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1
Rinchinov, Artem B. "PRC's digital media amid the trade war with the United States: Conditions within the country and prospects for expansion." Vestnik Tomskogo gosudarstvennogo universiteta, no. 474 (2022): 153–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.17223/15617793/474/17.
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The article aims to highlight some of the features of Chinese information policy and state regulation in order to survey the current state of Chinese media theory within the country. In the sphere of China's foreign relations, the aim was to find evidence that, under conditions of economic pressure, China is moving from a policy of “soft power” towards its partner countries to the practice of building direct economic and infrastructural dependence. The theoretical part of the article is mainly based on the materials of the Chinese Tsinghua Institute. When studying the situation abroad, data from the Australian Institute for Strategic Policy and similar think-tanks in North America were used. According to the current Chinese media theory, all information sources inside the country make up three major groups with more than six subdivisions inside each group. Another point of Chinese media theory, which includes the “six forces” concept, brings much more controversy. According to it, “government” and “party force” are different actors while “capital force” has only limited influence over media content. This concept may be disputed by example of “Southern Model”, when one of the Chinese provinces used a lot of autonomy in its broadcasting policy. The autonomy came to an end, when the state-owned company SMC gained control over the province's broadcasting in 2007. This is one of the examples of how party, state and capital forces' acts combined and merged into one. Correlation analysis shows the interdependence between capital and state forces within the country. The article examines activities of Chinese media, government-organized non-governmental organizations (GONGO), and communications corporations abroad. According to open-source data, the hugest economic intervention in media markets of developing countries made by China so far is united under the Digital Silk Road initiative. During the trade war, many Chinese companies, like Huawei, lost their western customers and markets access. By maintaining Chinese media market shut for foreign capital and by expanding own communication network beyond borders through the web of GONGO and favored contracts, Beijing gains an advantage in the ongoing trade war. Such impermanence shows the incompleteness of media theory in China. While being recent, it struggles to describe objective reality without notion that in highly monopolized and regulated spheres, like Chinese media market, the forces of national capital and government may act on behalf of each other. China, despite the lack of a sophisticated theoretical basis, gains control over the media policy in developing countries. The Chinese-built communication infrastructure, which allows controlling internet and mobile media, becomes fundamental for countries in Africa, South-East and Central Asia. Such a situation may lead these countries to fall into the Chinese sphere of influence.
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DUGINETS, Ganna, and Hossain Zonfali OMRAN. "UKRAINE’S TRADE RELATIONS WITH THE MIDDLE EAST AND NORTH AFRICA." Vol 21, No 4 (2022), Vol 21, No 4 (2022) (December 1, 2022): 474–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.35774/jee2022.04.474.
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Ukraine’s foreign trade is being restructured and geographically diversified. The countries of the Middle East and North Africa play a key role in these processes in their capacity as trade partners. Consistent revenues from export are especially important for Ukraine’s recovery post-war, so the development of its foreign trade should entail a change in the approach to the Middle East and North Africa, namely a shift away from «casting a wide net» towards more targeted identification of emerging markets and concentrated efforts to deepen trade ties with these select countries. The research outcomes substantiate a comprehensive scientific and methodological approach to assessing the effectiveness of trade cooperation between countries. The proposed approach uses economic and mathematical modelling based on cluster analysis of existing cooperation features to benchmark the conditions of trade cooperation. Based on obtained results, it also allows for a continuous monitoring and assessment of the efficiency of implemented measures geared towards developing trade relations with the countries of the region.
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Wróblewska, Wioletta, Łukasz Kopiński, Dariusz Paszko, and Joanna Pawlak. "Unijny eksport i import roślin ozdobnych – zmiany w ujęciu rodzajowym i geograficznym." Zeszyty Naukowe SGGW w Warszawie - Problemy Rolnictwa Światowego 18(33), no. 1 (March 1, 2018): 319–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.22630/prs.2018.18.1.29.
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The aim of the article was to analyze the changes in the value of EU foreign trade in ornamental plants in 1999 and 2014 in generic and geographical approach. Intra-EU trade, and the EU with European countries outside the Community, and Africa, the Middle East, North America, Latin America, and other regions of the world have been taken into account. The analysis covered the export and import of ornamental plants in total and seven groups of floricultural products. The balance, level and dynamics of changes of individual groups of ornamental plants in EU trade were analysed by taking into account the geographical structure of trade. The fixed base index and percentages were used. The foreign trade in ornamental plants of the EU is characterized by the principle of geographical proximity. The main supplier of decorative plants in the EU remains The Netherlands, and the main recipient of ornamental plants from the EU, but of decreasing importance, was Germany. In the EU's foreign trade with other regions of the world, the role of Africa grew as a supplier of mainly cut flowers and seedlings, it diminished the role of North and Latin America as suppliers of mainly cut greenery. Significant recipients of flower bulbs were North America and Asia.
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Singh, Devesh, and Zoltán Gal. "Economic Freedom and its Impact on Foreign Direct Investment: Global Overview." Review of Economic Perspectives 20, no. 1 (March 1, 2020): 73–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/revecp-2020-0004.
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AbstractThe purpose of this research is to examine the economic freedom (EF) along with its macroeconomic determinants impact on Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) inflow in South Asia, East Asia, Latin America, Middle East, and North Africa, Northern Europe, Southern Europe, Western Europe, Eastern Europe and Sub Saharan Africa. We use Heritage Foundation economic freedom index data over the period of 1999 to 2018 and employ the stepwise multi regression on variables of business freedom, government spending, tax burden, government integrity, property rights, investment freedom, trade freedom and monetary freedom. The results show that EF has a significant positive impact in South Asia, Latin America, East Asia, North Europe and West Europe. However, for the Middle East and North Africa, East European and South European economies EF has an insignificant influence on FDI inflow.
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Gallien, Max. "Informal Institutions and the Regulation of Smuggling in North Africa." Perspectives on Politics 18, no. 2 (June 6, 2019): 492–508. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1537592719001026.
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Contemporary writing on North African borderlands invokes the idea of a general, unregulated porosity through which small-scale informal traders of food or textiles move alongside drug smugglers and terrorists. I challenge that conception, demonstrating that the vast majority of smuggling activity is in fact highly regulated through a dense network of informal institutions that determine the costs, quantity, and types of goods that can pass through certain nodes, typically segmenting licit from illicit goods.While informal, the institutions regulating this trade are largely impersonal and contain third-party enforcement, hence providing a direct empirical challenge to common characterisations of informal institutions in political science. I argue that revisiting the characteristics associated with informal institutions, and understanding them as contingent on their political environment, can provide a new starting point for studying institutions, the politics of informality, state capacity, and the regulation of illegal economies.
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Tkachenko, Marina. "ASSESSMENT OF RISKS AND BENEFITS IN TRADE COOPERATION OF RUSSIA AND THE COUNTRIES OF NORTH AFRICA." Russian Journal of Management 8, no. 4 (January 25, 2021): 176–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.29039/2409-6024-2020-8-4-176-180.
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The article examines the historical background of trade cooperation between Russia and the countries of North Africa at the present stage. Based on the analysis of the ratings of the socio-economic development of countries, the author determines the risks and barriers in foreign trade cooperation between Russia and the countries of the region, as well as those advantages that should stimulate their mutually beneficial cooperation.
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HARDING, NICHOLAS B. "NORTH AFRICAN PIRACY, THE HANOVERIAN CARRYING TRADE, AND THE BRITISH STATE, 1728–1828." Historical Journal 43, no. 1 (March 2000): 25–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0018246x99008900.
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Recent interest in the early-modern British composite state has neglected Hanover, despite evidence of frequent and informal co-operation between the countries in foreign affairs. This article explores one aspect of diplomacy with particular import for the British–Hanoverian union, British policy in North Africa, and finds a greater degree of integration in trade policy than has been hitherto recognized. Britain's government came to recognize and treat Hanoverians in Morocco as British subjects during the eighteenth century, a policy which was expanded to the rest of North Africa and elsewhere after the acquisition of the maritime state of East Friesland at the Congress of Vienna increased the Hanoverian government's commercial responsibilities beyond its ability to cope. British policy did not reflect a consensus, and it was criticized by some who regarded Hanover as an entirely foreign state beyond the purview of the British government. But British sponsorship of Hanoverian trade prevailed over such dissent until the union's end, so that Britain's experience of composite statehood lasted until 1837.
