evacuated to Russia, the return of refugees and the establishment of procedures for citizenship option. The author notes that the issue of border delimitation and demarcation was one of the most controversial and painful during the negotiations. The ethnographic principle for future borders was inextricably linked with economic and military-strategic considerations. The author examines territorial concessions made by the RSFSR to Latvia and concludes that they served as a demonstration of the Soviet Russia readiness to take into account the territorial claims of the Baltic republics, which allowed it to achieve peace in the region and fix new borders, as well as to establish trade relations indispensable for the survival of a young Soviet state during the Civil War. At the same time, the Soviet representatives took a hard line on compensations for the damage caused during hostilities and the return of property evacuated from Latvia. The author concludes that the Soviet-Latvian treaty and similar treaties with other Baltic states not only enabled the establishment of a new balance of power in the East Baltic region for the interwar period and laid the foundation for the Soviet foreign policy towards the Baltic republics, but also served as a vivid example of realization of ‘the right of self-determination of peoples up to secession’. Finally, these treaties became one of the means to break the diplomatic isolation of Soviet Russia.
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Tokas, Marios. "Playing the Game: The EU’s Proposed Regulation on Foreign Subsidies." Journal of World Trade 56, Issue 5 (October 1, 2022): 779–802. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/trad2022032.
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The objective of ‘level playing field’ has become increasingly more present in international trade affairs. The European Union (EU) has recently embarked on a quest to promote and protect the level playing field within and outside the borders of the internal market. The most recent manifestation of this objective is the regulation of foreign subsidies, i.e., subsidies provided by non-EU countries to undertakings operating within the EU. The European Commission issued its proposal for a new Regulation with the goal of tackling distortions to the level playing field caused by foreign subsidies. The present article introduces the major concepts of the Proposal and provides a comparative analysis with EU State Aid law and the WTO Subsidies and Countervailing Measures (SCM) Agreement. Further, it pursues an economic analysis of the anticipated impact of the Proposal with a view of examining whether the Proposal is capable of addressing global distortions caused by foreign subsidies and ensure a level playing field. Lastly, the article examines the compatibility of the Proposal with Article 32.1 of the SCM Agreement. Trade Remedies, WTO Law, Subsidies, Treaty Interpretation, EU Law, International Trade Law
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Karimov, N. "International Relations and Audit Process of Import Operations." Bulletin of Science and Practice 5, no. 12 (December 15, 2019): 316–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.33619/2414-2948/49/37.
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This article reveals the development of foreign economic activity in Uzbekistan, international relations and the audit process of import operations. It also sets out the legal basis for regulating foreign trade transactions carried out on the basis of international law and the terms of the foreign trade contract of sale. Foreign trade operations have also been studied, which have significant features due to legal regulation, the composition of foreign economic transactions, the procedure for fulfilling obligations under contracts and the system of applied calculations, which imposes additional requirements for accounting, analysis and audit.
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Grancay, Martin, and Nora Szikorova. "Liberalism in foreign trade versus liberalism in air transportation - is there a link?" Panoeconomicus 61, no. 6 (2014): 709–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/pan1406709g.
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The aim of this paper is to determine whether there is a statistically significant link between regulation of international civil aviation and protectionism against foreign trade. We use weighted air liberalization index (WALI) as a proxy for the level of regulation in a country?s foreign aviation relations; trade tariff restrictiveness index (TTRI) and overall trade restrictiveness index (OTRI) as proxies for the level of protectionism in a country?s foreign trade. Correlation analysis shows that there is no statistically significant link between the indicators. Hence, our research confirms the view that air transportation is a specific sector and it is subject to a different kind of policies than trade in goods. We also demonstrate that large high-income countries tend to have a more liberal approach to international civil aviation than small low-income countries.
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Lee, Eun Sup. "Regulation of International Trade in Korea under the WTO Mechanism." Victoria University of Wellington Law Review 28, no. 3 (June 1, 1998): 513. http://dx.doi.org/10.26686/vuwlr.v28i3.6064.
