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1
Flфystad, Gunnar. "On Tariffs and Optimal Taxation Policy in Developing Countries." Pakistan Development Review 24, no. 3-4 (December 1, 1985): 443–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.30541/v24i3-4pp.443-452.
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Taxes on the foreign-trade sector are substantial sources of government revenue in almost all developing countries. Thus in a number of countries - including Pakistan, Indonesia, Burma, Ceylon, Malaysia, Thailand, Nigeria, Ghana and Colombia - such taxes account for more than 40 'percent of the government revenue. The main type of trade tax has been tariffs, but in addition there have been export taxes and profits from export marketing boards, the latter being really forms of export taxes
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Neumayer, Eric. "Do double taxation treaties increase foreign direct investment to developing countries?" Journal of Development Studies 43, no. 8 (November 2007): 1501–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00220380701611535.
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Polezharova, L. V., and A. B. Berberov. "International Capital Flow Taxation within the Context of Companies’ Investment Strategies Factors: Developing Countries’ Experience." Economics, taxes & law 12, no. 4 (September 6, 2019): 132–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.26794/1999-849x-2019-12-4-132-142.
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The subject of the research is taxation tools for regulation international capital flows of MNCs and instruments of taxation base dilution counteraction used by some countries. The purpose of the work is regularity revelation of combination the mentioned above tools in developing countries that are potentially locomotives of the world economic development — Brazil, China, India, Mexico, Russia. It is determined that present-day international taxation in these jurisdictions is based on the same instruments as in the developed countries, but it has its own specificity corresponding with the national tax system, as well as the instruments combination which is conditioned by the particular features of socio-economic, political and legal mode of the state. All the countries under study experience significant withdrawal of capital and consequently keenly need domestic and foreign investments. At the same time they lack tax yield, which makes them build similarly less attractive in international sphere tax treatment than the developed economies and keep for themselves predominant share of foreign MNCs’ profits under the terms of international agreements. The ways to struggle tax revenue leakage differ in details both within these countries and with the similar mechanisms in developed economies. The authors stress the importance of forming tax treatment of international capital flow to stimulate keeping capitals within the country. To achieve this, the countries should define more exactly the existing mechanism of international capital flow investment taxation and the combination of regulation tools used.
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Flфystad, Gunnar. "Free Trade versus Protection : Static and Dynamic Aspects." Pakistan Development Review 24, no. 1 (March 1, 1985): 39–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.30541/v24i1pp.39-50.
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This paper analyses whether the developing countries are pursuing an optimal foreign trade policy, given the theoretical and empirical evidence we have. The paper concludes that constraints in imposing other taxes than tariffs in many developing countries may justify having tariffs as part of an optimal taxation policy.
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Steenkamp, Lee-Ann. "The Permanent Establishment Concept In Double Tax Agreements Between Developed And Developing Countries: Canada/South Africa As A Case In Point." International Business & Economics Research Journal (IBER) 13, no. 3 (April 28, 2014): 539. http://dx.doi.org/10.19030/iber.v13i3.8591.
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In this era of globalisation, developing countries have resorted to double tax agreements in order to attract foreign direct investment. The extent to which a countrys tax treaty policy favours developing countries or not depends upon the extent to which the country is prepared to adopt provisions from the UN model tax convention as opposed to the OECD model. Developing countries in particular should carefully consider the design of their tax treaties so as to effectively combat tax avoidance, without sacrificing foreign direct investment. To this end, the Canada/South Africa tax treaty is compared and contrasted with these two models. The concept of permanent establishment is reviewed in this context. It was found that the Canada/South Africa tax treaty is overwhelmingly based on the OECD model. This could indicate that South Africa has a deliberate tax treaty policy of ceding taxing rights to other countries. Thus, developing countries are seemingly unable or unwilling to make use of the UN model so as to retain greater source taxation. A number of recommendations are made to broaden the scope for the source taxation of business income in the developing country.
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Abuselidze, George. "Optimality of Tax Policy on the Basis of Comparative Analysis of Income Taxation." European Journal of Sustainable Development 9, no. 1 (February 1, 2020): 272. http://dx.doi.org/10.14207/ejsd.2020.v9n1p272.
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This paper is to determine the optimality of taxation based on a comparative analysis of income taxation in developed and developing countries. In our opinion, the main idea of income tax should be the optimal distribution of tax literacy on the basis of a direct definition of income of taxpayers or progressive taxation.
The theoretical and methodological basis of the research is the main provisions of the market economy, classical and modern tax theories, legislative and regulatory acts of foreign countries. The main part of the empirical material is from 2002 to 2017. In the process of analysis of the actual material, together with the general scientific method of research, is used: Comparative and systemic analysis, analogy, statistical data monitoring and other methods. The comparative and systemic analysis will give us an opportunity to reveal and evaluate the ways of perfection. Analogy and comparative analysis is based on variables and features, such as the of income taxes structure, withdrawal rules, rates, tax base. Statistic concept tries to explain the named phenomena by the way of fundamental analyzing of the statistic data received resulted multiple statistic observation. Previous analyses of tax rates tend to support the hypothesis that Developed countries emphasize the importance of fairness, while developing countries are mainly focused on mobilizing budget revenues and lesser consideration of fair taxation principles, since the tax system performs a fiscal function more effectively than developing countries.
Keywords: Tax policy, income tax, tax burden, budget, well-being
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Makhalina, Oksana M., and Victor N. Makhalin. "TRANSFORMATION OF THE DIGITAL ECONOMY INTO THE NATIONAL TAX SYSTEMS OF FOREIGN COUNTRIES." RSUH/RGGU Bulletin. Series Economics. Management. Law, no. 3 (2020): 38–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.28995/2073-6304-2020-3-38-51.
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The relevance of this article is due to the practical purpose of studying the foreign experience of taxation with a view to further use in the process of improving the Russian mechanism of the tax system. Existing differences in tax legislation in many countries allow international corporations to use a variety of ways to avoid paying enough taxes. The organization for economic cooperation and development (OECD) has been fighting such corporate tax crimes for several years, but has not always offered solutions that address the potential negative consequences for developing countries. To this end, the BEPS plan was developed in 2013 and finally adopted in 2015. It is a list of OECD measures to counteract the erosion of the tax base and the removal of multinational companies from taxation. The article considers international projects based on global monitoring the tax services of various States and current trends in the development and improvement of the tax administrating in accordance with the requirements of the BEPS plan and the digital economy. Those measures are presented in the article as a system for adapting the tax service to new ways of doing business based on the developing digital economy. At the same time, two issues of tax adaptation are solved. First, how to determine the tax presence in a given tax jurisdiction. Second, what is the role of the data and users and their dependence on intangible assets that characterize new digital business models, how and where the final product or service is created. In conclusion, the authors formulate recommendations for the organization of effective and efficient taxation of participants in the production process in the digital economy: it is necessary to secure taxpayers against unnecessary costs associated with tax administrating; the introduction of a fair approach to economic entities over a proportional tax burden; promote legal and regulatory certainty; comply with the principles of free competition in the absence of whatsoever protectionist measures on the part of the state; mitigate the impact on countries with weak economies.
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Anatolievich Smirnov, Dmitry, Konstantin Aleksandrovich Strus, and Anna Artemovna Avanesova. "Features of the Taxation in the Territories with the Special Mode of Business and Investing Activities: Comparative Analysis of the Russian and Foreign Best Practices." International Journal of Engineering & Technology 7, no. 3.14 (July 25, 2018): 412. http://dx.doi.org/10.14419/ijet.v7i3.14.17035.