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Elbashir, Rania. "LIBYA'S FOREIGN TRADE WITH EUROPEAN UNION COUNTRIES." MEST Journal 10, no. 2 (July 15, 2022): 64–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.12709/mest.10.10.02.07.
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The subject of this empirical and theoretical work is the exchange of foreign trade in Libya with the countries of the European Union. The scientific objective of the research is to make a scientific classification of the volume of foreign trade between Libya and the European Union countries and to discover the factors that hinder foreign trade and explain them scientifically. European countries also support this cooperation and contribute significantly to the formulation of future cooperation policies with Libya in various social, political, and economic fields. However, this cooperation takes place in light of objective difficulties arising from the conflicting interests of Western countries in North Africa and Libya. Since these relations are burdened with many problems of different nature, we started this paper from two assumptions: The first premise is that in the trade relations between Libya and the European Union, there are common interests for foreign trade that are more feasible. The second premise is that more encouragement and protection for investments by the countries of the European Union helps in new qualitative development and economic growth in Libya, which will significantly improve trade relations between Libya and the countries of the European Union.
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Hutsaliuk, O. M., Іu A. Bondar, and O. O. Sukhachova. "Vectors of Development of Trade and Economic Cooperation of Ukraine with the Countries of the Middle East and Africa." Management of Economy: Theory and Practice. Chumachenko’s Annals, no. 2021 (December 23, 2021): 35–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.37405/2221-1187.2021.35-50.
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The main directions of development of foreign policy relations and trade and economic cooperation of Ukraine with the countries of the Middle East and Africa are considered in the article. In particular, the state of Ukraine’s foreign trade relations with the Middle East and Africa and the directions of their growth are analyzed. The existing potential for strengthening cooperation in the region has been identified and its main prospects have been outlined. The analysis of the existing institutional system of foreign trade in Ukraine is carried out. that in the conditions of deteriorating economic situation in the world and reduction of indicators of export potential of Ukraine for 2019-2020, it is quite important to form and implement institutional support for the strategy of promoting the development of domestic producers and promoting their products to foreign markets. The main factors that should be taken into account by domestic producers in the process of entering the markets of the Middle East are substantiated. The hierarchy of the purposes of institutional maintenance of foreign trade of Ukraine in the context of cooperation with the countries of the region is offered. According to the indicators of exports of goods and services to major trading partners for 2018-2020, the formation of export destinations in Ukraine. The growth of exports and the dynamics of Ukraine’s foreign trade, which in turn brings currency to the country, more investment and, most importantly, the fact that the country will become a more competitive country. The development of bilateral and multilateral relations of Ukraine with the countries of North Africa is considered in the plane of geoeconomic interests of Ukraine. This indicates Ukraine’s interest in the development of trade and economic cooperation, based on the significant potential importance of the markets of these countries for the exit of Ukrainian exporters, as the countries of the region still show significant demand for Ukrainian goods. The preconditions of practical problems of development of foreign economic relations of Ukraine with the countries of the studied region are investigated, namely that recently the geopolitical influence of the last on the world arena has essentially increased. Prospects for further research in this area are to determine the theoretical and practical prerequisites for creating a strategy to promote the export of goods and services in the markets of the Middle East and Africa. Keywords foreign trade, export, import, trade and economic relations, foreign policy relations, geo-economic interests.
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Němečková, Tereza, Lea Melnikovová, and Natalia Piskunova. "Russia's return to Africa: a comparative study of Egypt, Algeria and Morocco." Journal of Modern African Studies 59, no. 3 (August 26, 2021): 367–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022278x21000070.
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AbstractThe article analyses Russia's recent return to Africa. It attempts to answer the question to what extent Russia has abandoned its traditional tools of cooperation such as nuclear energy and military cooperation and engaged in new ‘smart’ ones as indicated by former Foreign Minister Ivanov in 2011. The paper builds on three case studies of African countries having the largest trade volume with Russia in 2018, i.e. Egypt, Algeria and Morocco, and analyses their changing relationship with Russia over the last decade. The results show that Russia has not abandoned its traditional tools but has intensified the use of new ones. The North African region as such has regained significance in Russia's foreign policy. Bilateral relations with all three North African countries have increased at both political and economic levels recently.
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Tomšík, Karel, and Luboš Smutka. "Selected aspects and specifics of the economic development in sub-Saharan Africa." Acta Universitatis Agriculturae et Silviculturae Mendelianae Brunensis 61, no. 2 (2013): 517–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.11118/actaun201361020517.
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The paper examines the development of economies in the sub-Saharan region. It aims to identify particular development trends specific to the region. That means identifying changes which have occurred in the past five decades in following areas: development of the GDP value and structure, growth in the value of foreign trade, demographic growth, and changes in the value of GDP per capita. The results of the analysis show very constrained economic power of sub-Saharan region. Not only weak economy of the region but also a significant population growth is a problem. Increasing production and trade does not contribute effectively to elimination of high level of poverty and malnutrition which remains a long-term problem of the sub-Saharan region. In real terms, the GDP per capita was growing by less than 1 % in the period 1961–2010. Sub-Saharan region is highly dependent on cooperation with other world regions in its effort to increase economic growth and to improve the economic situation of own population. The GDP growth is thus very sensitive to GDP development in Europe and North America. Concerning the foreign trade, development of sub-Saharan trade is dependent on regions of the Southern and Eastern Asia, and Europe.
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Khlif, Hichem, Kamran Ahmed, and Manzurul Alam. "Accounting Regulations and IFRS Adoption in Francophone North African Countries: The Experience of Algeria, Morocco, and Tunisia." International Journal of Accounting 55, no. 01 (March 2020): 2050004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s1094406020500043.
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This paper traces the historical developments of accounting regulations in Algeria, Morocco, and Tunisia and uses institutional theory to identify factors affecting International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS) adoption as the national accounting standards in these countries. We find that the extent of convergence with IFRS in Algeria is higher compared to Morocco and Tunisia. This has been mostly due to greater foreign investor flows from Western countries in Algeria during the last decade, the dominant position of international Big-4 audit firms, and strong trade relationship of Algeria with the European Union (EU) compared with Morocco and Tunisia. We discuss the main challenges faced by these three countries in converging toward IFRS. These are underdeveloped equity markets, switching from French fiscal-oriented accounting systems to Anglo-Saxon accounting systems, and are characterized by lack of knowledge of principles-based IFRS by local professional accountants. Moreover, the convergence with IFRS in these countries is confronted by the prevailing small and medium-sized firms in the economic environment, difficulty in fair-value measurement in these settings, and the cost of convergence for companies. Our study has policy implications for those countries sharing similarities with these settings and have undertaken steps to implement IFRS.
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Al-Hamati, Mohammed Abduljalil. "The foreign trade potential of the North African countries in the field of agriculture and food." RUDN Journal of Economics 30, no. 3 (December 15, 2022): 358–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.22363/2313-2329-2022-30-3-358-370.
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The North African region is a market with a great potential for foreign supplies, the capacity of which makes it possible to increase Russian agricultural exports more than twice. The article analyzes the place of the agricultural sector of the North African countries in the economy of the countries of this region, its foreign trade potential; identifies the most promising areas of Russian trade relations in this area. Promising positions for this direction are cereals, soybean oil and soybeans, sunflower oil, frozen fish, confectionery products. In addition, the taste preferences of residents of African countries allow for the supply of a number of types of meat products, such as dark poultry meat and meat offal, which can become a good alternative for Russian producers to export to Asian countries. The conclusion is made about the profitability and prospects of cooperation in the agro-food sector for Russia with the countries of North Africa.
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Vadi, Valentina S. "Trade, Investment and Risk." European Journal of Risk Regulation 2, no. 4 (December 2011): 586–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1867299x00001665.
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Since the North American Free Trade Agreement (hereinafter NAFTA) was successfully negotiated in 1993, the provisions for investor-state arbitration under its Chapter 11 have put pressure on the regulatory spaces of the State Parties. Under Chapter 11, any investor alleging a breach of the treaty norms by a host State can file an arbitration claim. This diagonal dispute settlement mechanism has determined a growing stream of arbitrations, focusing inter alia on the interplay between the regulation of toxic chemicals by the host State and the substantive provisions of Chapter 11. The arbitration claims filed by investors against host States regarding the regulation of toxic chemicals by the latter include those related to the adoption of discriminatory policies, the expropriation of investments and the violation of the fair and equitable standard (FET). In a nutshell, the question is how to reconcile environmental protection with the promotion of foreign direct investment (FDI). Can the host State adopt precautionary policies? To what extent can and should policy influence risk regulation? Should investors be compensated if their toxic chemicals are banned from the market? Which standard of review should arbitral tribunals adopt to assess scientific evidence? This note explores all of these issues through an analysis of the Chemtura award.
