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Ong'wamuhana, Kibuta. "The taxation of income from foreign investments : a case study of some developing countries." Title page, contents and abstract only, 1989. http://web4.library.adelaide.edu.au/theses/09LM/09lmo58.pdf.
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Andersson, Thomas. "Foreign direct investment in competing host countries : a study of taxation and nationalization." Doctoral thesis, Stockholm : Economic Research Institute, Stockholm School of Economics [Ekonomiska forskningsinstitutet vid Handelshögsk.] (EFI), 1989. http://www.hhs.se/efi/summary/278.htm.
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Lappas-Grigoraki, Daphni. "Tax Non-Compliance In Developing Countries: Examining The Effect On Foreign Direct Investment, Infrastructure And Transfer Pricing." Scholarship @ Claremont, 2014. http://scholarship.claremont.edu/cmc_theses/925.
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This paper will discuss the obstacles governments of developing countries face in regulating related party transactions in this rapidly globalizing world. The first section of this paper will focus on foreign direct investment, its benefits, and the tax incentives instituted by developing countries to attract the capital of multinational corporations. Next, this paper will examine the major obstacles to growth a developing country must combat: shadow economies and corruption. These two enemies of growth hurt a developing country’s ability to attract foreign direct investment, to develop its rule of law and tax administration, and to efficiently allocate its resources with the goal of developing a stable economy. Finally, I will explain the difficulties developing countries must overcome to regulate firm transfer pricing under the current global standard.
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Braun, Julia, and Martin Zagler. "The true art of the tax deal: Evidence on aid flows and bilateral double tax agreements." WU Vienna University of Economics and Business, 2017. http://epub.wu.ac.at/5459/1/wp242.pdf.
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Out of a total of 2,976 double tax agreements (DTAs), some 60% are signed between a developing and a developed economy. As DTAs shift taxing rights from capital importing to capital exporting countries, the prior would incur a loss. We demonstrate in a theoretical model that in a deal one country does not trump the other, but that the deal must be mutually beneficial. In the case of an asymmetric DTA, this requires compensation from the capital exporting country to the capital importing country. We provide empirical evidence that such compensation is indeed paid, for instance in the form of bilateral official development assistance, which increases on average by six million US$ in the year of the signature of a DTA.Series: Department of Economics Working Paper Series
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Jantjies, Dumisani Joseph. "Can a multilateral agreement on investment reduce double tax treaty abuse in developing countries?" University of the Western Cape, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/11394/5680.
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Magister Philosophiae - MPhilOver the years, the world economy has experienced growth in foreign direct investments (FDI), with the role of developing countries becoming more evident as both recipients and investors alike. The proliferation of international investment has also led to more bilateral investment treaties (BITs) with their complex and often duplicated rules. The increase in BITs of this complex nature has thus resuscitated a less publicly debated course, although recently discussed within the United Nations Conference for Trade and Development (UNCTAD), is there need for multilateral agreement on investment (MAI), hosted within the multilateral institution(s)? Since the late 1990s, the discussion as to whether international investments require the MAI has been characterised by diverging interests of developed and developing countries, with neither willing to concede. Even in the immediate post-War II period, this standoff between developed and developing countries has dominated a discourse on whether there is a need for an international agreement on international investment. Yet developing countries, or African countries classified as least developing, continue to be left out of MAI discussions. For example, the Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) 1990's proposed plurilateral agreement excluded African countries.
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Alhijazi, Yahya Z. D. "Developing countries and foreign direct investment." Thesis, McGill University, 1999. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=21670.
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Along with international trade, foreign direct investment (FDI) has been the engine driving the current economic globalization of the world economy. The growth rate of FDI, which exceeded that of international trade and world output throughout the 1990s, raises important questions regarding the value of FDI to developing countries as host countries to FDI and the role it can play in their development.In an attempt to answer these questions, this thesis tackles the main issues underlining FDI and developing countries. After analysing the pros and cons of FDI for developing countries and other interested parties, this thesis scrutinizes the regulation of FDI as a means to balance the interests of the concerned parties, giving an assessment of the balance of interests in some existing and potential FDI regulations. Furthermore, this thesis highlights the case against the deregulation of FDI and its consequences for developing countries. It concludes by formulating regulatory FDI guidelines for developing.
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Al-hijazi, Yahya Z. D. "Developing countries and foreign direct investment." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1999. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk1/tape9/PQDD_0025/MQ50916.pdf.
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Thurneysen, Bastian. "Taxation of Offshore Indirect Transfers (OIT) in developing countries." Master's thesis, Faculty of Law, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/32373.
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In a world of globalized capital, individuals, companies, individuals, and nations, often benefit from investment opportunities in which capital is free to flow across borders and jurisdictions with limited restrictions. Foreign direct investment in developing nations is certainly one of the perceived benefits of this milieu in which capital is liberalized, as it often provides critical funds for resource extraction, industrial growth or increased agricultural output, and, supposedly, an overall influx of positive development potential (Rixen, 2015: 325). Indeed, many developing nations work very hard to attract foreign investment capital, including through tax incentives, which can create opportunities for utilizing natural resources, employment, and infrastructure development. Overall, international investment is often portrayed as win-win scenario, with some, but few drawbacks. However, this does not mean that the international flow of capital is not without its complications. Not all pertinent actors involved in the global chains of investment, industry, and development, feel as though the international system is a level playing field for all parties. This is particularly true when it comes to the notion of taxation, which is on one hand largely a domestic issue, meaning that taxation policy is ultimately in the jurisdiction of national governments. Yet with that said, the international arena in the early part of the second millennium is a world of international business in which capital investment flows readily across and between jurisdictions, heightening the need for more robust, creative, and far-reaching policy and legislation that allows nations to capture the taxable income generated from their domestic resources in foreign destinations, because of the high degree of foreign ownership through globalized capital (Toledano, Bush, & Mandelbaum, 2017: 13). Depending on the country in question, this can be a daunting task. The reality of the international arena is one of countries that are divided across a spectrum of wealth, from a small number of very wealthy and powerful nations, (from which stem most of the powerful corporations and other investment engines), to those who struggle to meet the basic needs of their people, and to maintain stable governance. It is those nations at the lower end of the scale that are generally recognized as being the most vulnerable to powerful international forces. The economic drivers in such nations are often found in raw resources, whether in labour, mineral deposits, or agriculture, most of which rely on some degree of foreign investment both in capital and technological capacity in order to harness and extract their value (Kosters, 2004: 7). In turn, the taxes that are generated from such activity not only play a substantial role in filling the coffers of these governments, but are one of the few potential resources for meaningful earnings for the state, in countries where they are most needed, primarily for very basic needs of infrastructure and daily governance (Marais, 2018: 611). Increasingly over the past decades, it has been recognized that there is a great deal more that powerful countries and institutions can and perhaps should do in order to help the less powerful harness their wealth, from taxation and other sources (Kosters, 2004: 7). As of more recent years, various institutions have entered the fray in regard to development and related issues like taxation at the international level, operating via collective agreements. These include groups such as the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD), International Monetary Fund (IMF), and World Bank. While several international bodies, the OECD included, provide some guidance and direction for taxation, these agreements are voluntary, and do not supersede the power or responsibility of national governments to monitor the usage, flow, and taxation of national resources. Further, there is a notable critique on the somewhat conflictual nature of these institutions, in that they get their power from the same powerful nations whose business elites have been benefiting from lopsided power dynamics on the international level all along, and in many ways, despite the good intentions of some initiatives on their part, on the whole, they continue to do so, meaning that developmental needs and the ethics of equity and fairness still must fight to be recognized against a backdrop of profiteers who are in many ways loathe to surrender their advantages, whether they are deemed to be fair or not (Marais, 2018: 612). In briefly considering the taxation landscape in regard to OITs, at present there exists a variety of approaches. On one hand there are some guidelines presented by some intergovernmental organizations, for example, the OECD, which suggests taxation of OITs in some limited cases. However, this serves as a guideline for member countries and not a regulation. It should be further noted that, regardless of policy source and orientation, any application of taxation to OITs can only occur when a nation has a suitable domestic taxation policy in place, as such taxes are ultimately under the authority of national governments where the resource resides. This has led some researchers to comment on the distinction between developed and developing nations when it comes to the value and importance of taxing OITs, whereby it may be very much in the interest of developing countries to harness the tax on this activity, and much less important for developed nations (Lau, 2015:43) . This is owing largely to the fact that such holdings and transfers by multinationals are far more common in developing nations, and to the fact that the taxes on such. This may provide a meaningful backdrop for understanding the variance in approach to OITs from nation to nation, as well as create a focal point for understanding how developing nations in particular can use taxation as one of the tools needed to harness the power of its own resources in order to better foster development.
