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1
Condon, Bradly J. "From NAFTA to USMCA: Two’s Company, Three’s a Crowd." Latin American Journal of Trade Policy 1, no. 2 (January 4, 2019): 30. http://dx.doi.org/10.5354/0719-9368.2018.52140.
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The renegotiation of NAFTA was surrounded by a dramatic atmosphere, just as Canadian Minister of Foreign Affairs Chrystia Freeland predicted. The negotiations took place against a backdrop of unilateral trade measures, President Trump’s mercantilist approach to trade policy, and the United States’ specified preference for bilateral trade deals. This article argues that, for the most part, economic, political and cultural relations in the NAFTA countries are bilateral in nature, but with important trilateral production chains in specific sectors, most notably in the automotive sector. Beyond these trilateral sectors, the relationship between Canada and Mexico plays a relatively minor role. However, replacing NAFTA with bilateral agreements would have placed Canada and Mexico at a disadvantage, relative to the United States, in terms of attracting foreign direct investment. Nevertheless, Canadian and Mexican interests do not always coincide, nor do their negotiating positions. For example, Mexico was willing to give up Chapter 19 dispute settlement for trade remedies, whereas Canada insisted on keeping it in place. In end, USMCA Chapter 10 preserves this dispute settlement mechanism for all three parties. Canada was willing to give up NAFTA Chapter 11 on foreign investment disputes, whereas Mexico accepted a modified version. The result is a trilateral agreement with significant bilateral elements, as well as global elements that will serve as a possible model in future megaregional and multilateral negotiations.
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Zakharko, Natali, Rita Sahaidak-Nikitiuk, and Nataliya Demchenko. "METHODOLOGY FOR ASSESSING THE LOGISTICS POTENTIAL OF THE FOREIGN ECONOMIC ACTIVITY OF A PHARMACEUTICAL COMPANY." EUREKA: Health Sciences 5 (September 20, 2019): 27–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.21303/2504-5679.2019.00997.
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The aim of the article is to determine the essence of the logistics potential of a foreign trade activity of a pharmaceutical enterprise and justify the methods for determining it. The materials used in the study include statistical data of the investigated pharmaceutical enterprises, namely JSC FF “Darnitsa”, PJSC NPC “Borschagovsky Chemical and Pharmaceutical Plant”, PJSC “Pharmak”, LLC “FC Zdorovia” and JSC “Lekhim-Kharkiv”. The study used methods of analysis and synthesis, generalization, content analysis, questionnaires and methods for assessing potential. The questionnaire was used to select indicators that should be part of the logistics potential of a foreign trade activity of a pharmaceutical enterprise. The experts were 100 leading specialists of pharmaceutical companies. They are all involved in foreign economic activity. Experts are gender–divided into women (73 %), men (27 %); by age: up to 25 years – 8 %, 25–35 years – 14 %, 35–45 years – 27 %, 45–55 years – 36 %, over 55 years – 15 %; by experience: up to 5 years – 11 %, 5–10 years – 15 %, 10–20 years – 32 %, 20–30 years – 36 %, over 30 years – 6 %. The experts' conclusions are valid, the coefficient of concordance is 0.86, and the Pearson test exceeds the table value. The essence of the definition of "potential of logistics of pharmaceutical enterprise’s foreign trade activity" is investigated. The types of logistics potential of foreign economic activity and indicators that are appropriate to use for determining the level of development of the logistic potential in foreign economic activity are offered. The potential of logistics of foreign trade activities of pharmaceutical enterprises consists of the potentials of logistics in the field of export and import. The system of indicators for measuring the logistics potential of a foreign trade activity of a pharmaceutical enterprise contains indicators selected through content analysis and questionnaires. The method of estimation of logistics potential in foreign economic activity of pharmaceutical enterprise is offered.
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Ariyasajsiskul, Supaporn. "The So-called Tin Monopoly in Ligor: The Limits of VOC Power vis à vis a Southern Thai Trading Polity." Itinerario 28, no. 3 (November 2004): 89–106. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0165115300019859.
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That which the Dutch called Ligor is the present-day southern province of Nakhon Si Thammarat in Thailand. It was one of the oldest city-states and flourishing entrepôts in Southeast Asia. Dutch East India Company (VOC) documents reveal that the Company traded tin in Ligor and had a small office there for more than a century from around 1640 until 1756. In fact, the relationship between the VOC and Ligor had already been established a few decades earlier when Ligor was still enjoying much autonomy with respect to self-governance, trade, and foreign contacts.
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Murtuzalieva, S., and D. Ivanov. "Regional trade agreements in the modern global economy." Mezhdunarodnaja jekonomika (The World Economics), no. 1 (January 1, 2020): 24–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.33920/vne-04-2001-02.
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Starting in the 1990s, the Russian Federation entered into regional trade agreements, setting various goals for itself. It is a fact that these agreements aff ected Russian companies participating in foreign economic activity in terms of trade volumes, business conditions, and company structure. This article is devoted to the study of this infl uence. The relevance of the topic of the article is due to the signifi cance of the infl uence that membership on the RTA has on the conditions for the implementation of foreign economic activity.
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Egurnova, M. A., E. A. Rozhanskaia, and A. A. Prikladova. "WAYS TO IMPROVE THE EFFICIENCY OF FOREIGN TRADE ACTIVITY OF FOREIGN MANUFACTURERS’ DISTRIBUTORS IN RUSSIA." International Trade and Trade Policy 7, no. 2 (June 28, 2021): 119–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.21686/2410-7395-2021-2-119-132.
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In comparison with national manufacturers, distributors have an advantage in providing wellknown brands and might receive financial or information support by foreign manufacturers in marketing campaigns in the local market. At the same time distributors have a lack of independence in producing and pricing policies, so they are limited in the tools for reducing the costs of production and increasing the profitability of sales. Nevertheless, distributors, as well as other companies, are focused on increasing their economic efficiency. Based on the study of the activities of the company «SK Energy», the authors identified the characteristic problems associated with the implementation of foreign trade operations. Their overcoming is mainly focused on decreasing the costs associated with the transportation of goods to the territory of the Russian Federation, reducing currency risks that limit the ability of the importing company to increase competitiveness in the local market due to the price factor. The authors propose ways to solve the identified problems, confirmed by estimates of the economic efficiency of imports based on actual data on the foreign-trade transactions of «SK Energy» and calculated values, considering the possible implementation of such measures. Considering the specifics of «SK Energy» business, it is identified the possible ways to increase revenue through changes in the company's sales policy and in the conditions of cooperation between the distributor and the foreign manufacturer. The results obtained are sufficiently general and can be used in different industries by commercial organisations that are already engaged in import activities, as intermediaries between foreign producers and consumers on the national market, or only plan to develop an international direction.
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Raia, Kelly. "Identifying and Working with Government Regulations." International Symposium on Microelectronics 2010, no. 1 (January 1, 2010): 000779–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.4071/isom-2010-wp6-posters-kraia.
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Regulations regarding exports from the United States are abundant. In reviewing the regulations how does one discern whether our company should be following the Export Administration Regulations, Office of Foreign Asset Control (OFAC) Regulations, Foreign Trade Regulations, International Traffic in Arms Regulations, none of these or all of these?
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Dekhtyar, Nadiya, Oksana Mazorenko, and Maksym Serpukhov. "Estimation of Ukraine’s foreign trade structure in order to determine the areas of export potential." Innovative Marketing 14, no. 3 (December 8, 2018): 30–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.21511/im.14(3).2018.04.
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Now there is no single approach to the planning of normative indicators of the foreign trade structure and the optimization of foreign economic operations, including marketing mix, which consider the priorities of socio-economic development of the territories acting as the global market agents. The work proposes an expanded method for using the Grubel-Lloyd and Horvath indices when assessing the level of inter-industry trade, which will determine the priority fields of international cooperation in the process of developing a foreign economic strategy both at the state level and for an individual company interested in expanding the geography of trade in the global market via finding new partners and using non-discriminating marketing methods.The article reveals the existing trends in foreign trade of Ukraine that predispose current economic policy and foster the initiation of a new exporting strategy. Namely, the volume of total external debt exceeded GDP in 2014–2016; although a significant reduction of this ratio has been observed since 2017 due to the GDP shortening. Unfavorable trends were supplemented by the negative total balance of trade in goods and services in 2014–2018, with redistributing geographical structure in favor of the EU instead of the CIS countries (however, the exports in services, measured by absolute income, exceeded imports). The Grubel-Lloyd and Horvath indices, calculated for the recent trade data, proved a high level of diversification of Ukraine’s foreign economic activity, with significant intra-industry trade, but the scores of the Grubel-Lloyd index did not coincide by the geographical and commodity structure for the prevailing majority of countries. Nevertheless, new potential exporting destinations may be found, precisely because of the detected imbalances.