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Fägersten, Björn. "The Implications of the Euro Crisis for European Foreign Policy- Lessons from Crisis Management and International Trade." European Foreign Affairs Review 19, Issue 4 (December 1, 2014): 483–502. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/eerr2014039.
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This article investigates the foreign policy consequences of the euro crisis. Two distinctive foreign policy areas are investigated: crisis management in North Africa and the negotiation of free trade agreements with the US and India. The article employs an analytical framework that focuses on three key aspects shaping EU policy: capabilities, cohesion and context. The results suggest considerable changes in each, but not only in one direction: there are mechanisms driving policy in different directions which suggest a nuanced conclusion is required. The overarching findings of the article, however, are that the foreign policy machinery of the EU has been rather resilient to the financial crisis but that great variation exists both between different foreign policy areas and between the different components that make up the EU as an international actor.
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Naqvi, Syed Asif Ali, Bilal Hussain, Ashfaq Ahmad Shah, Muhammad Atiq Ur Rehman Tariq, and Muhammad Usman. "Influence of Economic Growth, Energy Production, and Subcomponents on the Environment: A Regional Level Analytical Modeling." Sustainability 14, no. 22 (November 21, 2022): 15446. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su142215446.
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This study examines the long-term impact of energy production and economic growth on the environment using data on real GDP, energy production (and its subcomponents), carbon dioxide emissions, and real foreign trade. The datasets contain 99 countries that are classified into seven regions and analyzed by using MG, AMG, and CCEMG estimators. Estimates reflect that economic growth increases environmental pollution while foreign trade decreases it in all selected regions. In analyzing the conservation and neutrality hypotheses, we found that the conservation hypothesis was successfully verified for the global panel, Europe, and Africa, whereas the former was verified in North America, the Middle East, and the Asia Pacific regions. The study suggests focusing on renewable energy production policies to sustain the current growth pace.
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Price, Jacob M. "What Did Merchants Do? Reflections on British Overseas Trade, 1660–1790." Journal of Economic History 49, no. 2 (June 1989): 267–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022050700007920.
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The relative dynamism of English and Scottish foreign trade from 1675 to 1775 can largely be explained by the interrelated phenomena of the growing domestic demand for American and Asian consumer goods and North European raw materials; the growing market in northern and western Europe for re-exports of American and Asian consumables; and the growing protected market for British manufactures in the American colonies and Africa. Trade growth depended on development of a wide variety of credit practices, supported primarily by big wholesalers and export merchants. Wholesalers and merchants also accounted for important institutional innovations.
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Van Eck, Stefan. "Temporary Employment Services (Labour Brokers) in South Africa and Namibia." Potchefstroom Electronic Law Journal/Potchefstroomse Elektroniese Regsblad 13, no. 2 (June 15, 2017): 106. http://dx.doi.org/10.17159/1727-3781/2010/v13i2a2642.
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South Africa currently allows labour broking although this area of commerce is problematic. The trade union movement, government and organised business are presently debating the future regulation of this industry. Namibia has experimented with, and failed, to place a legislative ban on labour broking. The Supreme Court of Appeal of Namibia considered International Labour Organisation conventions and provisions of their Constitution before concluding that labour broking should be regulated but not prohibited. In this article it is argued that South African policy makers can gain valuable insights from the Namibian experience. It is submitted that it would be appropriate for Parliament to take cognisance of international and foreign principles and to accept amendments that would provide for stricter regulation for labour broking, rather than placing an outright ban on this economic activity.
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Schutte, Petri, and Jozua Loots. "Transfer pricing as strategic planning tool for multinational enterprises in a post-isolation South Africa." South African Journal of Economic and Management Sciences 5, no. 3 (September 30, 2002): 683–710. http://dx.doi.org/10.4102/sajems.v5i3.2748.
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Political and trade liberalisation leads to irrevocable change, exposing South Africa to the demands of the dynamic global market, driven by a deluge of competitive forces, demanding world-class, global competitiveness. The challenge facing South African organisations is to successfully transform in an economy undergoing structural change, moving away from import substitution to global competitiveness. Historically, stringent exchange controls prevented profits to emigrate from South Africa. Trade liberalisation necessitates the introduction of transfer pricing legislation to protect the national tax base. Application of transfer pricing in practice is complex, information constraints compel the use of foreign comparables in determining a reward consistent with the arm's length standard, challenging objectiveness and risk adjustment. Strategic opportunities exist if transfer pricing is not entrenched in national regulation compliance.
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BULAKH, Т., L. PLAKHOTNIKOVA, and А. TARASENKO. "Management Decisions to Improve Formation and Implementation of the Strategy for the Development of Foreign Economic Relations between Ukraine and Lybia." Scientific Bulletin of the National Academy of Statistics Accounting and Audit, no. 1-2 (May 1, 2020): 66–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.31767/nasoa.1-2.2020.07.
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Libya is an important trade partner of Ukraine in North Africa. A priority objective for Ukraine in the cooperation with Libya is to diversify energy supplies, whereas Libya shows interest to imports of Ukrainian goods and science & technology services. Studies of performance and trends in foreign economic relations of Ukraine with Libya are, therefore, supposed to enhance the effectiveness of foreign economic policy decisions.
A statistical analysis for the period of 2008–2018 is made using time series on the foreign trade turnover of goods and services between Ukraine and Libya, bilateral trade in goods, bilateral trade in services, the structure of Ukrainian exports of goods to Libya (2018), and the structure of Ukrainian imports of goods from Libya (2018). The data on the structure of the Ukrainian export and import transactions with Libya show that the Ukrainian exports are dominated by agricultural goods, by far and large food products and crops in particular (more than 80% of the total exports), which can caused by nature conditions of the African continent. The remaining share of Ukrainian exports consists of processed raw materials, ferrous metals (nearly 15% of the total exports) and non-ferrous metals, products of oil refinery, chemical products, machinery and equipment, textiles, leather, footwear, foods and beverages etc. The trade balance is positive for Ukraine. Factors hampering the expansion of trade between the two countries are identified: lack of a basic strategy for foreign trade with Libya, lack of a clear strategic vision of the trade cooperation with Libya, heavy political and economic pressures by the Russian Federation, low quality of normative documents for support and promotion of foreign economic interests etc. Management solutions are proposed to improve formation and implementation of the strategy for the development of foreign economic relations between Ukraine and Libya.
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Hraiba, Aymen, Mehmed Ganić, and Azra Branković. "Does the Arab spring wave affect outward foreign direct investment (FDI)? Empirical evidence from the Mideast and North Africa." Ekonomski pregled 70, no. 3 (April 30, 2019): 411–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.32910/ep.70.3.3.
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The paper aims to empirically explore the impact of the Arabic Spring on the outflow of FDI in twelve selected countries in the North Africa region (Algeria, Tunisia, Morocco, Libya, Egypt and Mauritania) and the Mideast region (Bahrain, Kuwait, Oman, Lebanon, Jordan and the United Arab Emirates). The paper employs a panel data approach to exploit the time series nature of the relationship between FDI Outwards and its determinants (the market size, trade openness, government effectiveness, inflation and three dummy variables related to the Arab Spring) between 2000 and 2016. The findings revealed that the impact of the Arab Spring estimator is negatively correlated with FDI Outflows in the countries that witnessed the Arab Spring. It implies that conflicts and instability negatively affect FDI outflows. The findings of this study reveal that countries that have been affected by the Arab Spring directly (the North Africa region) experienced a greater decline of FDI outflows than countries that have been indirectly affected (the Mideast region). When the sample is restricted to North Africa it is shown that the FDI outflows may be influenced by the post Arab Spring effect, while there is no such statistically significant effect in the Mideast region. Thus, the study finds that FDI outflows in the North African countries are more determined by the effects of Arabic Spring countries than in the Mideastern countries.
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Thrasher, Rachel D., Sarah Sklar, and Kevin P. Gallagher. "Policy Space for Capital Flow Management: An Empirical Investigation." Journal of International Economic Law 24, no. 4 (December 1, 2021): 779–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jiel/jgab040.
