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1
Castellano-Álvarez, Francisco Javier, and Rafael Robina Robina Ramírez. "Relevance of the Uruguay and Doha Rounds in the Evolution of International Agricultural Trade: The Case Study of Latin American Countries and Continental Products." Economies 11, no. 1 (December 20, 2022): 2. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/economies11010002.
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This article describes the evolution of the regulation of agricultural trade and analyses key aspects of the negotiations of the Uruguay and Doha Rounds, in which the least developed countries managed to make the final outcome of the negotiations conditional on progress in the liberalisation of agricultural trade. Four Latin American countries (Argentina, Brazil, Chile and Uruguay) participated in the lobbying groups set up in both Rounds with the aim of defending their interests against the agricultural and protectionist policies of developed countries. Using specialised databases on international trade, this paper describes the consequences of these negotiations for the foreign agricultural trade of the countries that actively participated in them, with particular reference to the evolution of European and Latin American trade balances. The results of the research show how Latin American countries have become one of the world’s main exporters of oilseeds and sugar, accounting for a third and a quarter of world exports, respectively. In contrast to the deterioration of the European trade balance, during the period analysed the aggregate trade surplus of Latin American countries increased from USD 4458.75 to 49,656.52 million.
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de Oliveira, Susan Elizabeth Martins Cesar. "Is the Death of the TPP Good News for Brazil? Mega-Regional Agreements and the Quest for Development Policy Space." Journal of World Trade 51, Issue 5 (October 1, 2017): 859–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/trad2017034.
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Beyond the controversy between supporters and critics of the Trans-pacific Partnership (TPP), the agreement has generated broad scholarly interest as the first twenty-first century ‘mega-regional’ accord ever concluded. This article seeks to contribute to the debate, analysing the potential regulatory impact of a TPP-like agreement on Brazil and developing countries in general, arguing that third-generation broad economic partnerships may be incompatible with the foreign policy stance of keeping ‘policy space’ for development. The article compares the TPP legal text with previous free trade agreements (FTAs), and analyses provisions in various TPP chapters that contrast with Brazil’s traditional stance in key issues relating to market access, services, investments, intellectual property, electronic commerce and regulatory convergence. Evidence from this exercise outlined that Brazil has not acceded to various international agreements which participation is required under the TPP, and Brazil still lacks modern domestic regulations in crucial areas that would be demanded in a third generation agreement. The recent withdrawal of the United States from the TPP and the uncertainties surrounding trade global governance suggests that Brazil has a window of opportunity to revamp its domestic institutions and decision-making process to become a ‘rule maker’ instead of ‘rule-taker’ in international trade.
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BELIKOVA, KSENIA. "ELECTRONIC WARFARE IN THE BRICS COUNTRIES: CURRENT STATE AND ISSUES OF LEGAL REGULATION OF INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY RIGHTS (THE EXAMPLE OF BRAZIL, INDIA AND SOUTH AFRICA)." Economic Problems and Legal Practice 17, no. 4 (August 28, 2021): 99–112. http://dx.doi.org/10.33693/2541-8025-2021-17-4-99-112.
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The subject of the research in this article is the means and systems of electronic warfare in the BRICS countries on the example of the approaches of Brazil, India and South Africa in the context of the protection of intellectual property rights by means and mechanisms, such as patents and trade secrets (know-how). The relevance of the study is due to the fact that modern states, and the selected BRICS countries are no exception, are aware of the importance and practical significance of electronic warfare and strive to develop such tools and systems or acquire them from those who have achieved success in their development. This requires an understanding of their approaches, including the development and implementation of such tools and systems from the perspective of law. The scientific novelty of the research is determined by the goal itself and the results of the work. Thus, it was revealed that in Brazil the issues of providing the country with innovative military equipment, including electronic warfare, are solved both by national companies and military institutions independently, and in cooperation with foreign military and industrial corporations; in India work is underway to create a new generation of ground- and air-based electronic warfare systems with an extended range, South Africa has a number of achievements in this area. As for the protection of such technical achievements by the provisions of the intellectual property law, South Africa (unlike Brazil and India) openly proclaims a system of keeping military innovations secret, while in the other two countries the emphasis is made on patenting.
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Kireyenka, N. V. "Models of agrarian business development in international practice." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of Belarus. Agrarian Series 59, no. 1 (February 9, 2021): 22–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.29235/1817-7204-2021-59-1-22-40.
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In conditions of the world economy globalization, regional trade and economic integration of countries, and increased sectoral competition, agricultural business remains a strategically important branch of the national economy of any state. Its activities are based on the regulatory legal framework for creation and functioning of agro-industrial complex entities, state regulation and support of agriculture, development of rural areas, food export incentive, formation of external and internal trade infrastructure. The world agrarian economy demonstrates the use of various models of efficient agro-industrial production management, providing for solution of national food security and increasing the export potential of the industry. The paper presents typology of agriculture by types of land use at various levels of social and economic development of countries, identifies the main world producers, exporters and importers of agri-food products. Review of the state regulation system and support of commodity producers in Australia, Argentina, Brazil, the European Union, India, Indonesia, Canada, China, Russia, and the United States has been carried out taking into account implementation of the international rules of the World Trade Organization. Various types of agricultural business models, sales systems, depending on production specialization of individual states, regions, enterprises and aimed at development of vertical integration, combination of marketing and logistics functions within one company, changes in the commodity structure along the sales channels in the domestic and foreign markets, have been systematized. The competitive advantages of the Republic of Belarus in the context of development of priority areas of agricultural business have been substantiated and the key risks having significant impact on the strengthening of production, sales and export potential have been analyzed. The issues Covered in the paper are of interest in preparation of draft state programs for social and economic development of the national agro-industrial complex, strategy in the field of export of agricultural products and food products for the period up to 2025.
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Dabagyan, E. "Latin America and Iran." World Economy and International Relations, no. 12 (2014): 91–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.20542/0131-2227-2014-12-91-101.