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Krailassuwan, Somchart. "History of Thai maritime trade." Maritime Technology and Research 1, no. 1 (November 24, 2018): Proof. http://dx.doi.org/10.33175/mtr.2019.147777.
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The Thai commercial fleet can carry about 10% of the volume of imports and exports. History of Thai maritime trade is divided into 1) Sukhothai period era 2) Ayutthaya and Thonburi period 3) Rattanakosin period 4) The first of the national fleet period. .Sukhothai period era trade with various foreign countries. In the King Ramkhamhaeng era is a prosperous.. 1) The Gulf of Thailand trade with China 2) Trade on the Andaman sea is a merchant ship from India. Ayutthaya and Thonburi period. Traders of various nationalities come to trade. The Gulf of Thailand (South China Sea) and the Indian Ocean. Trading in Ayutthaya is a monopoly trade, operated by monarchs and noblemen.Rattanakosin period Thailand entered into a Treaty of Burney, the outcome of the agreement was that the country had to cancel its monopoly trade and the end of trade by the government. The growth of the trade has increased. The production structure from the old to be self-transformed into production for export. The first of the national fleet period 1918 - 1925 After the First World War I King Rama VI established a Thai merchant fleet in April 1918, the name of Siam Commercial Maritime Company Limited. It was terminated in 1925. On June 22, 1940, the cabinet approved the establishment of Thai Maritime Navigation Company Limited for international maritime shipping. The The cabinet was terminated in 2011 .The role of Thai National Maritime Navigation.The merchant fleet were not growing. Because lack of and thai merchant fleet too small, there was a lack of negotiating power with the foreign merchant fleet. The government must set up a policy to promote the merchant fleet.
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Sabadash, Viktor V., Peter J. Stauvermann, and Ruslana O. Peleshchenko. "Competitiveness of Ukrainian Companies in Foreign Markets: New Challenges and Opportunities." Mechanism of an Economic Regulation, no. 1 (2019): 79–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.21272/mer.2019.83.06.
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The key tasks of Ukrainian companies in foreign markets are determined in the article on the basis of analysis of the actual problems of foreign economic activity. The technologies of Ukrainian companies (especially small ones) entering foreign markets are quite costly and organizationally complex. Even a once successful strategy of foreign economic activity needs continuous improvement and adjustments in line with changes in the external business environment. Priority areas, innovations, and improvements that will contribute to improving the competitive position of Ukrainian companies in foreign markets include: professional (competence, knowledge, experience), logistics (the basis of supply in foreign trade contracts), insurance (exchange rate risks), financial (currency deregulation), institutional (attraction of external investments), customs (electronic declaration), and technological. The study proved that in a competitive environment, a commercially successful strategy of foreign economic activity of Ukrainian companies can be secured through intensification of technology transfer; increase in the volume of high-tech goods trade and exports of goods (services) with high added value; use of advantage of free trade agreements; increase in exports of organic farming products; strengthening the procedures for protecting intellectual property. These components are characterized by the significant potential for increasing the competitiveness of national companies in foreign markets. Taking into account resource opportunities of Ukrainian companies and external challenges (economic, geopolitical, technological, investment), the strategic task is gradual, but the irreversible shift of trade flows from the CIS countries to the European and Asian market. Key words: business, foreign economic activity, company, competence, competition, product, rating, market, trade.
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Вотинов, A. Votinov, Афанасьев, and Valentin Afanasev. "Working Out Strategies for the Russian Vertically Integrated Oil Companies in the Black Sea and Mediterranean Region." Administration 2, no. 1 (March 10, 2014): 61–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/2820.
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The paper considers the major problems of integrating the RF oil companies in modern international
transport infrastructure of foreign oil and gas trade. Efficiency of diversification of export strategy and of
modernizing export capacities strategy are assessed as exemplified by the Rosneft company.
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Kupchyk, O. "ITALY IN THE FOREIGN TRADE OF SOVIET UKRAINE, 1921-1923." Bulletin of Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv. History, no. 141 (2019): 14–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.17721/1728-2640.2019.141.3.
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The circumstances under which the Soviet Ukraine established trade relations with the Kingdom of Italy in the early 1920s are revealed. The contractual basis, organizational forms of trade activity of Soviet Ukraine in Italy have been clarified. Persons of sales representatives were established (V. Vorovskyi, A. Feinstein). The role of the Ukrainian SSR Trade Representation in Rome in the foreign trade activities of Soviet Ukraine is revealed. The place of the Italian market in export and import operations of Soviet Ukraine has been determined. After studying national historiography, it was found that the trade relations of the Ukrainian SSR in the early 1920s with the Kingdom of Italy were not the subject of scientific study in contemporary Ukrainian historians. In turn, it was found that in trying to forge trade relations with Italy, the Ukrainian adviser noted that she sought to rebuild the international influence, lost after the First World War through Great Britain and France. It was informed that after the conclusion of the Preliminary Trade Agreement on December 26, 1921, Soviet Ukraine and Italy exchanged trade representatives. The duties of Soviet Ukraine’s sales representative in Italy were first performed by Russian Trade Representative V. Vorovskyi and then by Russian Trade Representative A. Feinstein. There were 5 people employed in the Ukrainian SSR’s sales office in Italy. They thoroughly explored the Italian markets (Genoa, Milan, Roman). The article shows the interest of Italian traders in Ukrainian timber, coal, scrap metal, linen cake. It is noted that the sales representatives of Soviet Ukraine initially studied the possibility of selling on the Italian market of guts, skin, horse hair, wool. They then explored the possibility of selling cattle, wheat, barley, corn, caustic soda and soda ash. It was noted that together with Russian and Italian traders the Russian-Italian Trading Company was created, which had the task not only for export-import of goods, but also for obtaining concessions by the Italian entrepreneurs in Ukraine. It has been reported that Italian workers sent food aid (sowing grain) to Ukraine for the money raised.
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Mustika, Desty Anggie, and Amiludin Amiludin. "LABOR IN FOREIGN COMPANIES ASSOCIATED WITH THE PRINCIPLES OF NATIONAL TREATMENT IN GATS / WTO FRAMEWORK." Jurnal Hukum Replik 8, no. 1 (August 29, 2020): 16. http://dx.doi.org/10.31000/jhr.v8i1.3014.
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Since The Issuance Of Law No. 1 Of 1967 Concerning Planting Foreign Capital And Is Now Replaced By-Law No. 25 Years 2007 Regarding Investment There Are No More Foreign Companies Nationalized By The Government And There Is A Political Promise Of The President Who Guarantee There Will Be No Nationalization Of Foreign Companies In Indonesian Regional Foreign Investment Forum. Although There Is Protection Nationalization Of Foreign Companies There Are Various Government Policies For The National Interest, One Of Which Is By Requiring Foreign Companies To Use Local Labor Which Can Be Called The Indonesianization Of Labor In The Company Foreign Law Contained In Act Number 13 Of 2003 Concerning Employment Article 43 To 49. Indeed This Is Indonesia's Sovereignty To Protect Its Domestic Interests Especially The Rights Of Its Citizens To Get Jobs, But Within Indonesia's International Trade In Services Must Comply Various Agreed International Regulations Listed In The GATS / WTO, Whether Indonesianization Of Workers In Foreign Companies This Is Following The Principle Of National Treatment In GATS And Whether This Government Action Is Following The Provisions In The GATS / WTO. By Conducting Descriptive Analytical Research With Methods Normative Juridical Approach, The Author Will Examine Various Regulations National Legislation Related To The Use Of Labor In Foreign Companies And Compare Them Whether This Is Following Existing International Agreements, Especially Within The GATS / WTO. The Results Of This Study Indicate That The Indonesianization Of Workers In Foreign Companies Does Not Violate The Principle Of National Treatment GATS Due To Indonesianization Of Labor Also Applies In Companies Domestic. Indonesianization Are Energy Absorption Processes Local Work In A Foreign Company As A Way Of Dealing With It Globalization Of Trade In Services Contained As One Type Services That Have Been Regulated In GATS Are Commercial Presence.Keywords: Indonesianization of Labor, National Treatment, GATS / WTO
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Kornoukhova, Gadilya G. "N. N. Konshin’s Trading Activities in Persia in the Second Half of the 1880s." Herald of an archivist, no. 3 (2021): 791–802. http://dx.doi.org/10.28995/2073-0101-2021-3-791-802.