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Preferential taxation regimes are recognized in the modern developed states as the most effective way of stimulation of entrepreneurial and investment activity. We examined the Russian mechanism of establishment of the preferential taxation regimes that have been developed for entrepreneurial and other investment activities and their infrastructure designed to provide mechanisms of operations. Our comparative analyses of the best practices in preferential taxation regimes across developing countries inform readers about advantages and risks of the investment activities and organization of business in certain territories of modern Russia. Critical appraisal of theories and practices in the formation of specific preferential taxation regimes would assist readers in the implementation of entrepreneurial and investment activity in modern Russia, revealing features of optimal regimes for specific businesses with possible mitigation or prevention of financial risks for investors. Critical comparative analysis of the best foreign practices in China, Singapore, and United Arab Emirates in the organization of foreign businesses sheds light on the most effective forms of such investment activities.Incompleteness and fragmentariness of the Russian legislation supporting preferential taxation regimes prevent successful implementation of foreign entrepreneurial and investment activities.The Russian legislation must be revised to ensure an attractive environment for foreign investments. Successful business and innovative activities would be possible only by the realization of the following legally significant steps: 1) adoption of the basic legislation 2) statewide programs supporting the development of free economic zones of advanced economic development.
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Alekseev, A. S. "Opportunities for tax planning for digital companies: international experience." Russian Journal of Industrial Economics 14, no. 2 (June 30, 2021): 214–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.17073/2072-1633-2021-2-214-222.
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The article deals with comparing taxation conditions of a range of countries which can be applied for IT companies as the subjects of digital economy. The author examines the peculiar features of tax privileges, tax planning tools and optimization for running digital companies in such countries as Estonia, Hong Kong, Great Britain, Malta and Ireland. These countries are included in a number of international ratings and are highly estimated by foreign experts as regards the level of convenience of doing IT business. The author especially focuses on the financial calculations of possible ways for tax optimization and the key features of implementation of the extremely popular in European countries IP-Box regimes. In conclusion the author concentrates on the patterns and trends within the tax jurisdictions under consideration including the one regarding the existing treaties on avoiding double taxation. He points out that it is possible to use the international experience in order to create competitive taxation of digital companies in Russia as part of developing addenda to the package of measures (effective 01.01.2021) which is also called “tax maneuver”. In particular, it is suggested that income tax rate for IT businesses in Russia should be altered taking into consideration the foreign countries’ indexes. Moreover, the author presents his ideas on the components of possible use of such measures as “digital residency” as part of the second package of “tax maneuver” measures. The author makes a conclusion on the importance of implementing non-taxation measures for maintaining rapid development of IT-industry in Russia and enumerates the most essential directions and problems of the IT-society and the possible ways of their realization.
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Baratashvili, Nazi, and Zaza Pharsenadze. "Importance of double taxation to increase export potential of Georgia." Economics, ecology, socium 2, no. 4 (December 31, 2018): 41–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.31520/2616-7107/2018.2.4-5.
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Introduction. According for future economic development of country and creation strong stable political framework is essential to improve international existing mechanism of avoiding double taxation. Double taxation avoidance system is an essential component of good business environment and is a key factor of stimulating investments. Agreements of Double taxation provide legal framework of releasing from double taxation. In spite of that, such exemption is foreseen by the internal law of different countries, international double taxation agreements provides contingency approach.
Aim and tasks. The aim of the article is to study the directions of avoiding double taxation, which contributes to the deepening of economic cooperation between countries and attracting investment. The task is to study and show the positive and negative sides of double tax treaties.
Results. One of the main factor of countries economic development is to promote export. For that every country is interested in incensement of export share per capital in foreign trade. In the article is analysed trends of development of international double taxation principles and forms. Research shows and confirms that an effective legal mechanism in Georgia is still in the process of formation in this field. Trade liberalization contributes to the creation of such flexible mechanisms, which allow developing countries receive maximal benefits from the process of world economic development. Also, Georgia received economic benefits from agreement of Avoidance of Double Taxation, which was signed all parties.
Conclusions. We have to mention that for Georgia is great challenge to increase export share per capital in European Union countries. Georgian has real ability to increase export potential in EU countries. The result of this is deep and comprehensive Free Trade Agreement (DCFTA) with the European Union and agreement of Avoidance of Double Taxation and the Prevention of Fiscal evasion (DTAA) with respect to taxes on income. It promotes to build further new trade economic cooperation between countries by safeguarding the interests of involved countries according the agreement.
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Abuselidze, George. "FISCAL POLICY DIRECTIONS OF SMALL ENTERPRISES AND ANTI-CRISIS MEASURES ON MODERN STAGE: DURING THE TRANSFORMATION OF GEORGIA TO THE EU." Science and Studies of Accounting and Finance Problems and Perspectives 12, no. 1 (December 19, 2018): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.15544/ssaf.2018.01.
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The paper is aimed to determine the optimality of taxation, that can be used to plan and implement effective anti-crisis measures. Objective is not to define or diagnose crisis and suggest strategies, but to offer methodologies, that can be used to determine the influence of formal and informal institutions of company’s ongoing activities. To develop recommendations for avoiding business crisis situation and support its development. The theoretical and methodological basis of the research is the main provisions of the market economy, legislative and regulatory acts of Georgia and foreign countries, statistical data of Georgia, the global risks report, government bodies and business structures in this field. In the process of analysis of the actual material, together with the general scientific method of research, is used: systemic analysis, comparative analysis of scientific literature, statistical analysis, analogy and other methods. As a result of researches it is established that developed countries emphasize the importance of fairness, while developing countries are mainly focused on mobilizing budget revenues and lesser consideration of fair taxation principles, since the tax system performs a fiscal function more effectively than developing countries. In our opinion, the main idea of tax policy should be the optimal distribution of tax literacy on the basis of a direct definition of income of taxpayers or progressive taxation. Practical implementation of the proposed proposals will facilitate further improvement of the social climate in the country, revitalize small and medium businesses, and solve the problem of employment in the country.
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Ozekicioglu, Seda. "Tobin Tax: Arguments and Current Derivative Studies." Studies in Business and Economics 10, no. 1 (April 1, 2015): 103–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/sbe-2015-0009.
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Abstract Tobin Tax and its derivative applications have started to be discussed again in many platforms as the issue regarding taxation of short-term capital movements has become an agenda among international communities such as European Union (EU) and G20 since the beginning of 2000s. In this study, Tobin Tax, which is the first significant step towards taxation of foreign currency transactions, has been discussed theoretically and considering its possible effects on application. Also, in this context, the initiatives of countries such as USA, Belgium, France and Austria regarding international implementation of Tobin Tax and its derivatives are being evaluated. The intended use of the taxes, determination of transactions exempt from tax and international cooperation in the implementation of taxation are possible problems that can be faced regarding Tobin Tax. In this study the conclusion, which the effects of Tobin Tax in developing and developed countries will be different but imposing such tax regarding cyclic balance of the world economy will be a positive improvement, has been reached.
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Kangave, Jalia. "The Dominant Voices in Double Taxation Agreements: A Critical Analysis of the “Dividend” Article in the Agreement between Uganda and the Netherlands." International Community Law Review 11, no. 4 (2009): 387–407. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/187197409x12525781476123.