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The article reviews the general vectors and the spheres of cooperation between Latin America and Islamic Republic of Iran at present. The major attention is given to the analysis of the Teheran relationships with the countries of the Bolivarian Alliance for the Peoples of Our America. It is mentioned that these contacts were mostly based on the anti-American and anti-imperialistic ideas. There are also highlighted the fields of cooperation and the visits of the senior officials which played an important role in the regulation of political, trade, economic and humanitarian relationships, in creating the joint strategy for the world scene. The attitude of the ruling circles toward Iran’s nuclear program is investigated. The article evaluates H. Chávez’s contribution to the development of strategic alliance with Iran under M. Ahmadinedjad. It is noted that each of this group of countries put forward its own reasons for strengthening of mutual relations. The difference of approaches of Latin American giants is emphasized. Brazil, taking on the status of the great power, tried to contribute to solving the old nuclear problem, while Argentina turned sharply from total hostility to building constructive partnership. The special attention is paid to Iran president’s visit to 4 countries of the region in January 2012. It was considered as an intention to overcome the isolation at the moment of toughening of the sanctions imposed by the West. The US response to intensifying presence of Iran in the region is stated and the wide ranging opinions on the problem are shown. The article considers the future trends in the relations after the election of 2014 in Iran which brought to power moderate M. Rouhani, whose adjustments in the foreign policy affairs affected Latin America.
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Willmore, Larry. "Tansnationals and foreign trade: Evidence from Brazil." Journal of Development Studies 28, no. 2 (January 1992): 314–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00220389208422234.
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Shkunov, Vladimir. "Brazil's foreign trade from 1822 to the end of the XIX century: the search for identity." Latinskaia Amerika, no. 5 (2022): 85. http://dx.doi.org/10.31857/s0044748x0019543-6.
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The article is devoted to the problems of the development of Brazil's foreign trade during the XIX century. The author proposes a periodization of the history of Brazil's foreign trade in the period under review. Special attention is paid to the evolution of foreign trade relations with leading trading partners in Europe, the USA, Latin America, and the peculiarities of coffee trade. The article reveals the importance of the slave trade as a specific sphere of Brazil's foreign trade, and provides examples of Russian-Brazilian trade. The author uses mostly little-known and rarely used pre-revolutionary sources in Russian, English, Spanish and Portuguese, from which valuable statistical materials characterizing the dynamics and volumes of Brazil's foreign trade during the XIX century are extracted.
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Sitnik, A. A. "Foreign exchange regulation and foreign exchange control in brazil." Courier of Kutafin Moscow State Law University (MSAL)) 1, no. 8 (October 13, 2020): 86–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.17803/2311-5998.2020.72.8.086-092.
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Gambarova, R., and S. Gambarova. "DEVELOPMENT DIRECTIONS OF AZERBAIJAN'S FOREIGN TRADE REGULATION." EurasianUnionScientists 7, no. 9(78) (October 30, 2020): 14–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.31618/esu.2413-9335.2020.7.78.1026.
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Foreign economic relations include foreign trade, foreign lending and borrowing, attraction of foreign investment, participation in international production cooperation, implementation of joint research programs, etc. is a system of economic relations. The development of national economies of countries trying to build a market system in modern times is closely linked not only with domestic opportunities, but also with the effective use of foreign trade, which is the main form of international economic relations. In this regard, the article shows and analyzes the current state of the country's foreign trade relations.
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Chowdhury, Tonmoy. "Nexus between Foreign Direct Investment Inflow and EPI Score in Brazil." International Journal of Trade, Economics and Finance 12, no. 1 (February 2021): 16–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.18178/ijtef.2021.12.1.687.
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Before 1990, foreign investors could not extensively invest in Brazil because of its stringent and conservative trade policy. However, in 1990 Brazil took a remarkable shift in its trade policy from its previous trends by taking a liberal stance in terms of FDI inflow. The liberal trade policy that Brazil took in 1990 remove all the trade barriers that previously hindered the free flow of FDI in Brazil, the sign of which had been reflected in the steady and gradual incremental FDI inflow in the country after that. This New opening of trade atmosphere had brought with it two very different repercussions. In one hand, it accelerated the economic growth by bringing in investment in the needed sectors; on the other hand this acceleration spurred industrial activities that are accompanied by air and water pollution and deforestation as a byproduct. Since then, environmental health and ecosystem of Brazil have been facing tremendous threat owing to these pollution problems which may indirectly distress the EPI score of Brazil. Keeping these issues in mind, the present study investigates the relationship between FDI inflow and EPI score in Brazil. With the help of descriptive statistical tools as well as Pearson correlation test, this study finds the negative relationship between FDI inflow and EPI score in Brazil.
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Efimtseva, Tatiana V., and Aslan S. Aliturliev. "STATE REGULATION OF FOREIGN TRADE ACTIVITY: METHODS AND THEIR LEGAL ESSENCE." Oeconomia et Jus, no. 1 (March 31, 2022): 83–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.47026/2499-9636-2022-1-83-93.
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The authors carried out the analysis of current legislation of the Russian Federation and the Eurasian Economic Union, the practice of its application, the literature on the issue of state regulation of foreign trade activities. The concept of state regulation of foreign trade is given, the classification of these regulatory methods into types according to various criteria is presented. The Russian legislation contains an exhaustive list of methods for state regulation of foreign trade. However, application of specific methods depends on the type of goods. In connection therewith, the content of some of the most commonly used methods for state regulating foreign trade activity in practice is disclosed. At this, preference is given to the methods of customs tariff regulation, which include the customs tariff and customs duties. The relevance of the topic of state regulation of foreign trade is caused by the fact that foreign trade activity is currently becoming more and more colossal and covers all regions of the world, and therefore legal regulation of foreign trade is acquiring important socio-economic and sometimes political significance. So, in In January-August 2021, according to the data from the Bank of Russia, Russia's foreign trade turnover amounted to $492 billion dollars (137.8% by January-August 2020), including exports – $299 billion (144%), imports – $193 billion (129.2%). The trade balance remained positive, 106 billion US dollars (in January-August 2020 – positive, 58.3 billion dollars). Using the methods of observation, analysis, synthesis, comparison, interpretation of norms and others, the results were obtained that allow us to draw the following conclusions. When forming a foreign trade policy, the state needs to assess the regulatory impact on foreign trade in order to respond promptly to rapidly changing conditions in foreign markets functioning. Taking into account that the methods of state regulation of foreign trade activities are not systematized in the legislation, it is necessary to refer to the doctrine in which there is a classification of such methods into types. In addition, it is also necessary to take into account the fact that different methods of state regulation are applied to foreign trade in different goods.
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Aksenov, Pavel A. "The US Foreign Investment Regulation: Trade War Restrictions." International Trade and Trade Policy, no. 4 (January 3, 2020): 31–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.21686/2410-7395-2019-4-31-41.