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The article assesses trading activities of the Russian entrepreneur Nikolay Konshin in the late 19th century Persia, which was an important economic partner of the Russian Empire, as the contemporary Islamic Republic of Iran remains for the Russian Federation. Geopolitical turn of Russia from the West to the East makes studying Russia’s trading relations with Eastern states, and Iran in particular, more significant. The novelty of this work is in its addressing not a story of success, but the negative experience of Nikolay Konshin’s foreign trade company founded in 1884 in the capital of Persia, Tehran. The author identifies reasons that led to company’s closure in 1890 and forced Nikolay Konshin to ultimately quit the Persian market. In 1889 he organized an exhibition of Russian industrial products as a measure designed to support the company's trading activities. It was supposed to familiarize the Persian population with the range of Russian light industry products, previously unknown at the Persian market, and to secure orders from local merchants for Nikolay Konshin's firm. However, the expectations failed to materialize and the company did not receive the necessary impetus for its development. The author identifies causes of the exhibition’s failure, assesses Nikolay Konshin’s efforts in exploring opportunities of the Tehran market development, and clarifies their significance for the development of the Russian trade in Persia. The study is based on the documents stored in the Archive of Foreign Policy of the Russian Empire; namely, Nikolay Konshin’s petition to the Minister of Finance Ivan Vyshnegradsky and a number of consular reports addressed to the head of the Asian Department of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs Ivan Zinoviev. They offer explanations for failure of both Nikolay Konshin’s company and his exhibition. The analysis of entrepreneurial activities of a particular Russian company has made it possible to identify general features and characteristic peculiarities of the Persian market. The factors that hindered the advance of Russian trade in Tehran under tough European competition are also identified. Despite the failure of Nikolay Konshin's trade business, Russian entrepreneurs highly appreciated his activities in establishment of the Russian economic presence in Persia. The author concurs with such appraisal; Nikolay Konshin was instrumental in laying the groundwork for future penetration of the Russian trade capital onto the Tehran market, which had hitherto remained terra incognita for the Russian business community.
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Sherwood, Marika. "Britain, the slave trade and slavery, 1808-1843." Race & Class 46, no. 2 (October 2004): 54–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0306396804047726.
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Britain congratulated itself on having made trading in slaves illegal with the 1807 Act. While later legislation ostensibly strengthened the original Act’s provisions, there were persistent allegations, supported by evidence from the British Foreign and Anti-Slavery society among others, that British companies still profited from it. One of the few prosecutions against the owner of one such company, Pedro Zulueta, ended in his acquittal despite evidence to the contrary. The exploration of the economic, political and social factors underlying both trial and acquittal sheds light on the nineteenth-century British economy’s continuing semi-covert involvement in the trade.
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Балакирева, Светлана, and Svetlana Balakireva. "Business Presentations as a Key Tool for Russian Enterprises to Enter Foreign Markets." Bulletin of Kemerovo State University. Series: Political, Sociological and Economic sciences 4, no. 2 (September 4, 2019): 207–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.21603/2500-3372-2019-4-2-207-212.
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The paper features the phenomenon of business presentation as an indispensable tool that can allow foreign trade companies to enter the foreign market. Each stage of this technological process requires a business presentation for every format of interaction with a potential foreign partner. A well-made presentation of a company, product, service, or project facilitates the search and retention of a prospective partner. It is a go-to tool used on various interaction platforms, e.g. fairs, exhibitions, business missions, conferences, business meetings, negotiations, etc. The paper defines the basic types of business presentations: company presentation, product/service, business project presentation, and commercial offer presentation. The article presents the key aspects of preparing for an effective business presentation aimed at foreign companies. When preparing a presentation for a business event, one has to plan in advance how the main elements will constitute the presentation as a whole. The "presentation field" consists of the space (external and internal environment) and the "main actors" involved in the presentation of goods or services. The prospect of further cooperation with foreign companies depends on how the Russian company analyses the ability to attract potential partners, prepares for the event, and selects the format of presentation.
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SUSMUŞ, Türker, and S. Özgür BAŞLANGIÇ. "Income And Expense Analysis Of Retail Trade Sector Companies Traded On Borsa Istanbul." KnE Social Sciences 1, no. 2 (March 19, 2017): 357. http://dx.doi.org/10.18502/kss.v1i2.669.
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<p>Retail trade sector is growing rapidly and shows significant improvements in the “World Trade”. This charming sector is expanding and developing in Turkey appropriate to the developments in the world. In particular, population growth, the spread of the use of a credit card, the developments in Turkey’s economy and such other reasons, this sector has made a quite development in recent years.</p><p> </p>There are a total of eight companies operating in the retail trade sector in Borsa (Stock Market) Istanbul. Operating expenses such as; research and development expenses, marketing, sales and distribution expenses, general administrative expenses are very important for the determination of profitability of these companies. In this study answers to the following questions are to be searched; what is the share of operating expenses in this sector? Is there a relationship between the profitability with operating expenses? What is the ratio of total expenses in operating expense? What is the rate and volume amount of domestic market sales and export to foreign markets? This eight retail trade company operating in Bourse Istanbul will be reviewed by analyzing their income tables statistically.
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Serences, Roman, and Dagmar Kozelova. "Dumping – Unfair Trade Practice." SHS Web of Conferences 92 (2021): 06033. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/shsconf/20219206033.
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Research background:The Globalisation gradually has removed the protection that has existed to protect producers against unfair trade practices. Existence of imperfect competition within an international trade is presented by descending curve of average costs while increasing economies of scale; it often leads some producers not to adjust the price in relation to the marker. In this case, we speak about dumping.Purpose of the article:The article deals with dumping issue – an unfair trade practice analysing EU trade policy including antidumping, related Slovak legislation, price discrimination and dumping model.Methods:From a methodological point of view, the article is divided into four parts; description of trade policy, antidumping and its legislation, price discrimination and dumping model. Methods of synthesis, critical thinking and graphical analysis were used.Findings & Value added:In practice, accounting of different prices to the various consumers is called a price discrimination. The most common type of price discrimination in foreign trade is a dumping. It is a price practice when a company accounts lower price for exported goods compared to the same goods sale at home. World Trade Organization (WTO) allow counter such injury via trade defence instruments (TDIs). The EU TDIs are appropriate to tackle new challenges to international trade, because the Commission had done to modernise the EU’s basic Anti-Dumping (AD) Regulations.
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Hasan, Farhat. "The Mughal Fiscal System in Surat and the English East India Company." Modern Asian Studies 27, no. 4 (October 1993): 711–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0026749x00001268.
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In this paper an attempt is made to outline the basic structure of taxes on trade and commerce at the Mughal port of Surat during the seventeenth century. This is explored chiefly from documents relating to the English East India Company. By the very nature of the Company being a foreign corporate body, it did not represent a typical ‘peddling’ tax-payer. But the system in so far as the ordinary merchants were concerned, can be restored for us indirectly by considering how far the Company was favoured in taxation matters. We may also reconsider the common view that the English enjoyed ‘invidious trading privileges’ by virtue of the orders of the imperial court, and that it was their privileges that explain their ultimate success in India.
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Hellman, Lisa. "Life in the foreign quarters of Canton: The case of the Swedish East India Company in the long eighteenth century." International Journal of Maritime History 27, no. 4 (November 2015): 798–802. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0843871415610289.