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ABSTRACT Many in the academic community have identified that some trade and investment treaties restrict the ability of nation states to regulate volatile capital flows to prevent and mitigate financial instability. This paper quantifies the variation across preferential and free trade agreements with respect to their policy space for capital flow management measures. With these data we create a composite score of treaty flexibility and examine the collective level of policy space across the global trade regime. We find that the majority of trade treaties leave significant policy space for regulating cross-border finance in the world economy. South-South treaties tend to have the most policy space, whereas North-South and North-North treaties have less. When weighted by the level of gross domestic product (GDP) and incoming foreign investment however, we find that those treaties with the least amount of policy space for capital flow measures represent 65% of world GDP and 48% of global capital flows. What is more, it appears that the global trend is toward treaties without the policy space for appropriate regulation.
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Al-Hamati, Mohammed Abduljalil. "Foreign economic relations between Russia and Egypt in the agricultural sphere: Problems and prospects of development[54]." RUDN Journal of Economics 30, no. 1 (March 30, 2022): 124–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.22363/2313-2329-2022-30-1-124-132.
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Nowadays Russia is actively developing economic cooperation with the African continent states. The article presents an analysis of trade and economic relations between Russia and Egypt. The Arab Republic of Egypt is a strategic partner of Russia in mutual trade in agricultural products and food in North Africa and the Middle East. The country is a major food importer and is a promising market for increasing the supply of agricultural products from Russia. The authors analyze: the dynamics of trade turnover in food products and agricultural raw materials between two countries; the commodity structure of exports and imports; Egypts place in Russian exports and imports of agricultural raw materials and food. The importance of the markets of the analyzed countries for mutual supplies is under authors consideration. The possibilities of development are analyzed and the problems and prospects of expanding investment cooperation between these countries in the field of agriculture are identified. The significance of the opening of the Russian Industrial Zone in Egypt for deepening trade and investment ties in the agro-industrial business is proved.
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Kotenev, Alexander, Larisa Ustinova, Galina Zakharova, Alim Otarov, and Natalya Kryzhevskaya. "Optimization of customs and tariff policy instruments in the system of import substitution in the agricultural sector." E3S Web of Conferences 164 (2020): 11040. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202016411040.
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In this research authors carried out economic and mathematical modeling of foreign trade activity in order to analyze an impact of applied tariff regulation measures on a level of state economic security taking into account its food component. By formalizing the Grossman-Helpman model, the specifics of interaction between consumers, producers and a state (as participants in the import substitution process) were assessed. The structural components of the model are implemented. A decentralized analysis of the regions was carried out. Algorithmic approaches to the development of regions are formulated. Thus, on the basis of the applied model, differentiation of the regions of the Southern Federal District and North Caucasian Federal District according to the level of import substitution potential, as well as fragmentation of the foreign trade policy applied by the state has been established.
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BLAKEMORE, R. J. "First record of Dendrobaena pygmaea (Oligochaeta: Lumbricidae) from Asia (Yokohama, Japan)." Zootaxa 487, no. 1 (April 6, 2004): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.487.1.1.
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The 'cosmopolitan' lumbricid earthworm Dendrobaena pygmaea (Savigny, 1826) is reported for the first time from Asia, from the campus of Yokohama National University, Japan. It is a small detritivorous 'litter species' or 'humus feeder' found to have a simple intestinal typhlosole. Here it is briefly re-described, and its taxonomy and previously known distribution (in Europe, North Africa, North and South America) are discussed. A figure is provided. As Yokohama port was opened for foreign trade shortly after Commodore Perry's visit in 1853, the incursion of this species is probably only within the last 150 years. It is not considered to pose any particular environmental risk.
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Andrianarimanana, Mihasina Harinaivo, and Pu Yongjian. "Importance of the Improvement in the Agricultural Technology of Sub-Saharan Africa on Local Economic Development and International Trade." Sustainability 13, no. 5 (February 26, 2021): 2555. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13052555.
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This study assesses the impacts of technological innovation in Sub-Saharan African agriculture on local and global economies. Using the Eaton–Kortum model, with θ = 4.0875, the results show that comparative advantage’s positive impact on agricultural trade more than offsets the negative impacts of geography barriers. Sub-Saharan Africa is among the least competitive region with respect to agriculture production. This is due to its low value of the technology parameter, about 0.16 compared to the North American’s one (93.23). We found that increasing the technology of a country in Sub-Saharan Africa would increase world trade volume within the range of 0.02 to 0.19%. It would increase the local agricultural monthly wage and the welfare of farmers in the Sub-Saharan African region. Therefore, to improve technology in the Sub-Saharan African region, policymakers need to attract foreign direct investment by making incentives and increasing labor skills. This study adds to the literature by determining the contribution of the agricultural sector in Sub-Saharan Africa in global economic development through international trade. It also informs policies on the reduction of poverty and food insecurity around the world in order to achieve some of the Sustainable Development Goals.
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Richter, Thomas. "When do autocracies start to liberalize foreign trade? Evidence from four cases in the Middle East and North Africa." Review of International Political Economy 20, no. 4 (August 2013): 760–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09692290.2012.705628.
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Maitah, Mansoor, and Luboš Smutka. "Economic analysis of milk production and consumption in the Middle East and North Africa." Acta Universitatis Agriculturae et Silviculturae Mendelianae Brunensis 60, no. 4 (2012): 245–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.11118/actaun201260040245.
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Milk products are considered as the essential food commodities for humans. Milk products contain essential elements for the human body such as protein, glucose, minerals and vitamins. Moreover, milk is considered the cheapest source of animal protein, an important resource for some related transformation industries and provides employment opportunities for a large number of small producers in both rural and urban areas. The aim of this paper is to analyze the factors which determine the supply and demand for liquid milk (henceforth milk) in the Middle East and North Africa in order to point out the main problems and constraints obstructing the milk production in this region. The research also attempts to understand the drivers for the development in milk production in the Middle East and North Africa.Total milk production in the Middle East and North Africa increased from about 12.57 million tons in 1990 to about 25.18 millions tons in 2008. This paper attempts to identify the factors which influence the effectiveness of production, consumption and foreign trade of milk in the Middle East and North Africa. The most important factors affecting consumption is the population, per capita income and produced quantity where a 1% increase in all of them results in increasing the quantity consumed by 1.3%, 2.86% and 0.611%, respectively. Milk sector provides employment opportunities for more than 25% of the working force in some Middle East and North Africa countries.
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Dobrynina, Larisa Yur'evna, and Anna Viktorovna Gubareva. "Legal substantiation of retaliatory measures of the Russian Federation to economic sanctions of the United States, European Union, and their allies." Национальная безопасность / nota bene, no. 1 (January 2020): 24–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.7256/2454-0668.2020.1.30252.
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The authors examine the economic sanctions introduced nu the U.S., EU and their allies against the Russian Federation, as well as the legal mechanism of retaliatory measures taken by Russia on the nationwide scale. The changes in the international legal regulation derailed the vector of global development, which was bringing real freedom of economic activity. Establishment of the sanction regime by the aforementioned parties signifies a struggle for own influence, weakening of the positive trade and economic ties, as well as an attempt to institute a regime of protectionism within the international trade turnover exclusively for their own benefit. Based on the analysis of the normative-legal documents, an assessment is made on the legal legitimacy of the introduced discriminatory measures of the allies from the perspective of the norms of international law. This article presents the analysis of the positions of federal laws and other legislative bills of the Russian Federation, establishing gradual constraining countermeasures for foreign subjects in various spheres of activity. The authors substantiate the fact that introduction of retaliatory economic sanctions by the Russian Federation with regards to the United States, European Union, and their allies is directly related to the implementation of the principle of reciprocity, currently existing within private international law. It is noted that all these actions on protection from illegitimate sanctions are realized by Russia practically without participation of UN, WTO and other reputable international organizations in regulation of the “sanctions” issue. The extraterritorial measures introduced by the United States and the European Union justifies the movement of Russian into a new stage of evolution of legal regulation of the foreign economic activity, and in foreign trade – establishment of new markets in Asia, Africa and Latin America.
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OMRAN, Hossein. "Transformation of Ukraine’s trade relations in the Middle East and Africa." Foreign trade: economics, finance, law 122, no. 3 (June 24, 2022): 129–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.31617/zt.knute.2022(122)10.