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AbstractIn a bid to attract foreign investment, Third World countries are increasingly concluding Double Taxation Treaties with capital-rich countries, based on either the UN model treaty convention or the OECD model. Using the example of the dividend Article in the Uganda-Netherlands treaty, the discussion in this article illustrates the increased use of tax treaties to shift income from developing to developed countries. By essentially reducing the tax rate on dividend income to nil, that treaty significantly erodes Uganda's tax base. Such agreements raise concern, especially when one takes into account the fact that investment decisions are often driven by factors external to tax, meaning that reduced tax rates do not guarantee increased investments. Worse still, because developing countries are net capital importers, the benefits accruing from such treaties are often one-sided. The paper calls for a rethinking and redrafting of the UN model convention to ensure that the taxing rights of Third World countries are strengthened. In addition, since the practical reality is that developed countries often base their agreements (even with developing countries) on the OECD model, there is a need to amend the latter model to take this reality into account.
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Shafiq, Muhammad Nouman, Liu Hua, Muhammad Azhar Bhatti, and Seemab Gillani. "Impact of Taxation on Foreign Direct Investment: Empirical Evidence from Pakistan." Pakistan Journal of Humanities and Social Sciences 9, no. 1 (June 30, 2021): 10–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.52131/pjhss.2021.0901.0108.
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Foreign direct investment plays a vital role in promoting economic growth, especially for developing economies. It causes improvement in the different sectors such as education, healthcare, manufacturing industries, and creates more jobs. The speed of FDI inflows has been increasing in Pakistan each year. In order to attract more FDI, many countries try to reframe their tax policies by introducing different tax incentives such as tax holidays, investment allowances, exemptions, deductions etc. The purpose of the present paper is to find the implication of taxation in the decision of FDI inflows in Pakistan. Time series data is used spanning over 1985 to 2020. The data was obtained from two sources: the “World Development Indicator” (WDI) and “Economic Survey of Pakistan”. “Auto-Regressive Distributed Lag” (ARDL) and “Error Correction Model” (ECM) techniques are used for empirical analysis. The study concludes that low taxes motivate foreign investors' investment contribution and the long-run relationship between taxes and FDI in Pakistan. Other control variables, including GDP growth, trade openness and exchange rate, positively impact FDI. It is suggested that decision-makers should direct policies to reduce the taxes to welcome FDI in Pakistan. In this regard, the government needs to reconsider its priorities while making policies favouring FDI.
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Vylkova, Elena, and Anna Shmatko. "Налогоплательщики налога на доходы физических лиц как значимые участники инициативного бюджетирования." Belarusian Economic Journal 2/2020, no. 2 (91) - 2020 (June 26, 2020): 143–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.46782/1818-4510-2020-2-143-152.
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The article analyzes the state of proactive budgeting in the world and in Russia as well as identifies the main possible directions for its development. The directions of reforming the taxation of personal income in foreign countries and Russia over the recent years are considered. Demand for a fair and effective approach to taxation is shown. The feasibility of developing proactive budgeting in the context of the personal income tax (PIT) reform in terms of expanding the rights of honored and distinguished taxpayers of PIT for participation in participatory budgeting is substantiated. Suggestions have been formulated to amend the regulatory framework on proactive budgeting, to encourage honored and distinguished taxpayers, and to provide them with the opportunity to actively participate in creating a list of projects as well as making decisions on their financing.
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He, Xiaohong, and Stephen E. Guisinger. "Taxation of U.S. foreign direct investment abroad: Effective tax rates and tax policy competition in developed and developing countries." Journal of International Accounting, Auditing and Taxation 2, no. 2 (January 1993): 215–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/1061-9518(93)90007-g.
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Twerefou, Daniel Kwabena, Emmanuel Abbey, Emmanuel A. Codjoe, and Peter Saitoti Ngotho. "Impact of Stock Market Development on Economic Growth: Evidence from Selected Sub‑Saharan African Countries." Acta Universitatis Agriculturae et Silviculturae Mendelianae Brunensis 67, no. 4 (2019): 1071–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.11118/actaun201967041071.
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This paper examines the impact of stock market development on economic growth in Sub‑Saharan Africa using a balanced panel data of five selected countries over the period 1993 – 2013 and the system generalised method of moments dynamic panel estimation framework. The paper finds a positive impact of stock market development proxied by the turnover ratio of domestic shares and market capitalization on economic growth though minimal. Furthermore, investment, lagged gross domestic product and human capital were found to have a significantly positive impact on growth while trade and foreign direct investment negatively impacted on growth, even though the results for foreign direct investment is not significant in all the models and consequently, not very robust. There should be policy measures aimed at enhancing economic growth using the development of the stocks market as a channel. Such policies should focus on developing the appropriate mix of taxation of investors as well as the development of requisite technology, institutional and regulatory framework that will facilitate an increase in the size and liquidity of the market in the sub‑region.
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Halunko, Valentyn, Vira Halunko, and Мaryna Savyuk. "FOREIGN EXPERIENCE FOR FINANCING SMALL AND MEDIUM BUSINESS." Baltic Journal of Economic Studies 4, no. 5 (February 11, 2019): 40. http://dx.doi.org/10.30525/2256-0742/2018-4-5-40-45.
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The aim of the article is to study the peculiarities of the financial and credit mechanism of supporting small and medium enterprises in foreign countries with the purpose of identification of key areas for the development of financial and credit support for small and medium enterprises in Ukraine. The subject of the study is the foreign experience of financing small and medium-sized businesses. Methodology. The research is based on a comparison of financial and credit support of small and medium business in Ukraine and in foreign countries. The advantages and disadvantages of different support systems for small and medium-sized enterprises are determined on the basis of an analysis of the specifics of financing small and medium-sized businesses in Germany, the USA, the UK, Italy, Japan, and some other countries. The possibilities and limits of the application of positive foreign experience in this area are determined on the basis of a comparative legal study of certain provisions of Ukrainian legislation. The results of the study showed that the peculiarities of the financial and credit mechanism for supporting small and mediumsized businesses in foreign countries, which were studied, are as follows: the predominance of indirect support methods, provision of state financial help only on a competitive, turnaround, and paid basis; effectively functioning system of state guarantee of loans, which were provided to small businesses by commercial banks (guarantee from 60 to 90% of the loan); creation of a network of special banks, which serve small businesses at different levels; strong financial stimulation for small businesses in their innovation activity; stimulating taxation system and special depreciation procedure; creation of conditions for equal access for all entrepreneurs to information and consulting services (especially on taxation, lending, and insurance issues). Practical implications. The positive experience of financing small and medium business shows that the foreign practice of functioning of the financial and credit mechanism for supporting small business is not based on the fact that, on preferential terms, small enterprises can receive all the necessary financial and credit resources for their development and support small business at all costs. But this practice is aimed to create a favourable economic and legal climate that allows small businesses not only to survive but also to successfully develop. Correlation/originality. A comparative analysis of small and medium business financing systems is the basis for developing the most promising directions for the development of domestic legislation in this field.
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Merollari, Klaudeta, and Sorina Koti. "Foreign Direct Investments in Albania, Structure and Dynamics." European Journal of Economics and Business Studies 2, no. 1 (August 30, 2015): 22. http://dx.doi.org/10.26417/ejes.v2i1.p22-32.