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This note describes a project analysing the everyday life in the foreign quarters of Canton, focusing on the Swedish East India Company employees 1730–1830. Canton was a well-known hub in the global trade during the long 18th century. However, it had strict restrictions on the foreign traders. Additionally, this port had a complex make-up in terms of ethnicity, class and religion, and I argue for the need to take its many groups into account. The Swedish company is a rare topic of study compared to other, larger companies, but it provides an unusual perspective: that of the small and non-colonial European company meeting a large and powerful Asian empire. The intercultural interaction in Canton took place in a very small space. This environment, in a restricted space, under Asian control, with many different groups, made for special relations among the foreign traders, and between the foreigners. This is particularly clear when focusing on the everyday life. I have studied the daily life Swedish employees in terms of how they acted as parts of groups, how they lived in this cramped space, their communication (amongst themselves and with others), their consumption and material practices, and finally which practices and strategies they used to establish trust.
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Kupchyk, O. "CZECHOSLOVAK REPUBLIC IN THE FOREIGN TRADE OF SOVIET UKRAINE IN 1920-1922." Bulletin of Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv. History, no. 143 (2019): 21–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.17721/1728-2640.2019.143.5.
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The article describes the circumstances under which the Soviet Ukraine established trade relations with Czechoslovakian Republic in the early 1920’s. The analysis of historiography of this scientific problem recovered the absence of the researches in modern Ukrainian historical science on the relations between Czechoslovakia and Soviet Ukraine in the early 1920’s. It’s established that the source database, including archival documents, allows a comprehensive answer to the task in the study. The contractual legal framework, organizational forms of trade activities of the Soviet Ukraine in Czechoslovakia have been clarified. It is stated that the inability to compete with the Germans in the Russian market caused the Czechoslovakians’ great interest in the Ukrainian market. There was a positive experience of Czechoslovakian-Ukrainian economic relations even before the First World War, which was to guarantee the resumption of trade relations between the countries in the early 1920s. This had been facilitated by shipping on the Danube to the Black Sea. 'Trade Representative Office' considered the logistics of trade (demanded goods, ways of delivery, placement of warehouses, sanitary and technical control). Persons of sales representatives were established (Y. Novakovsky, M. Lomovsky, I. Girsa, V. Benesh). The role of the Soviet Ukraine 'Trade Representative Office' in Prague in the foreign trade activities of the Ukrainian Socialist Soviet Republic is revealed. The place of the Czechoslovakian market in the export and import operations of Soviet Ukraine has been determined. The interest of Czechoslovakian traders in Ukrainian raw materials, namely flax, hemp, wool and leather was noted. It is stated that the trade representatives of the Soviet Ukraine were exploring the possibility of selling other raw materials on the Czechoslovakian market, namely iron ore, coal, etc. It is found that the trading company has purchased in large quantities flour (wheat, rye), sugar (refinement, sand) and cereals (wheat, barley, rye, peas, oats). The Czechoslovakian traders and entrepreneurs were particularly interested in forming «mixed partnerships» with the Ukrainians (supplying railway equipment, making file sheets, production of medicines, glass and porcelain). Czechoslovakians also sought to obtain a concession for tractor cultivation of lands in Ukraine. At the same time, participation in the Ukrainian-Czechoslovakian trade «Vokoopspilka» was revealed. The participation of the Soviet Ukraine at the Prague International Exhibition in 1922 was covered, which became its first participation in international exhibitions.
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Anastakis, Dimitry. "From Independence to Integration: The Corporate Evolution of the Ford Motor Company of Canada, 1904–2004." Business History Review 78, no. 2 (2004): 213–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/25096866.
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In the century since its founding, the Ford Motor Company of Canada has evolved from a relatively independent entity within the Ford empire, with a strong element of minority ownership and its own overseas subsidiaries, to a fully integrated and wholly owned part of Ford's North American operations. The unique emergence and transformation of Ford-Canada among Ford's foreign enterprises is explained by Canada's changing automotive trade policies, the personal relations of the Ford family with its Canadian offspring, and a corporate strategy pursued by Henry Ford's successors and the American Ford company, which sought to bring Ford-Canada more directly under Detroit's control.
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Voss, Eckhard. "Laboratories of the new Europe: trade unions, employee interest representation and participation in foreign investment enterprises in central and eastern Europe." Transfer: European Review of Labour and Research 12, no. 4 (November 2006): 577–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/102425890601200408.
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This article examines a number of aspects of the industrial relations practices of foreign investors in central and eastern Europe, focusing on trade union structures, employee interest representation, and consultation and social dialogue at the company level. Based on evidence from selected companies in Poland, the Czech Republic, Hungary and Slovakia, the paper argues that the experiences of multinational companies with regard to employee interest representation and shop-floor trade unionism should be regarded as ‘laboratories of learning processes' which are not only having an impact on the ongoing transformation of industrial relations and corporate cultures in the new Member States but also on the whole of Europe, most notably the future shape of institutionalised employee participation.
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Strohm, Laura A. "The Environmental Politics of the International Waste Trade." Journal of Environment & Development 2, no. 2 (June 1993): 129–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/107049659300200209.
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To date, the international trade in toxic wastes has caused more significant political damage than actual environmental degradation. It has elicited a new dialogue about the concept of an “environmental factor” in comparative trade advantage. The realities of the waste trading system suggest that the current regime of Prior Informed Consent (PIC) is failing in all ways. Sovereign environmental risk assessment is compromised by information gaps and liability confusion. Our prescriptions for an international waste trading policy reflect the presence of three familiar underlying tensions in international negotiations, which yield lessons for international environmental policymaking. “This firm's exports to Nigeria, Togo, Senegal, Lebanon, Syria, and Turkey had all been authorized by officials of those countries! The Italian government should seek reparations from foreign governments that refused to honor their commitments….” Comments of Renato Pent of Jelly Wax Company, an Italian waste exporter, upon being billed by the Italian government for the costs of politically required waste re-importations.1
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Schönhärl, Korinna. "Fighting the Financial Crisis in Greece: The Privileged Company to Protect Production and Trade in Currants (1905) as International Bank Cooperation." Historical Review/La Revue Historique 10 (December 13, 2013): 107. http://dx.doi.org/10.12681/hr.308.
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<p>The global economic crisis in the 1890s affected the economy of Greece severely, and in 1893 the Greek State had to stop servicing its foreign debt. Part of the<br />problem was the lack of diversity of Greek agricultural production, which was focused on raisins and currants (especially flavourful raisins, grown exclusively in the area around Corinth) for export. The collapse of market prices for this good seriously affected the Greek treasury and society in the growing regions. The Greek government responded by trying to withhold part of the harvest in fertile years to stabilise world market prices. Plans to organise a monopoly company for the currant trade necessitated high sums of capital from abroad. This article investigates the question of how foreign bankers in London (Hambro & Son, Emile Erlanger) and Paris (Banque de l’Union Parisienne) could be convinced to participate in the project. Which factors allowed foreign bankers to trust in the Greek national economy despite its poor reputation? What factors influenced their risk management? The focus is on the role of Greek brokers in persuading the foreigners to invest in Greece, especially the role played by Ioannis Pesmazoglou, the director of the young and innovative Bank of Athens.</p>
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Białek-Jaworska, Anna, and Lyubov Klapkiv. "Does withholding tax on interest limit international profit-shifting by FDI?" Equilibrium 16, no. 1 (March 31, 2021): 11–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.24136/eq.2021.001.
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Research background: Poland is a significant recipient of intercompany loans as a part of foreign direct investment (FDI) debt instruments reported in the Balance of Payments. Most of them come from the developed West European countries ? Netherlands, Luxembourg, France, Germany, and Belgium. Igan et al. (2020) confirm debt-based FDI inflows to emerging markets had a higher impact on the industries? growth in the pre-crisis period 1998?2007 than after (till 2010).
Purpose of the article: We aim to identify withholding tax (WHT) impact on intercorporate loans inflow to Poland and analyse the relationship between trade credit and intercompany loans to assess the importance of the profit-shifting role of FDI after 2010.
Methods: To reflect the impact of withholding tax and trade credit on inter-company loans (inward debt-based FDI) in 2011?2017 to Poland, we use Arellano-Bond and random effects panel model estimators. The estimated specification is derived from the knowledge-capital model and includes two types of capital: human and physical.
Findings & value added: We show that WHT on interests reduces profit-shifting by multinational companies? intercompany lending to Poland. But intercompany loans are positively related to foreign trade credit. Unlike in the case of total FDI inward to Poland (Cieślik, 2019), we identified that vertically integrated multinational enterprises are more likely to provide loans to Polish firms. This study is the first to confirm that withholding tax of interests reduces international profit-shifting by FDI and to provide evidence on the relation-ship between foreign trade credit and intercompany loans provided by multi-national companies.