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Ghosh, Dastidar Amrita. "Foreign Direct Investment, Foreign Aid, and Socioeconomic Infrastructure in Developing Countries." DigitalCommons@USU, 2013. https://digitalcommons.usu.edu/etd/1976.
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During the 1970s and 1980s, developing countries, skeptical of foreign investment, imposed several barriers on entry of foreign capital. However, the late 1980s and 1990s marked the onset of globalization, which integrated the whole world into a single global economy. The once-conservative developing nations, realizing the multifarious benefits of foreign direct investment (FDI), began encouraging entry of foreign firms, using various incentives, such as tax holidays, production subsidies, cash grants, labor training grants, and import duty exemptions. Gradually, FDI and foreign aid became two very important sources of foreign capital for these capital-constrained economies. This dissertation is focused on studying if there is any kind of relationship between foreign aid and private investment in recipient countries. FDI is a decision made by foreign investors on the basis of profitability of investment, whereas foreign aid is a political decision made by governments of donor countries on the basis of need for financial assistance by developing countries. We model foreign aid as an exogenous factor in allocation of foreign direct investment, along with other variables, to estimate the effect of aid on investment. Among the factors affecting FDI, infrastructure is considered to be an important one, in allocation of funds across developing countries. This dissertation is arranged as follows. In chapter 2, we introduce the term ``socioeconomic'' infrastructure and create an index, by combining several components of infrastructure, using the multivariate technique of principal components. Prior to creating the index, we employ the technique of multiple imputation to deal with missing data. Our measure of socioeconomic infrastructure contains elements of physical infrastructure, such as transportation facilities, telecommunication facilities, consumption demand for energy and electricity, as well as social infrastructure components, such as voice and accountability, political stability and the absence of violence and terrorism, rule of law, control of corruption, government effectiveness, and regulatory quality. In chapter 3, we develop a theoretical model to address the research question: Does foreign aid impede or encourage foreign direct investment in developing nations? Our theory demonstrates that foreign aid used by the recipient country in financing a public input (known as development aid) encourages foreign direct investment. We also empirically address the same issue by modeling foreign aid as a determinant of foreign direct investment, along with a host of other factors, including our computed index of socioeconomic infrastructure. Our analysis shows that public consumption aid (foreign aid used for financing consumption expenses) does crowd out private investment in current account surplus developing countries, whereas development aid crowds in private investment in the presence of sound macroeconomic, political, legal, and administrative machineries. In chapter 4, we build a panel econometric model to explain the factors underlying socioeconomic infrastructure in developing countries. Our results indicate that countries with higher per capita income, a prominently large government, high investment demand, and large government revenue tend to have better infrastructure.
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Lockwood, William George. "Foreign aid and economic growth in developing countries." Diss., The University of Arizona, 1990. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/185020.
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Foreign aid is a relatively new form of economic exchange between nations, yet in only a few decades it has become a persistent structural element of the modern world-system. Conventional theories of economic development view foreign aid as a "flow" of financial resources into an economy and argue that it accelerates economic growth in the less developed countries by supplementing the domestic capital resources that are available for development. Dependency theory and the world-system perspective conceive of foreign aid as a "structural" feature of the recipient economy and suggest that it retards economic growth in these countries by reproducing the structural distortion of the economy that was originally established by colonialism and by systematically limiting the ability of the peripheral state to control the development of its economy. These theories suggest contradictory findings which are tested in this dissertation with multiple regression analysis. The analyses parallel the seminal research of Bornschier et al. (1978) on foreign investment and economic growth by simultaneously estimating the effects of both short-term flows and long-term stocks of foreign aid on economic growth. Using a sample of 91 Third World countries, the effects of foreign aid on economic growth are estimated both during a period of relative expansion of the world economy (1970-1978) and during a period of relative recession (1978-1986). My findings lend some support to both theoretical perspectives but the direction of the effects are opposite to those predicted by Bornschier et al. Foreign aid is found to have short-term negative effects on economic growth during both time periods but long-term positive effects on economic growth are statistically significant only for the later time period. The findings from this research clearly suggest that the dependency and world-system perspective must modify its theoretical explanations concerning the relationship between foreign capital flows and economic development to take into account the varied uses of different types of financial resources. They also highlight the importance of recognizing that different phases of the expansion and contraction of the world economy may condition the effects of specific types of core-periphery interactions.
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Shah, Mumtaz Hussain. "Essays on foreign direct investment in developing countries." Thesis, University of Leicester, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/2381/10296.