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Over the past several years, the United States has taken a leading position in the world in attractiveness to foreign investors, largely due to the policy of favoring foreign investment and the absence of significant restrictions on incoming FDI. Currently the United States are trying to find a balance between openness to foreign investment and emerging issues related to the economy and national security. As a result of the adoption of the Foreign Investment Risk Review Modernization Act in 2018, the authority of the US Foreign Investments Committee was significantly expanded and the requirements for transactions were tightened, in particular, monitoring and verification of compliance with national security requirements. Despite the fact that these measures affected all incoming FDI in the United States, they are primarily an instrument of competition between the United States and China. Restrictions on outbound investment by China, as well as new requirements on the part of the United States, have significantly reduced the flow of FDI from China to the United States, especially in high-tech industries and infrastructure projects. Meanwhile, the US direct investment in China has remained stable over the past few years. In addition, there are some industry regulations on the share of foreign investors in the capital of energy companies, broadcasting companies, banks and others. Investment relations between the two countries, according to the investors, despite political and trade contradictions, remain quite close.
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Chugaiev, O. "FOREIGN TRADE REGULATION IN THE ECONOMY OF SMALL AND BIG COUNTRIES." ACTUAL PROBLEMS OF INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS 1, no. 127 (2016): 128–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.17721/apmv.2016.127.1.128-137.
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Size of economy is a factor of international trade regulation. We systematize the effects described in existing research works. Size of economy influences export and import priorities of foreign trade policy, efficiency of tariff regulation or tariff liberalization, sophistication of customs procedures, indirect tax rates for imports, prevalence of subsidies and trade remedies, importance of foreign trade taxes for the government revenues, opportunities and stimuli for trade disputes and wars. It is more difficult for small countries to carry out import substitution policy. In small countries tariff regulation is less efficient, considering the absence of the terms of trade effect and market competition deterioration. But under larger trade openness customs tariffs are more important for the state budget of small countries. Non-tariff regulation is more sophisticated in large countries. The balance of economic stimuli and opportunities in trade wars and disputes is not favorable for middle-sized economies. We extrapolate the abovementioned effects to Ukraine as a middle-sized economy. This allows us to provide recommendations for its foreign trade policy: differentiated trade liberalization, dependence of the optimal foreign trade taxation level on trade openness and trade balance, collective trade sanctions.
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Karnups, Viesturs Pauls. "Latvian-Brazilian Economic Relations 1918–1940." Humanities and Social Sciences: Latvia 29, no. 2 (December 2021): 27–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.22364/hssl.29.2.02.
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This article provides an overview of Latvian-Brazilian economic relations in the interwar period. In the interwar period, economic relations between Latvia and Brazil were mainly confined to foreign trade. Latvia declared its independence in 1918, however Latvians had been emigrating to Brazil from 1890 and establishing farming colonies. By the end of the 1930s some 8000 Latvians had settled in Brazil. Latvia’s foreign trade in relation to Brazil was regulated by the 1932 Commercial Agreement. Latvia’s main imports from Brazil in the interwar period were coffee, cocoa, hides and furs, tobacco, raw rubber, and cotton, whilst Latvia’s main exports to Brazil were fish conserves, paper, and rubber goods. In general, trade and thus economic relations were of marginal significance to both countries in the interwar period due partly to some similarities in their economic structures, but mainly because of geographical distance.
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Kirilenko, V. P., Yu V. Mishalchenko, and E. V. Vasileva. "Features of International Legal Regulation of Foreign Trade Contracts." EURASIAN INTEGRATION: economics, law, politics 16, no. 3 (October 14, 2022): 84–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.22394/2073-2929-2022-03-84-94.
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The article conducts a study to determine the mechanism of effective legal regulation of the content of foreign trade contracts when establishing mutually beneficial relations between participants in a foreign economic transaction who are subjects of law of different states by type of economic activity in accordance with and in accordance with the terms agreed by the parties on the basis of the applicable norms of national and international law and the legislation of the countries regulating these legal relations in foreign economic activity.Aim. To propose the most optimal directions for improving the legal regulation of the content of foreign trade contracts in the system of international integration.Tasks. To determine the legal basis for regulating foreign trade contracts in modern integration processes; to investigate the legal aspects, specifics and procedure for concluding foreign trade contracts, as well as to identify legal problems that hinder the development of these legal relations.Methods. In this research we used methods of comparative law, methods of analysis and synthesis, as well as methods of deduction and induction.Results. In the course of the study, the authors come to the conclusion that there are some problematic aspects of both national and international regulation in the field of foreign trade contracts. These problems are expressed in the absence of a single legal regulation for the conclusion and execution of foreign trade contracts, the presence of specific requirements for the content of the contract in different countries, and as a result, the appearance of conflicts at the stage of agreement of the text of the contract by partners from different countries, as well as in the absence of a single legal mechanism ensuring fair resolution of disputes between the parties to the contract.Conclusion. As a result of the analysis of the actual problems associated with the lack of the necessary comprehensive legal regulation of the content of foreign trade contracts, the authors propose optimal ways to solve them by harmonizing legislation at the international level in order to humanely and fairly bring together the legislations of states and establish comparable regulatory legal regulation in relation to the legal regulation of the content, conclusion and execution of a foreign trade contract.
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Van Eeckhaute, Jean Charles. "Private Complaints against Foreign Unfair Trade PracticesThe EC's Trade Barriers Regulation." Journal of World Trade 33, Issue 6 (December 1, 1999): 199–213. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/trad1999049.
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Chirkin, Sergey Alekseevich. "Russia — Brazil: approval of the strategic partnership." Russian Economic Journal, no. 4 (October 4, 2021): 94–110. http://dx.doi.org/10.33983/0130-9757-2021-4-94-110.
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The article examines the state and prospects for the development of trade and economic cooperation between Russia and Brazil. The investment component of bilateral economic relations and military-technical cooperation are considered. Quantitative indicators on the volumes and dynamics of bilateral foreign trade turnover, the structure of trade operations are given. The emphasis is placed on the strategic partnership and technological alliance of the two countries declared at the interstate level. The reasons hindering the development of bilateral cooperation are analyzed. The areas where cooperation would contribute to the creation of technological alliances are highlighted. The peculiarities of Brazil`s foreign trade policy are studied, including in relation to Russian products imported by the country. In comparative terms, the main economic indicators of the two countries are given. In conclusion, the views aimed at strengthening and expanding Russian-Brazilian economic relations are expressed. The relevance of the topic is due to the approved in 2018 the national project «International cooperation and Export», aimed at increasing Russian non-primary non-energy exports.