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Żurba, Igor. "Wsparcie konsultacyjne dla przedsiębiorstw Ukrainy w dziedzinie zagranicznej działalności gospodarczej." Przedsiębiorczość - Edukacja 4 (February 1, 2008): 192–201. http://dx.doi.org/10.24917/20833296.4.18.
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In the process of globalization and development of the international business relation between countries the foreign investments are particularly important for both all the country and theindividual companies. On the present level of the growth of world economy the flows of foreigninvestments are the priority for national economy and the direction for a lot of the big, middleand small companies from every trade: industry, agriculture, construction, transport, finance etc. The company may improve its effectiveness in the area of foreign business when the executives ask for advice the professional consultants and experts in economics and management. The subject of this article is the analyses of the conditions and opportunities of Ukrainiancompanies that are going to invest abroad, to benefit from the consulting services.
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�stlund, Joachim. "Swedish reciprocal ransoms and multinational solutions to insecurity in the Mediterranean, c. 1720�1740." Journal of the British Academy 9s4 (2021): 151–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.5871/jba/009s4.151.
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This article compares the Swedish government�s legal practices to secure protection for its trade and shipping with the legal strategies for protection which circulated among sailors and consuls along the Swedish trade route to the Mediterranean in the late 17th and early 18th centuries. One major threat to Swedish commercial interests at the time were the �Barbary corsairs�, and the challenges when they captured ships and seized crews, whether Swedish sailors (many of them from Sweden�s Baltic and German provinces) on foreign-flagged ships or foreign sailors on Swedish ships. Consuls and traders knew of the problems caused when sailors crossed legal borders and challenged the rules of state protection. To counter this a more international model of maritime security was tested by attempting to strengthen the presence of the state in ransoms affairs in northern Africa. This model was developed when the Swedish Levant Company was founded. The main idea was shared responsibility between nations to ransom sailors serving under foreign flags, culminating in �reciprocal ransom agreements� in 1742. Even though reciprocal ransom agreements were short-lived, it shows two different modes to counter insecurity in the Mediterranean, one based on local customs and regional elite networks and the other on multinational agreements and the discourse of international law.
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Blinov, Ivan S. "COMPANY “FRIEDRICH KRUPP” AT THE FIRST SOVIET ALL-UNION AGRICULTURAL EXHIBITION IN 1923." RSUH/RGGU Bulletin. Series Political Sciences. History. International Relations, no. 4 (2020): 156–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.28995/2073-6339-2020-4-156-166.
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The article is focused on the first Soviet All-Union Agricultural Exhibition and the participation of German industrialists in it, in particular the Friedrich Krupp Company. Following the documents from the Russian State Archive of Economics, as well as a wide range of periodicals the author shows that the Soviet exhibition was positively reviewed by Western businessmen as an extremely important political event, but foreign entrepreneurs had to face a number of challenges associated with the special nature of the Soviet economic system. Despite the difficult conditions set by the People’s Commissariat of Foreign Trade (NKVT) of the USSR for exhibitors, German companies could maintain a general enthusiasm, largely due to the awareness of the special political significance of the event and the personal motivation of individual participants. The author examines the peculiarities of realizing the personal ambitions of entrepreneurs in the context of the Soviet exhibition on the example of the Friedrich Krupp Company. Participation in the exhibition was a logical continuation of the Krupp development in the agricultural field. Krupp became a guide to the world of advanced agricultural technologies and used an every opportunity to strengthen ties with the Russian market, continuing to develop cooperation that began with the organization of an agricultural concession in the south of Soviet Russia.
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Susilowati, Endang. "Mata Rantai Perdagangan Lada di Kalimantan Bagian Tenggara Pada Abad ke-17-18." Jurnal Sejarah Citra Lekha 5, no. 2 (December 10, 2020): 113–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.14710/jscl.v5i2.31958.
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In the period of 17th century up to 18th century, pepper was one of the important commodities of Southeastern Kalimantan. Pepper was produced by Dayak tribes in rural areas of Southeastern Kalimantan, transported through the rivers and traded in Banjarmasin, which was the most important port in the region. Merchants from all around the globe visited Banjarmasin to trade for this commodity. This article aims to study the linkage of the pepper trade in Banjarmasin which involved pepper farmers in rural areas, Chinese and Banjar merchants as the middlemen, Sultan and court officials as the holders of privileges in pepper trade, and foreign traders (Chinese, Dutch, and the British) as the buyer of pepper in the port city of Banjarmasin. By discussing the role of each part of the link, the relationship between these parts can be seen clearly. The results of this study indicate that pepper farmers are the most disadvantaged party in this trade link, they hardly benefit from the growing trade of the pepper they produced. Meanwhile the middlemen, Sultan and court officials had enjoyed huge profits. The Sultan even used pepper as a political tool to gain the support of Dutch authorities (Dutch East-India Company) in dealing with their enemies. Another important link was the Chinese, Dutch and British merchants who competed for the pepper supplies. The Chinese traders who charged the pepper for a higher price had easier way to obtain the pepper supplies than the Dutch and British traders who were supported by their trading authorities.
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Leonidou, Leonidas C., Constantine S. Katsikeas, and John Hadjimarcou. "Executive Insights: Building Successful Export Business Relationships: A Behavioral Perspective." Journal of International Marketing 10, no. 3 (September 2002): 96–115. http://dx.doi.org/10.1509/jimk.10.3.96.19543.
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Although the United States has been one of the leading actors in international trade, limited evidence exists as to individual U.S. company relationships with overseas customers. On the basis of a sample of 201 U.S. exporting manufacturers, the authors draw a comparison between harmonious and problematic foreign business relationships. The findings reveal that, as opposed to problematic cases, firms with harmonious relationships are more experienced, employ more people, and exhibit more active behavior toward conducting their foreign business. Such firms sell to a greater number of export markets, deal with more foreign customers, and obtain more orders. The study also shows that harmonious relationships with overseas customers are distinguished by greater dependence, trust, understanding, commitment, communication, and cooperation but less distance, uncertainty, and conflict between the parties. The article provides export management with a set of guidelines for establishing, developing, and sustaining successful export business relationships.
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Saraswati, Ayuningtyas Putri Saraswati, and Ni Putu Santi Suryantini. "PENGARUH LEVERAGE, FIRM SIZE, PROFITABIlITAS TERHADAP KEPUTUSAN HEDGING PADA PERUSAHAAN MANUFAKTUR DI BURSA EFEK INDONESIA." E-Jurnal Manajemen Universitas Udayana 8, no. 5 (March 4, 2019): 2999. http://dx.doi.org/10.24843/ejmunud.2019.v08.i05.p15.
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International trade by multinational company can result in risk borne by the company. Foreign exchange rate fluctuation risk is the biggest rist that affect international trading activity. Therefore to reduce that risk, the company using hedging policy as risk management. This study is aimed to analyse the impact of leverage , firm size, and profitability of the hedging decision using derivative instruments in manufacturing companies listed in Indonesia Stock Exchange in 2013 until 2017. Sampling using purposive sampling techniques and according to the criteria established company obstained 107 sample and 535 dirm year observation. Logistic regression techniques was used to test this research. The result of this study indicates that variables debt to equity ratio as a proxy for leverage has a positive and significant effect on hedging activites, variables Ln(total asset) as a proxy for firn size has a positive and significant effect on hedging activities, and return on asset as proxy for profitability has a posistive and significant on hedging activities.
Key Word: leverage, firm size, profitability, hedging.
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Young, Michael N., and Justin Tan. "BEIJING JEEP AT A CROSSROADS: FACING THE CHALLENGE OF CHINA'S ENTRY INTO THE WTO." Asian Case Research Journal 05, no. 01 (June 2001): 1–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218927501000020.
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Beijing Jeep Corporation (BJC) was founded in 1984 as one of the first and largest joint venture between an American company (American Motors Corporation) and a Chinese enterprise. Early in its operation, BJC had been given preferential treatment on tariffs and foreign exchange. Since over forty percent of the content of BJC was produced in China, it had operated as a local manufacturer under heavy protection from imports for all of its short life. All this appeared to be on the brink of changing when trade negotiators for the United States and China announced, after thirteen years of on and off negotiations, the agreement on the terms for China's entry into the World Trade Organization. The terms of the agreement called for a steep reduction in tariffs for imported automobiles from nearly one hundred percent to twenty-five percent by 2006. This would have a direct impact on BJC performance. The case focuses on the strategic challenges facing companies in the changing trade and economic environment.