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The first chapter assesses the relative importance of WTO accession in general and that of its three major components, that is, TRIMS, TRIPS and liberalisation in particular in increasing a developing country’s attractiveness for overseas investors. Using annual data for a panel of 90 developing countries over the years 1980-2007, I found that trade and investment liberalization, removal of market distortions through TRIMS, strengthening and worldwide harmonisation of IPR standards through TRIPS adds to a developing country’s ability to host additional FDI. Consistent with the prediction of the market size hypothesis, population is found to have a significant positive effect on inward FDI. WTO membership, agglomeration and sound macroeconomic management have plausible significant effects on FDI inflows. Traditional FDI factors such as infrastructure availability, financial development and education, though regarded as important location determinants, are not robust with respect to alternative proxies and specification of the estimating model. Language and geographic location dummies confirm that foreign firms prefer Anglophones, and are reluctant to invest in South Asia and Francophone countries. In the second chapter, I investigate the effects of linkage factors with OECD countries on FDI inflows into leading/emerging developing countries. I use the standard gravity model approach, utilising annual data for 12 developing host and 16 OECD source countries from 1990 to 2007, to demonstrate that the increased association between a developed and a developing country is associated with large positive foreign direct investment inflows to the developing country. I found that a bilateral investment treaty, trade agreement and adherence to intellectual property rights conventions/treaties, results in increased FDI inflows, and are increasing with market size of the partners and their geographical proximity to each other. Moreover, I have shown that this effect occurs not only in case of bilateral accords but also multilateral and global pacts involving other countries, signalling increased commitment of the host country to potential overseas investors. However, their effect is more profound when the source and host countries are both members of/adhere to the same pact. These findings are found to be robust across different estimation techniques, model specifications and alternate proxies for variables1 Finally, in the third chapter, I explore the effects of corruption and political and economic institutions on foreign direct investment inflows in five South Asian nations, that is, Bangladesh, India, Nepal, Pakistan and Sri Lanka. Owing to the long-term relationship with the host, strong institutions and absence of corruption and bureaucratic intervention are crucial location advantages of host countries, especially for those which lack abundant natural resources to attract foreign investors like the SAARC economies. For a thorough analysis, I exploited not only the aggregate measures of institutional strength from Fraser Institute, Polity IV and Freedom House from 1970-2009 but also the disaggregated clearly focused set of institutional measures from the Political Risk Services, that are, the sub-components of the International Country Risk Guide for 1984-2008. I found that changes in the institutional variables do not have an overall significant positive impact on FDI when aggregate measures of institutional efficiency are employed. However, when these collective measures are disaggregated to a more clearly focused set of factors, their increased effectiveness leads to additional FDI inflows at least for some indicators.
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Udomkerdmongkol, Manop. "Essays on Foreign Direct Investment in Developing Countries." Thesis, University of Nottingham, 2007. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.518740.
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Khayat, Sahar. "Developing countries' foreign direct investment and portfolio investment." Thesis, University of Leicester, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/2381/38031.
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This thesis is a collection of three empirical essays on foreign direct investment and cross-border portfolio investment. The objective of the first essay entitled: “Oil and the Location Determinants of Foreign Direct Investment in MENA Countries” is to investigate the effect of oil as a proxy for natural resources and the main location determinants of foreign direct investment. Moreover, this paper examines whether oil as a proxy for natural resources in the host countries alters the relationship between natural resources and institutional quality. The result of the interaction, which is the key interest in this chapter, is robust and undermines the effects of investment profiles on IFDI. Paying particular attention to the degree of outward FDI concentration in developing countries and transition economies, the second essay is titled “Extending Dunning's Investment Development Path (IDP): Home Country Determinants of Outward Foreign Direct Investment from Developing Countries.” The aim of the empirical estimates provided in this paper is to investigate the home countries’ determinants of outward FDI from developing countries. Results from the paper support the OLI paradigm, the IDP theory. In the third essay, “Cross-Border Portfolio Investment from the Developing Economies and the Top Major Partners, using the Gravity Model”, I have applied a new approach to a new panel data set of bilateral gross cross-border investment flows between 37 developing countries and 79 host countries. The remarkably strong results have positive implications for the theory of asset trade. The main result suggests that the positive and significant coefficient of GDP per capita in a destination country can explain a significant part of the Lucas paradox, and supports the reason for developing capital being invested outside the region. Interestingly, geographical proximity is found to exert a significant positive influence on assets in order that investors may seek to diversify their portfolios.
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Gooroochurn, Nishaal. "Computable general equilibrium (GCE) modelling of tourism taxation : the case of Mauritius." Thesis, University of Nottingham, 2002. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.251775.
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Prasad, Kodiyat Tiju. "Foreign direct investment from developing countries: a systematic review." Thesis, Cranfield University, 2009. http://dspace.lib.cranfield.ac.uk/handle/1826/6576.
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The privileges of integration with the global economy have led developing
countries to embark on a path of liberalisation and globalisation. This resulted in rapid
growth of inward and outward foreign direct investment from developing countries. In
the last two decades there is an increasing trend of outward FDI from developing
countries to both developed and developing countries. This dissertation focuses on
exploring the literature on outward FDI from developing countries, and
internationalisation process of developing country multinationals which are
considered to be carriers to investment across international borders. The study has
examined the two main strands of literature on outward FDI from developing
countries – determinants of outward FDI and internationalisation process.
Findings of the systematic review show that there is a dearth of studies in this
area of research. Except a number of studies on China and countries of East and South
East Asia, there is very limited evidence on outward FDI from developing countries.
There is a set of studies on Africa that examine South-South investment flows.
Studies on other major developing countries are either non-existent or lack in
comprehensiveness. Some studies resulted in contradictory findings about the
determinants of outward FDI. This raises the question of sensitivity of variables
across geographical locations and time periods, which has not been researched before.
Studies on outward FDI also do not make a clear distinction between South-South and
South-North FDI flows. Other aspects like sovereign wealth funds and commodity
price boom have been ignored in the literature. It is important to investigate outward
FDI flows from the major developing economies because of its sheer scope to
contribute to academic literature, its policy implications, and also because of its
potential to bring development to some of the most impoverished parts of the world.
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Ahmed, Akhter, and edu au jillj@deakin edu au mikewood@deakin edu au wildol@deakin edu au kimg@deakin. "THE MACROECONOMIC IMPACT OF FOREIGN AID TO DEVELOPING COUNTRIES." Deakin University. School of Economics, 1996. http://tux.lib.deakin.edu.au./adt-VDU/public/adt-VDU20040907.174003.
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The thesis looks at the macroeconomic impact of foreign aid. It is specially concerned with aid's impact on the public sector of less developed countries < LDCs> . Since the overwhelming majority of aid is directed to the public sector of LDCs, one can only understand the broader macroeconomic impact of aid if one first understands its impact on this sector. To this end, the thesis econometrically estimates " fiscal response" models of aid. These models, in essence, attempt to shed light on public sector fiscal behaviour in the presence of aid inflows, being specially concerned with the way aid is used to finance various categories of expenditures. The underlaying concern is to extent to which aid is " fungible" -that is, whether it finances consumption expenditure and reductions in taxation revenue in LDCs. A number of alternative models are derived from a utility maximisation framework. These alternatives reflect different assumptions regarding the behaviour of LDC public sectors and relate to the endogeniety
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Hyun, Hea-Jung. "Three essays on foreign direct investment in developing countries." [Bloomington, Ind.] : Indiana University, 2006. http://gateway.proquest.com/openurl?url_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info:ofi/fmt:kev:mtx:dissertation&res_dat=xri:pqdiss&rft_dat=xri:pqdiss:3215176.
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Keeley, Alexander Ryota. "Foreign Direct Investment in Renewable Energy in Developing Countries." Kyoto University, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/2433/232433.
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Bagus, Shereen. "The impact of foreign bank ownership on developing countries." Diss., University of Pretoria, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/2263/23713.