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This article discusses the development of the trade laws of the Republic of Korea and the important features of the Foreign Trade Act (amended substantially in 1996) and demonstrates the legislative efforts made by the Korean Government to open the domestic market and establish the fair trade system and practices which have been demanded by WTO and major trading partners.
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Gaveika, Artūrs. "SCHENGEN ACQUIS AND ITS IMPLEMENTATION IN LATVIA." BORDER SECURITY AND MANAGEMENT 3, no. 8 (October 20, 2020): 100–112. http://dx.doi.org/10.17770/bsm.v3i8.5363.
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Latvia joined the Schengen area in 2007 and has already passed three Schengen evaluations. The novelty of the article is aimed at analysis of Schengen Acquis implementation in Latvia and offer suggestions on its further implementation development. The aim of the study is to develop and propose suggestions on Schengen Acquis content improvement and its judicial systematisation development. The research tasks are to investigate the current EU and national normative regulations, legal practices, the conclusions of Latvian and foreign law researchers by using analytical, historical and comparative methods. The improvement of the national normative regulation was started long before Latvia's accession to the Schengen area. The further development of the Schengen acquis is important from the point of view of the right to free movement of persons and from the point of view of ensuring public security in the face of today's challenges related to terrorism, international crime, uncontrolled migration and the spread of disease. The main achievement of the research is that the author has defined the main areas of Schengen Acquis development.
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Gaveika, Artūrs. "SCHENGEN ACQUIS AND ITS IMPLEMENTATION IN LATVIA." BORDER SECURITY AND MANAGEMENT 3, no. 8 (October 20, 2020): 100–112. http://dx.doi.org/10.17770/bsm.v3i8.5363.
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Latvia joined the Schengen area in 2007 and has already passed three Schengen evaluations. The novelty of the article is aimed at analysis of Schengen Acquis implementation in Latvia and offer suggestions on its further implementation development. The aim of the study is to develop and propose suggestions on Schengen Acquis content improvement and its judicial systematisation development. The research tasks are to investigate the current EU and national normative regulations, legal practices, the conclusions of Latvian and foreign law researchers by using analytical, historical and comparative methods. The improvement of the national normative regulation was started long before Latvia's accession to the Schengen area. The further development of the Schengen acquis is important from the point of view of the right to free movement of persons and from the point of view of ensuring public security in the face of today's challenges related to terrorism, international crime, uncontrolled migration and the spread of disease. The main achievement of the research is that the author has defined the main areas of Schengen Acquis development.
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Mashkara-Choknadiy, Viktoriya, and Yuriy Mayboroda. "TRADE POLICY OF THE EUROPEAN UNION AND THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA UNDER THE COVID-19 PANDEMIC." Three Seas Economic Journal 2, no. 1 (April 26, 2021): 53–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.30525/2661-5150/2021-1-9.
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The pandemic of COVID-19 has influenced all sectors of social life, including the global economy and trade relations. The year of 2020 was marked with significant changes in internal and foreign economic policy of almost all nations. The purpose of the paper is to study the measures taken by the EU and the USA as the world's leading economies to regulate their foreign trade in the global crisis caused by the COVID-19 pandemic. The tasks of the study are to show the influence of the crisis on changes of global trade policy in front of the threat to national security. Methodology. The study is based on the results of statistical analysis of data provided the WTO and the UNCTAD. The authors show an analytical assessment of the foreign trade indicators of the EU and the USA. Methods of comparison and generalization were used to formulate conclusions on regulatory trends in foreign trade of the US and the EU. Results allowed identifying specific features and changes in the regulation of foreign trade of the EU and the US, assessing the impact of the pandemic on their foreign trade. It was found that both mentioned players of the world economy have actively introduced both deterrent and liberalization measures during 2020, which were aimed at providing the domestic market with scarce COVID-related goods. The study shows the transition from export restricting to import liberalizing measures in foreign trade policies from the start of pandemic to the late 2020. Practical implications. Understanding and predicting the possible actions of partners (the US and the EU in this case) in the field of foreign trade regulation is an important practical aspect, which has to be taken into account when developing Ukraine's foreign trade policy. Value/originality. The study of foreign trade policy of the world's leading countries allows us to understand the behavior of governments of the countries that are largely dependent on participation in international trade in their development, to draw conclusions about the most common instruments of foreign trade policy in the time of humanitarian and economic crises.