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Kornoukhova, Gadilya Gizatullaevna, and Yulia Olegovna Tsareva. "Persian trade at the Nizhny Novgorod Fair in the second half of the 19th - early 20th century and the problem of goods transporting." RUDN Journal of World History 13, no. 2 (December 15, 2021): 167–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.22363/2312-8127-2021-13-2-167-176.
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The article shows the role of the Nizhny Novgorod Fair as the most important point of the Russo-Persian trade in the second half of the 19th - early 20th century. The problem of transportation of goods from Persia to Nizhny Novgorod and in the opposite direction is also considered. This research is based on the body of documents stored in the Archive of Foreign Policy of the Russian Empire and introduced into scientific circulation for the first time. On the base of them the authors show the inefficiency of activity of the Caucasus and Mercury Company, which actually monopolized the goods transportation across the Caspian Sea during the revised period. The extremely low speed of delivery of Russian goods purchased by Persian merchants at the Nizhny Novgorod Fair damaged not only private merchants commerce, involved in Russian-Persian trade, but also inevitably entailed a decrease in the overall trade between the two states.
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Shcherbak, Valeriia G., and Tetiana Yu Dudorova. "IMPROVING THE PROCESSES FOR PROVIDING CUSTOMS AND LOGISTICS SERVICES IN UKRAINE." Bulletin of the Kyiv National University of Technologies and Design. Series: Economic sciences 129, no. 6 (May 13, 2019): 134–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.30857/2413-0117.2018.6.13.
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The paper offers insights into the specifics of customs regulation in the area of logistic supply networks in Ukraine. The Ukrainian customs regulation framework should provide favourable environment for the adaptation of the national economy to a more intense international competition driven by joining the system of global regulation and free movement of resources and gradual integration of its economy into global and European economic processes. The purpose of this study is to suggest pathways to enhance customs regulations in logistics supply networks in Ukraine. It is argued that the implementation of the logistic approach to the customs regulation of foreign economic activity envisaged by the Customs Code of Ukraine is possible only within relevant legislative and regulatory framework. Customs authorities must cooperate (in a number of ways) with their business partners to identify the common benefits that can be gained through joint participation in a safe supply chain of goods. Customs authorities must also record the entire set of benefits they intend to provide (within their mandate) to their business partners in a safe supply chain of goods. The application of logistics guidelines in company foreign economic activities contributes to providing material, financial and information support for the supply of goods along with cost optimization and efficiency increase for foreign trade operations. The above objectives are directly related to forecasting, risk assessment in the area of foreign economic activity, supplies and stocks optimization, information and financial support issues, customs clearance and control procedures, etc. Apparently, the implementation of customs regulations in the global logistics supply networks is affected by the degree of countries integration. There are three options for customs regulation within the global supply networks: in the absence of economic integration; in a free trade zone settings; within a common customs space. It is emphasized that the creation of a free trade zone and a common customs union simplify customs procedures dramatically. The growing trade volume, the increasing international terrorism and international organized crime hazards challenge effective national and international interaction between public authorities and businesses. This can be achieved through establishing free trade zones and customs unions which will ultimately contribute to reducing logistics risks by joint efforts of nations.
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AVERIKHINA, Tetiana, Alina VLAIEVA, and Mykola AVERIKHIN. "Analysis of background of the output of domestic food industry enterprises on international markets." Economics. Finances. Law, no. 5/1 (May 29, 2020): 6–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.37634/efp.2020.5(1).1.
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Introduction. At present, the task of expanding the market for selling Ukrainian products to Ukrainian enterprises is very urgent, as well as establishing foreign relations not only for better profit of the enterprise, but also for attracting additional investments, which will contribute to the rapid development of production. The purpose of the paper is to analyze the prerequisites and features of the entry into the international markets of opportunities and threats for domestic producers and to determine on the basis of the conducted research the prospects associated with entering the international markets. Results. The paper examines the current state of foreign trade relations, stages of entering the foreign market, identifies opportunities and threats that may face domestic industrial enterprises. Before engaging in foreign economic activity, it is necessary to study the prerequisites for entering the international market and determine whether the company owns them. The complexity and frequent change of state methods of regulation of foreign economic activity have a negative impact on the export activity of enterprises. Insufficient knowledge of the legal framework of foreign countries governing the import of goods complicate export activities. Exports are hampered by the poor quality of the product due to technology backwardness and low staff skills. The development of export activity of enterprises can be constrained by high taxes on foreign economic activity, the mandatory sale of the state part of foreign exchange earnings, insufficient assistance from the state to expand export activity through various levers of economic regulation and support. export activity from the standpoint of its sufficiency in quantitative and qualitative aspects. An important prerequisite for export activity is the availability of the necessary financial resources for the company. Conclusion. The analysis of the prerequisites for the entry of Ukrainian enterprises into the international market made it possible to distinguish the most important of them: the export of the corresponding product of the enterprise potentially provides higher profitability in comparison with its realization in the domestic market; the company needs the currency to buy the necessary equipment abroad, equipment that is either missing from the domestic market or of poor quality; by means of export the enterprise tries to use the available production capacities or to expand the field of its activity at the expense of those industries whose products are in demand abroad; The company manufactures high quality products that meet the world standards due to the high qualification of personnel and the introduction of advanced technology, and at the same time has overall marketing advantages.
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O’Donoghue, Mark H. "Gould, Inc. v. Mitsui Mining & Smelting Co." American Journal of International Law 85, no. 1 (January 1991): 176–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2203570.
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In the course of litigation against an ex-employee, Gould, Inc. (Gould) allegedly learned that its proprietary technical data had been improperly supplied to Mitsui Mining & Smelting Co., Ltd. (Mitsui) and Miyakoshi Machine Tools Co., Ltd. (Miyakoshi), which then used those trade secrets in a joint venture with Pechiney Ugine Kuhlmann, a French state-owned company, and its wholly owned subsidiary, Trefimetaux (Pechiney/Trefimetaux). Gould filed a civil lawsuit against Pechiney/Trefimetaux, together with Mitsui and Miyakoshi, in U.S. district court, alleging violations of the Racketeer Influenced and Corrupt Organizations provisions of the Organized Crime Control Act of 1970 (18 U.S.C. §1961-1968 (1988)) (RICO). Gould’s complaint also included claims of unfair competition and unjust enrichment based upon the defendants’ alleged misappropriation of trade secrets. On the motion of Pechiney/Trefimetaux, the district court held that the civil RICO claim should be dismissed because, as “foreign states” under the Foreign Sovereign Immunities Act of 1976 (28 U.S.C. §1330, 1602-1611 (1988)) (FSIA), Pechiney and Trefimetaux were immune from criminal indictment for the acts alleged to have formed the basis for the RICO violation.
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Christiawan, Yulius Jogi, and Alfa Rahmiati. "Detecting Earnings Management: A Foreign Exchange Losses (FEL) Model." Asian Journal of Accounting Research 2, no. 1 (May 31, 2017): 11–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ajar-2017-02-01-b003.
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Foreign exchange losess bear some pressures for numerous companies in Indonesia particularly for those having liabilities denominated in foreign currencies. This occurs when Indonesian Rupiah (IDR) current exchange rate has weakened against foreign currencies. Related to those phenomenon, this study aims to investigate model earnings management actions using foreign exchange losses (FEL) which provides a method for the detection of earnings management. By employing a quantitative approach, this study used secondary data of financial statements. The data were collected from 50 companies with the largest market capitalisation, 50 of the most active companies based on trading volume, 50 of the most active companies based on the value of trade and 50 of the most active companies by frequency trading. Totally, 200 public companies listed in Indonesia Stock Exchange were gained as the data based on IDX statistical report 2013. The results identify that FEL model is capable to detect earnings management from a transaction in foreign exchange losses. However, the model cannot capture the phenomenon of earnings management if the company does not own or reported long-term debt and profit/loss on foreign exchange. To prove whether the manager will perform earnings management from FEL, it is suggested to conduct further research using the hypothesis of positive accounting theory (PAT).