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After the fall of communism regime, Albania has become a host country to foreign direct investments (FDI) from many countries around the world. Albania represents four of the five types of FDI: those which gain access to specific factors of production; those which gain access to disposable production factors; those which gain access to Albanian consumer markets and those which organize joint ventures.Our country widely supports the FDI as there are no high taxation and commerce barriers to gain access to the new markets. Foreign direct investments are a very important segment of the economic activity of a country. In theory and also in practice, there are recognized the effects of FDI. They have brought significant positive effects on the economy. One of the advantages of FDI is that they help in the economic development of the country where is invested.FDI are usually applied in developing countries. During the 90s, they were one of the major external financial sources for most countries that had an economic growth perspective. FDI have been a significant support for some countries which faced economic difficulties.The main aim of this paper is to analyze the theoretical part and the relations of FDI in general.Another aim of this paper is to provide a general picture of FDI in Albania over the years, the main sectors where they are centralised, districts / cities where they are allocated, and so on.At the beginning it is given a theoretical framework, definitions and relations of FDI to various economic aspects.Then it is described the evolution in time and the development of FDI in different levels, for example in the countries of origin, currency in which it is mostly invested, main sectors, etc.There is also a comparison of FDI in Albania in relation to other countries in the region and beyond. We have mentioned here also the factors that affect FDI.
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Gogić, Nemanja. "Tax policy and effects of taxation in the Republic of Serbia." Ekonomski izazovi 9, no. 17 (2020): 14–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.5937/ekoizazov2017014g.
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In the previous period, tax policy was the topic of analysis and discussion in the wider scientific and professional public. The effects of taxation can be diametrically opposed to the objectives of taxation. The modern economy sees tax policy as the basic lever for the development of stabilization and social policy. The operation of public revenues and public expenditures, as well as public debt, have become the most powerful form of state interventionism. In developing countries, the most dominant taxes for collecting public revenues are direct taxes, while in more economically developed countries, indirect taxes are the most dominant. The aim of the research is to point out to the scientific and professional public the importance of tax policies and their effects on the economic development of the Republic of Serbia. The results of the research show that with a successful tax policy we can alleviate the macroeconomic imbalance, i.e. it would reduce the foreign trade deficit, reduce tax evasion and the gray economy. The tax system has changed significantly in the last decade, but not enough, all because of the harmonization of tax policy with the European Union.
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Seelkopf, Laura, and Ida Bastiaens. "Achieving Sustainable Development Goal 17? An Empirical Investigation of the Effectiveness of Aid Given to Boost Developing Countries’ Tax Revenue and Capacity." International Studies Quarterly 64, no. 4 (September 14, 2020): 991–1004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/isq/sqaa069.
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Abstract Developing economies need to increase their tax revenue. The international community is keenly aware of this challenge and recently dedicated substantial resources and advocacy to assist countries in mobilizing domestic tax revenue as part of the Sustainable Development Goals. Considering, however, the extensive research that foreign aid is often ineffective, it is not obvious that this tax assistance will help developing countries raise revenue. In this article, we assess the impact of international assistance programs for tax purposes (i.e., tax aid) on tax revenue generation, indirect taxation reform, and informality across the developing world. We analyze panel data of 137 developing countries between 1972 and 2013 from the AidData, International Centre for Tax and Development, and World Development Indicators, and World Bank Project Data datasets. We also assess survey data from the World Bank's Enterprise Survey and World Values Survey. Our findings indicate that tax aid does not robustly increase the number of taxpayers, especially in the short run. However, tax aid is effective in generating domestic tax revenue in precisely the way international agencies advocate, namely a strong reliance on the value-added tax. The data underlying this article are available on the ISQ Dataverse, at https://dataverse.harvard.edu/dataverse/isq.
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ANDREEVA, Polina Aleksandrovna. "Foreign experience in regulating the activities of large corporate structures in the extraction of Arctic resources." NEWS of the Ural State Mining University 59, no. 3 (September 15, 2020): 176–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.21440/2307-2091-2020-3-176-184.
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Relevance. In terms of implementing large production projects, the Arctic is one of the most challenging regions in the world. This is due to geographic remoteness, extreme temperatures, difficult ice conditions, a vulnerable environment and the presence of indigenous people concerned about any outside interference. Global experience shows that the development of the Arctic territories is untenable without participation of large corporations and their implementation of large-scale Arctic projects. The capabilities of medium-sized businesses to influence the development of the Arctic territories are incomparable with the capabilities of large corporate structures in terms of their system-forming effects. At the same time, ensuring the necessary investments for the development of the Arctic territories requires improving the state regulation of subsoil use from the position of strengthening the incentive nature of the system of measures used. The purpose of the study is to generalize and analyze foreign experience in regulating the process of developing subsoil resources in foreign Arctic countries. Research methods – a systematic approach, generalizations, comparative analysis, comparisons, etc. Results. The experience of subsoil use regulation in the Arctic territories in the USA (Alaska), Canada, Norway, Denmark and Russia is generalized and analyzed. It has been determined that the approaches to regulating the process of developing subsoil resources are correlated with the state structure of the countries: unitary or federal. The form of subsoil ownership in each of the listed countries and the procedure for granting subsoil plots for use are considered. Most attention is paid to the economic mechanism of regulation. It is proved that, depending on the economic model, measures to support corporate business and economic incentives used by countries to achieve strategic goals in the Arctic have many differences, but a similar nature. Special tax regimes, rent control measures, financial support, which is in the nature of investments, and other financial instruments are used as incentives. The specificity of the tax policy of each of the countries under consideration is disclosed, a number of factors influencing the amount of royalties, the procedure for the distribution of collected taxes on corporations in the Arctic zone between the budgets of the federation and provinces, etc., are determined. Common tools for all states have been identified and the existence of coordination procedures has been confirmed to harmonize the interests of corporations and the state. The experience of taxation of regional corporations in the Arctic territories of Russia and its disadvantages are briefly highlighted. Conclusions. The imperfection of the institutional framework of the Russian Arctic requires the adoption of new legislative acts, as well as changes in taxation, the implementation of a system of incentives from the state. It is advisable to use many elements of the economic mechanism of foreign countries to expand the capabilities of corporations involved in the development of Arctic subsoil resources.
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Steenkamp, Lee-Ann. "Beneficial Ownership Provisions In Tax Treaties Between Developed And Developing Countries: The Canada/South Africa Example." International Business & Economics Research Journal (IBER) 12, no. 9 (August 30, 2013): 1107. http://dx.doi.org/10.19030/iber.v12i9.8056.
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In the years since the Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) adopted its first draft tax treaty in 1963, the world has experienced an astonishing surge in international trade and investment. The tax treatment of these cross-border transactions is affected by double tax agreements. As tax treaty networks will likely continue to expand, concerns about tax treaty abuse might be expected to grow. The extent to which a countrys tax treaty policy favours developing countries - or not - depends upon the extent to which the country is prepared to adopt provisions from the UN model tax convention as opposed to the OECD model. Developing countries, in particular, should carefully consider the design of their tax treaties so as to effectively combat tax avoidance without sacrificing foreign direct investment. To this end, the Canada/South Africa tax treaty is compared and contrasted with these two models. The concept of beneficial ownership is reviewed in this context. It is contended that a general definition in South Africa's Income Tax Act of 'beneficial ownership' would assist in the interpretation of the term for the purposes of South Africa's tax treaties. It is submitted that the scope for the source taxation of passive investment income (viz. dividends, interest and royalties) in the developing country could be magnified through treaty negotiations.