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The recent LIBOR rate scandal in which Barclays received a sizeable fine for their role in the exploitation of the Interbank rate has had a negative reputational impact on Absa, as Barclays’ owns more than 50.1 per cent of Absa’s shares. This raises the question as to what the impact is of foreign bank ownership on a developing country.The purpose of this research is to ascertain whether a developing country can attain economic growth benefits in the form of increased levels of competition and efficiency in its banking sector, by implementing the foreign bank entry or more specifically the foreign bank ownership of local banks, economic liberalisation reform.Using econometric analysis the study calculated the levels of competition and efficiency from the annual firm-level financial statements for the period 1999 to 2010. This was done in two phases, where Phase One was from 1999 to 2004 and Phase Two was from 2005 to 2010 representing the periods pre- and post the Barclays’ acquisition of Absa.The findings of the two phases were then compared and indicated that there was no significant change in the level of competition or in the level of efficiency in the South African banking sector.The findings of the two phases were then compared and indicated that there was no significant change in the level of competition or in the level of efficiency in the South African banking sector.Dissertation (MBA)--University of Pretoria, 2012.
Gordon Institute of Business Science (GIBS)
unrestricted
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Zhang, Jian. "The impact of trade related investment measures in developing countries." Thesis, University of Hawaii at Manoa, 2003. http://proquest.umi.com/pqdweb?index=0&did=765888031&SrchMode=1&sid=6&Fmt=2&VInst=PROD&VType=PQD&RQT=309&VName=PQD&TS=1209144977&clientId=23440.
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Rosenblatt, Paulo. "General anti-avoidance rules for major developing countries: a comparative taxation approach." Thesis, University of London, 2013. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.603581.
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A GAAR is controversial: it confers great powers on tax officials but has not provided a complete solution to tax avoidance. Nevertheless, the idea of a GAAR has spread worldwide. Tax avoidance is not exclusive to advanced economies but also harmful to developing countries. International Financial Institutions have recently recommended a GAAR 'menu or tool kit' for developing countries. However, a number of differences between developed and developing countries suggest they should have different approaches in this field. There has been little research on adequate tax reforms for these countries. This thesis addresses this lacuna by discussing a workable GAAR for major developing countries. It considers the lessons from selected countries and what can be adapted to developing countries' circumstances. Comparative taxation is a useful tool to identify similarities and differences between systems, to provide a framework for comparing potential solutions to common policy issues and to promote law reform. The research acknowledges the limits to comparative taxation and the cautions needed in legal transplants. The design analysis focuses on the primary common elements of GAARs - scheme or arrangement, tax benefit and purpose - and secondary, nonessential tests - reasonableness, artificiality, abnormality, substance-over-form, economic reality, business purpose, non-tax purpose and abuse of law. The analysis is based on statutory provisions, discussion papers and case law mainly. Given that discretion is an unavoidable feature of GAARs, the thesis discusses how this power can be limited to provide a balance between protecting the tax base and securing legitimate tax planning. This thesis assumes that a GAAR may bring uncertainty to any system. Nonetheless, the hypothesis is that a narrowly drafted GAAR containing clear criteria and essential taxpayers' safeguards- although this may restrict its scope of generalitycan be an appropriate measure for developing countries.
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Salazar-Xirinachs, Jose Manuel. "The state, foreign trade and economic integration in developing countries." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 1993. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.282910.
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Hess, Michael. "Doorways to Development: Foreign Direct Investment Policies in Developing Countries." ScholarWorks@UNO, 2008. http://scholarworks.uno.edu/td/680.
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Foreign direct investment (FDI) is a key option for economic growth in most, if not all, developing countries. However, not all developing countries are equally open to foreign investment. Some restrict foreign equity, while others encourage multinational corporations to enter their markets. Because FDI involves outsiders entering national markets and profits, it is very political. FDI can bring economic benefits, such as jobs and new technology, but it may also entail economic costs, such as increased competition for national businesses. FDI may also bring political costs, as governments that open to foreign equity may see a popular backlash. Most governments have policies to control FDI's entry into their markets. These policies have been inadequately explored in quantitative studies of FDI because of a lack of available data. This study seeks to rectify that problem by introducing a new set of data: The Foreign Equity Index. I develop a theory and model of FDI in developing countries framed by the logic of two-level games. FDI requires agreement between developing states and international firms, and therefore agreements are reached with influence from domestic-level political and economic factors, as well as international-level factors. FDI policies are an indication of developing countries win-sets, or range of agreements they are willing to accept when dealing with foreign multinational corporations. I test this theory quantitatively using the Foreign Equity Index, which covers 55 developing countries from 1976-2004. I first estimate the international and domestic factors that influence the degree of openness to FDI indicated by FDI equity policies in developing countries. I then test the effect these policies have on FDI inflows. I find that both domestic and international factors affect developing countries’ FDI policies, and in turn, policies are a significant factor determining the flow of FDI into national markets. I also explore the ways in which FDI policies have played a role in economic development strategies of El Salvador and Nicaragua. This research and the Foreign Equity Index should aid in a better understanding of foreign direct investment and growth in developing countries in general.
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Phan, Thu Anh. "Do Different Political Regime Types Use Foreign Aid Differently to Improve Human Development?" Thesis, University of North Texas, 2009. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc12182/.
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Existing literature on foreign aid does not indicate what type of political regime is best to achieve human development outcomes or use aid funds more efficiently. I contend that political leaders of different regime types have personal incentives that motivate them to utilize foreign aid to reflect their interests in providing more or less basic social services for their citizens. Using a data set of 126 aid-recipient countries between the years of 1990 and 2007, I employ fixed effects estimation to test the model. The overall results of this research indicate that foreign aid and democratic institutionalization have a positive effect on total enrollment in primary education, while political regime types show little difference from one another in providing public health and education for their citizens.
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Kellett, Ken. "Bilateral aid in Canada's foreign policy : the human rights rhetoric-practice gap." Thesis, Lethbridge, Alta. : University of Lethbridge, Dept. of Political Science, c2013, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10133/3298.
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Successive Canadian federal governments have officially indicated their support of human rights in foreign policy, including as they relate to aid-giving. This thesis quantitatively tests this rhetoric with the actual practice of bilateral aid-giving in two time periods – 1998-2000 and 2007-2009. This, however, revealed that Canada has actually tended to give more bilateral aid to countries with poorer human rights records. A deeper quantitative analysis identifies certain multilateral memberships – notably with the Commonwealth, NATO, and OECD – and the geo-political and domestic considerations of Haiti as significant and confirms a recipient state’s human rights performance is not a consideration. These multilateral relationships reflect state self-interests, historical connections, security, and a normative commitment to poverty reduction. It is these factors that those promoting a human rights agenda need to contemplate if recipient state performance is to become relevant in bilateral aid decisions. Thus, it is necessary to turn to international relations theory, in particular liberal institutionalism, to explain Canada’s bilateral aid-giving in these periods.vi, 141 leaves ; 29 cm
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Farr, Fabian. "Determinants of foreign direct investment and foreign direct investment in agriculture in developing countries." Thesis, Kansas State University, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/2097/36241.