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Absell, Christopher David, and Antonio Tena-Junguito. "THE RECONSTRUCTION OF BRAZIL’S FOREIGN TRADE SERIES, 1821-1913." Revista de Historia Económica / Journal of Iberian and Latin American Economic History 36, no. 1 (November 10, 2017): 87–115. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0212610917000143.
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AbstractTo date, research on the economic history of Brazil during the 19th century has relied on official foreign trade statistics, the accuracy of which has repeatedly been put into question. This paper provides insights into the accuracy of the official series by examining the accuracy of the export and import series for Brazil during the 19th century. We re-estimate the official import series using trading partner sources, and find that the official series was marginally under-valued during certain periods of the 19th century. Furthermore, we provide new upper- and lower-bound estimates of the export series by testing different assumptions regarding the size of the cost, insurance and freight to free on board factor adjustments. Finally, we introduce a new import price index for the period 1827-1913.
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BILOUSOVA, Aryna, Yevheniia HNATENKO, Viktor LYASHENKO, and Anatoly GRIZA. "THE MODERN PARADIGM OF STATE REGULATION OF FOREIGN ECONOMIC ACTIVITIES SUBJECT." Ukrainian Journal of Applied Economics 6, no. 3 (September 2, 2021): 130–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.36887/2415-8453-2021-3-17.
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Introduction. At all historical stages of the state's development, foreign economic activity has influenced the solution of economic problems at various levels: the national economy as a whole, separate regions, associations, and enterprises. As part of the general structure of the national economy, foreign economic activity affects the improvement of domestic economic proportions, location and development of productive forces. The purpose of the study is to substantiate the essence and content of the mechanisms of state management of foreign economic activity in the field of trade in the development of integration processes. Results. It is established that at all historical stages of development of the state foreign economic activity influences the decision of economic problems at various levels: a national economy as a whole, separate regions, associations, the enterprises. Depending on the system of priorities of an individual state in the field of foreign economic relations, the types of foreign economic policy are distinguished. Methods and tools of state regulation of foreign trade activities of the business entity are studied. Conclusions. It is determined that all methods of regulating foreign trade are divided into two major groups: administrative (short-term are restrictive) and economic methods. According to the results of the study, the classification of methods of regulating foreign economic activity is substantiated, where the basic features are: the form of influence; the nature of the manifestation; method of implementation; appointment; validity period, etc. Keywords: foreign economic activity, state regulation, methods and tools of regulation, trade operations, foreign economic policy of the state, foreign trade.
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Krutik, Iu V., and Yu A. Stoliar. "DIRECTIONS OF STATE REGULATION OF UKRAINIAN FOREIGN TRADE POLICY." States and Regions. Series: Public Administration, no. 3 (2019): 235–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.32840/1813-3401-2019-3-41.
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Iskevich, Irina S. "THE CONCEPT OF LEGAL PRINCIPLES, THEIR MEANING IN THE REGULATION OF FOREIGN TRADE RELATIONSHIPS." Public international and private international law 1 (January 21, 2021): 33–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.18572/1812-3910-2021-1-33-36.
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One of the most important components of the world economy remains the foreign economic activity of its economic entities, which, in turn, includes foreign trade, or international trade, industrial cooperation, currency and financial and credit operations, as well as relations with international organizations. The article examines the characteristics and classification of the principles of legal regulation of foreign trade.
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Pugachevska, Kateryna. "TRADE RESTRICTIONS IN THE CONTEXT OF FOREIGN TRADE LIBERALIZATION." Scientific Bulletin of Mukachevo State University. Series “Economics” 1(13) (2020): 51–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.31339/2313-8114-2020-1(13)-51-55.
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Research on the impact of the external component on economic growth shows the prevailing view of the positive impact of foreign trade and its liberalization on economic growth. At the same time, discussions on trends in foreign trade liberalization are part of the issue of contradictory impact of free cross-border movement of goods, capital and labor on the economic development. The majority of sources on endogenous growth contains a range of models for the relationship between trade restrictions and economic growth. Therefore, the aim of the article is to study trade restrictions in the context of foreign trade liberalization. At a high level of economic development, the liberalization of the economy allows to increase the benefits of foreign trade, but the issues related to the opening of national markets in the economic periphery remain controversial. The article considers the essence and classification of foreign trade restrictions. The views of scholars of leading economic schools on the relationship between trade liberalization and economic growth have been represented. It has been determined, that the main trends in the liberalization of foreign trade are: expanding the scope of regulatory measures by both national governments and global trade institutions; coordination and intensification of international cooperation in the areas of multilateral liberalization of foreign trade; growing non-tariff barriers to the development of international trade. The results of the study allow to deepen the understanding of the peculiarities of ensuring national economic interests in the conditions of dynamization of foreign trade. Key words: trade restrictions, national economic interests, import regulation, foreign trade liberalization, tariff and non-tariff restrictions.
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Honcharenko, Olena, Olha Diachenko, and Nataliia Bykova-Fedorchuk. "State regulation of Ukraine's foreign trade in a global pandemic." Scientific Horizons 23, no. 9 (September 23, 2020): 86–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.48077/scihor.23(9).2020.86-97.
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The COVID-19 pandemic has caused problems in all sectors of the world economy. There is no doubt that the pandemic will have far-reaching negative consequences for the world economy, including Ukraine. It is established that in January-September 2020, exports of Ukrainian goods decreased by almost 6%, imports – by 19%. Exports maintained large harvests of grain and oilseeds. Monitoring of changes in trade policy in the context of the spread of COVID-19 allowed to identify groups of countries that have introduced restrictive measures in trade policy: in 24 countries no export-import restrictions were introduced, in 19 countries indirect measures were implemented to protect the economy. To offset the negative effects on business, governments are developing aid packages to support it. These are mainly the following instruments: loans at reduced rates, the grace period for the payment of tax liabilities, cash grants. It was established that only some developing countries impose temporary foreign trade restrictions to avoid shortages in the domestic market. Most countries use other economic incentives to mitigate the effects of a pandemic. Ukraine is implementing economic measures and temporary trade restrictions to counter the pandemic. In particular, the Government of Ukraine introduced temporary restrictions on exports with the establishment of a zero quota for alcohol, buckwheat and anti-epidemic goods. The alcohol export ban not only did not worsen the situation on Ukraine's foreign markets, but also marked almost triple their extension. The embargo on buckwheat and grain exports from Ukraine has tripled imports. Despite the embargo on exports of anti-epidemic goods, trade did not stop, but even increased significantly for some commodity subheadings. The results of the study allowed to identify measures to mitigate the effects of the pandemic in trade and economic cooperation of Ukraine on the international arena.