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Baranova, N. M., D. S. Loginova, and S. N. Larin. "Evaluating the innovation of oil and gas enterprises under new circumstances: Evidence from Rosneft Oil Company." National Interests: Priorities and Security 8, no. 8 (August 14, 2020): 1444–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.24891/ni.16.8.1444.
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Subject. Illustrating the case of Rosneft Oil Company, we herein study how innovation spurs business operations, increases the competitiveness of firms and protects them from risks. Objectives. We model the innovative activity of Rosneft Oil Company and its competitiveness. Methods. We analyze proceedings by the Russian and foreign scholars, materials on program for the innovative and sustainable development of Rosneft Oil Company. Our assessments were based on statistical data of Rosneft’s annual report for 2004–2019. The regression analysis and econometric studies were conducted via Eviews10. Results. We set models to predict the innovative development of the company for the nearest future. We revealed that the linear model was the most appropriate and suitable for forecasting. Properties and estimates of the exponential model turned to be insignificant, on the contrary. Conclusions and Relevance. Currently, it is difficult to forecast the extent to which corporate development, its innovative activity will change in 2020 and in the nearest future. Despite the company’s achievements before 2020, continuous trade wars, geopolitical conflicts, pandemic, OPEC agreements and a consequential drastic drop in the demand for power resources considerably slowed down the pace of the economic growth not only in the company, but also in the country.
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Petrovic, Pero, and Dobrica Vesic. "Impact of global economic crisis on Serbia’s economic development." Medjunarodni problemi 67, no. 1 (2015): 106–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/medjp1501106p.
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The global economic crisis strongly affects economic slowdown in the world due to the effects of reduced demand in developed economies. The fall in demand in the European market had a negative impact on Serbia?s foreign trade and economic growth. The reduction in export demand, reduction of industrial production, the company in default, wage cuts and rising unemployment are the main features of the crisis that has engulfed Serbia. Serbia needs structural reforms at all levels in order to increase the competitiveness of the economy, which is now at a low level. In the last decade Serbia?s economic development based on the integration in European and global markets and foreign direct investment. An additional impact of crisis in Serbia was a significant shortage of foreign capital. The decline and fall of the investment trust in the banking system, manifested by withdrawal of foreign funds from the financial system and reduce foreign exchange liquidity. The recovery of Serbian economy can be expected by introduction of new reforms, economic measures. In addition to reducing the fiscal deficit and savings, it is expected a creation of favorable business environment for investment and business. Political and economic stability is the basis for attracting foreign direct investment.
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Cavusgil, S. Tamer. "Executive Insights: International Partnering—A Systematic Framework for Collaborating with Foreign Business Partners." Journal of International Marketing 6, no. 1 (March 1998): 91–107. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1069031x9800600109.
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One consequence of market globalization has been the growing incidence of collaborative ventures among companies from different countries. Small and large, experienced and novice, companies increasingly are choosing partnerships as a way to compete in the global marketplace. Motives for international collaborative ventures are varied and complex, including a desire to leverage resources and assets, retain flexibility, reduce risks, gain speed, and capitalize on each partner's strengths. The systematic framework presented here can be used by managers as a practical, ten-step approach to establishing successful collaborative ventures. The article also discusses four major types of international business partnership—distributor agreements, licensing, franchising, and joint ventures, and highlights key success factors for each. A major player in express package delivery, United Parcel Service (UPS) has been actively globalizing its operations for more than 20 years. The company first entered Canada and Germany and then other markets without a strategic plan or much commitment. The approach was simply enter markets one by one, set up operations, and wait for the market to develop. When available, UPS acquired an existing delivery company in order to get established more quickly. In exploring entry into Japan, UPS encountered a significant challenge. While UPS is competent in distribution and logistic networking, it knew little about the Japanese market and quickly realized that it needed a partner with customs clearance expertise. In a market well known for nontariff trade barriers, UPS also required assistance in deciphering the complex legal, structural, and political environment. A local partner would provide specific market expertise and help UPS overcome entry barriers. Furthermore, with a legacy of losing money in overseas operations, UPS did not wish to risk much capital in Japan. For these reasons, partnering with a qualified Japanese company made most sense. Yamato of Japan emerged as a prospective partner. It was experienced, had access to distribution channels, and was well capitalized. Interestingly, when UPS began negotiations, it inquired whether Yamato would be interested in a purchase. Yamato management asked the selling price of UPS—not exactly what UPS had in mind! As it turned out, there was a good fit and sufficient rationale for the two companies to establish a strategic alliance. UPS realized that a partnership with Yamato could not be a one-way street and arranged to bring packages back to the United States for delivery from Yamato. This opened up the market in both directions for each company. Teams of employees were exchanged to learn about organization and business processes, which provided valuable experience in making each company a truly global player.
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BOLLEN, JONATHAN. "‘As Modern as Tomorrow’: Australian Entrepreneurs and Japanese Entertainment, 1957–1968." Theatre Research International 43, no. 2 (July 2018): 147–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0307883318000275.
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This article compares the efforts of two Australian entrepreneurs to import Japanese entertainments for theatres in mid-twentieth-century Australia. David N. Martin of the Tivoli Circuit and Harry Wren, an independent producer, were rivals in the business of touring variety-revue. Both travelled to Japan in 1957, the year that the governments of Australia and Japan signed a landmark trade agreement. Whereas Martin's efforts were hampered by the legacy of wartime attitudes, Wren embraced the post-war optimism for trade. Wren became the Australian promoter for the Toho Company of Japan, touring a series of Toho revues until 1968. These Toho tours have been overlooked in Australian histories of cultural exchange with Japan. Drawing on evidence from archival sources and developing insights from foreign policy of the time, this article examines why Australian entrepreneurs turned to Japan, what Toho sent on tour, and how Toho's revues played in Australia. It analyses trade in touring entertainment as a form of entrepreneurial diplomacy that sought to realize the prospects of regional integration.
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TZE-KEN, DANNY WONG. "The Destruction of the English East India Company Factory on Condore Island, 1702–1705." Modern Asian Studies 46, no. 5 (August 30, 2011): 1097–115. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0026749x11000424.
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AbstractThe English East India Company established a factory on the island of Condore, off the coast of southern Vietnam, in 1702 as part of its plan to maintain a settlement to direct shipping activities between trading ports in China and Southeast Asia and India. For three years, the settlement thrived and was an important part of the China trade network, especially as a stopping point for ships plying the China route. The island settlement also carried out trading activities with neighbouring ports along the Indochina coast and the Malay Archipelago. The setting up of the factory, however, coincided with the emergence of the new entity of southern Vietnam under the Nguyễn family who were expanding their power-base to the south. In the process, the Nguyễn had already subdued the Chams and were coming face-to-face with the Khmers when the English factory was established. This paper will trace the English venture on Condore Island and the reaction of the Nguyễn ruler towards this venture which culminated with the destruction of the factory in 1705. This paper will attempt to explore the following questions: the shifting importance of the islands in the Nguyễn's security and foreign relationsvis-à-visthe English factory, and will also investigate the circumstances that brought about the massacre and destruction of the English factory on Pulo Condore—a historical event that has not been properly explained thus far.
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Govier, M. "The Royal Society, slavery and the island of jamaica: 1660-1700." Notes and Records of the Royal Society of London 53, no. 2 (May 22, 1999): 203–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsnr.1999.0075.
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This paper presents evidence of the interrelationships that existed between the Royal Society in its early years, the slave colonies, and the West African slave trade, first under the auspices of the Royal Adventurers, and later the Royal African Company (RAC). First, it examines the extent of the overlapping of memberships between the bodies. Second, it chronicles the Society's ownership of shares in the RAC. Third, it investigates involvement by Fellows of the Society in the administration of the (then) slave colony of Jamaica. Finally, it presents a few relevant extracts from the Society's foreign correspondence from outposts of the rising empire, and also extracts from discussions at ordinary meetings concerning the cause of the differences in colour between Europeans and Africans. Following the sale of its shares in the RAC in 1699, no further investments in the slave trade by the Society are known to have occurred.
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Jun, Zhuo, Huang Yingrui, Li Lele, and Mark J. Greeven. "YC Company: decreasing profit margin in overseas market." Emerald Emerging Markets Case Studies 3, no. 1 (April 19, 2013): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/eemcs-12-2012-0214.