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Master of AgribusinessDepartment of Agricultural Economics
Allen M. Featherstone
Understanding determinants of Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) and Agricultural Foreign Direct Investment (AGFDI) is vital to policy makers in developing countries. FDI is a source of capital for the host country that does not affect its debt balance. Even so, technological spillover, better infrastructure as well as an increase in value added and market access have been the source of motivation to increase efforts to attract FDI. As for AGFDI, ongoing uncertainty with the financial markets created a shift in private investment towards tangible assets, which favors AGFDI to developing countries. Nevertheless, investment in agriculture suffers from low commodity prices and increasing productivity loss that discourage FDI and AGFDI. Therefore, it is crucial for policy makers to understand the determinants of AGFDI to create an attractive environment for potential investors. We use country level panel data to estimate the impacts of country-level economic and social variables on FDI and AGFDI. The data consist of 22 developing countries. A subsample of 13 Latin American countries is also studied. Country and year fixed effects are used to isolate the impacts of the explanatory variables on FDI and AGFDI. The explanatory variables wer constructed to avoid contemporaneous endogeneity. FDI determinants are consistent with previous studies and confirm traditional variables such as economy size, infrastructure and trade openness encourage FDI. A new variable that measures energy imports as a share of total energy use was negative for both main samples of FDI. The results of the Latin American panel for AGFDI, were mostly consistent with FDI determinants. Infrastructure, energy imports and economy size, as well as forestland share and agricultural value-add were statistically significant for the amount of investment inflow and total flow respectively. Further analysis with larger samples is necessary to confirm findings. Also, social and environmental impacts of AGFDI should be included in future studies.
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Inyang, Ambrose. "A Cross-National Study of the Effects of Direct Foreign Investment on the Developmental Process of Developing Countries." Thesis, University of North Texas, 1992. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc501080/.
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Using the assumptions of various schools of thought on development as the theoretical framework, an attempt is made to examine the effects of foreign investment on the socioeconomic growth of 50 developing countries by means of multiple regression models that utilize some external and internal variables assumed to affect the growth rate of GNP. Results from these models indicate that new inflows of foreign investments and amounts of domestic investments are positively related to growth while accumulated stocks of foreign investments have no effect on growth. This suggests that development funds, designed specifically for increased domestic investments, would be the most effective way to increase GNP.
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Gillies, David 1952. "Between ethics and interests : human rights in the north-south relations of Canada, The Netherlands, and Norway." Thesis, McGill University, 1992. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=41264.
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This study examines human rights in the North-South relations of three internationalist countries: Canada, the Netherlands, and Norway. It pays special attention to the integration of human rights in development aid policy, particularly the use of political conditionality. The theoretical framework examines the explanatory power of political Realism. A hypothesis linking policy assertiveness with the perceived costs to other national interests is tested by selecting Western states most likely to disprove Realist assumptions, and by choosing at least two Third World cases for each aid donor: one where economic, political and strategic interests are high, and another where the same interests are minimal or low. Three frameworks to (1) document human rights abuses; (2) evaluate national human rights performance; and (3) gauge foreign policy assertiveness serve as the methodological lenses to analyze Western statecraft and test the hypothesis.Each donor's search for moral opportunity is visible in an emerging agenda to promote human rights and democratic development. However, if the resolve to defend human rights beyond national borders is gauged by a state's willingness to incur harm to other important national interests, then Canada, the Netherlands, and Norway are seldom disposed to let human rights trump more self-serving national interests. The potential for consistent and principled human rights statecraft is frequently undermined by Realism's cost-benefit rationality.
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Napleton, Stephen. "Aid versus foreign direct investment efficiently producing growth in developing countries /." CONNECT TO ELECTRONIC THESIS, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/1961/6200.
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Reiter, Sandra L. "The institutions of foreign direct investment in developing countries and social/economic outcomes : a justice perspective /." Thesis, Connect to this title online; UW restricted, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/1773/8708.
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Mavrotas, George. "The effectiveness of foreign aid : a study using disaggregated data." Thesis, University of Oxford, 1997. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.389789.
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Jaoui, Abdelhak. "Can the Baker plan work?" Virtual Press, 1987. http://liblink.bsu.edu/uhtbin/catkey/490119.
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The purpose of this study was to analyze, using a medium term scenario of three years, the impact 9f the Baker Plan on the economies of fifteen debt laden countries. A central argument of this scenario was to assess whether growth and creditworthiness would be restored in these countries. A model using projections of debt service, imports, exports and capital requirements was developed to test these variables. Baker's package of $29 billion over three years (1985-1988) was contrasted with the model projections. The findings showed that, in the short-term, Baker's proposal will fall short of restoring growth and creditworthiness. However, the supply side policies suggested by Baker Initiative are the right way to go if the indebted countries are to resume growth and creditworthiness in the long run.
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Shrestha, Sushma. "Devaluation and aggregate economic activity in Asian developing countries /." View online, 2008. http://repository.eiu.edu/theses/docs/32211131464729.pdf.
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Bruce, Colin (Colin Ashley). "Contractual unenforceability, external debt renegociation and the effective incidence of the burden of debt service." Thesis, McGill University, 1986. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=72816.
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Pomeroy, Roger Thorsten. "Optimal currency pegs for primary producing countries." Thesis, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, 1985. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/101250.
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The paper compares several methods a developing country can use to select a basket of currencies against which to peg its exchange rate, if the country's goal is to minimize variations in its real effective exchange rate. Data over the period 1973-1983 for Zaire, Zambia, Chile and Peru are used to compare the lowest variance exchange rate pegs that are obtained by: a) using different formulas to calculate the indexes of exchange rate variability, b) using different types of weights in the formulas (e.g., weighting bilateral exchange rate fluctuations by export, import or total trade), and c) calculating the indexes of exchange rate variation over different time periods within 1973-1983.M.A.
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Babatunde, Abimbola Fatimah. "Financial development, foreign direct investment and economic growth : challenges for developing countries." Thesis, University of Hull, 2011. http://hydra.hull.ac.uk/resources/hull:6346.
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Although the pattern of growth in developing countries is characterised by instability, uncertainties and volatility, the experience of the five fast-growing developing economies of Brazil, Russia, India, Mexico and China (BRIMCs) presents an unprecedented challenge for other developing countries. Therefore, this thesis argues that the emergence of the BRIMCs as the future growth engine of the world presents an excellent backdrop to re-examine the importance of financial development and foreign direct investment (FDI) in the Sub-Saharan African (SSA) context. It is important to mention that for empirical studies, the methodologies used for estimations will differ for different groups of countries. Hence, the study applies panel data techniques to take into account the heterogeneity of these developing countries. It further uses dynamic panel data framework and a panel co-integration analysis to capture the long-run relationships. The measures employed assessed various aspects of financial development including; private credit as a ratio of GDP, bank credit, liquid liabilities, stock market capitalisation and value of stock traded, and a single measure of FDI being the annual inflow of FDI as a ratio of GDP for 60 developing countries during 1980-2007. The study also explores the interaction between economic openness and human capital insofar as the attraction of FDI is concerned in the developing countries under consideration. The findings reveal that financial liberalisation and good institutions are important for financial development. For the SSA countries, the results indicate that while financial liberalisation promotes stock market development, the lack of good institutions, in particular control of corruption, bureaucratic quality and rule of law are less favourable to financial development. Furthermore, the study finds that economic openness and human capital also play an important role in the attraction of FDI and the growth effect of FDI in developing countries. The primary policy implication is that SSA countries should make efforts towards initiating and implementing financial sector development reforms and FDI incentives.