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Introduction. On February 24, 2022, the territory of Ukraine was attacked by the Russian Federation, and for the fourth month the country’s economy has been under the destructive influence of this aggression. Problem. At the stage of post-war reconstruction, which begins in various regions of Ukraine as soon as active hostilities cease, it will be important to restore the stable functioning of Ukrainian industries and return to international markets of major domestic exporters. Increasing the effectiveness of foreign trade is one of the main sources of financial resources to fill the budgets of different levels. The aim of the article is to identify the changes in Ukraine’s trade cooperation with the states of the Middle East and Africa in the post-war reconstruction. Methods. A set of complementary methods of scientific identification of economic processes and phenomena is applied: system-structural, comparative and statistical analysis, as well as process, information and institutional approaches. Results. The conditions and factors of development of each of the countries of the Middle East and North Africa lead to the formation of its own trajectory of trade ties with Ukraine. In order to determine the prospects and strategic priorities in the formation of relations with these countries, a comparative analysis of trade cooperation with each of them. The calculated indicators demonstrate the importance of the region's markets as strategic, their loss may have a negative impact on Ukraine’s balance of payments, especially in martial law and further post-war reconstruction. Conclusions. Solutions that can ensure the rapid recovery of Ukraine should combine existing support instruments, as well as the process of forming a comprehensive long-term approach to the planning and implementation of national economic interests.
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Omphemetse S. Sibanda, Sr. "The Advent of the African Continental Free Trade Agreement as a Tool for Development." Foreign Trade Review 56, no. 2 (April 23, 2021): 216–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0015732521995171.
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Modelled on the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA), the African Continental Free Trade Agreement (AfCFTA), signed at the Extraordinary Summit of the African Union, which convened in Kigali, Rwanda, on 21 March 2018, is designed to facilitate a single continental trade regulation and integration framework for trade disciplines and intentioned to boost intra-Africa trade. AfCFTA came on the backdrop of not less than eight regional economic communities (RECs), which are loosely regulated. The study finds that AfCFTA can become a beacon of development in the African continent, provided an array of issues including addressing the multiplicity of RECs, putting in place a Development-focused migration and labour policy or developing a side labour agreement similar to that of NAFTA to address other issues like harmonisation of treatment and conditions of workforce and pursuing industrialisation that will help manage the negative spillovers of the Fourth Industrial Revolution (4IR). JEL Codes: C23, F10, F13, F14, F15, F17, F19, K33, K41
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Haque, Faizul. "Ownership, regulation and bank risk-taking: evidence from the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) region." Corporate Governance: The International Journal of Business in Society 19, no. 1 (February 4, 2019): 23–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/cg-07-2017-0135.
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Purpose This study aims to investigate how ownership structure and bank regulations individually and interactively influence risk-taking behaviour of a bank. Design/methodology/approach This empirical framework is based on dynamic two-step system generalised method of moments estimation technique to analyse an unbalanced panel data set covering 144 conventional banks from 12 Middle East and North Africa (MENA) countries. Findings The estimation results suggest that foreign shareholding has an inverse relationship with bank risk-taking. In addition, official supervisory power is found to have a positive association with bank risk, and this relationship is reinforced for banks with higher ownership concentration. In addition, capital stringency increases bank risk, whereas market discipline has an opposite effect, only in countries with higher activity restrictions. Finally, the interaction between ownership concentration and activity restriction has an inverse association with bank risk-taking. Research limitations/implications Overall, the evidence suggests that the Basel II framework and the regulatory reform initiatives in the post-global financial crisis period do not seem to have reduced bank risk-taking in MENA countries. Originality/value This study contributes to the literature on the effectiveness of regulatory reform based on the three pillars of the Basel II guidance (capital regulations, market-oriented disclosures and official supervisory power), and offers evidence in support of “political/regulatory capture hypothesis” of bank regulation. The results also provide support for “global advantage hypothesis” of bank ownership.
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KAYA, YUSUF, GIZEM GÜNAYDIN KARAKAN, and EMILIA VISILEANU. "The impact of foreign exchange movements on Turkish textile sector." Industria Textila 70, no. 03 (2019): 291–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.35530/it.070.03.1591.
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Due to importance of global supply chain and high-tech exports, importance of new developing markets is gradually increasing. Turkey keeps the strategic importance for textile sector being in the center of Balkans, Asia, Middle East, North Africa, Eastern Europe and Russia. The geographical location allowing trade in the region makes the country much more advantageous than its competitors. However, devaluation and the exchange rate volatility of Turkish Lira in 2018 have been seriously affecting Turkish textile sector. This study aims to determine the impact of exchange rate fluctuation on Turkish textile firms’ performance between the years of 2013 and 2017. Additionally, multiple regression analysis was done in order to investigate the impact of firms’ performance such as firm age and firm size on performance of the textile firms. According to results, it was observed that exchange rate volatility had a negative effect on the firm performance and the firm size had a negative effect on firm performance while the firm age did not have any influence on firms’ performance significantly.
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Volkov, S. "A New Epoch in the Development of Russian-African Cooperation." World Economy and International Relations 64, no. 12 (2020): 113–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.20542/0131-2227-2020-64-12-113-122.
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The article contains an analysis of the current state of trade and economic relations between Russia and African countries, as well as the prospects for their development after the first Russia-Africa Summit and the Economic Forum in Sochi in October 2019. The author notes a large surplus in Russia’s trade with Africa and explains the reasons for the dominance of the countries of North Africa, and especially Egypt, in its geographical structure. The main product groups are listed, through which Russia can increase exports to Africa; Russia’s main competitors in trade with the continent as well as state support measures for exporters are described. However, the main contribution to the development of Russian-African economic ties in the future will be made not by foreign trade, but by economic cooperation. Its flagships are now three major projects worth more than $1 billion each, all of which are carried out in Egypt. Among Russian companies investing in the economies of African countries, mining ones are currently dominant. Of these, Rosneft made the biggest investments. This company develops the largest gas field in Egypt – Zohr, and implements projects also in Mozambique. Exploration, finance and the IT technology sector are also of particular interest to Russian companies in Africa. The author indicates the most promising areas for the development of Russian- African industrial cooperation and the transfer of Russian technologies to this continent. In addition, in recent years, Russia and African countries have increasingly regarded security as an important area of bilateral relations. The article reveals the main threats to the security of African countries, the ability of Russian companies to strengthen it and Russia’s contribution to UN peacekeeping operations in Africa, in comparison with contributions of the other permanent members of the Security Council. It describes a number of measures that can contribute to the development of Russian-African partnership in the context of the Sochi consensus.
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Hagenmeier, Cornelius, Tapiwa Shumba, and Obeng Mireku. "THE ADMISSION AND ENROLMENT OF FOREIGN LEGAL PRACTITIONERS IN SOUTH AFRICA UNDER THE LEGAL PRACTICE ACT: INTERNATIONAL TRADE LAW AND CONSTITUTIONAL PERSPECTIVES." Potchefstroom Electronic Law Journal/Potchefstroomse Elektroniese Regsblad 19 (July 25, 2016): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.17159/1727-3781/2016/v19i0a734.
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Globalisation requires ever closer co-operation between legal professionals hailing from different national jurisdictions. This interactive global environment has fostered growing international training and mobility among legal practitioners and the internationalisation of legal education. Increasing numbers of law students get trained in other countries as part of their undergraduate degrees or even come to foreign shores to obtain law degrees. Many students hailing from other African countries study towardsLLBdegrees at South African universities. Major commercial law firms ensure that they can offer in-house expertise on major foreign legal systems and co-operate with partner firms in other parts of the globe.The General Agreement on Trade in Services (GATS), to which South Africa is a party, is a multilateral agreement focusing on the liberalisation of trade in services amongst member countries. Services under the GATS system include legal services. The commitments made by South Africa under this agreement require that South Africa allows foreign legal practitioners to establish a commercial presence or be transferred to South Africa. The Bill of Rights entrenched in Chapter 2 of the South African Constitution guarantees fundamental rights including the right to equality and freedom of trade, occupation and profession. With the coming into force of the new Legal Practice Act 28 of 2014, which provides a legislative framework for regulating the affairs of legal practitioners, including their admission and enrolment, it is necessary to assess the extent to which the Act complies with the GATS rules and the South African Constitution.This paper examines the new Legal Practice Act 28 of 2014, and examines whether the Act addresses the conflicts that have always existed between the regulation of the legal profession and the admission of legal practitioners in South Africa with South Africa's commitments under the GATS system. Using the doctrinal legal method, it analyses and evaluates the rules governing the admission of foreign attorneys in South Africa from two perspectives. First, it considers them in the light of the international law obligations of the country and second it evaluates whether or not they comply with the South African Constitution, and more specifically with the Bill of Rights entrenched in the South African Constitution. While the new legislation may assist in ensuring the compliance of South Africa with the relevant GATS rules, it will depend on the regulations which still have to be promulgated to what extent the new legal framework will achieve the full compliance of South Africa with all relevant GATS rules.The paper concludes with recommendations for the reform of the Legal Practice Act. It argues that while the requirement to be a South African permanent resident in order to qualify for admission as an attorney may be justifiable in terms of GATS and in terms of South African constitutional law, it is not in South Africa's best interest to retain it. Consequently, the paper calls for the repeal of the permanent residence requirement for admission as an attorney in the county.