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DOYLE, DAVID. "Remittances and Social Spending." American Political Science Review 109, no. 4 (November 2015): 785–802. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0003055415000416.
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Remittances are a significant source of foreign exchange for developing economies. I argue that remittances, due to their compensation and insurance functions, will increase the general income level and economic security of recipients, thereby reducing their perceived income risk. Over time, this will dampen demand from recipients for government taxation and social insurance. Therefore, I expect increases in income remitted to an economy to result in reduced levels of social welfare transfers at the macro-level. This dynamic can help us to understand spending patterns in developing democracies, and the absence of demand for social security transfers in countries with high levels of inequality and economic insecurity. I test this argument with a sample of 18 Latin American states, over the period 1990 to 2009, and subject the central causal mechanism to a battery of statistical tests. The results of these tests provide strong support for this argument.
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Tykhonova, Olena, Oleksandr Sviderskyi, and Iryna Yefremova. "ORGANIZATIONAL ASPECTS OF FISCAL AUTHORITIES IN UKRAINE AND FOREIGN COUNTRIES: COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS." Baltic Journal of Economic Studies 4, no. 5 (February 11, 2019): 357. http://dx.doi.org/10.30525/2256-0742/2018-4-5-357-363.
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The aim of the article is a comparative legal study of the organizational aspects of fiscal authorities in Ukraine and in some foreign countries and so to determine ways to improve domestic legislation in this area. The subject of the study is the domestic and foreign experience of the structure and activity of fiscal authorities in such countries as the United States, the UK, France, the Republic of Latvia, the Republic of Belarus and Kazakhstan. Methodology. The study is based on the use of general scientific and special scientific methods and techniques of scientific knowledge. The historical method enabled to study the origin and formation of fiscal authorities in Ukraine. Analysis and synthesis enabled to interrogate the fiscal system of Ukraine and some foreign countries as a complex legal phenomenon, defining its essence, characteristics, and targets. The method of the system approach enabled to determine the place of individual fiscal authorities in the financial system of the country, to analyse their main responsibilities, functions and areas of activity. The comparative legal method enabled to analyse the experience of the organization and activities of fiscal authorities in foreign countries, as well as to define the ways of its implementation in the national legal system. The results of the study revealed that for today the experience of Ukraine in the organization of activity of fiscal authorities is rather progressive and modern, and the national fiscal system is characterized by consolidation of powers in coordinating and controlling taxation and customs, which defines progressiveness of our country. Practical implications. The positive experience of the fiscal organization in foreign countries suggests the expediency of including national fiscal authorities in a single centralized system of executive power, through the creation of a separate ministry. This will enable not only to improve the efficiency of generating the state budget but also in the future will lead to overcoming the gap between the tax-customs policy and its application results. Relevance/originality. A comparative analysis of the organizational aspects of fiscal authorities in foreign countries is the basis for developing priority areas for improving the fiscal system of Ukraine, identifying gaps in its work, as well as introducing in the activity of fiscal bodies the newest methods that can increase their level and bring them into line with international standards.
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VLADYMYRSKA, N. "F�ATURES OF INTERNATIONAL INVESTMENT IN THE ECONOMY OF UKRAINE." Economic innovations 21, no. 3(72) (September 20, 2019): 26–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.31520/ei.2019.21.3(72).26-36.
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Topicality. In the conditions of the economic crisis, in which the economy of Ukraine has been in recent years, the search for reasons that do not allow developing the economy properly and the intensification of areas for attracting investments, including foreign ones, is one of the priority issues. The article aims to explore the level of the investment climate in Ukraine, as well as to analyze the level of attracting foreign investment in the economy of Ukraine. Aim and tasks. Investment attractiveness is largely shaped by the investment climate; therefore, we analyze the investment climate as a combination of legal, financial, political, and socio-cultural factors that predetermine the expediency of investing in the country. Estimated index of investment attractiveness of the country for 2009-2018 and the place of Ukraine in the rating of investment attractiveness of the countries of the world. The article analyzes the volume of foreign direct investment in Ukraine, the structure of investment in the sectoral context and by investor countries of foreign direct investment over the ten-year period from 2010 to 2019. Research results. Based on the study, it was found that the most attractive for foreign investors in the industry, during the analyzed period, remain the industry, especially processing, financial and insurance activities, wholesale and retail trade, real estate operations, scientific and technical activities, information and telecommunications. It is determined that the main investor countries that invest more than 80% of foreign direct investment are twelve of the one hundred and thirty investment countries. The top five investor countries are Cyprus, the Netherlands, Germany, the United Kingdom and the Russian Federation, these countries form more than 60% of all international investments in the economy of Ukraine. The study revealed that almost a third of the international investment in the Ukrainian economy is Ukrainian capital, previously withdrawn from the country in offshore jurisdictions - round - tripping. These countries, apart from Cyprus, include Switzerland and the British Islands Verginsky. Conclusion. The necessity of further formation of modern approaches to the creation of a favorable investment environment in the Ukrainian economy, based on the experience of countries such as Estonia in the taxation of withdrawn capital and world experience, is substantiated. Ukraine should also continue to cooperate with international institutions such as the OECD and develop areas of cooperation with investors under the MLI Convention, which will help reduce the movement of Ukrainian capital to low-tax countries and, accordingly, will affect the increase in investment in the Ukrainian economy.
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Tanasić, Ljiljana, and Teodor Petrović. "Transfer pricing in a function of abusing tax competition instruments." Skola biznisa, no. 1 (2020): 137–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.5937/skolbiz1-22224.
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The paper focuses on elucidating transfer pricing as a means of tax competition instruments misuse. Tax competition instruments have a key role in creating national tax attractiveness for foreign direct investment. However, in order to protect the local tax base on the basis of abuse of tax competition instruments, a large number of countries apply the principle of sources of income, i.e. taxation of business profits made by a non-resident legal entity exclusively in the country where the business was conducted and revenue generated. But with the process of globalization and the expansion of multinational companies, i.e. related legal entities, the instruments of tax competition have remained a suitable area of legally permitted transfer of profits through the application of transfer pricing. The data presented in the paper indicate that, although the trend of global corporate tax rate (as the dominant instrument of tax competition) has a downward trajectory, there are still fluctuations in rates between countries around the world, including the existing inconsistencies and ambiguities of national tax regulations. Taking this into account, the aim of the paper was to emphasize that transfer prices, through the instruments of tax competition, have threatened the economic, social, and tax stability of individual countries for more than two decades. The paper shows that developed countries have managed, to a certain extent, to gain control over their application by introducing more aggressive tax audits of transfer pricing. However, special attention is paid to developing countries which remain an active source of tax competition instruments abuse through the inadequate application of transfer pricing, due to the lack of adequate regulatory and control mechanisms, financial and human resources, and efforts to attract foreign investment through various instruments of tax competition.
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Kangave, Jalia. "IMPROVING TAX ADMINISTRATION: A CASE STUDY OF THE UGANDA REVENUE AUTHORITY." Journal of African Law 49, no. 2 (October 2005): 145–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021855305000124.