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Durbarry, Ramesh. "The impact of foreign aid on growth and savings in developing countries." Thesis, University of Nottingham, 1998. http://eprints.nottingham.ac.uk/13187/.
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Developing countries have received foreign aid and other forms of capital flows for a long time, although they have been subject to some fluctuations. The key question is whether these flows have helped them in achieving their objectives? Aid has been evaluated at two levels: micro and macro. While micro evaluations have found that in most cases aid 'works' (for example Cassen et al., 1986), those at the macro-level are ambiguous. This thesis is predominantly concerned with the macroeconomic impact of foreign aid. There have been considerable efforts to improve both the theoretical and empirical literature on aid effectiveness, both suffer from serious weaknesses and shortcomings. At the theoretical level, there are not many models which capture the full potential of foreign aid within a consistent, fully specified, growth framework, while existing empirical studies are flawed by model mispecification, questionable sample composition and size, and inappropriate econometric techniques. This has led to inconclusive and often misleading results in assessing the effectiveness of foreign aid. This thesis attempts to address some of these deficiencies. The impact of aid is mainly assessed on growth and savings in developing countries. Before testing its impact, aid is introduced into some growth models. Cases are analysed where an economy, after initial aid flows, can become independent of aid and experience sustained growth through its ability to raise labour efficiency. On the empirical front, two techniques are used: a preliminary statistical analysis is performed, followed by an econometric analysis. The former allows a better understanding of the geographical distribution of aid, the link and any correlation between the macro variables: aid, growth, savings and investment. Since aid flows have been influenced by major international shocks (e. g. oil price shocks, debt crises, etc.), a simple taxonomy is used to indicate how these events have influenced the effectiveness of aid. Using a macroeconometric model from Fischer-Easterly to control for the recipients' macroeconomic environment (previously overlooked in the literature), a positive and significant impact of foreign aid on growth is found. This result is confirmed using both cross-section and panel data for the period of 1970-1993. We make use of Hall's (1978) life cycle/permanent income hypothesis, but do not find evidence that current aid flows leak into consumption, hence rejecting the fungibility hypothesis. Although much further work concerning the developmental effectiveness of aid remains to be carried out, it is hoped that this study will stimulate improved techniques and methods used in testing the effectiveness of aid in future work.
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Ji, Lanxi. "FOREIGN AID AND ECONOMIC GROWTH : Evidence from three Southeast Asian developing countries." Thesis, Umeå universitet, Nationalekonomi, 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-185338.
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Previous studies show ambiguous results on how aid affect growth. In order to find out if aid has a positive effect on growth in Southeast Asia, I study Indonesia, Malaysia and Philippines during 1990-2019. By using the Mankiw-Romer-Weil version of Solow model, I find aid has a negative long-term effect and no short-term effect on growth.
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Patel, Sunaina Kilachand. "An analysis of foreign direct investment and portfolio investment into developing countries." Oberlin College Honors Theses / OhioLINK, 1996. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=oberlin1347648507.
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Derin, Pinar. "Endogenous Growth Testing In The European Union And Developing Countries: Taxation, Public Expenditure And Growth." Master's thesis, METU, 2003. http://etd.lib.metu.edu.tr/upload/1112127/index.pdf.
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In endogenous growth models, in contrast to the neoclassical growth models,
government expenditure and taxation have an effect on the long run growth rate. In
this thesis I examine whether the empirical evidence support the predictions of
endogenous growth models or the neoclassical growth models in relation to fiscal
policy. For this purpose I use panel data for fifteen European Union (EU) member and
thirty-three developing countries between the years 1970 and 1999. I specifically test
the following two propositions. The first proposition states that distortionary taxation
decreases growth while non-distortionary taxation does not. The second, states that
productive government expenditure increases growth while non-productive
expenditure does not. The empirical results are quite different between European Union countries and developing countries. The results do not support endogenous
growth especially for developing countries.
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Hansen, B. B. (Britt Bertram). "The impact of international funding on projects in developing countries." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2003. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/53644.
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Thesis (MPA)--University of Stellenbosch, 2003.ENGLISH ABSTRACT: This assignment seeks to critically analyse the impact of international funding on the present state of development in developing countries. The aim of the analysis is to provide recommendations to improve the methods and motives behind giving funding in order to increase the impact of such funding. International funding provided to developing countries is often based on rigid guidelines, requirements, restrictions and conditions. It is these conditions that need revising to be more appropriate for conditions in developing countries. Only through viewing case studies and learning from them is it possible for international funding to facilitate more innovative and effective development to those in need. The research findings are derived from analysis of the literature review of international funding and through viewing the Danish International Development Assistance (DANIDA) and the South African Police Service (SAPS), the two organisations of this case study. The SAPS is one of many organisations receiving international assistance and have benefited from assistance from DANIDA since 1994. Funding for the project in the study was granted after the project proposal was formulated to fit the requirements of the DANIDA Guideline for Project Preparation, a set of guidelines prescribed to any organisation wanting to receive funding from DANIDA. All funding organisations have similar guidelines although it is evident that some are more rigid and prescriptive than others. From this study a list of recommendations were developed pertaining to the sets of guidelines used by international development organisations. It appeared rational that the list of recommendations should be divided into suggestions on the required structures of development organisations and on the required aspects to be included in the project proposal and implementation. The recommendations to the structures were to determine the level of involvement of the funding organisation in the project; to determine the literacy level necessary to comply with the funding requirements; to decide on the level of involvement of external consultants; to ensure frequent reviews; and finally to ensure conflict resolution. The aspects to be included in the project proposal and implementation were based on ensuring equal opportunity in terms of diversity and gender awareness; to commit to the sustainability of the project; for all parties to be involved in the compilation of project objectives and to ensure that the project represents the overall development goals of the beneficial country. Although a number of these recommendations are applied by some organisations it is necessary for the successful outcome of a project that all are considered. Each recommendation represents a building block of development and these are all interdependent. The general conclusion of this study is therefore that some level of conditionality is necessary. No one can expect economic aid to be given without conditions but the conditions must be fair, benefiting the recipient country and ensuring that development of those living in poverty is indeed the outcome of all funding.