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Yessenzholova, G. "Customs regulation of foreign trade as a tool of strategic state planning of the Republic of Kazakhstan." ECONOMIC SERIES OF THE BULLETIN OF THE L.N. GUMILYOV ENU, no. 2 (2022): 130–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.32523/2789-4320-2022-2-130-143.
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The intensity of foreign trade in goods within the framework of the increasing processes of globalization, the complication of trade logistics, as well as the strengthening of its role in the development of the state requires ensuring a high level of customs regulation of foreign economic activity. The article is devoted to the study of the role of customs regulation of foreign trade in the strategic state planning of the country. Based on the model, the variables of which were the index of imported machinery and equipment and the volume of industrial production in the manufacturing industry, the existence of a positive relationship between the customs regulation of Kazakhstan’s foreign trade and the development of the real sector of the country’s economy was proved, which confirmed the significant role of customs regulation of foreign trade in a positive change in the country’s economy. In the course of the analysis of the strategic state planning system of Kazakhstan (SSP) for the reflection of customs regulation in the documents of the SSP at various levels, the insufficiency of reflection of its mechanisms in the formation of Kazakhstan’s economic policy has been established. In the course of the analysis of the SSP of Kazakhstan for the reflection of customs regulation in its documents of various levels, the insufficient presence of its mechanisms in the formation of Kazakhstan’s economic policy was established. Along with general scientific methods of cognition, the method of correlation and regression analysis was used in the study.
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Voloshyn, Roman. "Regulation of foreign trade relations on the Ukraine grain market." ED/2019/1, no. 1 (March 2019): 15–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.36742/2410-0919-2019-1-2.
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Introduction. Grain market plays an important role in the system of foreign trade relations of Ukraine. Its benefits are due to the much risk factors, but the advancement of grain in foreign markets requires adjusting of certain regulatory processes. Methods. Investigation of the aspects of state regulation of various types of processes, which were characterized by the monographic method, taking into account the possibilities of legal regulations, methods of analysis and synthesis - for systematization of the revealed tendencies, statistical methods and methods of regulation. Results. The article outlines and generalizes the basic directions of regulation of the Ukraine grain market in the context of export potential realization, including improvement of quality standards, product quality and increasing of its value added. The methodological principles of grain market regulation, draws attention to the shortcomings of the regulatory system, proposes areas for improving the regulation of the grain market, which include improving the quality of exported products, increasing its value added and harmonizing standards. Discussion. Further research in this area should relate to the scientific substantiation of the proposed areas, the formation of an economic and organizational mechanism for their implementation. Keywords: grain market, state regulation, foreign trade, World Trade Organization, customs tariffs, non-tariff restrictions, free trade area, added value, export.
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Libânio, Gilberto. "Mr. Bolsonaro e os Chineses: uma sugestão de interpretação." Brazilian Keynesian Review 4, no. 2 (March 11, 2019): 300. http://dx.doi.org/10.33834/bkr.v4i2.181.
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<p>This paper aims to discuss the potential impacts of Jair Bolsonaro’s government on Brazil-China relations. Firstly, it presents the recent history of relations between the two countries, particularly in regards to international trade and to Chinese FDI (foreign direct investment) in Brazil. Secondly, the paper speculates on the potential effects of a detachment of Brazil from China, in case the recurrent discourse of members of the new government, including the new president, is put into practice, regarding a political realignment with the USA and a consequent distancing of the Asian giant. The main conclusion of the article is that China plays a crucial role in Brazil’s foreign economic relations and that there’s no justification for any kind of disruption in this relationship, due to the risk of negative effects on Brazli’s trade balance and reception of foreign investments.</p>
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AKMATALIEVA, Aida S. "PECULIARITIES OF NON-TARIFF MEASURES OF RUSSIAN FOREIGN TRADE REGULATION." Геоэкономика энергетики 18, no. 2 (2022): 157–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.48137/26870703_2022_18_2_157.
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Yevchenko, Natalia, Lincong Li, and Zhidong Huang. "Ensuring sustainable imports of soybeans to China: a comparative study of bilateral foreign trade with Brazil." E3S Web of Conferences 273 (2021): 08014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202127308014.
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The article discusses the problem of sustainable soybean imports to China as a strategic food product. Extensive and intensive factors, determine the soybean supply to China was identified. It has been established that the China-Brazil soybean foreign trade is characterized by a constant increase in bilateral interdependence, characterized by volumes and prices. It was revealed that the prices of soybeans in the Brazilian market are formed by China’s demand and are the lowest of imported into China. It has been proven an increase in the soybean imports volatility in China: the monopoly strengthening of the key supplier (Brazil) and the rise of purchase prices, the inclusion of China's political commitments in foreign soybean trade with the United States. It has been established that the extensive factors on the soybean imports increasing are near to be exhausted. It is suggested that China will be enforced to use intensive factors of soybean imports sustainability: diversification of soybean import sources, including initiation of public-private partnership contracts, policy adjustments to deepen China-Brazil-USA-Russia soybean trade cooperation, exploring investments in neighboring countries. A plan for expanding educational and scientific cooperation with Russia is presented, aimed at expanding production and soybean foreign trade with the PRC.
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Harianto, Aries. "Regulating Foreign Labor in Emerging Economies: Between National Objectives and International Commitments." Academic Journal of Interdisciplinary Studies 10, no. 3 (May 10, 2021): 384. http://dx.doi.org/10.36941/ajis-2021-0092.
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The dialectics of the regulation of foreign workers, is a problematic indication as a legal problem in Indonesian legislation. This article aims to describe the urgency of critical studies concerning the regulation of foreign workers by exploring existing legal problems with national commitments to ratify international agreements regarding free trade, with a case study in Indonesia. By using normative and juridical approach with a variety of approaches both the law approach, conceptual approach, case approach and comparative approach, the study found that the regulation there is an inconsistency clause regarding special competencies that must be owned by foreign workers, including the selection and use of terminology in Act No. 13 of 2003 concerning Manpower. Thus, this study offers a constitutional solution due to the regulation of the subordinate foreign workers on international trade commitments which in turn negate the constitutional goals of creating the welfare of domestic workers. The normative consequences that immediately bind Indonesia after integrating itself in the World Trade Organization (WTO) membership are services trade agreements that are contained in the regulations of the General Agreement on Trade in Services (GATS). Based on the GATT/WTO rules, national legislation or labor regulations that are too protective are considered to violate WTO provisions because the WTO substantially requires the creation of policies without discrimination in all matters including equalizing the position of foreign workers and domestic workers. The final finding of this study offers to draft the concept of future regulation regarding the regulation of foreign workers who are loaded with elements of the objectives of constitutional-based law.