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KANGAVE, JALIA, Improving tax administration: a case study of the Uganda Revenue authority, Journal of African Law, 49, 2 (2005): 145–176The prevalence of poverty in developing countries demands that these countries should improvise internal revenue generating projects to supplement, or better still, ultimately significantly reduce dependence on foreign funding. This way self-sustaining economies will be built. One such internal revenue-generating mechanism, and perhaps the most commonly used, is taxation. This paper makes a case for tax administration as a tool of increasing the contribution of tax revenue to Gross Domestic Product, and consequently, a means of reducing the gap between the rich and the poor. The goal of this paper is to propose ways in which the Uganda Revenue Authority (the URA) can improve its tax administration. To achieve this objective, the paper begins with a detailed discussion of the URA's structure and the procedures it follows in collecting taxes. It then highlights the problems that may arise from such structure and procedures, before making proposals on how the URA can reform its organizational structure and processes to maximize its potential in revenue collection capabilities.
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Hai-Ni, Qu, Huang Xing-De, Xu Tang-Yun, Guo Peng-Chao, Zhang Mei-Xia, and Yang Xiu. "The Analysis of Current Implementation Mechanism of Green Power." Advanced Materials Research 860-863 (December 2013): 784–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.860-863.784.
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Energy is the material foundation to promote social progress and of humans survival. A large number of energy consumption has brought serious environmental problems. After Global Climate Summit in Copenhagen, The attention to the green-house gas emissions of our country from the international community grows day by day. Developing green power is vigorously an important way to reduce the emissions of greenhouse gases. However, the cost of green power is so high compared with the traditional fossil energy that green power cannot be promoted only depending on market mechanism. So the mechanism that supports green power should be established. Firstly the implementation of green power of foreign countries (mainly the United States and European Union countries) is analyzed, and its content includes implementation mechanism, the market main body and duties, policy, motivation, supervision, etc. Then the development of domestic green power is described in detail, and a comparative analysis is presented between foreign and domestic implementation of green power in various aspects. Now in our country, the provinces developing green power better are Jiangsu, Zhejiang, Shanghai, Beijing and so on. There are enough green-power resources, potential users in these regions. And with the excitation of national policy, the regions develop green power actively, laying foundation of implementation of green-power mechanism. Shanghai is now the first city of our country that implements mechanism of green power. After the analysis of the present implementation of green power, the deficiency and areas in need of improvement are presented, combined with Shanghais present green-power implementation mechanism, as well as the original national green-power implementation mechanism. And some policy suggestion is put forward for the recent national green-power development in finance, taxation, incentive etc, which analyses and improves the designation of green-power implementation mechanism, including the payments balance and the research of incentive mechanism.
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Pavlik, Iryna. "TRANSBOUNDARY COOPERATION OF UKRAINE AND POLAND IN AGRARIAN SPHERE: PROBLEMS AND PROSPECTS." Economic Analysis, no. 27(3) (2017): 62–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.35774/econa2017.03.062.
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Transboundary cooperation between Ukraine and Poland in the agrarian sector is an objective process with the condition of integration of the economy into the world economy. Inter-regional relations and foreign economic activity are developing, joint ventures, holdings, unions are being created. This tendency is inherent to the countries which have common borders and are geographical neighbours, such as Ukraine and Poland in particular. We consider the perspective directions of cooperation between Ukraine and Poland in the agrarian sector in formation of a coherent agrarian policy, the Common Agricultural Market, creation of a free trade area in the border regions, establishment of joint investment programs; improvement of the investment climate through preferential taxation of agricultural production; development of mechanisms for joint support of innovative activity of agricultural enterprises, farms, individual farms by regional authorities and local self-government bodies, etc. As a result of this study, the main directions of Ukrainian and Polish cooperation and formation of relations between the two states in the field of agriculture in the border territories have been established. The problems of transboundary cooperation between Ukraine and Poland in the agrarian sector have been elucidated. They are presented in the form of barriers that hinder to active cooperation of the mentioned countries. The areas of transboundary cooperation between Ukraine and Poland in the agrarian sector have been proposed. The cooperation between Ukraine and Poland in the agrarian sector will contribute to the economic development of both countries.
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Conrad, Adeeb, and Frederik J. Mostert. "Financial considerations when making capital investments abroad." Corporate Ownership and Control 9, no. 2 (2012): 188–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.22495/cocv9i2c1art3.
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There are many financial considerations which enterprises should take into account when they are contemplating the possibility to make capital investments abroad. The long-term nature of capital investments emphasizes the importance of the financial decisions as enterprises are often not in a position to opt out easily. This research paper focuses on the financial considerations only and other considerations, such as political, economic and technological matters do not receive any attention. The objective of this research focuses on the improvement of financial decision-making when enterprises are contemplating capital investments abroad. This objective is achieved by paying attention to the impact of following aspects: taxation, inflation rates, foreign exchange rates, interest rates, the capital structure and the cost of capital, capital and labour intensity, labour productivity, as well as the cash flow, liquidity, solvency and profitability considerations. An empirical study which has 29 top companies in South Africa as the respondents provided detailed information concerning capital investments made abroad. As South Africa is a developing country with an emerging market economy, the empirical results should be valuable to enterprises in other countries with emerging market economies.
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Ruvendi, Ramlan, and Herdiah Kusweni. "PENGARUH PERGERAKAN NILAI TUKAR DAN VOLUME TRANSAKSI TERHADAP PENDAPATAN TRANSAKSI DEVISA (STUDI KASUS PADA PT. BII, TBK KANTOR CABANG BOGOR)." Jurnal Ilmiah Binaniaga 2, no. 02 (November 27, 2018): 44. http://dx.doi.org/10.33062/jib.v2i02.159.
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Exchange or conversion rate is one of the important factors in an open economy since its big impact on the running transaction balance, foreign balance or other economical factors. Exchange rate plays a central role in international trade because exchange rate enables us to compare all products and services prices from other countries. The policy to predict and react on the exchange rate fluctuation is developing in line with the growing understanding of how the national and international monetary systems work. In addition transparency in accounting and taxation rules concerning the un/profitability from the exchange transactions and more familiar of economical effect of foreign currencies on cash flow and market value in the future. This research was carried out at PT. BII Ltd. Bogor Branch Office, and based on the problems, the purposes of the study were: (1) to know what factor that influence the movement of exchange rate (2) to see whether the movement and the volume of the exchange rate have significant relationship on the income from foreign exchange transactions (3) to identify if there is an influence of foreign exchange movement on the income from foreign exchange transactions and (4) to know is there an influence of transaction volume on the income from foreign exchange transactions. There were several factors that influence the foreign exchange rate on US Dollar, they are: (1) economical foundation (including inflation rate, BI interest rate, government control and income rate) (2) external factors (including American interest rate and policy, the rise of world crude oil price, European interest rate, American economic condition etc.) (3) market bias (including supply and demand, expectation and rumors). The influence of both foreign exchange rate (FER) and transaction volume (TV) analysis on the income of foreign exchange transactions (IFET) at PT. BII Ltd. Bogor Branch Office the writer found the regression equation as = -432050000.042 + 4762.800NT + 0.000595VT. The doubled regression linear of collected data gave a parameter value 4762.800NT and 0.000595VT and a constant value -432050000.042. The double correlation of the FER variable and the TV on the IFET at this company was positive and the coefficient correlation (r) was 0.577. The determinant coefficient (r squared) was 0.333 that means 33.30% of the IFET variety was caused by doubled regression between the IFET with FER and TV. The remaining 66.70% was explained by variables other than FER and TV that influence the IFET.