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Hierdie werkstuk het ten doelom die impak van internasionale befondsing op die huidige stand van ontwikkeling in ontwikkelende lande krities te analiseer. Die analise het die formulering van aanbevelings ter verbetering van die metodes en motiewe agter die toestaan van befondsing ten doel ten einde die impak van sulke fondse te verhoog. Internasionale befondsing vir ontwikkelende lande is dikwels gebaseer op rigiede riglyne, vereistes, beperkings en voorwaardes. Dit is hierdie voorwaardes wat hersien moet word ten einde meer toepaslik vir toestande in ontwikkelende lande te wees. Slegs deur die ontleding van gevallestudies en lesse daaruit geleer is dit moontlik vir internasionale befondsers om meer innoverende en effektiewe ontwikkeling aan behoeftiges te fasiliteer. Die navorsingsbevindings is afgelei uit die analise van die literatuurstudie insake internasionale befondsing, asook die analise van die twee organisasies in die gevallestudie, naamlik die "Danish International Development Assistance (DANIDA)" en die Suid-Afrikaanse Polisie Diens (SAPD). Die SAPD is een van vele organisasies wat internasionale bystand ontvang en word reeds sedert 1994 deur DANIDA ondersteun. Befondsing vir die projek waarop die gevallestudie gebaseer is, was toegestaan nadat die projekvoorstel geformuleer is volgens die vereistes van die "DANIDA Guideline for Project Preparation". Laasgenoemde is 'n stel riglyne wat voorgeskryf word aan alle organisasies wat vir befondsing wil kwalifiseer. Alle befondsingsorganisasies het soortgelyke riglyne, alhoewel dit duidelik is dat sommiges veel meer rigied en voorskrywend is as ander. Uit die studie is 'n stel aanbevelings ontwikkel rakende die riglyne soos gebruik deur internasionale ontwikkelingsorganisasies. Dit blyk rasioneel om die lys van aanbevelings te verdeel volgens voorstelle rondom die vereiste struktuur van ontwikkelingsorganisasies, asook voorstelle aangaande die vereiste aspekte wat ingesluit moet word in die projekvoorstel en implementering. Aanbevelings insake die struktuur het ten doelom vas te stel watter vlak van betrokkenheid van die befondser benodig word; om die nodige geletterdheidsvlak vir die nakoming van die befondsingsvereistes te bepaal; om die vlak van betrokkenheid van eksterne konsultante te bepaal; om gereelde hersiening te verseker; en om konflik oplossing te verseker. Aspekte om in te sluit in die projekvoorstel en implementering is gebaseer op die versekering van gelyke geleenthede in terme van diversiteit en geslagsbewustheid; om volhoubaarheid van die projek na te streef; vir alle partye om betrokke te wees in die samestelling van die projekdoelwitte en om te verseker dat die projek die oorkoepelende ontwikkelingsdoelwitte van die begunstige land verteenwoordig. Alhoewel party van hierdie aanbevelings reeds toegepas word deur sekere organisasies, is dit noodsaaklik om alle aanbevelings in ag te neem ten einde 'n suksesvolle uitkoms van die projek te verseker. Elke aanbeveling verteenwoordig 'n boublok van ontwikkeling en almal is interafhanklik tot mekaar. Die algemene bevinding van hierdie studie is dat 'n bepaalde vlak van voorwaardelikheid noodsaaklik is. Daar kan nie verwag word dat ekonomiese hulp verskaf word sonder voorwaardes nie, maar laasgenoemde moet regverdig wees, voordelig vir die begunstigde land wees, en verseker dat ontwikkeling van diegene wat in armoede leef wel die uitkoms van alle befondsing is.
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Bai, Xue. "Evaluation and suggestions on EU development assistance policy." Thesis, University of Macau, 2012. http://umaclib3.umac.mo/record=b2595841.
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Abebe, Opeyemi Temitope. "Regional trade agreements and its impact on the multilateral trading system: eroding the preferences of developing countries?" Thesis, University of the Western Cape, 2005. http://etd.uwc.ac.za/index.php?module=etd&.
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The purpose of this paper was to examine the impact that the proliferation of regional trade agreements have had on the Multilateral Trading System and whether by allowing regional trade agreements under the World Trade Organization rules, the members of the World Trade Organization have not unwittingly weakened the multilateral trading system. It also examined the effect the proliferation of regional trade agreements have had on the special and deferential treatment for developing countries within the system.
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Monkman, Guillermo Alberto. "Trade and foreign investment as forces behind the underdevelopment of Central America." Thesis, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, 1988. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/50079.
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There is no doubt that, regardless of the standards used or point of view chosen, Central America is underdeveloped. What needs to be understood is that the problem of underdevelopment is only partly indigenous, and to a large degree quite recent. This thesis will look at both external and internal actors, acting independently as well as in alliance, in order to explain their role in underdeveloping the region. I have chosen to focus on two key aspects, trade and foreign investment, in which both actors have played an important role, and which I consider having had, and still have, the most devastating effect on Central America. By means of a historical analysis of the Central American states, I will show how their incorporation into the capitalist world resulted in the underdevelopment of the whole region.Master of Arts
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Wright, Joseph. "Political regimes and foreign aid how aid affects growth and democratization /." Diss., Restricted to subscribing institutions, 2007. http://proquest.umi.com/pqdweb?did=1459915991&sid=1&Fmt=2&clientId=1564&RQT=309&VName=PQD.
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Elmawazini, Khaled. "Technology spillovers from foreign direct investment in developing countries : economic theory and practice." Thesis, University of East London, 2005. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.415402.
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ARTEAGA-GARCIA, JULIO CESAR. "COMPETITION IN THE BANKING SECTOR: A MODEL OF FOREIGN PRESENCE IN DEVELOPING COUNTRIES." University of Cincinnati / OhioLINK, 2002. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ucin1014049208.
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Teeb, Asem Shaill. "The determinants of foreign direct investment in developing countries : the case of Libya." Thesis, University of Salford, 2009. http://usir.salford.ac.uk/26939/.
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Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) represents an important indicator of the increasing interdependence of economies among countries of the world. FDI in its various forms is considered as the artery that maintains the continuity of the life of any economy. Therefore, all countries aim at setting up programmes and policies to ensure the flow of investment according to the goals and objectives of the economic system. FDI is of great significance, especially to developing countries. They require FDI as one of the most important factors for financial funding. In addition to its financial value it is a means of acquiring the required knowledge and technology to gain success in economic projects. The Libyan economy is among those economies that require this kind of foreign investment to achieve the desired economic goals, which are correlated with the objectives of the Libyan economic system for subsequent stages. Therefore it is important to study the trends and determinants of FDI in developing countries in general and in Libya in particular. To attract foreign investment, the country should create an attractive investment environment in a country, which intends to attract it. Since 1990 Libya has made remarkable progress in terms of economic reforms. During this time, the Libyan government has given FDI top priority in its future development strategy. In Libya great efforts are being made to change and develop the legislative system in order to encourage and attract foreign investment. This research aims to determine how much Libyan economic reforms have positively affected FDI and to consider further improvements in terms of attracting FDI. To understand a host country's location factors, this research analyses the related literature on the theories of FDI, the effect of world economic changes during two decades on FDI and the determinants of FDI in different developing countries and regions. The research attempts to determine the predominant factors in attracting FDI. This research seeks to contribute effectively by filling a gap in the area of FDI knowledge in the Libyan economy and to add new knowledge in this important field of study, particularly in developing countries (such as Libya, where the current trend is to diversify the Libyan economy and reduce reliance on oil exports as the main source of income in Libya).
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Pouliquen, Victor. "The Impact of Economic Institutions on Small Firms in Developing Countries." Thesis, Paris, EHESS, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019EHES0190.