Received: 25 September 2020 / Accepted: 9 April 2021 / Published: 10 May 2021
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Grytz, Vera Kanas, and Isabelle Ruiz Guero. "The Use of International Trade Mechanisms by the Brazilian Agribusiness." Global Trade and Customs Journal 18, Issue 1 (January 1, 2023): 21–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/gtcj2023002.
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The Agribusiness is one of the pillars of the Brazilian economy, and it represented 43% of the Brazilian exports in 2021. Moreover, Brazil is a net importer of inputs that are fundamental for the agriculture, such as fertilizers and equipment. Despite of being competitive by nature, it is of utmost importance that the players understand the mechanisms provided by the Brazilian legislation related to international trade. The purpose of this article is to call the attention of the Brazilian Agribusiness to several tools related to foreign trade, and how useful they can be. In this context, the article first approaches the use of tariff modification mechanisms that could be useful to boost competitiveness by the Agribusiness by reducing costs of imported inputs or protecting against foreign competitors by means of reducing or increasing tariff rates. Then, the article calls the attention to Free Trade Agreements involving Brazil that promote trade in the agricultural sector. The article also highlights the use of trade remedies to protect the Agribusiness against unfair trade. The article finishes with a brief the analysis on how the Brazilian Agribusiness is affected by economic sanctions imposed by third countries, demonstrating the importance of understanding the new reality of global trade. Brazil, Agribusiness, agriculture, International Trade, tariff, Free Trade Agreements, Mercosur, antidumping, sanctions, imports
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Akhmedov, Shokhrukh B., and Vladimir M. Kutovoi. "ON THE ISSUE OF IMPROVING THE MECHANISM FOR REGULATING FOREIGN ECONOMIC ACTIVITY OF THE REPUBLIC OF UZBEKISTAN." RSUH/RGGU Bulletin. Series Economics. Management. Law, no. 3 (2020): 62–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.28995/2073-6304-2020-3-62-71.
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The article analyzed the foreign trade policy of foreign countries and the implementation of the customs policy of the Republic of Uzbekistan. The analysis of methods of non-tariff and tariff regulation of foreign economic activity was carried out, as well as projects of active influence on foreign trade of the country in order to adapt it to the requirements of the world economy. During the WTO accession, the main principles were defined and proposals were made for measures to improve the customs and tariff regulation of the Republic of Uzbekistan.
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Chernysheva, A. M. "The economic policy of the Latin American countries during the emergence of the multipolar world." National Interests: Priorities and Security 8, no. 8 (August 14, 2020): 1581–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.24891/ni.16.8.1581.
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Subject. As the global economy currently evolves during the emergence of the multipolar world, emerging countries strive to diversify their foreign trade and gradually escape the strict impact of the leading economies. In the multipolar world countries need their economic policies to ensure the national economic security. Objectives. I examine the foreign trade in some countries of Latin America and economic alliances there. I also evaluate trends in the development of export and import indicators of Brazil, trace the trajectory of their further development by country. Methods. In this study, I analyze documents in public domain, including statistical data on exports and imports of Brazil with reference to the USA, China, Russia, Germany, France, Argentina, Uruguay and Paraguay. The study is based on the systems approach, comparative and statistical methods of data research. Results. Nowadays, in the current economic situation worldwide the multipolar order gains momentum. Foreign trade is being actively diversified by those countries that fall into geopolitical pursuits of leading economies. Conclusions and Relevance. Diversifying the foreign trade and adhering to the multi-faceted economic policy, countries will ensure their economic security notwithstanding the multipolar world order. Currently, the Latin American countries take much effort to diversify their foreign trade, though they are strongly influenced by the USA as an area of their geopolitical ambitions. I should mention a growing importance of China in areas of someone else's geopolitical interest.
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Clements, Benedict J. "Foreign Trade Strategies and Their Impact on Employment: The Case of Brazil." Bulletin of Latin American Research 6, no. 2 (1987): 183. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3338410.
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Tokas, Marios. "Playing the Game: The EU’s Proposed Regulation on Foreign Subsidies." Journal of World Trade 56, Issue 5 (October 1, 2022): 779–802. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/trad2022032.
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The objective of ‘level playing field’ has become increasingly more present in international trade affairs. The European Union (EU) has recently embarked on a quest to promote and protect the level playing field within and outside the borders of the internal market. The most recent manifestation of this objective is the regulation of foreign subsidies, i.e., subsidies provided by non-EU countries to undertakings operating within the EU. The European Commission issued its proposal for a new Regulation with the goal of tackling distortions to the level playing field caused by foreign subsidies. The present article introduces the major concepts of the Proposal and provides a comparative analysis with EU State Aid law and the WTO Subsidies and Countervailing Measures (SCM) Agreement. Further, it pursues an economic analysis of the anticipated impact of the Proposal with a view of examining whether the Proposal is capable of addressing global distortions caused by foreign subsidies and ensure a level playing field. Lastly, the article examines the compatibility of the Proposal with Article 32.1 of the SCM Agreement. Trade Remedies, WTO Law, Subsidies, Treaty Interpretation, EU Law, International Trade Law
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Ginoyan, A. B., and A. A. Tkachenko. "EAEU Countries Foreign Trade Policy: Results of Simulation Modeling." Finance: Theory and Practice 26, no. 2 (April 29, 2022): 175–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.26794/2587-5671-2022-26-2-175-189.
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The authors examine the impact of foreign trade on the development of the Eurasian Economic Union (EAEU). The relevance of the study is related to the role of foreign trade in the integration processes of the EAEU countries. The purpose of the study is to identify, on the basis of a modified gravity model of international trade, the possible contribution of changes in the foreign trade policy of the EAEU countries to the growth of their foreign trade. The authors apply a pseudo-maximum likelihood estimation method, which is Poisson regression. Based on the results of the gravity model, covering the data of 97 countries with volumes of 95% of world GDP and 85% of international trade flows, the authors identified the potential contribution of possible changes in the foreign trade policy of the EAEU countries to the growth of their foreign trade turnover, including the reorientation of country directions. The authors gave a quantitative assessment of the foreign trade potential of the EAEU countries in trade with the main partners. The study presents an assessment of the impact on the volume of foreign trade of Belarus of its possible accession to the WTO, which could increase this volume by 11.4%. Particular attention is paid to modeling the trade potential of the EAEU countries with 40 leading trading partners. An analysis of the foreign trade of these countries shows no noticeable changes in the structure of its directions, and the foreign trade turnover continues to grow at an insufficient rate. The simulation results led to the conclusion that the EAEU countries have significant trade potential with the United States, the United Arab Emirates, Singapore, Sweden, Malaysia, Spain and Brazil, and the actual volume of trade with these countries is less than 50% of the potential. Realization of this potential requires, as shown in the study, significant changes in the foreign economic orientation of the EAEU countries and modification of foreign trade policy.