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Clarence-Smith, Gervase. "The Impact of the Spanish Civil War and the Second World War on Portuguese and Spanish Africa." Journal of African History 26, no. 4 (October 1985): 309–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021853700028760.
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In the present stage of research, it is easiest to discern the economic effects of war on the Iberian colonies. These were diverse in chronological, regional and sectoral terms, but the overall results were to tie the economies of the Portuguese and Spanish colonies more firmly to those of the metropoles. This did not exclude two processes pulling in other directions. Firstly, the foreign trade of the colonies persisted but was reoriented away from Europe and towards North America. Secondly, shortages and insecurity of transport led to a significant degree of import substitution and regional African trade in the colonies, in the fields of both industry and agriculture. The social impact of war resembled that in much of the rest of Africa, great hardships and labour pressures on the mass of the population, but windfall profits for a few, both black and white. The political consequences of the two conflicts remain most shadowy at present, but they appear to have heightened the covert struggle between pro-fascist and anti-fascist groups in a situation of strong repression, flaring up into open strife only in the Spanish territories in 1936.
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Madalena, Ignacio. "Foreign direct investment and the protection of the environment: the border between national environmental regulation and expropriation." European Energy and Environmental Law Review 12, Issue 3 (March 1, 2003): 70–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/eelr2003010.
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This article endeavours to set up the border between legitimate non-compensable national environmental measures or regulations and measures that are tantamount to expropriation requiring compensation. Recent investor-state arbitration claims show that whenever a state takes action to protect the environment, the state is responsible for damages to foreign investors protected under an investment treaty. After a brief description of the relationship between the protection of foreign direct investment and the environment, this article addresses in Part II how the vague definition of investment under treaty law, broadens the treaties' scope of application. Part III describes what amounts to a taking under a bilateral investment treaty and the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA), and under international law. Part IV draws the border between legitimate non-expropriatory national legislation aimed at protecting the environment and regulations that are tantamount to expropriation. Part V refers to the issue of whether a proportionate and non-discriminatory regulation aimed at a public purpose, and not in breach of prior commitment requires compensation. Part VI is a conclusion.
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Semakina, V. P., T. P. Akimova, I. Yu Solomatina, and A. K. Karaulov. "RISK OF INTRODUCING HIGHLY DANGEROUS ANIMAL VESICULAR DISEASES INTO THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION." Veterinary Science Today, no. 1 (April 2, 2019): 3–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.29326/2304-196x-2019-1-28-3-15.
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Animal vesicular diseases are rather widespread in the world. Transboundary vesicular diseases are mainly registered in African and Asian countries. They primarily include foot and mouth disease, sheep and goat pox, peste des petits ruminants, lumpy skin disease, swine vesicular disease, vesicular stomatitis, as well as relatively new Seneca Valley virus infection. The transboundary spread of vesicular diseases is mainly caused by legal and illegal movements of animals, animal products, feeds, live vaccines; migration of wild animals across the borders from neighboring countries and passive mechanical transmission of infection. The risk of vesicular disease agent introduction with legal import of live animals into the territory of the Russian Federation is minimal. Most likely, the causative agent can be introduced when livestock products are illegally imported from the following countries: China, Turkey, India, Mongolia, Iran, Kazakhstan, etc. Violations of foreign trade regulations pose a direct threat to the epidemic situation and economic security of Russia. There is a possibility of the introduction of vesicular agents with animal feed imports into the country since some viruses can potentially survive for a long time in some ingredients. Taking into account the fact that some neighboring countries are infected with vesicular diseases, the threat of infection introduction into Russia through migration of wild animals along the North Caucasian, Central Asian and Far Eastern routes still remains.
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Abdulsalam, Alnoah, Helian Xu, Waqar Ameer, AL-Barakani Abdo, and Jiejin Xia. "Exploration of the Impact of China’s Outward Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) on Economic Growth in Asia and North Africa along the Belt and Road (B&R) Initiative." Sustainability 13, no. 4 (February 3, 2021): 1623. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13041623.
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This empirical study has examined the impact of Chinese investments, namely infrastructure, energy, services, other investment sectors, and trade openness on the economies of the 25 Asian and North African countries along with the Belt and Road (B&R) Initiative for a period of 2007 to 2016 using the Johansen Fisher Panel Cointegration Test, Panel Dynamic Ordinary Least Squares (PDOLS) model, and the Toda and Yamamoto technique for testing causality. The findings revealed cointegration among the variables and that the impact of Chinese investments on economic growth in the host countries is positive, but it has a weaker effect, to a certain extent, in all sectors of the host countries while trade openness positively impacts the countries. Furthermore, there is evidence of a unidirectional causality between some FDI (foreign direct investment) economies while the investment in services and other sectors does not cause economic growth in the host countries. Based on the results, the paper proposes that the host countries increase the FDI in the sector of infrastructure, energy, and technology to enhance their economies.
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Ratner, Steven R. "Regulatory Takings in Institutional Context: Beyond the Fear of Fragmented International Law." American Journal of International Law 102, no. 3 (July 2008): 475–528. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/20456640.
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The last decade has witnessed a rebirth of popular and academic interest in the international norms governing expropriation. Debate has centered on the competing claims of corporations, host states, nongovernmental organizations (NGOs), and other actors over the extent to which governments may regulate their economies in a manner that affects foreign investment without compensating investors for resulting economic harm. The current controversy over regulatory takings represents the second act in international law’s expropriation battles; whereas the first act comprised the long dispute between North and South over compensation after an overt nationalization, today’s dispute turns on whether a governmental regulation is an expropriation in the first place. This issue is not new to international law, as old diplomatic intercourse and arbitrations demonstrate; but the range of actors making claims, the venues for their resolution, and the outcomes of these processes are more diverse, particular attention having been generated by the case law of arbitrations under the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) and bilateral investment treaties (BITs). Complaints have concerned both the outcomes of disputes and the processes involved in their resolution.
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Hu, Jiangfeng, Haoming Shi, Qinghua Huang, Yalan Luo, and Yamei Li. "The Impacts of Freight Trade on Carbon Emission Efficiency: Evidence from the Countries along the “Belt and Road”." Complexity 2020 (December 18, 2020): 1–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2020/2529718.
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Extensive research has been carried out on the “Belt and Road” initiative, most of it focusing on geographical economy and international trade. However, there is a lack of research on the carbon emissions efficiency of the countries along the “Belt and Road,” especially regarding the impact of freight trade. To address this research gap, this paper first employs a metafrontier nonradial directional distance function to measure the carbon emission efficiency of 32 countries along the “Belt and Road” from 1990 to 2014. It then examines the role of freight trade. Our main research findings are as follows. Firstly, the carbon emission efficiency of the countries along the “Belt and Road” is generally low. Among them, Russia and Central Asia are mainly due to the large between-group gap in carbon emission efficiency, while Southeast Asia, Western Asia and North Africa, East Asia, South Asia, and Central and Eastern Europe are mainly due to the large within-group gap. Secondly, freight trade promotes carbon emission efficiency, but it will aggravate the gap between the contemporaneous technology and the group technology. Freight trade mainly promotes the contemporaneous carbon emission efficiency (CTCEI) and group-frontier carbon emission efficiency (ITCEI) of low fossil energy dependent countries, and the metafrontier carbon emission efficiency (GTCEI) of high fossil energy dependent countries. Thirdly, foreign direct investment (FDI) has a significant negative effect on a host country’s ITCEI and GTCEI, and it will decrease the gap between the group technology and the metafrontier technology. However, freight trade can effectively prevent the entry of FDI, thereby indirectly improving carbon emission efficiency and reducing carbon emission gap.
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Cherkasova, Ekaterina. "THE PROBLEM OF CEUTA AND MELILLA IN SPANISH FOREIGN POLICY." Cuadernos Iberoamericanos, no. 1 (March 28, 2017): 66–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.46272/2409-3416-2017-1-66-72.