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Dans les pays en développement, les institutions économiques sont souvent défaillantes. Cela se traduit par des problèmes structurels tels que l’omniprésence du secteur informel, la corruption généralisée et l’incapacité des États à collecter les impôts. Cette thèse porte sur les politiques publiques permettant d’améliorer le fonctionnement des institutions économiques. Elle se focalise sur deux questions : (1) Quels sont les effets des politiques de réduction de l’informalité ? et (2) Comment les nouvelles technologies affectent la collecte des taxes ? Le premier chapitre étudie à l’aide d’une expérimentation aléatoire l’introduction d’un statut légal facilitant la formalisation des petites entreprises au Bénin. Afin de rendre ce statut attractif le gouvernement l’a accompagné d’incitations supplémentaires créés pour amplifier les bénéfices potentiels de la formalisation. Nous trouvons que très peu d’entreprises se formalisent lorsqu’elles reçoivent uniquement de l’information sur le nouveau statut. Cependant, lorsque l’information est combinée aux incitations, la formalisation augmente de 16,3 points de pourcentage. En revanche, les effets sur les performances des entreprises sont limités, et le coût des incitations est supérieur au total des impôts qu’elles paieront pendant les 10 prochaines années. Enfin, nous montrons comment un ciblage sur les entreprises ayant des caractéristiques proches des entreprises déjà formelles améliorerait l’efficacité de ce type de programme. Le second chapitre étudie l’impact de la formalisation sur les relations intra-ménages, toujours au Bénin. Dans ce contexte, la formalisation renforce les droits de propriété et clarifie au sein des ménages qui est le propriétaire légal de l’entreprise, et qui la gardera en cas de divorce. L’effet causal de la formalisation est identifié à l’aide de l’expérimentation aléatoire déjà utilisée pour le premier chapitre. Nous trouvons que les entrepreneurs s’étant formalisés ont plus de contrôle les ressources de leur ménage. Ils ou elles contribuent proportionnellement moins aux dépenses du ménage et transfèrent moins d’argent à leur partenaire. Deuxièmement, en utilisant un jeu comportemental dans lequel les entrepreneurs peuvent cacher un transfert monétaire à leur partenaire, nous trouvons que les femmes qui se sont formalisées cachent davantage à leur mari. A l’aide d’un modèle théorique, nous montrons que ce résultat est compatible avec l’idée que les femmes ne sont pas libres d’investir comme elles le souhaiteraient dans leur entreprise et doivent le faire secrètement. Notre conclusion est que la formalisation a des effets importants sur les dynamiques intra-ménage. Le troisième chapitre utilise une expérimentation aléatoire conduite au Tadjikistan pour étudier l’impact d’un système permettant aux entreprises de déclarer leurs taxes en ligne plutôt que de soumettre un formulaire en personne. Nous trouvons que ce système réduit le temps passé par les entreprises pour remplir leurs obligations fiscales de 5 heures par mois. Nous ne trouvons pas d’effets sur le montant des impôts payés ni sur le versement de pots-de-vin. En revanche, l’absence d’effets moyens masque une importante hétérogénéité. Les entreprises le plus susceptibles de faire de l’évasion fiscale dans le système précédent payent davantage d’impôts quand elles déclarent en ligne, probablement car elles ne peuvent plus entrer en collusion avec les agents des impôts. À l'inverse, les entreprises qui étaient les moins susceptibles de faire de l’évasion, payent moins des taxes quand elles déclarent en ligne, suggérant qu’elles étaient forcées de payer plus d’impôts avant. Ces entreprises paient également moins de pots-de-vin, ce qui suggère que déclarer en ligne offre une protection contre le risque d'extorsion de la part des agents du fisc. Notre conclusion est que permettre la déclaration des taxes en ligne a rendu l’appareil fiscal à la fois plus efficace et plus justeIn many developing countries, economic institutions are failing. This translates into structural problems such as widespread informality, rampant corruption and the impossibility for governments to raise taxes. This thesis study how economic policies affect economic institutions in developing countries. It focuses on two broad questions: (1) What are the effects of policies to reduce informality? and (2) how are new technologies reshaping the way governments collect taxes?The first chapter uses a randomized experiment to study the introduction of a new legal status in Benin, created to make it easier for small firms to become formal. To make this new status attractive, the government added supplementary incentives designed to enhance the presumed benefits of formalizing. We find that few firms register when just given information about the new regime, but our full package of supplementary efforts boosts formalization by 16.3 percentage points. However, this formalization does not bring firms higher sales, profits or access to credit, and the cost of formalizing these firms exceeds the added taxation they will pay over the next decade. We show how better targeting of these policies towards firms that look more like formal firms to begin with can increase the formalization rate and improve cost-effectiveness. The second chapter studies the impact of formalization on intra-household relationships, still in Benin. The idea behind this chapter is that formalization changes effective property rights by clarifying who in the household is the legal owner of the business and who will keep it in case of divorce. The causal effect of formalization is identified using the same random experiment used for the first chapter. We find first that formalization increases entrepreneurs' (both male and female) control over household revenue. They contribute proportionally less to household expenditures and to the personal expenses of their partner. Second, using a behavioral game, we find strong gender differential effects of formalization on the probability that entrepreneurs pay to hide a windfall transfer from their spouse. Female entrepreneurs are much more likely to pay to hide, while male entrepreneurs are much less likely to do so. Using a theoretical model, we show that this result is compatible with the idea that women entrepreneurs are constrained and cannot invest as much as they would like in their own business. Women who became formal hide the windfall transfer more because they have more property rights and want to invest more in their business. Our conclusion is that formalization has important effects on intra-household dynamics.The third and final chapter of this thesis deals with the second question and examines how internet is changing the way taxes are collected. Specifically, we study the impact of electronic tax filing (e-filing) for small firms to replace in-person submission of paper-based forms to tax officials. We examine the impact of e-filing on compliance costs, tax payments, and bribes payments using experimental variation and data from Tajikistan firms. We find that firms that e-file have lower compliance costs, spending five fewer hours each month on fulfilling tax obligations. There are no significant average effects of e-filing on tax or bribe payments, but significant heterogeneity exists across firms by their baseline likelihood of tax evasion. Among firms previously more likely to evade, e-filing doubles tax payments, likely by disrupting collusion with officials. Conversely, among firms less likely to have been evading, e-filing reduces tax payments, suggesting that officials had previously required them to pay more. These firms also pay fewer bribes, as e-filing reduces opportunity for extortion. Our conclusion is that e-filing reduces compliance costs and makes the distribution of tax payments across firms arguably more equitable
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Etienne, Anne. "Towards European Integration: Do the European Union and Its Members Abide by the Same Principles?" Thesis, University of North Texas, 2004. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc4617/.
Full textAbstract:
In the last few decades the European Union (EU) and its members have emphasized the importance of human rights and the need to improve human rights conditions in Third World countries. In this research project, I attempted to find out whether the European Union and its members practice what they preach by giving precedence to countries that respect human rights through their Official Development Assistance (ODA) program. Furthermore, I tried to analyze whether European integration occurs at the foreign policy level through aid allocation. Based on the literatures on political conditionality and on the relationship between human rights and foreign aid allocation, I expected that all EU members promote principles of good governance by rewarding countries that protect the human rights of their citizens. I conducted a cross-sectional time-series selection model over all recipients of ODA for each of the twelve members for which I have data, the European Commission, and the aggregate EU disbursements from 1979 to 1998.