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Song, Junrong. "A Comparative Study on the Trade Barriers Regulation and the Foreign Trade Barriers Investigation Rules." Journal of World Trade 41, Issue 4 (August 1, 2007): 799–831. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/trad2007032.
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Tsygankov, Andrei P. "Defining state interests after empire: national identity, domestic structures and foreign trade policies of Latvia and Belarus." Review of International Political Economy 7, no. 1 (January 2000): 101–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/096922900347063.
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Guzhva, Igor, Petro Nebotov, and Yevhen Ivanov. "FOREIGN TRADE POLICY FOR INTEGRATION INTO GLOBAL VALUE CHAINS." Baltic Journal of Economic Studies 5, no. 2 (May 13, 2019): 24. http://dx.doi.org/10.30525/2256-0742/2019-5-2-24-29.
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The purpose of the article is to define and argue the key criteria and directions of foreign trade policy, which become crucial in conditions of country’s integration into global value chains, as well as to reveal the impact of major regulatory barriers to trade that prevent Ukraine’s integration into global value chains. The subject-matter of the study is the peculiarities of foreign trade regulation under global value chains expansion. Methodology. The methodological principles of research involve the joint application of a set of well-known common scientific methods, as well as special research methods in economics, such as the method of system and structural analysis to generalize spheres, directions, and tools of GVC-friendly trade regulation. Results. The essence of global value chains as a modern concept for international trade analysis is revealed. New approaches to trade and economic policy aimed at improving the country’s participation in global value chains are analysed. Key spheres, in which bottlenecks for global value chains usually occur, are investigated. The growing importance of liberalization of trade in services in order to integrate into GVC successfully is stressed. Main barriers that prevent the Ukrainian economy from effective integration into GVC are outlined. Basic shortcomings in Ukraine’s export control system that constrain the expansion of the country’s exports of dual-use goods and technologies are outlined. Practical implications. The article contains a comprehensive set of tools and regulations to revise approaches, directions, and efficiency criteria of governmental foreign trade policy according to global value chains concept. Value/originality. Identified requirements for foreign trade policy allowed investigating the effectiveness and perspectives of Ukraine’s trade and investment regime from a GVC point of view.
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Volkov, R. G., and E. M. Sabel'nikova. "Approaches to classification of non-tariff measures for foreign trade regulation." Economic Analysis: Theory and Practice 17, no. 4 (April 27, 2018): 783–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.24891/ea.17.4.783.
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AKMATALIEVA, Aida S. "SPECIFICS OF NON-TARIFF REGULATION OF FOREIGN TRADE IN INTERNATIONAL LAW." Постсоветский материк, no. 2 (2022): 61–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.48137/23116412_2022_2_61.
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Liang, Ping, Daniel M. Gropper, and Steven B. Caudill. "What Determines the Foreign Ownership Share of a Country's Banking Assets?" Review of Pacific Basin Financial Markets and Policies 14, no. 03 (September 2011): 535–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0219091511002226.
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The main purpose of this paper is to examine the roles of economic and political factors in explaining the foreign ownership share of a country's banking assets. In particular, our study includes new market-openness and regulation variables. The General Agreement on Trade in Services is an important element that affects financial sector regulation of every current and potential World Trade Organization member country, and opening financial markets is an important goal of this agreement. We find that the market openness index developed by Barth et al. (2010) bears a statistically significant relation to foreign ownership, as expected, and that regulation, rule of law, and profit opportunities are also important determinants of foreign ownership of bank assets.