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Piasecki, Ryszard. "Development Economics and the issues of poverty and social inequalities." Annales. Etyka w Życiu Gospodarczym 20, no. 6 (February 22, 2017): 123–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.18778/1899-2226.20.6.09.
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Development economics emerged as a separate discipline of economic science in the 1950s but it wasn’t until the 1960s and mid-1970s that it began to draw serious attention. Gradually, an extensive literature concerning economic development was built up. In the 1980s it turned out, however, that despite some successes, the economic growth in most of medium and less developed countries was not as high as expected. During the 1980s and 1990s, the so-called Washington Consensus dominated the theory and practice of economic development. This notion covered the whole range of activities that were to lead the developing countries to improved welfare and prosperity. It included strict fiscal and monetary policies, deregulation, foreign trade and capital flow liberalisation, elimination of government subsidies, moderate taxation, liberalisation of interest rates, maintaining low inflation, etc. Based on the developmental experience of over past ten years, a new paradigm of development is emerging, the elements of which can be described as follows: (1) the basic economic environment should encourage the long-term investment in (2) the economy should have a high sensitivity to market stimuli (3) human capital must complement physical capital (4) due to the fast flow and absorption of information in the rapidly changing world, the key role is played by institutions and mechanisms that jointly respond to stimuli (5) wherever market failures occur, an intervention of the state should be market-friendly 6) social equality must be guaranteed if the economic development is to take place on a sustainable basis.
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Makarova, M. V. "Overcoming Social Inequality in Mexico." Economics and Management 26, no. 4 (June 10, 2020): 392–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.35854/1998-1627-2020-4-392-396.
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The presented study examines certain aspects of Mexico’s social policy from the 19th century to the implementation of the key programs of the 2019-2024 National Development Plan.Aim. The study aims to identify the major causes and find solutions to one of the main problems of social development in Mexico - social stratification.Tasks. The authors determine the sequence of historical, political, and economic actions that have influenced social inequality; examine the factors that have led to social stratification; analyzestatistics pertaining to reforms; examine the programs of Mexico’s 2019-2024 National Development Plan.Methods. This study uses general scientific methods of cognition to identify social development trends in Mexico’s socio-economic policy and the underlying internal and external factors, and to analyze the directions of the programs of Mexico’s 2019-2024 National Development Plan.Results. Social inequality in Mexico can be traced back to medieval times. Since the 19th century, oppressed people have been openly asserting their social standing. Significant social stratification and an overwhelming number of poor people with little education cannot resist the country’s political system. There is constant pressure from foreign countries, particularly from the United States, on the political order of Mexico through the promotion of foreign standards aimed at deriving profit for other countries and the Mexican elite. The country’s domestic regulation is carried out in the context of limited wage growth, lack of a progressive taxation system, and disparate accessibility of social benefits for different population groups. Since the beginning of the 21st century, introduction of socially oriented programs has reduced social inequality, but it remains too high in comparison with developed and developing countries.Conclusions. A study of the country’s socio-economic policy since the 19th century reveals features that are specific to Mexico: a very high level of corruption and criminality, social stratification with an overwhelming number of low-income people and general marginalization hinder the country’s social development and economic growth. The middle class is poorly developed and cannot provide the domestic consumption necessary for the stable development of Mexico and reduction of the country’s dependence on its trading partners. Population support measures are ineffective in the context of the established way of life.
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MAKUSHINA, Elena Yu, Dar'ya M. KARMANOVA, and Aleksei S. KUCHER. "Tax reform initiated by D. Trump: Economic and social aspects." Finance and Credit 27, no. 3 (March 30, 2021): 693–720. http://dx.doi.org/10.24891/fc.27.3.693.
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Subject. The article addresses the tax reform of 2017, initiated by D. Trump. Objectives. The aim is to determine the relationship between the total volume of tax revenues to the budget of the U.S. Government and the growth of U.S. GDP in the long run. Methods. To identify the impact of the tax reform on the investment climate in the country and the subsequent GDP growth, we formulate a hypothesis and propose a regression model. The quarterly data from 04.01.1960 to 07.01.2019 serve as a statistical sampling, published by financial departments of the U.S. Office of Management and Budget and the U.S. Bureau of Economic Analysis. The study rests on the econometric analysis enabling to identify the impact of the volume of tax revenues from the corporate income tax and individual income taxes on the level of the GDP of the United States. Results. In the short term, we observe a decrease in tax revenues and a subsequent increase in the budget deficit, in the long term – an increase in business activity of the country, a growth in foreign direct investment, and, consequently, an increase in the GDP. The paper offers a model for assessing the economic growth of the GDP of the United States, in which tax predictors were used in combination with macroeconomic indicators. Conclusions. The experience of the United States and the results of this study may be used by the governments of developing countries and experts in the field of taxation for tax policy development.
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Samad, Ghulam, and Rabia Manzoor. "Green Growth: An Environmental Technology Approach." Pakistan Development Review 50, no. 4II (December 1, 2011): 471–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.30541/v50i4iipp.471-490.
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This research is focused on achieving green growth through an environmental technology approach. Developing environmental technology we examined four elements considering the enforcement of intellectual property rights (IPRs), research and development (R&D) expenditures, the size of the market capture by GDP and most importantly the environmental taxations. This study includes the 11 developed countries which are Austria, Australia, Canada, France, Japan, Finland, Germany, Sweden, U.K and U.S. Technology change can be better handled by panel data than by pure cross-section or pure time series. It can minimise the bias if we used the aggregate individuals or firms. Estimation techniques depend on short panel or long panel. This study used the Pooled Least Square estimation techniques like Fixed Effect Model (FEM) and random effect model (REM) for both balance period of 2000-2005 and unbalanced period from 1995-2005. The study concluded the policy formulation in making developed‘s climate resilient economies. JEL classification: O34, F19, L24 Keywords: Intellectual Property Rights, Foreign Direct Investment, Technology Licensing
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Henama, Unathi Sonwabile, and Portia Pearl Siyanda Sifolo. "Tourism Migration in South Africa." International Journal of Innovation in the Digital Economy 8, no. 1 (January 2017): 47–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/ijide.2017010103.
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This article explores the tourism migration within the South African context, thereby focusing on the current dynamics, challenges and future prospects. Tourism and migration are significant towards globalisation. Almost all countries have jumped on the tourism bandwagon as a result of the positive economic benefits that include improving the balance of payments, attracting foreign exchange, and increasing state coffers through the taxation of non-residents. South Africa has also adopted tourism into the developmental policies. Although Africa's share of the global tourism market remains less than 10%, the continental bodies such as the African Union under the wing NEPAD recognises that tourism and migration as an important factor to societies. This paper adopts the content analysis to address the tourism migration, dynamics, challenges and future prospects as a critical phenomenon. Tourism has deep characteristics of a plantation economy that does not benefit the majority of the societies, particularly in South Africa. Despite being a geographical dispersed country, the tourism industry in South Africa faces numerous challenges such as the integration of Black South Africans as product owners; reported high rates of crimes, lack of integration of locals in the tourism industry, the lack of aviation competition, paucity of ports of entry, and most recently the cyber-crime and the visa regulations etc. However, South African tourism remains resilient as a major destination due to its fauna and flora and increasing market niches are developing such as adventure tourism, health tourism and volunteer tourism. South Africa plans to be one of the top 20 destinations by 2020; steps are in place to ensure that South Africa achieves this objective.