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The article is dedicated to one of the most important problems of Spain’s foreign policy, namely the problem of the two Spanish enclaves located on the territory of Morocco - Ceuta and Melilla. The historical and legal provisions form the basis of arguments of the Spanish and Moroccan parts justifying their claim to these disputed territories. A comparison is made between the problems of Ceuta and Melilla and Gibraltar.Particular attention is paid to the question of whether they are covered by NATO’s security guarantee. The author substantiates that Morocco is using the issue of Ceuta and Melilla as a means of pressure on Spain to get benefits in other areas, including trade, immigration, and fishing. Rabat also seeks to force Spain to change its position on the Western Sahara. The current situation of the Spanish cities in the light of their current economic, migratory and political problems is analyzed. It isemphasized that illegal immigration mostly from sub-Saharan countries is one of the main problems of the Spanish-Moroccan relations, complicating the situation in Ceuta and Melilla. This problem is far from being resolved. The main task of the Western countries regarding this issue is the maintenance of stability in the region, which perfectly meets the interests of Spain. Madrid’s efforts are focused primarily on prevention of such development of political and economic situation which would put the country before the need to strengthen its southern border by military means. This strategic objective has become particularly relevant in light of recent events in North Africa.
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Gottschalk, Keith. "African Peacekeeping and African Integration: Current Challenges." Vestnik RUDN. International Relations 20, no. 4 (December 15, 2020): 678–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.22363/2313-0660-2020-20-4-678-686.
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Peacekeeping and economic union are the two most important dimensions of African integration. The first section of this article aims to analyse some current challenges to African peacekeeping, peacemaking, and African integration. The continuing Libyan civil war epitomizes the diplomatic stalemates and military stalemates which form the limits of current African peacekeeping. It exposes the North African Regional Capability and North African Standby Brigade as paper structures which do not exist operationally, and so limit the capacity of the African Union’s Peace and Security Council. The military intervention of states outside Africa can polarize conflicts and escalate civil wars. Africa’s colonial epoch serves as a warning of the potential dangers of foreign military bases in Africa. In parts of West Africa, states sub-contract peacemaking and anti-terrorist operations to unsupervised local militias, which are lawless at best, and commit ethnic killings at worst. African integration fares better in the economic dimension. The second section analyses African integration, with its focus on the most recent step of the African Continental Free Trade Area (AfCFTA), which starts to lay the cornerstone envisaged four decades ago in the Lagos Plan of Action, and three decades ago in the Abuja Treaty for an African Economic Community. The historic track record of African continental organizations indicates that a decade will be a realistic minimum period for it to be substantially implemented. The Pan-African Payment and Settlement System will help operationalize the AfCFTA by lowering forex currency transaction charges. Severe difficulties can be predicted for future attempts to upgrade the AfCFTA into a continental customs union, and ultimately into a continental common market.
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E.E., Okwor, Eneoli O.C., Ezeoha P.O., and Nkama N.O. "Exchange Rate, Trade Facilitation and International Flows in West African Monetary Zone (1992-2021)." African Journal of Social Sciences and Humanities Research 5, no. 2 (June 16, 2022): 105–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.52589/ajsshr-axrotwcy.
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This study examined the relationships that exist between exchange rate, trade facilitation and international flows on economic growth in West African monetary zone (1992-2021).The study used annual data covering the periods 1992 to 2021 and the autoregressive distributed lag model (ARDLM) was employed. Preliminary tests like the unit root test, co-integration test and vector error correction model (VECM) were carried out during the study. Some of the explanatory variables and the explained variable were proxied, logged and differenced as the case may be so as to achieve the desired objectives without compromise. The study observed that the exchange rate has a negative influence on economic growth in the West African monetary zone, and trade facilitation and international flows have a positive influence on economic growth. The study, therefore, recommends that 1) diversification of the economy from import to the export-based economy is fundamental for economic growth and hence development. This can be achieved through efficient and effective regulation of foreign exchange and political stability, which are very volatile macroeconomic variables.(ii) A common currency basket in the West African monetary zone be established, as this will reduce the adverse effect of exchange rate volatility on trading partners across West Africa.
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Tanaka, Tetsuji, Özge Geyik, and Bariş Karapinar. "Short-Term Implications of Climate Shocks on Wheat-Based Nutrient Flows: A Global “Nutrition at Risk” Analysis through a Stochastic CGE Model." Foods 10, no. 6 (June 18, 2021): 1414. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/foods10061414.
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Food security analyses of international trade largely overlook the importance of substantial heterogeneity and complexity of nutrient content in food products. This paper quantifies the extent to which wheat-based nutrient supplies, including energy, protein, iron, zinc, and magnesium, are exposed to the risks of realistic productivity and trade shocks. By employing a static and stochastic world trade computable general equilibrium (CGE) model, we find that productivity shocks may result in losses in households’ nutrient consumption of up to 18% for protein, 33.1% for zinc, and 37.4% for magnesium. Significant losses are observed in countries mostly in the Middle East, North Africa, and Central Asia. Since the main centers of wheat exports have recently been shifting to former Soviet Union countries, we also simulated the nutritional risks of export restrictions imposed by the Russian Federation, Ukraine, and Kazakhstan, which have resorted to this policy instrument in recent years. We find that partial export restrictions increase the probability of nutrient shocks by five times or more in most countries that we studied. Increased nutrient deficiencies have a range of public health implications in the affected countries, which could be mitigated and/or avoided by adjusting production and trade policies and by targeting high nutritional risk groups, such as women and children. Since the potential implications of supply shocks are diffused across countries through international trade, the stricter regulation of export restrictions to enhance the predictably and reliability of global food supplies is also needed.
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Zoidov, Kobiljon Kh, and Alexey A. Medkov. "Problems of formation and development of the modern Russian economy on the evolutionary and institutional basis of the Russian statehood." Market economy problems, no. 1 (2021): 149–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.33051/2500-2325-2021-1-149-162.
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The research is aimed at identifying, describing and analyzing the problems of the formation and development of the modern Russian economy on the evolutionary and institutional basis of the Russian statehood and developing recommendations for the implementation of a promising state foreign and domestic economic policy. Goal. On the basis of historical and economic analysis, to identify the ways of further socio-economic development of Russia, the directions of the revival and strengthening of the Russian statehood, by activating the transport and transit direction «North-South», the formation of innovative and industrial belts of trade routes of the XXI century, connecting the country with the Islamic world. Tasks. Conducting historical and economic analysis of the evolutionary and institutional foundations of Russian statehood, forms of interstate and corporate partnership in the development, functioning and development of global trade routes in a broad sense. Substantiation of the Norman-Islamic theory of the origin of the Ancient Russian statehood based on the analysis of historical facts, as well as the logic of the origin, functioning and evolutionary development of trade routes. Identify the main areas of interaction and socio-economic development of Russia and the countries of the Islamic world and develop recommendations for political, economic, organizational and institutional changes. Methodology. The research uses the methods of evolutionary and institutional theory, the theory of production-technological balance, world system analysis and historical approach. The results of the study are based on the theory of transit economy developed by the authors, modeling the functioning of trade routes, and understanding the processes of formation and evolution of Global Eurasia. Results. It is determined that Islam became the state-forming factor of Ancient Russia through the displacement, the formation of new and the development of trade routes operated by the Normans. Three directions of the influence of the Islamic world on the formation of a united Ancient Russian state are identified: the search for new routes to Byzantium by the Normans after the expansion of the Arab Caliphate in North Africa and the Iberian Peninsula; establishment of direct relations with the Arab Caliphate along the Volga-Caspian water trade route; adoption of Islam by the neighbors of Ancient Russia - the Volga Bulgars, who have close trade relations with the Arab Caliphate and control the Volga-Caspian water trade route. Conclusions. The revival of modern Russia should and will be based on the functioning and evolutionary development of trade routes in the direction of «North-South» by establishing, expanding and strengthening contacts with the Islamic world. The creation and development of the Norman-Aryan Trade Route of the XXI century and its vast innovation and industrial belt should become a global political, economic, industrial and technological direction for ensuring interaction and socio-economic development of Russia and the countries of the Islamic world.
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BELIKOVA, KSENIA. "ELECTRONIC WARFARE IN THE BRICS COUNTRIES: CURRENT STATE AND ISSUES OF LEGAL REGULATION OF INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY RIGHTS (THE EXAMPLE OF BRAZIL, INDIA AND SOUTH AFRICA)." Economic Problems and Legal Practice 17, no. 4 (August 28, 2021): 99–112. http://dx.doi.org/10.33693/2541-8025-2021-17-4-99-112.