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Karimov, N. "International Relations and Audit Process of Import Operations." Bulletin of Science and Practice 5, no. 12 (December 15, 2019): 316–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.33619/2414-2948/49/37.
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This article reveals the development of foreign economic activity in Uzbekistan, international relations and the audit process of import operations. It also sets out the legal basis for regulating foreign trade transactions carried out on the basis of international law and the terms of the foreign trade contract of sale. Foreign trade operations have also been studied, which have significant features due to legal regulation, the composition of foreign economic transactions, the procedure for fulfilling obligations under contracts and the system of applied calculations, which imposes additional requirements for accounting, analysis and audit.
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Grancay, Martin, and Nora Szikorova. "Liberalism in foreign trade versus liberalism in air transportation - is there a link?" Panoeconomicus 61, no. 6 (2014): 709–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/pan1406709g.
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The aim of this paper is to determine whether there is a statistically significant link between regulation of international civil aviation and protectionism against foreign trade. We use weighted air liberalization index (WALI) as a proxy for the level of regulation in a country?s foreign aviation relations; trade tariff restrictiveness index (TTRI) and overall trade restrictiveness index (OTRI) as proxies for the level of protectionism in a country?s foreign trade. Correlation analysis shows that there is no statistically significant link between the indicators. Hence, our research confirms the view that air transportation is a specific sector and it is subject to a different kind of policies than trade in goods. We also demonstrate that large high-income countries tend to have a more liberal approach to international civil aviation than small low-income countries.
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Lee, Eun Sup. "Regulation of International Trade in Korea under the WTO Mechanism." Victoria University of Wellington Law Review 28, no. 3 (June 1, 1998): 513. http://dx.doi.org/10.26686/vuwlr.v28i3.6064.
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This article discusses the development of the trade laws of the Republic of Korea and the important features of the Foreign Trade Act (amended substantially in 1996) and demonstrates the legislative efforts made by the Korean Government to open the domestic market and establish the fair trade system and practices which have been demanded by WTO and major trading partners.
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Mashkara-Choknadiy, Viktoriya, and Yuriy Mayboroda. "TRADE POLICY OF THE EUROPEAN UNION AND THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA UNDER THE COVID-19 PANDEMIC." Three Seas Economic Journal 2, no. 1 (April 26, 2021): 53–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.30525/2661-5150/2021-1-9.
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The pandemic of COVID-19 has influenced all sectors of social life, including the global economy and trade relations. The year of 2020 was marked with significant changes in internal and foreign economic policy of almost all nations. The purpose of the paper is to study the measures taken by the EU and the USA as the world's leading economies to regulate their foreign trade in the global crisis caused by the COVID-19 pandemic. The tasks of the study are to show the influence of the crisis on changes of global trade policy in front of the threat to national security. Methodology. The study is based on the results of statistical analysis of data provided the WTO and the UNCTAD. The authors show an analytical assessment of the foreign trade indicators of the EU and the USA. Methods of comparison and generalization were used to formulate conclusions on regulatory trends in foreign trade of the US and the EU. Results allowed identifying specific features and changes in the regulation of foreign trade of the EU and the US, assessing the impact of the pandemic on their foreign trade. It was found that both mentioned players of the world economy have actively introduced both deterrent and liberalization measures during 2020, which were aimed at providing the domestic market with scarce COVID-related goods. The study shows the transition from export restricting to import liberalizing measures in foreign trade policies from the start of pandemic to the late 2020. Practical implications. Understanding and predicting the possible actions of partners (the US and the EU in this case) in the field of foreign trade regulation is an important practical aspect, which has to be taken into account when developing Ukraine's foreign trade policy. Value/originality. The study of foreign trade policy of the world's leading countries allows us to understand the behavior of governments of the countries that are largely dependent on participation in international trade in their development, to draw conclusions about the most common instruments of foreign trade policy in the time of humanitarian and economic crises.
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Brown, Gregory G. "The Impact Of American Flour Imports On Brazilian Wheat Production: 1808-1822." Americas 47, no. 3 (January 1991): 315–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1006803.
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In 1808 the Portuguese Crown ended centuries of imperial practice by opening Brazilian ports to the direct trade of friendly nations. This new royal policy caused considerable consternation among conservative Portuguese merchants and manufacturers who feared that a flood of foreign imports would drain precious metals out of the empire, and that economically stronger foreign merchants would monopolize Brazilian trade, thus ruining manufacturing in Brazil. Many Brazilian landowners, on the other hand, supported freer trade because they believed it would stimulate production and export of agricultural commodities. Ironically, one Brazilian product that did suffer dramatic decline resulting from the introduction of foreign competition was not a manufactured good, but an agricultural one, wheat.
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Brown, Gregory G. "The Impact Of American Flour Imports On Brazilian Wheat Production: 1808-1822." Americas 47, no. 03 (January 1991): 315–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0003161500016722.
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In 1808 the Portuguese Crown ended centuries of imperial practice by opening Brazilian ports to the direct trade of friendly nations. This new royal policy caused considerable consternation among conservative Portuguese merchants and manufacturers who feared that a flood of foreign imports would drain precious metals out of the empire, and that economically stronger foreign merchants would monopolize Brazilian trade, thus ruining manufacturing in Brazil. Many Brazilian landowners, on the other hand, supported freer trade because they believed it would stimulate production and export of agricultural commodities. Ironically, one Brazilian product that did suffer dramatic decline resulting from the introduction of foreign competition was not a manufactured good, but an agricultural one, wheat.
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Song, Junrong. "A Comparative Study on the Trade Barriers Regulation and the Foreign Trade Barriers Investigation Rules." Journal of World Trade 41, Issue 4 (August 1, 2007): 799–831. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/trad2007032.