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Auriol, Emmanuelle, and Michael Warlters. "Taxation base in developing countries." Journal of Public Economics 89, no. 4 (April 2005): 625–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jpubeco.2004.04.008.
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Carnahan, Michael. "Taxation Challenges in Developing Countries." Asia & the Pacific Policy Studies 2, no. 1 (January 2015): 169–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app5.70.
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Prud'homme, R. "Informal Local Taxation in Developing Countries." Environment and Planning C: Government and Policy 10, no. 1 (March 1992): 1–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1068/c100001.
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In this paper an attempt has been made to apply to the area of local taxation in developing countries the concept of ‘informality’ which has been so successfully utilized in other areas. Information taxation is defined as the mobilization of resources outside normal tax channels for the provision of public goods and services. A typology of informal taxes is offered that distinguishes between (1) ‘pinch’, (2) extortions, (3) requisitions, (4) contributions, (5) gifts, and (6) donations. In the case of Zaire, an order of magnitude of the importance of informal taxation is offered. A reassessment of the merit and demerits of informal taxation is then proposed.
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TULAI, Oksana, and Andrii YAMELYNETS. "PERSONAL INCOME TAX: EXPERIENCE OF FOREIGN COUNTRIES." WORLD OF FINANCE, no. 1(58) (2019): 76–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.35774/sf2019.01.076.
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Introduction. In the current conditions of the integration movement of Ukraine to the European Union and the reform of the institutions of state power, the issue of studying foreign experience of the system of taxation of individuals' incomes is actualized. The application of effective practices of other states will contribute to increasing the fiscal role of the personal income tax in Ukraine, reducing social inequality and increasing the welfare of the population. Purpose. The purpose of the article is to find out the features, trends and problems of the functioning of the personal income tax in foreign countries. Results. The article deals with the foreign experience of functioning of the system of personal income taxation. The role and role of PIT in the EU and OECD countries is shown. The proportional and progressive approach to taxation of this tax is considered, their key advantages and disadvantages are determined. An analogy has been made between the European states, the OECD member states and Ukraine. The objective necessity of establishing a non-taxable minimum or partial exemption of citizens' incomes from taxes in the context of support of low-income categories of the population and ensuring social justice is substantiated. Conclusions. It is concluded that in developed countries, the progressive system of taxation of the PIT along with the minimum non-taxable minimum is an effective tool for generating budget revenues and solving social inequalities in society. Instead, third-world states can not use this mechanism in a qualitative way due to significant tax compliance problems. They apply a proportional taxation system for PIT that minimizes tax evasion and international competitiveness.
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Toye, John, David Newbery, and Nicholas Stern. "The Theory of Taxation for Developing Countries." Economic Journal 98, no. 393 (December 1988): 1222. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2233739.
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Tower, Edward, David Newbery, and Nicholas Stern. "The Theory of Taxation for Developing Countries." Southern Economic Journal 55, no. 1 (July 1988): 249. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1058895.
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Codrington, Harold. "Country size and taxation in developing countries." Journal of Development Studies 25, no. 4 (July 1989): 508–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00220388908422126.
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Chamley, Christophe. "Taxation of Financial Assets in Developing Countries." World Bank Economic Review 5, no. 3 (1991): 513–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/wber/5.3.513.
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Devarajan, Shantayanan. "The theory of taxation for developing countries." Journal of Development Economics 33, no. 1 (July 1990): 181–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0304-3878(90)90017-6.
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Olken, Benjamin A., and Monica Singhal. "Informal Taxation." American Economic Journal: Applied Economics 3, no. 4 (October 1, 2011): 1–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/app.3.4.1.
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Informal payments are a frequently overlooked source of local public finance in developing countries. We use microdata from ten countries to establish stylized facts on the magnitude, form, and distributional implications of this “informal taxation.” Informal taxation is widespread, particularly in rural areas, with substantial in-kind labor payments. The wealthy pay more, but pay less in percentage terms, and informal taxes are more regressive than formal taxes. Failing to include informal taxation underestimates household tax burdens and revenue decentralization in developing countries. We discuss various explanations for and implications of these observed stylized facts. (JEL H24, H27, O12, O17, O23)
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FISHWICK, WILFRED. "Developing Countries and Foreign Universities." European Journal of Engineering Education 14, no. 2 (January 1989): 141–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03043798908903348.
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Nandy, Amarendu. "Foreign Investment in Developing Countries." Asean Economic Bulletin 22, no. 2 (August 2005): 247–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1355/ae22-2k.
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Solomka, Yana. "Taxation of income of individuals: foreign practice." University Economic Bulletin, no. 46 (September 1, 2020): 153–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.31470/2306-546x-2020-46-153-160.
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Relevance of research topic. At present, many of the problems that foreign countries have to solve in connection with transformation processes and affecting the financial stability of their economies are similar in nature to the problems that exist in Ukraine. Therefore, the study of foreign practice of taxation of personal income is extremely relevant. Formulation of the problem. The system of taxation of personal income in each country is a significant regulator of the relationship between the state and citizens - taxpayers. On the one hand, it provides the financial base of the state, and on the other hand, it acts as the main instrument for the implementation of its economic doctrine. Therefore, by setting the size of taxation of income of individuals, the state seeks to ensure a stable income base and influence the amount of citizens' savings in order to the optimally implement the development strategy. Analysis of recent research and publications. Theoretical principles of taxation have been developed in the works of such prominent scientists as A. Wagner, D. Keynes, A. Laffer, D. Mill, F. Nitti, D. Ricardo, and A. Smith. The study of taxation of individuals in Ukraine and other countries is carried out in the works of such domestic scientists as: V. Andrushchenko, L. Barannyk, O. Vasylyk, V. Melnyk, S. Onyshko, A. Sokolovska, L. Tarangul, V. Fedosov, L. Shablysta, S. Yuriy, I. Yakushchyk and others. Selection of unexplored parts of the general problem. Ukraine lacks experience in effective taxation of personal income. Therefore, it is advisable to deepen the study of the issues of identifying elements of the positive experience of foreign countries that have some success in this matter, and to determine whether they can be applied in the practice of taxation in Ukraine. Setting the task, the purpose of the study. The aim of the work is to identify the leading foreign experience in the taxation of personal income, systematize its positive elements, as well as develop proposals for the possibility of their implementation in Ukraine. Methodology for conducting research. Methods of system-structural analysis and synthesis, dialectical and methods of generalization, grouping, comparison and other methods became a methodological basis of the article. Presentation of the main material (results of work). The article analyzes the experience of foreign countries in the field of personal income taxation, presents the author's understanding of the possibility of its implementation in domestic tax practice. Methods of personal income taxation in different countries of the world are considered. The field of application of results. The research results can be used in the practice of taxation in the process of its improvement. Conclusions according to the article. The experience of foreign countries in the taxation of personal income is rich in useful examples. The analysis showed that the lowest income tax rates are characteristic of countries with lower economic development rates and usually without the use of progressive taxation. High - inherent in the developed due to the presence of a progressive scale of taxation, which makes it possible to transfer the tax burden of the less well-off strata of the population to more well off. Improving the system of taxation of personal income, Ukraine should take into account the fact that all foreign countries, in order to achieve greater interest of citizens in paying taxes, to establish greater social justice, differentiate their approach to tax collection depending on the amount of their income. This is a successfully proven mechanism for combating tax evasion and, accordingly, filling the budget.