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The subject of the research in this article is the means and systems of electronic warfare in the BRICS countries on the example of the approaches of Brazil, India and South Africa in the context of the protection of intellectual property rights by means and mechanisms, such as patents and trade secrets (know-how). The relevance of the study is due to the fact that modern states, and the selected BRICS countries are no exception, are aware of the importance and practical significance of electronic warfare and strive to develop such tools and systems or acquire them from those who have achieved success in their development. This requires an understanding of their approaches, including the development and implementation of such tools and systems from the perspective of law. The scientific novelty of the research is determined by the goal itself and the results of the work. Thus, it was revealed that in Brazil the issues of providing the country with innovative military equipment, including electronic warfare, are solved both by national companies and military institutions independently, and in cooperation with foreign military and industrial corporations; in India work is underway to create a new generation of ground- and air-based electronic warfare systems with an extended range, South Africa has a number of achievements in this area. As for the protection of such technical achievements by the provisions of the intellectual property law, South Africa (unlike Brazil and India) openly proclaims a system of keeping military innovations secret, while in the other two countries the emphasis is made on patenting.
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Nicole Wassenberg. "Transatlantic Trade and Investment Partnership (TTIP): The Possible Impact on the European Union and North America." Journal of Advance Research in Business Management and Accounting (ISSN: 2456-3544) 2, no. 8 (August 31, 2016): 01–08. http://dx.doi.org/10.53555/nnbma.v2i8.92.
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The Transatlantic Trade and Investment Partnership (TTIP) is projected high-standard and inclusive free trade agreement which is being conversed between the United States (US) and European Union (EU). Transatlantic Trade and Investment Partnership is a chain of trade negotiations operating between EU and US. The TTIP is mainly about decreasing the regulatory obstacles to trade to open up a way for bigger businesses such as environmental legislation, food safety, sovereign powers of the individual nations and also banking regulations. The US and EU are two of the most integrated countries when it comes to economy globally. It is as a result of their trade in services, investments and the high commercial presence in each other's financial prudence. These two regions support each other when it comes to the economy, and that's why they are good trading partners in products and services. The EU and U.S trade and investment partnership which is sometimes referred to as transatlantic economy has a significant global relationship and creates a mutually beneficial understanding between the two states (Hoekman and Kostecki, 2009). The TTIP is one of the largest trade and investment partnership in the world and also the most significant because of its absolute size. It has many for example the European Union has 28 member states which include: Bulgaria, Cyprus, Belgium, Austria, Czech Republic, Estonia, Germany, Denmark, Finland. Greece, Ireland, Hungary, Italy, Netherlands, Poland, Slovenia, Lithuania, Romania, Spain, Latvia, Sweden, Portugal and United Kingdom are also part of the partnership. The initial negotiations on TTIP which was to become the first largest bilateral free trade and investment partnership agreement were earlier supported by a paramount and independent study of the Center for Economic Policy Research (CEPR). The study by CEPR was called Reduction of the Transatlantic Barriers to Trade and investment. The negotiations were mainly to provide independent advice to the two negotiators based on the additional research. Despite, TTIP being one of the largest trade and investment partnership, it has created both negative and positive impacts on the two states. There are benefits t being enjoyed by the member states such as job creation and home growth. The EU depends on the US exports; they can get investments from the US and also import the goods and services they require (Khanna, Palepu, and Sinha, 2005). Other positive impacts of the TTIP includes; upholding and promoting human rights, governing in a transparent manner that can hold to account individuals in authority and also has markets that can be open to free and reasonable competition and is well-regulated market areas. TTIP also protects the people and the planet through their international rules. For example, the rules look at everyone's health, their condition at workplaces, the endangered species around them and the entire environment. There are also challenges that have come out from TTIP in the field of politics and economics, poor labor standards, workers' rights and security of their workplaces, democracy, and state authority. Foreign shareholder protection, public health and the environment as a whole, health care, consumer safety and food security, climate change and environment protection, banking regulation and privacy and many others. Some competitors challenge the TTIP on slowness in services than in goods leading to difficulty in opening markets in service areas.
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Deineko, Oleksandr. "Effective employment of customs instruments in the context of the latest integration agreements." University Economic Bulletin, no. 43 (November 20, 2019): 43–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.31470/2306-546x-2019-43-43-55.
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The relevance of the research topic is explained by the negative impact of integration agreements, in particular the free trade ones, on the list of instruments that the state can use to implement its economic policy in the field of foreign economic activity, in particular - on the list of customs instruments. There is a steady global increase in international trade, coupled with the tendency to gradually reduce trade barriers by most countries. Strengthening integration processes negatively influence the breadth of influence and the list of customs instruments of economic regulation. Given the socio-economic and environmental risks that arise in the absence or lack of state regulation of economic processes, it is important to ensure the effectiveness of those instruments that may still be used under the terms of integration agreements. Additionally, the attention to the customs instruments is increasing in the context of the «economic patriotism» that is becoming popular in USA, Europe and other countries, together with the criticism of the neoliberalism. The coverage of the issue in the works of domestic and foreign scholars is sporadic in nature and is usually tied to the problem of a particular market or industry in a particular agreement. In the last years before the ratification of the Association Agreement between Ukraine and the EU, as well as in the first years after, T. Ostashko studied the potential effects of that agreement on the instruments of regulation of certain sectors of the economy of Ukraine. From the point of view of generalization of the practice of state regulation of economy in the European integration processes, it is possible to mention V. Olefir and O. Mitchenok which covers the experience of Bulgaria, Poland, Romania, Africa, America and the Middle East. The above studies do not consider separate institutes of state regulation of the economy, in particular customs instruments, at a deeper level, focusing on the direct economic processes and the impact of increasing the freedom of trade turnover on national production. The research objective is to analyse the essence and impact of international economic processes on customs instruments for the implementation of the state economic policy in order to develop proposals for the effective use of these instruments. The theoretical and empirical methods of cognition in their dialectical combination are used in this work. In the analysis of existing integration processes, statistical and economic methods, in particular, comparisons, graphic constructions, as well as methods of descriptive and comparative statistics are used. Comparative methods, methods of analysis, synthesis, generalization, and also the system method are used to determine the ways of efficient use of customs instruments. system method is used. The dynamics of the development of integration processes and the influence of their various types on the customs instruments both in general and in separate branches are revealed in the framework of this research. The international experience of using customs instruments in these conditions is investigated and the most effective ones are highlighted. The results of this research can be applied in the process of formulating the state economic policies, in particular in the context of international economic activities, food security, protection of the national agri-food market and its elements, support of the national manufacturers. The research has demonstrated that in the framework of the WTO effective applied tariffs may be effectively utilized by approximation to the bound tariffs. Within the framework of bilateral and multilateral agreements, the institute of tariff quote is an effective tool, due to flexibility and potential directions of application, Increasing the country's participation in regional and bilateral trade agreements, albeit with the risk of creating a complicated regulatory «stew» and trade intervention, leaves a sufficient number of customs tools for effective implementation of the state regulation of economy.
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Pathrose, Eugin Prakash. "The Real Effect and Consequence of Regulation Reform in Corporate Finance and Banking." ECS Transactions 107, no. 1 (April 24, 2022): 4195–211. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/10701.4195ecst.
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In order for a country to grow economically, it needs a stable, efficient, and well-functioning banking system. The province should examine systematically and comprehensively its regulations, and examine how to improve the quality of these regulations, reduce their administrative burden, and remove the confusion they sometimes create. Several studies have pointed to the importance of financial regulation to the performance and safety of banks. The reform of regulatory policies and practices makes businesses more competitive and decreases regulatory costs, boosting efficiency, bringing down prices, stimulating innovation, as well as making economies more adaptable and competitive. We investigated how banking regulations affected financial development in MENA (Middle East-North Africa) countries. We measured bank regulation by proxies like foreign banks, capital levels, and liquidity liabilities. We measured financial development by proxies like private credit, z-scores, and private credit. Similarly, a tool to measure bank supervision includes supervisory power, independence, private monitoring, and moral hazard in addition to the size, activity, and stability of the financial sector. In terms of financial development, regulation of banks made a positive and significant contribution. A major contribution of the study is to demonstrate that reform supervision is also an important component of bank regulation, so that banks can achieve their regulatory objectives and impact financial development as strongly as possible. For MENA countries, this benefit is particularly significant, since an analysis of the data shows that more emphasis is placed on regulation than supervision in financial sector reform.