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Guzhva, Igor, Petro Nebotov, and Yevhen Ivanov. "FOREIGN TRADE POLICY FOR INTEGRATION INTO GLOBAL VALUE CHAINS." Baltic Journal of Economic Studies 5, no. 2 (May 13, 2019): 24. http://dx.doi.org/10.30525/2256-0742/2019-5-2-24-29.
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The purpose of the article is to define and argue the key criteria and directions of foreign trade policy, which become crucial in conditions of country’s integration into global value chains, as well as to reveal the impact of major regulatory barriers to trade that prevent Ukraine’s integration into global value chains. The subject-matter of the study is the peculiarities of foreign trade regulation under global value chains expansion. Methodology. The methodological principles of research involve the joint application of a set of well-known common scientific methods, as well as special research methods in economics, such as the method of system and structural analysis to generalize spheres, directions, and tools of GVC-friendly trade regulation. Results. The essence of global value chains as a modern concept for international trade analysis is revealed. New approaches to trade and economic policy aimed at improving the country’s participation in global value chains are analysed. Key spheres, in which bottlenecks for global value chains usually occur, are investigated. The growing importance of liberalization of trade in services in order to integrate into GVC successfully is stressed. Main barriers that prevent the Ukrainian economy from effective integration into GVC are outlined. Basic shortcomings in Ukraine’s export control system that constrain the expansion of the country’s exports of dual-use goods and technologies are outlined. Practical implications. The article contains a comprehensive set of tools and regulations to revise approaches, directions, and efficiency criteria of governmental foreign trade policy according to global value chains concept. Value/originality. Identified requirements for foreign trade policy allowed investigating the effectiveness and perspectives of Ukraine’s trade and investment regime from a GVC point of view.
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Volkov, R. G., and E. M. Sabel'nikova. "Approaches to classification of non-tariff measures for foreign trade regulation." Economic Analysis: Theory and Practice 17, no. 4 (April 27, 2018): 783–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.24891/ea.17.4.783.
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AKMATALIEVA, Aida S. "SPECIFICS OF NON-TARIFF REGULATION OF FOREIGN TRADE IN INTERNATIONAL LAW." Постсоветский материк, no. 2 (2022): 61–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.48137/23116412_2022_2_61.
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Liang, Ping, Daniel M. Gropper, and Steven B. Caudill. "What Determines the Foreign Ownership Share of a Country's Banking Assets?" Review of Pacific Basin Financial Markets and Policies 14, no. 03 (September 2011): 535–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0219091511002226.
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The main purpose of this paper is to examine the roles of economic and political factors in explaining the foreign ownership share of a country's banking assets. In particular, our study includes new market-openness and regulation variables. The General Agreement on Trade in Services is an important element that affects financial sector regulation of every current and potential World Trade Organization member country, and opening financial markets is an important goal of this agreement. We find that the market openness index developed by Barth et al. (2010) bears a statistically significant relation to foreign ownership, as expected, and that regulation, rule of law, and profit opportunities are also important determinants of foreign ownership of bank assets.
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Amorim, Celso. "Brazilian foreign policy under President Lula (2003-2010): an overview." Revista Brasileira de Política Internacional 53, spe (December 2010): 214–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0034-73292010000300013.
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Foreign Minister of Brazil since 2003, Ambassador Celso Amorim outlines the main guidelines and accomplishments of Brazil's foreign policy under President Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva. The article provides a full-fledged, although not exhaustive, narrative of a number of diplomatic initiatives championed by Brazil over the last eight years: from the gathering of the group of developing countries in a World Trade Organization (WTO) meeting in Cancun to the negotiations that led to the Declaration of Tehran, as well as the challenges the country has been facing as its international weight grows.
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Dardati, Evangelina, and Meryem Saygili. "Multinationals and environmental regulation: are foreign firms harmful?" Environment and Development Economics 17, no. 2 (January 31, 2012): 163–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1355770x11000398.
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AbstractThe rise of globalization has directed the attention of economists to the effect of trade and multinational production on the environment. We explore whether multinational firms, frequently the target of environmentalists, are harmful for a host country's environment. We introduce environmental regulation in a two-country model of heterogeneous firms with monopolistic competition. Using plant-level data from Chile, we test the model implications. We find that foreign firms are cleaner than domestic plants even after controlling for productivity that is likely to be negatively correlated with emissions. We also show that increasing the stringency of environmental regulations in a previously unregulated market affects the domestic firms more than the multinationals.
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Hanna, DUHINETS, and SARKISIAN Larysa. "DIGITAL TRANSFORMATION OF THE STATE’S FOREIGN TRADE POLICY." Foreign trade: economics, finance, law 119, no. 6 (December 22, 2021): 26–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.31617/zt.knute.2021(119)03.
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Background. The impact of digital transformations on financial, investment and trade flows requires the introduction of appropriate incentives and the reduction of restrictive practices. The lack of coordination between national governments and international organizations in establishing mechanisms and instruments increases the risk of instability zones. Modern regulatory instruments applied by countries may be twofold, owing to the nature of digital technologies. In sum, the issue of improving foreign trade policy is actual and requires further research and practical consideration. The aim of the articleis to develop theoretical, methodological and practical approaches to the regulation of the foreign trade policy digital transformation process. Materials and methods. Database of statistical and analytical materials of international organizations (Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development, World Economic Forum), national statistical offices, centres of expertise and in-house research were used. The study used economic analysis, comparison, grouping and systematization methods. Results. The article examines the theoretical, methodological and practical approaches to regulating the process of digital transformation of foreign trade policy. It is determined that the main directions of regulatory practices are the rules for data transfer, consolidation and regulation of intellectual property rights, data protection of consumers of information services, ethics of digital products. The classification of tools of digital transformation of foreign trade policy is formed. Conclusion. The growing share of digital goods and services in international trade has intensified the complex aspects of global cooperation among countries to develop the digital economy and to regulate joint activities in the creation of physical and virtual mobility rules. For Ukraine, it is important to accelerate the pace of implementation of planned measures and to strengthen the development and introduction of stimulating tools for the development of the destiny of the digital sector in the economy.
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Grigoreva, A. K. "ROLE OF THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION IN THE REGULATION OF FOREIGN TRADE ACTIVITIES." National Association of Scientists 2, no. 26(53) (2020): 25–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.31618/nas.2413-5291.2020.2.53.168.
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The purpose of the article is to consider the role of Russia in regulating issues related to foreign economic activity. The methods of state policy are considered, the situation in 2019-2020 in the field of world trade is studied. In the research process, methods of logical, statistical analysis were used. Conclusion: public policy is divided into protectionism and free trade. Relations with China and Belarus have become more complicated.