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Subject area Strategic management. Study level/applicability This case is suitable for graduate students, postgraduate students and MBAs. Case overview YC Company is a foreign trade SME operating in the lighting fixtures export business in Ningbo City, a major outdoor lighting products manufacturing base in mainland China. Established by Li Lele in 2008, the sales revenue and gross profit of YC Company have been increasing every year, reaching $ 4.06 million and ¥ 1.00 million, respectively, by the end of 2011. However, the growth rate of profit lagged far behind the growth of sales revenue. If this situation were not controlled, YC Company would hardly survive in this increasingly competitive market. Li Lele, the CEO of the company, was trying to find a way to enlarge the profit margin. Expected learning outcomes This case lets students learn more about strategic management. Students are expected to learn: how to precisely identify and map a problem; and how to select a better solution by analyzing the context and using some strategic analysis tools, such as Porter's Five Power, Smile Curve, SWOT. In the learning process, students are expected to acquire a better knowledge of some strategic management theory/method, international business, the condition of small and medium trading companies in China. Supplementary materials Teaching notes are available for educators only. Please contact your library to gain login details or email support@emeraldinsight.com to request teaching notes.
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FAGAL, ANDREW J. B. "The Mills of Liberty: Foreign Capital, Government Contracts, and the Establishment of DuPont, 1790–1820." Enterprise & Society 19, no. 2 (November 10, 2017): 309–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/eso.2017.11.
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E. I. du Pont de Nemours & Co. is one of the world’s largest chemical corporations, and its operations are of interest to business historians. This article explores the early history of the firm within the context of early republic political economy in order to show how it came to a place of prominence in the American gunpowder market by the early 1820s. The article utilizes the archival and printed records of DuPont, associated firms, government correspondence, and early War Department and trade statistics to show how the company, unlike other powder mills of that time, had access to both large reserves of foreign capitalandthe halls of power in the federal government. These resources helped DuPont become a principal supplier of gunpowder to the army, the navy, and a major exporter during the War of 1812 era.
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Sulistiyowati, Liliek Nur, Robby Sandhi Dessyarti, and Adi Gunanto. "PENGARUH KONVERGENSI IFRS DAN KEPEMILIKAN ASING TERHADAP TIMELY LOSS RECOGNITION." INVENTORY: JURNAL AKUNTANSI 1, no. 2 (April 12, 2018): 92. http://dx.doi.org/10.25273/inventory.v1i2.2435.
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<em>This research is intended to analyzeinfluence of convergence of International Financial Reporting Standard (IFRS) and foreign ownership to Timely Loss Recognition (TLR) at trade and service company listed in Bursa Efek Indonesia (BEI). This research comparing between before and after the IFRS convergence of the level loss recognition and see whether there is an increase in therecognition of a loss on time with the presence of foreign ownership within the company.Researchers used four control variables, namely firm size, profitability, leverage, and audit quality. TLR is measured by the ratio of Large Negative Net Income.This research used purposive sampling method at companies listed on BEI from 2014 until 2016, there are13 samples and tested by using linear regression.The results of this research indicate thatthere was an influence between IFRS convergence and foreign ownership of TLR. Control variable, leverage variable and audit quality indicatesignificant influence. This research has once again indicatethat the application of IFRS has an impact on improving the quality of accounting information and the demand for timely recognition of losses in less than stackholder financial statements.</em>
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Pacheco, Henrique, Angela da Rocha, and Jorge Ferreira da Silva. "Cosac Naify: a small Brazilian publishing house goes abroad." CASE Journal 13, no. 3 (May 2, 2017): 360–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/tcj-07-2016-0057.
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Synopsis The case describes the efforts of a small Brazilian publishing house to export its products to foreign markets. In fact, after several years of losses, the firm has undergone substantial restructuring and hired a new CEO, reaching modest profitability. The challenge faced by the new management team includes, in addition to keeping the firm financially healthy, to develop an international orientation, to mobilize the resources, and to develop a new strategy to go international. Research methodology The case uses primary and secondary sources, including articles from business magazines and newspapers, company site, and data from Brazilian trade organizations, Brazilian federal government, International Trade Center, International Publishers Association, and an interview with the new CEO of the firm, in charge of developing its international activities. The use of different sources permitted triangulation. Relevant courses and levels The case is designed for use in undergraduate and graduate programs in courses related to international marketing, international business, entrepreneurship, and international entrepreneurship. Theoretical bases The case can be used to discuss the role of networks in the internationalization of the firm and the issue of distance to foreign markets (Ghemawat, 2001), using Ghemawats CAGE model. The case can also be utilized to examine barriers to the internationalization of smaller firms (Leonidou et al., 2007; Kahiya, 2013).
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Imamova, Dilfuza. "Improvement of legal regulation of foreign economic transactions in the Republic of Uzbekistan." Общество и инновации 1, no. 2 (November 18, 2020): 94–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.47689/2181-1415-vol1-iss2-pp94-104.
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The article deals with issues related to improving the legal regulation of foreign economic transactions in the Republic of Uzbekistan. It is determined that foreign economic transaction is a transaction in which one party is a foreign company or a commercial enterprise located in another state, the trade focused on the import or export abroad and to use in settlements with counterparty foreign currency. It was found out that some types of foreign economic transactions are not reflected in the national legislation of the Republic of Uzbekistan, namely distribute and forfeiting contracts.
The article notes that there are various problems associated with the incorrect formation of the terms of foreign economic transactions, their content and requirements, in particular when reflecting the applicable law, the arbitration clause, determining the advantages of the contract language, the application of non-state regulation.
It is concluded that it is necessary to regulate the definition of applicable law in relation to certain types of foreign economic transactions that are not reflected in the Сivil code of the Republic of Uzbekistan, namely, in relation to distribution and forfeiting contracts, certain types of foreign economic transactions, internet auctions, internet contests or internet exchanges.
Based on the study of foreign experience and scientific and theoretical views, ways to improve legislation in the field of settlement of certain types of foreign economic transactions were investigated. Based on the results of the analysis, relevant conclusions were drawn and proposals were developed for the current legislation.
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Tieman, Marco. "The Four Pillars of Halal Crisis Management." ICR Journal 12, no. 1 (June 30, 2021): 156–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.52282/icr.v12i1.809.
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This viewpoint paper is about how to prepare and respond to a halal crisis. Many companies are preparing for the wrong kind of crisis. Too many companies treat a halal issue and halal crisis as a foreign material problem, like finding metal or glass in food, for which a trade or public product recall is initiated with apology. Poorly managed halal crises hit the bottom line hard and can ultimately kill a company. Getting it right, on the other hand, can have its positive effects. Halal crises can also be an opportunity, although probably not experienced during a crisis itself, which could improve halal trust, Islamic values, and its network. This could strengthen a halal brand, sales, and company market share. However, this is only possible with the right actions and communication with a halal issue and crisis. Best practice halal crisis management is founded on four pillars: process, control, organisation, and information. This requires solid preparation and practice.
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Zedalis, Rex J. "The Total S.A. Case: Meaning of “Investment” under the ILSA." American Journal of International Law 92, no. 3 (July 1998): 539–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2997928.
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On March 7, 1995, Conoco oil company of Houston, Texas, announced that it had entered into a contract with Iran to have a Netherlands-based affiliate assist in the development of the Sirri Island oil field. In response, the Clinton administration issued Executive Order No. 12,957, prohibiting participation by U.S. entities in the development of Iranian petroleum resources. Eventually, Conoco withdrew from its contract, but in early May of 1995 the administration stepped up its pressure on Iran by issuing Executive Order No. 12,959, prohibiting U.S. entities from using foreign entities they owned or controlled to make investments in or conduct trade transactions with Iran. On July 13 of that year, the French oil company Total S.A. entered into an agreement with Iran to replace Conoco in developing the Sirri Island field, and over the next several months Iran struck nearly a dozen petroleum development agreements worth in excess of $50 million each with other foreign oil companies. Within a couple of months, both Houses of the U.S. Congress took up consideration of proposals to complicate Iran’s ability to develop its hydrocarbon resources. By the end of 1995, the proposals, which even extended to wholly foreign entities organized and operating outside the United States, had come to include Libya as well. Final passage of one of the proposals, specifically, H.R. 3107, took place in the Senate and the House in July 1996. It was signed into law as the Iran and Libya Sanctions Act (ILSA) on August 5.